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Academic literature on the topic 'Equivalence'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 8 June 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Equivalence"

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Huynh, Dung T., and Lu Tian. "On Some Equivalence Relations for Probabilistic Processes1." Fundamenta Informaticae 17, no. 3 (September 1, 1992): 211–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/fi-1992-17304.

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In this paper, we investigate several equivalence relations for probabilistic labeled transition systems: bisimulation equivalence, readiness equivalence, failure equivalence, trace equivalence, maximal trace equivalence and finite trace equivalence. We formally prove the inclusions (equalities) among these equivalences. We also show that readiness, failure, trace, maximum trace and finite trace equivalences for finite probabilistic labeled transition systems are decidable in polynomial time. This should be contrasted with the PSPACE completeness of the same equivalences for classical labeled transition systems. Moreover, we derive an efficient polynomial time algorithm for deciding bisimulation equivalence for finite probabilistic labeled transition systems. The special case of initiated probabilistic transition systems will be considered. We show that the isomorphism problem for finite initiated labeled probabilistic transition systems is NC(1) equivalent to graph isomorphism.
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Zhang, Yunong, Min Yang, Binbin Qiu, Jian Li, and Mingjie Zhu. "From mathematical equivalence such as Ma equivalence to generalized Zhang equivalency including gradient equivalency." Theoretical Computer Science 817 (May 2020): 44–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tcs.2019.07.027.

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Hu, Wei, and Changchang Xi. "Derived equivalences and stable equivalences of Morita type, I." Nagoya Mathematical Journal 200 (December 2010): 107–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00277630-2010-014.

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AbstractFor self-injective algebras, Rickard proved that each derived equivalence induces a stable equivalence of Morita type. For general algebras, it is unknown when a derived equivalence implies a stable equivalence of Morita type. In this article, we first show that each derived equivalence F between the derived categories of Artin algebras A and B arises naturally as a functor between their stable module categories, which can be used to compare certain homological dimensions of A with that of B. We then give a sufficient condition for the functor to be an equivalence. Moreover, if we work with finite-dimensional algebras over a field, then the sufficient condition guarantees the existence of a stable equivalence of Morita type. In this way, we extend the classical result of Rickard. Furthermore, we provide several inductive methods for constructing those derived equivalences that induce stable equivalences of Morita type. It turns out that we may produce a lot of (usually not self-injective) finite-dimensional algebras that are both derived-equivalent and stably equivalent of Morita type; thus, they share many common invariants.
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Hu, Wei, and Changchang Xi. "Derived equivalences and stable equivalences of Morita type, I." Nagoya Mathematical Journal 200 (December 2010): 107–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0027763000010199.

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AbstractFor self-injective algebras, Rickard proved that each derived equivalence induces a stable equivalence of Morita type. For general algebras, it is unknown when a derived equivalence implies a stable equivalence of Morita type. In this article, we first show that each derived equivalenceFbetween the derived categories of Artin algebrasAandBarises naturally as a functorbetween their stable module categories, which can be used to compare certain homological dimensions ofAwith that ofB. We then give a sufficient condition for the functorto be an equivalence. Moreover, if we work with finite-dimensional algebras over a field, then the sufficient condition guarantees the existence of a stable equivalence of Morita type. In this way, we extend the classical result of Rickard. Furthermore, we provide several inductive methods for constructing those derived equivalences that induce stable equivalences of Morita type. It turns out that we may produce a lot of (usually not self-injective) finite-dimensional algebras that are both derived-equivalent and stably equivalent of Morita type; thus, they share many common invariants.
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Park, K. K. "Even Kakutani Equivalence via α-Equivalences and β-Equivalences." Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 195, no. 2 (October 1995): 335–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jmaa.1995.1359.

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SIPKA, D. M. "EQUIVALENCE AND LEXICAL ANISOMORPHISM IN BILINGUAL DICTIONARIES." Lomonosov Journal of Philology, no. 1, 2024 (February 17, 2024): 54–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.55959/msu0130-0075-9-2024-47-01-5.

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The present paper addresses types of lexical anisomorphism and its treatment in bilingual dictionaries. The most difficult problem in coordinating the source language lexical units with those of the target language is linguistic anisomorphism. Full equivalence is a rare occurrence, found as a rule in terminologies. A vast majority of other cases includes lexical anisomorphism, which requires lexicographic treatment. One should differentiate between lexicological and lexicographic anisomorphism. The former type is much broader and it fully encompasses the latter type. Lexicological anisomorphism is found in the cases where equivalents exhibit differences of any kind. Lexicographic anisomorphism involves only those cases where the difference is relevant in lexicographic treatment. If we exclude rare cases of full equivalence, which do not constitute a problem in lexicographic treatment, the simplest way to classify lexical anisomorphism is to count the number of equivalents in the target language. If no equivalents exist, that is zero equivalence. The second type is multiple equivalence, where the target language has two or more equivalents. Finally, the third type is partial equivalence, where there is one equivalent in the target language, but there are some relevant differences between it and the source language headword. Multiple equivalence can include zero and partial equivalence. There are also cases of pure multiple equivalence. The following types of multiple equivalence based on partial equivalence can be differentiated: connotation, application, organization, syntagmatic, frequency, network, and image. There is a direct connection between the three main types of lexical equivalence and their lexicographic treatment. Zero equivalence should be explained, multiple equivalents should be separated, and with partial equivalents, one should alert the user to the difference. There is no such direct link between subtypes of multiple equivalence and their treatment. However, there are some tendencies: exemplification is common with operators, cotextualization is common in the treatment of application splits, and contextualization is common in the treatment of connotation splits.
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Pedersen, Pernille Ladegaard, and Mette Bjerre. "Two conceptions of fraction equivalence." Educational Studies in Mathematics 107, no. 1 (March 9, 2021): 135–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10649-021-10030-7.

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AbstractIn this study, we present a mathematical analysis distinguishing two conceptions of equivalence: proportional equivalence and unit equivalence. These two conceptions have distinct meanings in relation to equivalent fractions: one is grounded in proportionality, while the other is grounded in equal wholes. We argue that (a) the distinction of equivalence gives a unified framework of equal fractions that has not previously been described in the literature; (b) a conceptual understanding of both fraction equivalences is integral to understanding rational numbers; and (c) knowledge of both conceptions of equivalence is important for developing a conceptual understanding of fraction arithmetic. Past research has largely overlooked the distinction between the two types of equivalence. However, this may provide an important foundation for central topics that build on equivalence, and a better understanding of these two types of equivalence may support a more flexible understanding of fractions. Last, we propose future directions for teaching equivalence in mathematics.
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Parent, T. "Halverson’s non-equivalent concepts of equivalence." Metascience 30, no. 1 (January 10, 2021): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11016-021-00606-7.

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Laan, Valdis, and Ülo Reimaa. "Morita equivalence of factorizable semigroups." International Journal of Algebra and Computation 29, no. 04 (June 2019): 723–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218196719500243.

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A semigroup is called factorizable if each of its elements can be written as a product. We study equivalences and adjunctions between various categories of acts over a fixed factorizable semigroup. We prove that two factorizable semigroups are Morita equivalent if and only if they are strongly Morita equivalent. We also show that Morita equivalence of finite factorizable semigroups is algorithmically decidable in finite time.
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Trzaskawka, Paula. "Investigating Copyright Terminology and Collocations in Polish, English, Japanese and German." Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 49, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 225–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/slgr-2017-0014.

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Abstract The article deals with the comparison of key terminology in the field of copyright in the Polish, English, Japanese and German languages. The research material consists of copyright acts binding in Poland, Great Britain, the United States of America, Japan and Germany. The terminology has been compared in order to reveal similarities and differences in the meaning. Firstly, statutory terms from the Polish, English (British and American), German and Japanese acts will be presented and discussed. Also, a list of functional equivalents (Polish, English, German and Japanese) will be presented. The task was to search for functional equivalents, and if there is partial equivalence or no equivalence, an equivalent was provided according to techniques of providing equivalents for non-equivalent terms (c.f. Kłos, Matulewska, Nowak-Korcz 2007). They were made in such a way that equivalents will correspond with the reality of the laws in the above mentioned languages. The terms have been extracted with the usage of AntConc (corpus linguistics software). The method of analysis of comparable texts has been applied as well as the one based on three categories of equivalence by Šarčević (1997): “near equivalence”, “partial equivalence” and “non-equivalence”. Special attention has been paid to system-bound terminology existing in those five legal systems. To sum up, it should be borne in mind that the copyright law has been unified almost world-wide. As a result many countries have adopted similar or almost identical principles in this respect. Therefore, there is a significant convergence of meanings of analysed copyright terms with only slight differences resulting from deeply ingrained local and national legal traditions.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Equivalence"

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Asghari, Amir Hossein. "Equivalence." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2005. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/62104/.

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This thesis seeks to answer one single question: "what is an equivalence relation?" A more correct, though longer, version of this question is "what are the qualitatively different ways in which people experience an equivalence relation?" The second question is not simply a version of the first one. It has a completely different nature and consequently demands a completely different answer. The answer to the first question can be found in any textbook on the foundations of mathematics; while the second question can be answered only by conducting research where people are given a chance to reveal their conceptions of equivalence relations. These two questions embody two integrated phases of this thesis linked together with a transitory phase. The first phase starts with a definite answer to the first question, i.e. the standard definition of equivalence relations. This definition is used to design a certain situation consisting of certain tasks embodying the corresponding notion. The initial intention of the situation is to get students to define certain predetermined concepts related to the notion of interest, and the effectiveness of the situation is characterized by the extent of students' success to do so. The tasks are tried out on a smallish sample of students. To put it bluntly, the situation fails to achieve its aim. In the process of interviewing the students it becomes clear that the standard definition is just an advanced means of organizing by which the given situation {and many others} can be organized. More importantly, there is a growing realization that the initial intention of the study ignores the richness of the students' ways of organizing the situation in favour of maintaining a narrow criterion for success. Relinquishing the latter in favour of the former is the turning point from the first phase to the second. The second phase is a transitory phase in which more weight has been put on what students use to organize the given situation. Although the focus of this phase is not on the notion of equivalence relation, the students' works reveal some unexpected aspects of this notion. This suggests the possibility of using the original tasks for pursuing an unexpected purpose in the main (i.e. third) phase of this thesis. The main phase of the thesis adopts a phenomenographic approach to reveal students' conceptions of equivalence relations. These conceptions are inferred from the ways that the students tackle the tasks, regardless of the extent to which they fit into the standard account. It is shown that these conceptions correspond to certain 'historical' counterparts, where some prominent mathematicians of the past have tackled certain situations that from the vantage point of today's mathematics embody the idea of equivalence relation. These correspondences put forward a critical distinction between "equivalence" as an experience and "equivalence" as a concept. This distinction calls into question the most popular view of the subject: that the mathematical notion of equivalence relation is the result of spelling out our experience of equivalence. Moreover, the findings of this study suggest that the standard definition of an equivalence relation is ill-chosen from a pedagogical point of view, but well-crafted from a mathematical point of view.
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Liberato, Alessandro. "A Study on Bisimulation Equivalence and Team Equivalence." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/19128/.

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Nella prima parte della tesi viene studiata l'equivalenza per bisimulazione per comportamenti regolari, e vengono confrontati due meccanismi di ricorsione che sono stati proposti in letteratura, in particolare due istanze specifiche: finite-state CCS ed SFM. Questo confronto ha come obbiettivo quello di capire i pro e i contro dei due approcci. Nella seconda parte della tesi viene approfondita un'altra relazione di equivalenza basata sulla bisimulazione, ovvero la team equivalenza, per una classe di reti di Petri chiamate finite-state machine.
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Klymchuk, Tetiana. "Stratification theory of matrix pairs under equivalence and contragredient equivalence." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667132.

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We develop the theory of perturbations of matrix pencils basing on their miniversal deformations. Several applications of this theory are given. All possible Kronecker pencils that are canonical forms of pencils in an arbitrary small neighbourhood of a given pencil were described by A. Pokrzywa (Linear Algebra Appl., 1986). His proof is very abstract and unconstructive. Even more abstract proof of Pokrzywa’s theorem was given by K. Bongartz (Advances in Mathematics, 1996); he uses the representation theory of finite dimensional algebras. The main purpose of this thesis is to give a direct, constructive, and rather elementary proof of Pokrzywa’s theorem. We first show that it is sufficient to prove Pokrzywa’s theorem only for pencils that are direct sums of at most two indecomposable Kronecker pencils. Then we prove Pokrzywa’s theorem for such pencils. The latter problem is very simplified due to the following observation: it is sufficient to find Kronecker's canonical forms of only those pencils that are obtained by miniversal perturbations of a given pencil. We use miniversal deformations of matrix pencils that are given by M. I. García-Planas and V. V. Sergeichuk (Linear Algebra Appl., 1999) because their deformations have many zero entries unlike the miniversal deformations given by A. Edelman, E. Elmroth, and B. Kagstrom (SIAM J. Matrix Anal. Appl., 1997). Thus, we give not only all possible Kronecker’s canonical forms, but also the corresponding deformations of a given pencil, which is important for applications of this theory. P. Van Dooren (Linear Algebra Appl., 1979) constructed an algorithm for computing all singular summands of Kronecker’s canonical form of a matrix pencil. His algorithm uses only unitary transformations, which improves its numerical stability. We extend Van Dooren’s algorithm both to square complex matrices under consimilarity transformations and to pairs of complex matrices under mixed equivalence. We describe all pairs (A, B) of m-by-n and n-by-m complex matrices for which the product CD is a versal deformation of AB, in which (C, D) is the miniversal deformation of (A, B) under contragredient equivalence given by M. I. García-Planas and V. V. Sergeichuk (Linear Algebra Appl., 1999). We find all canonical matrix pairs (A, B) under contragredient equivalence, for which the first order induced perturbations are nonzero for all nonzero miniversal deformations of (A, B). This problem arises in the theory of differential matrix equations dx= ABx. A complex matrix pencil is called structurally stable if there exists its neighbourhood in which all pencils are strictly equivalent to it. We describe all complex matrix pencils that are structurally stable. We show that there are no pairs of complex matrices that are structurally stable with respect to contragredient equivalence.
Es desenvolupa la teoria de pertorbacions de feixos de matrius a partir de les seves deformacions miniversals. Es donen diverses aplicacions d'aquesta teoria. A. Pokrzywa (Linear Algebra Appl., 1986) va descriure tots els possibles feixos en la seva forma de Kronecker que són formes canòniques dels feixos que es poden trobar en un petit entorn arbitrari d'un feix prèviament determinat. La demostració que presentava és molt abstracta i no constructiva. K. Bongartz (Advances in Mathematics, 1996) va donar una demostració encara més abstracta del teorema de Pokrzywa; utilitzant resultats de la teoria de representació d'àlgebres de dimensió finita. L’objectiu principal de aquesta tesi és presentar una demostració directa, constructiva i bastant elemental del teorema de Pokrzywa. Primer, es demostra que per a provar el teorema de Pokrzywa és suficient provar-lo solament per a feixos que són sumes directes de, com màxim, dos feixos de Kronecker indescomponibles. Per a continuació, provar el teorema de Pokrzywa per aquests feixos. L’últim problema es simplifica molt degut a la següent observació: és suficient per trobar les formes canòniques de Kronecker de només aquells feixox que s’obtenen de deformacions miniversals d’un feix determinat. Utilitzem les deformacions de feixos de matrius obtingudes per MI García-Planas i VV Sergeichuk (Linear Algebra Appl., 1999) perquè les seves deformacions tenen moltes entrades nul·les, a diferència de les deformacions miniversals obtingudes per A. Edelman, E. Elmroth i B. Kagstrom (SIAM J. Matrix Anal. Appl., 1997). Per tant, no solament donem totes les formes canòniques de Kronecker possibles, sinó també les deformacions corresponents a un feix prèviament fixat, la qual cosa és important per a les aplicacions d’aquesta teoria. P. Van Dooren (Linear Algebra Appl., 1979) va construir un algoritme per calcular tots els sumands singulars de la forma canònica de Kronecker, d’un feix de matrius. El seu algoritme utilitza solament transformacions unitàries, el que millora la seva estabilitat numèrica. Estenem l’algoritme de Van Dooren tant a matrius complexes quadrades respecte transformacions de cosimilaritat com a parells de matrius complexes respecte l’equivalència mixta. Descrivim tots els parells (A, B) de matrius complexes m per n i n per m, per les quals el producte CD és una deformació versal de AB, en la que (C, D) és la deformació miniversal de (A, B) respecte l’equivalència contragredient donada per MI García-Planas y VV Sergeichuk (Linear Algebra Appl., 1999). Descrivim tots los pares de matrius canòniques (A, B) respecte l’equivalència contragredient, per les quals les pertorbacions de primer ordre induïdes són diferents de cero para totes les deformacions miniversals no nul·les d¿(A, B). Aquest problema apareix en la teoria de les equacions matricials diferencials dx = ABx. Un feix de matrius complexes es diu estructuralment estable si existeix un entorn en el que tots els feixos són equivalents a ell respecte una relació d’equivalència considerada. Descrivim tots els feixos de matrius complexes que són estructuralment estables respecte la equivalència estricta. Mostrem que no hi ha parelles de matrius complexes que són estructuralment estables respecto l’equivalència contragredient.
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Garcia, Anna Rosio. "Relating Relations: The Impact of Equivalence-Equivalence Training on Analogical Reasoning." Scholar Commons, 2014. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5372.

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A well-researched line showing equivalence performances in a wide variety of areas has been conducted in the field of Behavior Analysis (BA). One area demonstrates that relating relations is a behavioral account of analogical thinking. Relating relations may have implications for the development of analogical training given that analogical reasoning is seen as the foundation of intelligence yet research in this area is limited. A protocol by Stewart, Barnes-Holmes, and Weil (2009) was developed to train children in analogical reasoning using equivalence-equivalence relations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate an equivalence-equivalence training protocol based on Stewart et al. (2009) and test whether the protocol was effective in training equivalence-equivalence responding to 7 and 8-year-old children. A secondary purpose was to test whether training in equivalence-equivalence responding increased performances on analogical tests. All five participants were dismissed throughout the study. Participant 1 was dismissed during the pre-assessments and all other participants were dismissed during intervention. Because none of the participants passed the equivalence-equivalence training, increases in performance in analogical testes were not analyzed. Individual performance data from training are examined and analyzed to provide an account of the failures to pass the equivalence-equivalence protocol.
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Henderson, Troy Lee IV. "Causal equivalence of frames." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4392.

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Frames have recently become popular in the area of applied mathematics known as digital signal processing. Frames offer a level of redundancy that bases do not provide. In a sub-area of signal processing known as data recovery, redundancy has become increasingly useful; therefore, so have frames. Just as orthonormal bases are desirable for numerical computations, Parseval frames provide similar properties as orthonormal bases while maintaining a desired level of redundancy. This dissertation will begin with a basic background on frames and will proceed to encapsulate my research as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree in Mathematics at Texas A&M University. More specifically, in this dissertation we investigate an apparently new concept we term causal equivalence of frames and techniques for transforming frames into Parseval frames in a way that generalizes the Classical Gram- Schmidt process for bases. Finally, we will compare and contrast these techniques.
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Adji, Artidiatun. "Essays on Ricardian Equivalence." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2007. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/econ_diss/19.

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The theme of this dissertation is Ricardian equivalence, and its objective is to examine the effects of government debt on private consumption expenditures (Essay One), on interest rates (Essay Two), on the current account balance (Essay Three), and on individual intertemporal decision-making (Essay Four). The effects of government debt are important if debt is neutral (e.g., if “Ricardian equivalence” holds), then a stabilization program that is based on demand management policy to curtail fiscal deficits will not be operative. On the other hand, if debt is not neutral (or if Ricardian equivalence does not hold), then deficit finance may induce private consumption, boost interest rates, crowd out investment, and retard economic growth. Essay One contributes to the existing literature by taking into account the nature of liquidity constraints in a developing economy in an aggregate consumption function. Previous empirical tests on Ricardian equivalence have not considered the role of a dominant resource aspect of a country. Essay Two and Essay Three incorporate a dominant resource aspect in Indonesia by estimating the oil-macroeconomic relationship. Furthermore, Essay Three takes into account the role of capital inflows by including debt securities. Essay Four uses experimental economics methods to examine the role of distortionary taxes on Ricardian equivalence. There have been only a few studies that use an experimental approach to examine the effect of deficit spending on consumption expenditures, but these existing experimental studies ignore the role of distortionary taxes in affecting subjects’ consumption-saving decisions and focus on the presence of liquidity constraints, myopia, and uncertainty on future income. Essay Four contributes to the Ricardian equivalence literature by taking into account distortionary taxes in a Ricardian institution by levying taxes on savings in an intertemporal individual consumption-savings decision in laboratory experiments. By utilizing the aggregate consumption function and the Euler equation consumption function, Essay One shows that Indonesian consumers tend to behave in a non-Ricardian way. Public debt most likely will lead to crowding out of investment, and will retard capital accumulation and economic growth. The extent to which individuals perceive government expenditures as complements for their consumption is substantial. An increase in government expenditures will increase the marginal utility of private consumption and has an expansionary effect on aggregate demand. The complementarity between private consumption and government expenditures may be partly due to the allocation of government subsidies to basic goods and services such as electricity, fuel, fertilizer, health centers, and education. Liquidity constraints may cause consumption to have an excess sensitivity to income. The short-run and long-run aggregate consumption function estimates show that income affects consumption, indicating that consumers follow a “rule of thumb” of consuming their current income. A high ratio of public debt to gross domestic product (GDP) in Indonesia may also be the culprit of the excess sensitivity of private consumption to income. Due to low salaries in the formal sector, employees have been engaged in moonlighting activities, mostly in the form of self-employment (e.g., opening retail stores or services). This phenomenon may help to explain why private credit−which amounts to 29 percent of GDP−fails to explain consumption behavior. Most loans are made for investment rather than for consumption. Consumers’ behavior is insensitive to taxation, which perhaps is due to the fact that tax enactment is not explicitly revealed in Indonesia (e.g., price tags in the supermarket include the sales tax, and employees are only informed about their after-tax net wage instead of their gross wage). The share of tax collections to GDP averages only about 15 percent. There is still a large portion of the population who do not pay taxes or who pay far below what they should pay. The fiscal authority needs to focus more attention on alternative financing, i.e. taxation, whose system is essential to be enhanced. Essay Two shows that by excluding oil prices, deficits and debt significantly increase the real interest rate, thereby invalidating Ricardian equivalence. The evidence shows some preference for debt and deficit over government expenditures as determinants of interest rates. Inclusion of the oil price weakens the Neoclassical results, providing more support for the Ricardian paradigm. Deficits no longer increase interest rates, yet debt still significantly increases interest rates. This result reflects a loss of momentum for the Indonesian government two decades ago to decrease its dependency on debt. The government could have used the windfall oil revenue to pay off foreign debt; instead, the windfall was spent on import-intensive infrastructure development projects, in order to build domestic industry and to subsidize rice and petroleum products. The importance of oil prices in the interest rate estimation suggests that in modeling the Indonesian macroeconomy, the oil sector should be incorporated. The non-stationary nature of the stock of debt implies the failure of intertemporal budget balance to hold, indicating that the debt-financed deficit is unsustainable. Essay Three shows that around 80 percent of the estimation results provide support for the Neoclassical view, a result that is consistent with the twin deficits hypothesis. The long-run estimates indicate an almost one-to-one relationship between the government budget and the trade balance, while the short-run estimates show a smaller magnitude. When capital inflows are included, the twin deficits phenomenon is less pronounced in the short-run and disappears in the long-run. An increase in the oil price statistically and significantly improves the trade balance in the short-run and in the long-run. Essay Four shows that subjects fully anticipate an increase in future taxation by increasing the amount bequeathed in one-to-one correspondence to the increase in debt. Even under a Ricardian institution, the distorting nature of taxes on savings alters subjects’ consumption-savings decisions. The equality of the change in bequests and the change in deficit spending is not attained under the savings taxes treatment, invalidating Ricardian equivalence. In line with the results of Essays One, Two, and Three, which suggest the vital need to enhance the taxation system, the results of Essay Four entail the importance of taxes on interest income in Indonesia.
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Sequoiah-Grayson, Sebastian. "Information and logical equivalence." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.496650.

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Randell, Thomas David William. "Stimulus equivalence and naming." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312896.

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Afara, Bassima. "Morita equivalence of semigroups." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/2637.

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Morita equivalence is a general way of classifying structures by means of their actions that is weaker than isomorphism but at the same time useful. It arose first in the study of unital rings in the 1950’s [35] but has since been extended to many other kinds of strucures, including classes of non- unital rings. It was first applied to semigroup theory in the 1970’s in the work of Banaschewski [5] and Knauer [19] who independently determined when two monoids were Morita equivalent. However they were unable to extend their definition to arbitrary semigroups since Banaschewski showed that Morita equivalence reduced to isomorphism. It was not until the 1990’s that Talwar [40, 41] was able to find a good definition of Morita equivalence for a class of semigroups that included all monoids but also all regular semigroups: the class of semigroups with local units. Such a semigroup is one in which each element has a left and a right idempotent identity. Talwar’s work was not developed further until the twenty-first century when a variety of mathematicians including Funk, Laan, Lawson, M´arki and Steinberg started to develop the Morita theory of semigroups in detail [9, 20, 25, 39]. Our thesis takes as its starting point Lawson’s reinterpretation of Talwar’s work. The thesis consists of three chapters. An essential ingredient in Morita theory is the notion of an equivalence of categories. For this reason, Chapter 1 of this thesis reviews all the categorical definitions needed. In Chapter 2, we describe in detail the work of Banaschewski and Knauer on the Morita theory of monoids. These two chapters contain no new work. We begin Chapter 3 by explaining why the obvious way of defining the Morita equivalence of two semigroups does not work. We then describe Lawson’s approach to Talwar’s work. This provides the foundation for our thesis. Our new contributions to the theory are contained in Sections 3.2, 3.3 and 3.4 and are based on Rees matrix semigroups. Talwar showed that the classical Rees matrix theorem for completely simple semigroups could be regarded as a Morita theorem: a semigroup is Morita equivalent to a group if and only if it is completely simple if and only if it is isomorphic to a Rees matrix semigroup over a group. This raises the question of determining what role Rees matrix semigroups play in the Morita theory of semigroups with local units. We investigate three different problems based on this idea: Section 3.2 In this section, we try to provean exact generalisation of the Rees theorem. We are interested in the case where S is Morita equivalent to T if and only if S is isomorphic to some kind of Rees matrix semigroup over T. Section 3.3 In this section, we prove that S is Morita equivalent to T if and only if S is a locally isomorphic image of a special kind of Rees matrix semigroup over T. This result was first proved by Laan and M´arki [20] but we give a new proof that generalizes the classical proof of the Rees theorem. Section 3.4 Finally, we solve the following problem: given an inverse semi-group S find all inverse semigroups T which are Morita equivalent to S. Our solution uses special kinds of Rees matrix semigroups over S. In this section, we also describe those semigroups which are Morita equivalent to semigroups with commuting idempotents. This builds on early work by Khan and Lawson [17, 18].
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Sou, Man Chong. "Distance to the convex hull of an equivalence class by special orthogonal equivalence." Thesis, University of Macau, 2000. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1446694.

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Books on the topic "Equivalence"

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Pai, Shin Yu. Equivalence. Albuquerque, N.M: La Alameda Press, 2003.

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Equivalence. Albuquerque, N.M: La Alameda Press, 2003.

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Fieldsteel, Adam. Alpha-equivalence: A refinement of Kakutani equivalence. Toronto: [s.n.], 1992.

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Hsieh, Harry, Felice Balarin, and Alberto Sangiovanni-Vincentelli. Synchronous Equivalence. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1659-0.

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Young, Jan Aaron. Spiritual equivalence. Chicago, IL: Adams Press, 1995.

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Chester, Schriesheim, and Neider Linda L. 1953-, eds. Equivalence in measurement. Greenwich, CT: Information Age Pub., 2001.

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Restricted orbit equivalence. Providence, R.I., USA: American Mathematical Society, 1985.

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Pennesi, Francesco. Equivalence in Financial Services. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99269-9.

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Zenil, Hector, ed. Irreducibility and Computational Equivalence. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35482-3.

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Schröder, Carsten. Variable Income Equivalence Scales. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7908-2711-8.

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Book chapters on the topic "Equivalence"

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Munday, Jeremy, Sara Ramos Pinto, and Jacob Blakesley. "Equivalence and equivalent effect." In Introducing Translation Studies, 49–72. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429352461-4.

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Margaret, Rogers, White Michael, Michael Loughridge, Higgins Ian, and Sándor Hervey. "Equivalence and non-equivalence." In Thinking German Translation, 27–39. Third edition. | Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2020. | Series: Thinking translation: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315686264-5.

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Hsieh, Harry, Felice Balarin, and Alberto Sangiovanni-Vincentelli. "Synchronous Equivalence." In Synchronous Equivalence, 57–65. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1659-0_5.

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Kubrusly, Carlos S. "Equivalence." In An Introduction to Models and Decompositions in Operator Theory, 23–35. Boston, MA: Birkhäuser Boston, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1998-9_2.

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Gray, David. "Equivalence." In Introduction to the Formal Design of Real-Time Systems, 301–31. London: Springer London, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0889-4_5.

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Weik, Martin H. "EQUIVALENCE." In Computer Science and Communications Dictionary, 533. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_6362.

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Chadderton, Ronald A. "Equivalence." In Purposeful Engineering Economics, 27–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18848-5_5.

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Louie, A. H. "Equivalence." In Intangible Life, 175–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65409-6_10.

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Leal, Alice. "Equivalence." In Handbook of Translation Studies, 39–46. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hts.3.equ1.

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Petit, Marjorie M., Robert E. Laird, Caroline B. Ebby, and Edwin L. Marsden. "Equivalence." In A Focus on Fractions, 95–110. 3rd ed. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003185475-7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Equivalence"

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Tchorowski, Leo, and Inder Jiti Gupta. "Far-Field Equivalence Through Equivalent Current Distributions." In 2018 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation & USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting. IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/apusncursinrsm.2018.8609178.

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FAYET, P. "EQUIVALENCE PRINCIPLE TESTS AND EQUIVALENCE THEOREMS." In Proceedings of the First International Conference. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812704917_0016.

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Liang, Donglin, and Mary Jean Harrold. "Equivalence analysis." In the 1999 ACM SIGPLAN-SIGSOFT workshop. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/316158.316175.

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Ramanarayanan, Ganesh, James Ferwerda, Bruce Walter, and Kavita Bala. "Visual equivalence." In ACM SIGGRAPH 2007 papers. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1275808.1276472.

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Bodden, Eric. "Continuation equivalence." In the Ninth International Workshop. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2002951.2002958.

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Hjorth, Greg. "Countable Borel equivalence relations, Borel reducibility, and orbit equivalence." In 10th Asian Logic Conference. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814293020_0007.

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Wanitjirattikal, Puntipa. "Superiority, Non-inferiority, Equivalence Test, and Innovative Equivalence Test." In ICoMS 2021: 2021 4th International Conference on Mathematics and Statistics. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3475827.3475841.

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Li Shen, Peizhong Lu, Xiangyang Luo, and Yan Zou. "Equivalence of punctured convolutional codes from shift equivalent puncturing patterns." In International Conference on Information Technology: Coding and Computing, 2004. Proceedings. ITCC 2004. IEEE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itcc.2004.1286564.

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Fu, Xin, Li Jun Jiang, and Hong Tat Ewe. "Hierarchical equivalent source algorithm based on relaxed spherical equivalence surface." In 2015 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation & USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting. IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aps.2015.7304972.

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Chen, Yung-Chih, Wei-An Ji, Chih-Chung Wang, Ching-Yi Huang, Chia-Cheng Wu, Chia-Chun Lin, and Chun-Yao Wang. "Using range-equivalent circuits for facilitating bounded sequential equivalence checking." In 2018 International Symposium on VLSI Design, Automation and Test (VLSI-DAT). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/vlsi-dat.2018.8373231.

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Reports on the topic "Equivalence"

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Barro, Robert. Reflections on Ricardian Equivalence. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w5502.

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Blanchard, Olivier, and N. Gregory Mankiw. Consumption: Beyond Certainty Equivalence. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, January 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w2496.

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Ree, Malcom James, Thomas Carretta, and James A. Earles. Salvaging Construct Equivalence Through Equating. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada372382.

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Fields, Lanny. The Analysis of Equivalence Classes. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada336076.

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Dukes, Michael A., and Frank M. Brown. Proving Boolean Equivalence with Prolog. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada221766.

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Topper, J. D., and D. K. Stone. TASLIMAGE System #2 Technical Equivalence Evaluation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1393334.

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Faraggi, A. E., and M. Matone. Quantum mechanics from an equivalence principle. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/510400.

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Arrow, Kenneth J. Certainty Equivalence and Inequivalence for Prices. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada211867.

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Kline, Patrick, and Christopher Walters. On Heckits, LATE, and Numerical Equivalence. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w24477.

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Yang, Zhenkun. Scalable Equivalence Checking for Behavioral Synthesis. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.2459.

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