Relevant bibliographies by topics / Equivalence principles

Academic literature on the topic 'Equivalence principles'

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Published: 14 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Equivalence principles"

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Unnikrishnan, C. S., and George T. Gillies. "Equivalence principles exotica." Frontiers of Physics in China 3, no. 4 (December 2008): 444–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11467-008-0031-1.

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Di Casola, Eolo, Stefano Liberati, and Sebastiano Sonego. "Nonequivalence of equivalence principles." American Journal of Physics 83, no. 1 (January 2015): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.4895342.

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Appel-Hansen, J. "Comments on field equivalence principles." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 35, no. 2 (February 1987): 242–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tap.1987.1144081.

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Mneimneh, M. N., and K. A. Sakallah. "Principles of Sequential-Equivalence Verification." IEEE Design and Test of Computers 22, no. 3 (May 2005): 248–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mdt.2005.68.

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Wei-Tou NI. "Equivalence principles and gauge fields." Physics Letters A 120, no. 4 (February 1987): 174–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-9601(87)90330-6.

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Bogachov, Andriy. "On the equivalence of translation of Martin Heidegger’s “Being and Time”." Sententiae 40, no. 3 (November 30, 2021): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.31649/sent40.03.083.

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The author of the article considers the conditions and principles of the future Ukrainian translation of Heidegger’s “Being and Time.” First, he defines the principles of proper translation, then makes suggestions on how “Being and Time” should be translated in accordance with these principles. The governing principle of proper translation is defined as translation equivalence, which is contrasted with the principle of translation adequacy. To clarify the conditions for the equivalent Ukrainian translation of “Being and Time,” the author explores the fundamental concepts of this work. Among others, he justifies the translation of Heidegger’s Dasein as єство, and Heidegger’s Angst as тривога.
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TIMOTIĆ, VALENTINA, DRAGAN DJURČIĆ, and MALIŠA R. ŽIŽOVIĆ. "On Rapid Equivalence and Translational Rapid Equivalence." Kragujevac Journal of Mathematics 46, no. 2 (2022): 259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/kgjmat2202.259t.

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Souchet, René. "Equivalence principles in continuum damage mechanics." International Journal of Engineering Science 43, no. 17-18 (November 2005): 1313–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijengsci.2005.06.003.

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Koczan, Grzegorz Marcin. "Proof of Equivalence of Carnot Principle to II Law of Thermodynamics and Non-Equivalence to Clausius I and Kelvin Principles." Entropy 24, no. 3 (March 11, 2022): 392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e24030392.

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The II law of thermodynamics is most often given in three supposedly equivalent formulations: two Clausius (I and II) and one Kelvin. The most general and indisputable entropy formulation belongs to Clausius (II). The earlier Clausius I principle determines the natural direction heat flow between bodies at different temperatures. On the other hand, the Kelvin principle states that it is impossible to completely convert heat into work. The author argues that the Kelvin principle is a weaker statement (or more strictly non-equivalent) than the Clausius I principle, and the latter is a weaker statement than Carnot principle, which is equivalent to Clausius II principle. As a result, the Kelvin principle and the Clausius I principle are not exhaustive formulations of the II law of thermodynamics. At the same time, it turns out that the Carnot principle becomes such a formulation. Apart from providing a complete set of proof and disproof, the author, indicates where the methodological errors were made in the alleged proof of the equivalence of the Kelvin principle and both Clausius principles.
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Ni, Wei-Tou. "Equivalence principles, spacetime structure and the cosmic connection." International Journal of Modern Physics D 25, no. 04 (March 10, 2016): 1630002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271816300020.

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After reviewing the meaning of various equivalence principles and the structure of electrodynamics, we give a fairly detailed account of the construction of the light cone and a core metric from the equivalence principle for photons (no birefringence, no polarization rotation and no amplification/attenuation in propagation) in the framework of linear electrodynamics using cosmic connections/observations as empirical support. The cosmic nonbirefringent propagation of photons independent of energy and polarization verifies the Galileo Equivalence Principle (Universality of Propagation) for photons/electromagnetic wave packets in spacetime. This nonbirefringence constrains the spacetime constitutive tensor to high precision to a core metric form with an axion degree and a dilaton degree of freedom. Thus comes the metric with axion and dilation. Constraints on axion and dilaton from astrophysical/cosmic propagation are reviewed. Eötvös-type experiments, Hughes–Drever-type experiments, redshift experiments then constrain and tie this core metric to agree with the matter metric, and hence a unique physical metric and universality of metrology. We summarize these experiments and review how the Galileo equivalence principle constrains the Einstein Equivalence Principle (EEP) theoretically. In local physics this physical metric gives the Lorentz/Poincaré covariance. Understanding that the metric and EEP come from the vacuum as a medium of electrodynamics in the linear regime, efforts to actively look for potential effects beyond this linear scheme are warranted. We emphasize the importance of doing Eötvös-type experiments or other type experiments using polarized bodies/polarized particles. We review the theoretical progress on the issue of gyrogravitational ratio for fundamental particles and update the experimental progress on the measurements of possible long range/intermediate range spin–spin, spin–monopole and spin–cosmos interactions.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Equivalence principles"

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Hinnenkamp, Jay Evan. "Exploring Fundamental Principles in the Study of Derived Relational Responding in Pigeons." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2013. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500069/.

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A persistent challenge for behaviorally-based accounts of learning has been providing an account of learning that occurs in the absence of systematically programmed contingencies of reinforcement. Symmetry, one type of emergent behavior, has been repeatedly demonstrated with humans, but has been considerably more difficult to demonstrate with non-humans. In this study, pigeons were exposed to a go/no-go procedure in which hue stimuli were presented full screen on a touchscreen monitor. Pigeons learned 12 baseline relations in less than 30 days. Traditional measures used to evaluate symmetry indicated that, during tests, three of the four birds responded more to the reverse of relations that were reinforced in training than to the reverse of relations that were not reinforced in training. However, additional analyses of these data suggests that these differences were driven by one of two trial types and that symmetry was only observed for one of the two predicted relations. These data systematically replicate and extend work by Urcuioli and colleagues and point to areas where further research is needed.
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Di, Casola Eolo. "Sieving the Landscape of Gravity Theories. From the Equivalence Principles to the Near-Planck Regime." Doctoral thesis, SISSA, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11767/3911.

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This thesis focusses on three main aspects of the foundations of any theory of gravity where the gravitational field admits a geometric interpretation: (a) the principles of equivalence; (b) their role as selection rules in the landscape of extended theories of gravity; and (c) the possible modifications of the spacetime structure at a "mesoscopic" scale, due to underlying, microscopic-level, quantum-gravitational effects. The first result of the work is the introduction of a formal definition of the Gravitational Weak Equivalence Principle, which expresses the universality of free fall of test objects with non-negligible self-gravity, in a matter-free environment. This principle extends the Galilean universality of free-fall world-lines for test bodies with negligible self-gravity (Weak Equivalence Principle). Second, we use the Gravitational Weak Equivalence Principle to build a sieve for some classes of extended theories of gravity, to rule out all models yielding non-universal free-fall motion for self-gravitating test bodies. When applied to metric theories of gravity in four spacetime dimensions, the method singles out General Relativity (both with and without the cosmological constant term), whereas in higher-dimensional scenarios the whole class of Lanczos--Lovelock gravity theories also passes the test. Finally, we focus on the traditional, manifold-based model of spacetime, and on how it could be modified, at a "mesoscopic" (experimentally attainable) level, by the presence of an underlying, sub-Planckian quantum regime. The possible modifications are examined in terms of their consequences on the hypotheses at the basis of von Ignatowski's derivation of the Lorentz transformations. It results that either such modifications affect sectors already tightly constrained (e.g. violations of the principle of relativity and/or of spatial isotropy), or they demand a radical breakdown of the operative interpretation of the coordinates as readings of clocks and rods.
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Hiers, Nathaniel Christopher. "Equivalence of the Rothberger and k-Rothberger Games for Hausdorff Spaces." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2019. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1505207/.

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First, we show that the Rothberger and 2-Rothberger games are equivalent. Then we adjust the former proof and introduce another game, the restricted Menger game, in order to obtain a broader result. This provides an answer in the context of Hausdorff spaces for an open question posed by Aurichi, Bella, and Dias.
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Hess, Andrew J. "The Vernacular as Sacred Language? A Study of the Principles of Translation of Liturgical Texts." Athenaeum of Ohio / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=athe1550248212112309.

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Kulehile, Matsepo Regina. "An analysis of the regulatory principles of functional equivalence and technology neutrality in the context of electronic signatures in the formation of electronic transactions in Lesotho and the SADC region." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27992.

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Despite the steady growth of electronic commerce (e-commerce), Lesotho and SADC users are uncertain of how to securely sign e-communications practicably. This results in users' lack of confidence in the use of e-commerce. SADC and Lesotho regulatory bodies have developed legal instruments including model laws and bills in an attempt to regulate electronic signatures (e-signatures) in e-commerce to address this problem amongst others. However, it is unclear whether the approach adopted will ensure that the regulatory instruments effectively regulate e-signatures and consequently promote the growth of e-commerce and enhance the socio-economic development of the state. This study examines what the information and communications technology regulatory principles of functional equivalence and technology neutrality entail, their interpretation by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL), and their appropriateness for effective regulation of e-signatures through conceptual analysis. In particular it examines the UNCITRAL Model Laws on e-commerce, UNCITRAL Model on e-signature and the United Nations Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts. The study describes the technical operation of different offline and online signatures in order to appreciate how e-signatures should be regulated. Through textual analysis, it examines whether regulatory instruments of Lesotho and SADC correctly apply the theories in a way that will render use of e-signatures practicable and their regulation effective. It also examines initiatives on regulation of e-signatures in South Africa, the United States of America and the European Union. The study reveals that the purpose of the signature formality is to promote certainty, prevent fraud and provide evidence of a contract despite the form of signature. Although not perfect, functional equivalence and technology neutrality principles render regulation of electronic signatures effective since rules that align with them promote equivalence of legal treatment between offline and online signatures. Consequently, the UNCITRAL's Convention reflects that ordinary e-signatures can meet purposes of the signature formality where appropriate if they observe its functional equivalence criteria. However, the reliability of such electronic signatures is a question of evidence as is the case in offline contracts. Thus, soft laws on electronic evidence must complement the e-signature rules to ensure equivalent legal treatment of signatures. The study reveals that the Lesotho instruments do not fully align with the regulatory principles whereas the SADC instrument closely aligns with them. To different extents, these instruments do not adequately address the problems of users and may inhibit the growth of e-commerce. It further found that the instruments erroneously exclude certain matters such as wills from e-signature application while they correctly exclude others such as negotiable instruments from e-signature application. Lastly it found that the UNCITRAL convention and the US instruments provide better models for effective regulation of e-signatures. By implementing amendments suggested by this study, Lesotho and SADC will address the challenges faced by e-commerce users and make the use of e-signatures feasible for all. Consequently, the instruments will effectively increase the growth of e-commerce and in turn enhance the development of socio economic growth of the SADC region.
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Angelo, Maria Cristina. "The Gromov weak homotopy equivalence principle." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/13525/.

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The h-principle is a general homotopic way to solve partial differential equations and, more generally, partial differential relations. The theory was started by Y. Eliashberg, M. Gromov and A. V. Philips and it allows one to reduce a differential topological problem to an algebraic topological problem. A way to prove the h-principle is by Convex Integration Theory. Developed originally by Gromov, it is applied to solve relations in jet spaces, including certain classes of undetermined non-linear systems of partial differential equations. The h-principle occurs for instance in immersion problems, isometric immersion problems and other areas. A counter-intuitive result which can be proved by applying the h-principle is the sphere eversion without creasing or tearing. This thesis consists of three parts. In the first chapter we introduce the concept of fiber bundle, which is a space that is locally a product space but globally may have a different topological structure, and the concept of jet bundle, a construction that makes a new smooth fiber bundle out of a given smooth fiber bundle. In the second chapter we develop the Gromov Convex Integration Theory that provides the main general topological method for solving the h-principle for a wide variety of problems in differential geometry and topology, with applications also to PDEs theory and to optimal control theory. Finally, in the last chapter, we examine some relations for which the h-principle holds.
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Preuss, Oliver. "Astronomical tests of the Einstein equivalence principle." [S.l. : s.n.], 2002. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=966610180.

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Purdie, Craig. "Deflection of light with the equivalence principle." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Physics and Astronomy, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/7939.

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A thorough treatment of the Strong Equivalence Principle is presented, demonstrating its failure in dealing with non-uniform gravitational fields. In particular, a calculation utilising the equivalence principle is shown to produce an incorrect rate of deflection of light. This calculation is used as a tool to investigate the nature of this deflection, and the meaning of the Strong Equivalence Principle. Using a generalised metric for outside a static, spherically symmetric gravitational source, it is shown that the failure of the equivalence principle is geometric and not due to any particular choice of metric. When transformed into a displaced rectangular coordinate system, the generalised metric consists of both diagonal and off-diagonal elements. Only the diagonal elements are equivalent to a flat, uniformly accelerating frame. The off-diagonal elements produce non-zero elements in the Riemann Curvature Tensor and are thus attributed to curvature. Therefore, the Strong Equivalence principle is only valid in the weak field limit, where the components of the Riemann curvature tensor vanish. In this case the metric becomes flat, which is the equivalent of a uniform gravitational field. Using the Schwarzschild metric in displaced rectangular coordinates, the effect of curvature on the rate of deflection of light are determined by tracing the effect of the off-diagonal elements. This calculation shows that only one-third of the deflection rate is due to acceleration in the local inertial frame, with the remaining two-thirds being the result of curvature. Because the rate of deflection is is an infinitesimal quantity defined locally, this shows the effects of curvature are important even for local measurements.
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Su, Yue. "A new test of the weak equivalence principle /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9707.

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Alvarez, Catalina. "Testing the equivalence principle in the quantum domain." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq21329.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Equivalence principles"

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Molitor, Paul. Equivalence checking of digital circuits: Fundamentals, principles, methods. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2004.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Satellite Test of the Equivalence Principle STEP. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Satellite Test of the Equivalence Principle STEP. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994.

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Lyle, Stephen. Uniformly accelerating charged particles: A threat to equivalence principle. Berlin: Springer, 2008.

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Rowan-Robinson, Jeremy. The principle of equivalence and the limits of disturbance compensation. London: Sweet & Maxwell, 1994.

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Everitt, C. W. F. A preliminary study of a cryogenic equivalence principle experiment on shuttle: Final report. Stanford, CA: W.W. Hansen Laboratories of Physics, Stanford University, 1985.

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Colloquy on European Law (19th 1989 Luxembourg). Abuse of rights and equivalent concepts: The principle and its present day application : proceedings of the nineteenth colloquy on European law, Luxembourg 6-9 October 1989. Strasbourg: Council of Europe, 1988.

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Colloquy on European Law (19th 1989 Luxembourg). Abuse of rights and equivalent concepts: The principle and its present day application : proceedings of the nineteenth colloquy on European law, Luxembourg, 6-9 November 1989. Strasbourg: Council of Europe, 1990.

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Colloquy on European Law. (19th 1989 Luxembourg). Abuse of rights and equivalent concepts: The principle and its present day application : proceedings of the nineteenth Colloquy on European Law, Luxembourg, 6-9 November 1989. Strasbourg: Council of Europe, 1990.

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Frank, Abraham. Mi-tarbut shel beḥinot le-pedagogyah ʻakhshaṿit: From examination culture to current pedagogy : ha-maʻaśeh ha-ḥinukhi be-Yiśraʼel liḳrat shenat 2020. Tel-Aviv: Resling, 2013.

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Book chapters on the topic "Equivalence principles"

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Unnikrishnan, C. S. "The Equivalence Principles." In Fundamental Theories of Physics, 133–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08935-0_6.

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Deen, S. M. "Standards and Equivalence." In Principles and Practice of Database Systems, 277–97. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-17958-9_11.

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Noback, Matthias. "The Release/Reuse Equivalence Principle." In Principles of Package Design, 115–44. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-4119-6_6.

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El-Mouadib, F. A., J. Koronacki, and J. M. Żytkow. "Taxonomy Formation by Approximate Equivalence Relations, Revisited." In Principles of Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, 71–79. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-48247-5_8.

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Abdennadher, Slim, and Thom Frühwirth. "Operational Equivalence of CHR Programs and Constraints." In Principles and Practice of Constraint Programming – CP’99, 43–57. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-48085-3_4.

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Wallace, David. "The Relativity and Equivalence Principles for Self-gravitating Systems." In Towards a Theory of Spacetime Theories, 257–66. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3210-8_8.

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Ivánek, Jiří. "On the Correspondence between Classes of Implicational and Equivalence Quantifiers." In Principles of Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, 116–24. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-48247-5_13.

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Munteanu, Paul, and Denis Cau. "Efficient Score-Based Learning of Equivalence Classes of Bayesian Networks." In Principles of Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, 96–105. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45372-5_10.

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Allaire, Marc, and Guido Governatori. "On the Equivalence of Defeasible Deontic Logic and Temporal Defeasible Logic." In PRIMA 2014: Principles and Practice of Multi-Agent Systems, 74–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13191-7_7.

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Zheng, Zhiyong, Kun Tian, and Fengxia Liu. "Learning with Error." In Financial Mathematics and Fintech, 53–98. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7644-5_3.

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AbstractLearning with error was proposed by O. Regev in 2005 (see Regev, 2009), which can be regarded as a dual form of SIS problem. LWE has very important applications in modern cryptography, such as LWE-based fully homomorphic encryption. The main purpose of this chapter is to explain the mathematical principles of the LWE problem in detail, especially the polynomial equivalence between the average LWE problem and the hard problems on lattice, which is one generalization of the Ajtai reduction principle and solves the computational complexity of the LWE problem effectively.
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Conference papers on the topic "Equivalence principles"

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Amgoud, Leila, and Vivien Beuselinck. "Equivalence of Semantics in Argumentation." In 18th International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning {KR-2021}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/kr.2021/4.

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A large number of evaluation methods, called semantics, have been proposed in the literature for assessing strength of arguments. This paper investigates their equivalence. It argues that for being equivalent, two semantics should have compatible evaluations of both individual arguments and pairs of arguments. The first requirement ensures that the two semantics judge an argument in the same way, while the second states that they provide the same ranking of arguments. We show that the two requirements are completely independent. The paper introduces three novel relations between semantics based on their rankings of arguments: weak equivalence, strong equivalence and refinement. They state respectively that two semantics do not disagree on their strict rankings; the rankings of the semantics coincide; one semantics agrees with the strict comparisons of the second and it may break some of its ties. We investigate the properties of the three relations and their links with existing principles of semantics, and study the nature of relations between most of the existing semantics. The results show that the main extensions semantics are pairwise weakly equivalent. The gradual semantics we considered are pairwise incompatible, however some pairs are strongly equivalent in case of flat graphs including Max-based (Mbs) and Euler-based (Ebs), for which we provide full characterizations in terms respectively of Fibonacci numbers and the numbers of an exponential series. Furthermore, we show that both semantics (Mbs, EMbs) refine the grounded semantics, and are weakly equivalent with the other extension semantics. We show also that in case of flat graphs, the two gradual semantics Trust-based and Iterative Schema characterize the grounded semantics, making thus bridges between gradual semantics and extension semantics. Finally, the other gradual semantics are incompatible with extension semantics.
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Appel-Hansen, J. "The short-circuit concept used in field equivalence principles." In International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation Society, Merging Technologies for the 90's. IEEE, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aps.1990.115295.

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Pulido-Mancera, L., M. F. Imani, P. T. Bowen, and D. R. Smith. "Extracting polarizability of complementary metamaterial elements using equivalence principles." In 2017 11th International Congress on Engineered Materials Platforms for Novel Wave Phenomena (Metamaterials). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/metamaterials.2017.8107915.

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Benton, Nick. "Semantic Equivalence Checking for HHVM Bytecode." In PPDP '18: The 20th International Symposium on Principles and Practice of Declarative Programming. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3236950.3236975.

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Kwok, HoiSing, and S. T. Tang. "Optical equivalence theorem for liquid crystal layers: principles and applications." In International Symposium on Optical Science and Technology, edited by Iam-Choon Khoo. SPIE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.449939.

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Scherer, Gabriel. "Deciding equivalence with sums and the empty type." In POPL '17: The 44th Annual ACM SIGPLAN Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3009837.3009901.

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Fu, Ying, Mike Hate, Jeff McCalla, Richard Langle, and Jonathan Rigelsford. "Assessment of Equivalence Principles Method for HF near-field exposure modelling." In Propagation Conference (LAPC). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lapc.2011.6114132.

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Sabel, David, Manfred Schmidt-Schauß, and Luca Maio. "Contextual Equivalence in a Probabilistic Call-by-Need Lambda-Calculus." In PPDP 2022: 24th International Symposium on Principles and Practice of Declarative Programming. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3551357.3551374.

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Bevacqua, M. T., and T. Isernia. "Solving inverse obstacle problems using inverse source, equivalence principles and sparsity promotion." In 2017 International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications (ICEAA). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceaa.2017.8065621.

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Pous, Damien. "Symbolic Algorithms for Language Equivalence and Kleene Algebra with Tests." In POPL '15: The 42nd Annual ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2676726.2677007.

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Reports on the topic "Equivalence principles"

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Faraggi, A. E., and M. Matone. Quantum mechanics from an equivalence principle. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/510400.

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Minakata, Hisakazu, and Hiroshi Nunokawa. Testing the principle of equivalence by solar neutrinos. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10167714.

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Faraggi, A. E., and M. Matone. The equivalence principle of quantum mechanics: Uniqueness theorem. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/564304.

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Orozco-Gallo, Antonio José, Pavel Vidal-Alejandro, Johana Sanabria-Domínguez, Jaime Andrés Collazos-Rodríguez, and Margaret Guerrero. Indicador coincidente de actividad económica en la recesión pandémica: el caso del Caribe colombiano. Banco de la República, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/dtseru.298.

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Disponer de información temprana sobre la evolución de la actividad económica regional se ha convertido en una prioridad, especialmente como herramienta para evaluar choques a la economía como el ocurrido con la pandemia del Covid-19. En este estudio se construyó un indicador coincidente mensual de actividad económica (IMAE) para la región Caribe, enmarcado en un modelo factorial dinámico y estimado por medio del filtro de Kalman, para el periodo comprendido entre enero de 2001 y diciembre de 2020. El indicador está compuesto por trece variables representativas de las principales actividades económicas de la región. Los resultados muestran que los movimientos experimentados por el indicador en 2020 se comportaron acorde con las medidas de aislamiento aplicadas y con las tasas de incidencia de contagios. Según cifras preliminares, en 2020 la economía del Caribe cayó en un 6,8%, equivalente al resultado nacional. En particular, el desempeño regional se vio afectado al cierre del año por la parálisis en la actividad minera y las nuevas medidas restrictivas.
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Cruz Zúñiga, Mercedes, and Sindy Julieth Barrera Suarez. Caracterización de la normas internacionales de auditoria (NIAS) direccionada al efectivo y equivalentes del efectivo en la empresa de servicios públicos Empitalito e.s.p ubicada en el municipio de Pitalito Huila. Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22490/ecacen.5435.

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Las Normas Internacionales de Auditoria (NIAs) emitidas por Comité Internacional de Normas de Auditoría y Seguridad IAASB de la Federación Internacional de Contadores (IFAC) expedidas decreto 302 del 2015. Anteriormente llamadas Normas de Auditoria Generalmente aceptadas (NAGAS) siguiendo los elementos fundamentales para identificar y evaluar los riesgos de incorrección material en la información financiera de los entes. El objetivo de las (NIAs) es obtener fiabilidad y razonabilidad en los estados financieros y así mismo identificar los principios que recaen en los profesionales que ejercen la disciplina de la contabilidad dentro un ámbito económico. Se identifican los factores de evaluación en la implementación de las Normas Internacionales de Auditoria direccionada al efectivo y equivalentes del efectivo en la empresa de servicios públicos Empitalito E.S.P. ubicada en el municipio de Pitalito Huila. La presente investigación es de enfoque Mixto se vincularán datos cualitativos y cuantitativos, los resultados que generados servirán como un punto de partida a la profesión contable mediante estrategias que facilitan la comprensión de las (NIAs). Como consecuencia de lo anterior proporcionara estrategias que minimizaran el desgaste físico y emocional a los contadores públicos que se les dificulta la aplicación y comprensión de las mismas y por ende se mejorara la productividad de las empresas que desencadena procesos y procedimientos cambiantes por la globalización.
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Bizer, Kilian, and Martin Führ. Responsive Regulierung für den homo oeconomicus institutionalis – Ökonomische Verhaltenstheorie in der Verhältnismäßigkeitsprüfung. Sonderforschungsgruppe Institutionenanalyse, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.46850/sofia.393379529x.

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The starting point of the research project was the hypothesis that the "principle of proportionality", which is fundamental to law, is related to the "economic principle". The resulting methodological similarities were intended to enable a cross-disciplinary bridge to be built, which would allow the findings of economic analysis to be made fruitful for legal issues. This was practically tested in three study areas in order to be able to better classify the performance of the analytical tools. The foundations for interdisciplinary bridge building are found in the rational-choice paradigm. In both disciplines, this paradigm calls for an examination of the relationship between the purpose-means-relations: among the design options under consideration, the one must be selected that is expected to be as (freedom- or resource-) sparing as possible, in other words, the most "waste-free" solution to the control problem.The results of the economic analysis can thus be "translated" in such a way that, within the framework of "necessity", they support the search for control instruments that are equivalent to the objective but less disruptive. supports. The core of the positive economic analysis is the motivational situation of those actors whose behavior is to be influenced by a changed legal framework. In this context, the classical behavioral model of economics proved to be too limited. It therefore had to be developed further in line with the findings of research in institutional economics into homo oeconomicus institutionalis. This behavioral model takes into account not only the consequentialist, strictly situational utility orientation of the model person, but also other factors influencing behavior, including above all those that are institutionally mediated. If one takes the motivational situation of the actors as the starting point for policy-advising design recommendations, it becomes apparent that an understanding of governance dominated by imperative behavioral specifications leads to less favorable results, both in terms of the degree to which goals are achieved and in terms of the freedom-impairing effects, than a mixed-instrument approach oriented toward the model of "responsive regulation." According to this model, the law can no longer simply assume that those subject to the law will "obediently" execute the legal commands. It must ask itself what other factors determine behavior and under what boundary conditions changes can be expected in the direction of the desired behavior. For this reason, too, it must engage with the cognitive program of the behavioral sciences. This linkage opens up new perspectives for interdisciplinary research on the consequences of laws.
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RECONSTRUCTION OF FATIGUE DAMAGE STATE OF IN-SERVICE STEEL BRIDGES WITHOUT LOAD INFORMATION. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/icass2020.p.259.

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The load history of most in-service steel bridges was missing, and the realization of structural fatigue damage state reconstruction was an important prerequisite to secure the safety of structures in service. Based on the principle of damage equivalence, a method for assessing the fatigue damage state of the steel bridge during service is proposed. Firstly, the fatigue damage accumulation under different load spectra is calculated by linear damage accumulation criterion. On this basis, the fatigue damage of welded details is evaluated using the fatigue crack information obtained from the observation of inservice steel bridges. The linear combination of load spectrum equivalent to structural fatigue damage is resolved, and the fatigue damage assessment and forecast of steel bridges in service are accomplished. This paper provides a new idea and method for fatigue damage assessment of in-service steel bridges.
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Comparative Analysis on Fuel Consumption Between Two Online Strategies for P2 Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Adaptive-RuleBased (A-RB) vs Adaptive-Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (A-ECMS). SAE International, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2022-01-0740.

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Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) represent one of the main technological options for reducing vehicle CO2 emissions, helping car manufacturers (OEMs) to meet the stricter targets which are set by the European Green Deal for new passenger cars at 80 g CO2/km by 2025. The optimal power-split between the internal combustion engine (ICE) and the electric motor is a challenge since it depends on many unpredictable variables. In fact, HEV improvements in fuel economy and emissions strongly depend on the energy management strategy (EMS) on-board of the vehicle. Dynamic Programming approach (DP), direct methods and Pontryagin’s minimum principle (PMP) are some of the most used methodologies to optimize the HEV power-split. In this paper two online strategies are evaluated: an Adaptive-RuleBased (A-RB) and an Adaptive-Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (A-ECMS). At first, a description of the P2 HEV model is made. Second, the two sub-optimal strategies are described in detail and then implemented on the HEV model to derive the fuel-optimal control strategy managing the power split between the thermal and electric engine to satisfy the driver's power request, including the engine on/off operating mode and the best gear selection. Finally, the two proposed strategies are tested on different driving cycles and then compared to other commercial strategies available in literature, such as the Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS) and a RuleBased (RB) strategy. The results show that the A-ECMS is more conservative in terms of state of charge (SoC) compared to the A-RB. In fact, in the A-ECMS the SoC is always within the admissible range with considerable margin from the upper and lower limits for tested cycles, while in the A-RB a deep discharge of the battery is allowed. This behavior leads to a better fuel consumption of the A-RB compared to the A-ECMS, both in the WLTC and in the FTP-75 cycle.
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