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Journal articles on the topic 'Equine diagnostics'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Wobeser, Bruce K., and Colleen Duncan. "Equine Pathology and Laboratory Diagnostics." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice 31, no. 2 (August 2015): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0749-0739(15)00039-5.

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2

Couetil, Laurent L., and Craig A. Thompson. "Airway Diagnostics." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice 36, no. 1 (April 2020): 87–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cveq.2019.12.006.

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3

Trailovic, Dragisa, Ivana Trailovic, and Ljubica Spasojevic-Kosic. "Equine metabolic syndrome: Etiopathogenesis, diagnostics and therapy." Veterinarski glasnik 69, no. 3-4 (2015): 259–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl1504259t.

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Equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) is a term adopted in 2002 in aim to define the complex pathology involving obesity, insulin resistance and laminitis in horses and ponies. The EMS was terminologically derived upon similar condition in humans. The metabolic disturbance in equines is developed sequentially to the primary chronic overfeeding, i.e. intake of surplus food to individual needs combined with insufficient activity of animal. The syndrome has been reported more frequently in ponies than in other breeds although genetic background of EMS has not been confirmed. The characteristic symptoms include regional collection of adipose tissue under the skin often distributed regionally i.e. in crest (neck from pool to withers), behind the shoulders, at the dock of the tail and in prepuce in males or in the udder in mares; as well as impaired locomotion and/or lameness in all four limbs and cycling disturbance in mares.

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4

Jones, William E. "Diagnostics and rehabilitation." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 12, no. 1 (January 1992): 41–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0737-0806(06)81386-9.

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5

von Schweinitz, Dietrich Graf. "Thermographic Diagnostics in Equine Back Pain." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice 15, no. 1 (April 1999): 161–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0749-0739(17)30170-0.

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6

Riley, Isabell. "Advanced equine diagnostics — magnetic resonance imaging." Veterinary Nurse 9, no. 8 (October 2, 2018): 422–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/vetn.2018.9.8.422.

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7

Hall, Anthony, and Isabell Riley. "Advanced equine diagnostics – developments in computed tomography." UK-Vet Equine 5, no. 6 (November 2, 2021): 254–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/ukve.2021.5.6.254.

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Advancement in veterinary imaging technologies to assess pathology in the horses has been greatly improved since the development of computed tomography in the 1970s. These technical innovations have enabled faster acquisition times, lower patient doses of radiation and easier care of the patient during scanning. A wide range of computed tomography scanners are now available to the veterinary market, from companies providing second hand refurbished scanners, to those tailoring computed tomography scanners to the veterinary market. In turn, this makes the price of purchase, or rental, much more feasible to the industry. The financial implications of purchasing a scanner need to be reviewed to ensure viability, as well as identifying maintenance costs, space, specialist staffing and case load. However, even with access to advanced imaging devices such as computed tomography, imaging the equine patient comes with its own complexities and limitations. Owing to their size and anatomy, passing the relevant structures through the gantry can be difficult in itself, often requiring the administration of general anaesthetic to acquire suitable images, which comes with its own set of risks and additional costs. Therefore, there is an ongoing need to further develop the skills and abilities needed for standing computed tomography.

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8

Slovis, Nathan M., Nimet Browne, and Rana Bozorgmanesh. "Point-of-Care Diagnostics in Equine Practice." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice 36, no. 1 (April 2020): 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cveq.2019.12.007.

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9

Rush, B. R., and E. G. Davis. "Pleuropneumonia: When additional diagnostics are indicated." Equine Veterinary Education 23, no. 6 (May 5, 2011): 302–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3292.2010.00208.x.

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10

Lippi, Giuseppe, and Fabian Sanchis-Gomar. "Cardiac troponins in diagnostics of equine myocardial injury." Journal of Laboratory and Precision Medicine 5 (October 2020): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/jlpm-20-85.

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11

Wobeser, Bruce K., and Colleen Duncan. "Equine Pathology and Diagnostics for the Practicing Veterinarian." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice 31, no. 2 (August 2015): xi—xii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cveq.2015.05.001.

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12

Gerber, V., R. Straub, R. Fatzer, M. Hermann, C. Hahn, S. Hofmeister, F. Steffen, and C. Herholz. "Diagnostics of EMND (Equine Motor Neuron Disease) - three cases." Pferdeheilkunde Equine Medicine 14, no. 1 (1998): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21836/pem19980101.

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13

Tyson, Fiona, Sarah Dalesman, Peter M. Brophy, and Russell M. Morphew. "Novel Equine Faecal Egg Diagnostics: Validation of the FECPAKG2." Animals 10, no. 8 (July 23, 2020): 1254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10081254.

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Faecal egg counts (FECs) are the standard method of diagnosing the level of parasitic helminth egg shedding in horses and other grazing animals. Testing before treatment is an important factor in slowing the appearance of anthelmintic resistance in nematode parasites. The FECPAKG2, optimised for livestock, is reported to allow owners to perform FECs on their own animals without the need for a separate microscope or any specialist knowledge by tapping into remote expertise. However, the performance of the FECPAKG2 has yet to be assessed for equids. Therefore, a comparison of the FECPAKG2 (G2) method with an accepted equine FEC method (FECPAKG1(G1)) was performed, using faecal samples from 57 horses in Wales and 22 horses in New Zealand. There was a significant correlation between the FECs obtained by the two methods (p < 0.001) and no effect of the country of origin on the data (p = 0.157). The mean percentage accuracy compared to the control values (mean G2 count as a percentage of the mean G1 count, ±SStandard Error (SE)) was 101 ± 4%. There was no significant interaction between the method applied and the country of origin of the data (p = 0.814). The relative accuracy of the G2 method compared to the control method (FECPAKG1) was not affected by the level of infection (p = 0.124) and it was concluded that the FECPAKG2 method is a suitable method of performing FECs in horses. It is anticipated that the user-friendliness of the method will increase the uptake of FECs amongst horse owners, either by the direct use of the technology or through their veterinary practice, likely slowing the development of anthelmintic resistance.

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14

Kozłowska, Natalia, Małgorzata Wierzbicka, Tomasz Jasiński, and Małgorzata Domino. "Advances in the Diagnosis of Equine Respiratory Diseases: A Review of Novel Imaging and Functional Techniques." Animals 12, no. 3 (February 4, 2022): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12030381.

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The horse, as a flight animal with a survival strategy involving rapid escape from predators, is a natural-born athlete with enormous functional plasticity of the respiratory system. Any respiratory dysfunction can cause a decline in ventilation and gas exchange. Therefore, respiratory diseases often lead to exercise intolerance and poor performance. This is one of the most frequent problems encountered by equine internists. Routine techniques used to evaluate respiratory tract diseases include clinical examination, endoscopic examination, radiographic and ultrasonographic imaging, cytological evaluation, and bacterial culture of respiratory secretions. New diagnostic challenges and the growing development of equine medicine has led to the implementation of advanced diagnostic techniques successfully used in human medicine. Among them, the use of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging significantly broadened the possibilities of anatomical imaging, especially in the diagnosis of upper respiratory tract diseases. Moreover, the implementation of spirometry, electrical impedance tomography (EIT), and impulse oscillation system (IOS) sheds new light on functional diagnostics of respiratory tract diseases, especially those affecting the lower part. Therefore, this review aimed to familiarize the clinicians with the advantages and disadvantages of the advanced diagnostic techniques of the equine respiratory tract and introduce their recent clinical applications in equine medicine.

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15

Chedgey, Emma. "Uterine diagnostics: what is the best sample?" UK-Vet Equine 6, no. 3 (May 2, 2022): 114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/ukve.2022.6.3.114.

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Uterine disease, particularly endometritis, is commonly encountered in equine reproduction and has major implications for mare fertility and breeding economics. A thorough reproductive examination, combined with selection of appropriate uterine diagnostics and interpretation of those findings, is essential in the work up of cases of mare infertility. Addition of endometrial cytology and alternative culture methods, such as the low-volume lavage and uterine biopsy, will increase the clinician's diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. The practitioner's approach to the investigation of uterine disease in the field and required techniques are described in this review article.

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16

Niedźwiedź, A., I. Maksymovych, K. Kubiak, J. Nicpoń, M. Leno, and V. Rusyn. "ADDITIONAL DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES FOR EQUINE RESPIRATORY DISEASES." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology 18, no. 2(66) (September 12, 2016): 140–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/nvlvet6629.

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Respiratory diseases in horses are common, and with the increase in the population of this species, they pose a serious challenge to practicing veterinarians. In the case of respiratory diseases, a primary factor in determining the correct diagnosis is the skillful combination of data collected from the patient history, a detailed clinical examination and the results of additional tests. Auscultation of the lungs in horses is performed routinely, if respiratory diseases are suspected, but still an underestimated source of information is the percussion of the chest. With the development of diagnostic techniques applicable in human medicine, new opportunities have also emerged to examine the respiratory tract in horses. Increasingly, standard diagnostics performed in these animals include endoscopy, radiology, ultrasound, blood gas testing and collecting material to microbial culture. Some diseases can be diagnosed only during endoscopy while the animal is moving. For this purpose, a treadmill with a variable speed is used. Currently, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), tracheal wash (TW) and centesis of the thorax are applied more often. An examination of high diagnostic value is lung scintigraphy, but due to the price of the equipment and isotope storage problems it is not available in most developing countries. These tests are aimed at both a correct diagnosis and monitoring the course of treatment.

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17

Nout, Y. S. "Spinal neoplasms: Ante mortem diagnostics and therapeutic options." Equine Veterinary Education 21, no. 11 (November 1, 2009): 569–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2746/095777309x477140.

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18

Drumm, N., T. Gudehus, and J. Hahn. "Diseases of the shoulder region – Part I: Anatomy and diagnostics." Pferdeheilkunde Equine Medicine 31, no. 3 (2015): 241–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21836/pem20150306.

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19

Helweg, M.-J., and W. G. Schneeweiss. "Subchondral bone cyst in the sulcus intertrochlearis tali – Diagnostics and therapy." Pferdeheilkunde Equine Medicine 32, no. 4 (2016): 367–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21836/pem20160409.

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20

Pusterla, Nicola, Christian M. Leutenegger, Samantha Barnum, Cara Wademan, and Emir Hodzic. "Challenges in navigating molecular diagnostics for common equine respiratory viruses." Veterinary Journal 276 (October 2021): 105746. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105746.

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21

Lazić, Sava, Tamaš Petrović, Maja Velhner, Dubravka Milanov, Sara Savić, and Branka Vidić. "LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICS OF CURRENT INFECTIOUS DISEASES ACCORDING TO INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS." Archives of Veterinary Medicine 3, no. 1 (June 28, 2010): 93–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.46784/e-avm.v3i1.196.

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One of the greatest challenges of modern laboratory diagnostic is selection of methods and procedures for fast and reliable diagnostic. Contemporary laboratory diagnostic is faced with the request to develop the technologies for rapid detection of agents and identification of biological features, as for example pathogenicity, group affiliation, sensitivity, or even genetic sequencing. Beside the aforementioned requests, laboratory diagnostic must implement numerous international standards and apply the principles of good laboratory practice. By compliance to international standards, i.e. good laboratory practice, laboratory diagnostic has considerably been improved, especially regarding the validity of the obtained results. With the aim to improve laboratory diagnostic of infectious diseases in veterinary medicine, this paper presents the demands of the standard SRPS ISO/IEC 17025:2006 (General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories), SRPS ISO 15189:2008 (Medical Laboratories – Particular Requirements for Quality and Competence) as well as the demands of World Organization for Animal Health (O.I.E). Implementation of these standards is presented through the procedures of laboratory diagnostic of most important bacterial and viral animal infections on the territory of the Republic of Serbia. This paper presents the demands regarding the reference material, equipment, workspace and staff, for the laboratory diagnostic of the following diseases: anthrax, leptospirosis, paratuberculosis, Q fever, chlamydiosis, tuberculosis, mycoplasmosis, brucellosis, listeriosis, pasteureliosis, salmonellosis, clostridiosis, Aujeszky’s disease, blue tongue, rabies, infectious bronchitis in poultry, influenza, atypical poultry plague, infectious bursitis, Mareck’s disease, bovine viral diarrhea, enzootic bovine leukosis, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, equine infectious anemia, equine rhinopneumonitis, equine viral arteritis, maedi-visna, classical swine fever and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome.

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22

Burke, Megan, and Anthony Blikslager. "Advances in Diagnostics and Treatments in Horses with Acute Colic and Postoperative Ileus." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice 34, no. 1 (April 2018): 81–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cveq.2017.11.006.

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23

Davis, E. "Rhodococcus equi: advanced diagnostics may be indicated when dealing with complicated disease." Equine Veterinary Education 19, no. 5 (June 1, 2007): 237–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2746/095777307x206386.

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24

Kryvoshyja, P. J., L. B. Kot, and O. G. Rud. "Obtaining cultural antigen for diagnostics equine infectious anemia in the DPR test." Bulletin "Veterinary biotechnology" 31 (2017): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/vet_biotech31-08.

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25

Materniak-Kornas, Magdalena, Wojciech Rożek, Jerzy Rola, Zbigniew Osiński, Martin Löchelt, and Jacek Kuźmak. "Occurrence of Equine Foamy Virus Infection in Horses from Poland." Viruses 14, no. 9 (September 6, 2022): 1973. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14091973.

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Equine foamy virus (EFVeca) is a foamy virus of non-primate origin and among the least-studied members of this retroviral subfamily. By sequence comparison, EFVeca shows the highest similarity to bovine foamy virus. In contrast to simian, bovine or feline foamy viruses, knowledge about the epidemiology of EFVeca is still limited. Since preliminary studies suggested EFVeca infections among horses in Poland, we aimed to expand the diagnostics of EFVeca infections by developing specific diagnostic tools and apply them to investigate its prevalence. An ELISA test based on recombinant EFVeca Gag protein was developed for serological investigation, while semi-nested PCR for the detection of EFVeca DNA was established. 248 DNA and serum samples from purebred horses, livestock and saddle horses, Hucul horses and semi-feral Polish primitive horses were analyzed in this study. ELISA was standardized, and cut off value, sensitivity and specificity of the test were calculated using Receiver Operating Characteristic and Bayesian estimation. Based on the calculated cut off, 135 horses were seropositive to EFVeca Gag protein, while EFVeca proviral DNA was detected in 85 animals. The rate of infected individuals varied among the horse groups studied; this is the first report confirming the existence of EFVeca infections in horses from Poland using virus-specific tools.

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26

Visser, E. M. S., I. J. M. Slenter, S. Veraa, and H. Hermans. "Corneal oedema of suspected endothelial origin in five horses: diagnostics, superficial keratectomy and Gunderson inlay flap and preliminary outcome." Pferdeheilkunde Equine Medicine 37, no. 3 (2021): 284–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21836/pem20210310.

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27

Lerchbacher, J., V. Häussler, C. Bräuning, I.-G. Richter, and D. Barnewitz. "Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 facilitates diagnostics in equine degenerative joint disease and may serve as osteoarthritis biomarker in horses." Pferdeheilkunde Equine Medicine 34, no. 6 (2018): 563–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21836/pem20180608.

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28

Kryvoshya, P. Yu, and O. G. Rud. "Methodical approaches to the radial hemolysis reaction use for equine infectious anemia diagnostics." Bulletin "Veterinary biotechnology" 32, no. 2 (2018): 306–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/vet_biotech32(2)-37.

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29

Milic, Nenad, Andrea Radalj, and Jakov Nisavic. "Standard and molecular methods in the diagnostics of infections caused by equine herpesviruses 1 and 4." Veterinarski glasnik 72, no. 2 (2018): 68–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl170227002m.

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Background. Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) is responsible for respiratory disease in young animals, abortion in pregnant mares and neurological disease, whilst equine herpesvirus 4 (EHV-4) is mainly the causative agent of respiratory disorders and rarely causes abortion. These viruses are considered as one of the most clinically and economically important pathogens of horses and can be detected in a range of tissues. Scope and Approach. Serological methods are used to detect the presence and titre of specific antibodies to EHV-1 and EHV-4 in the sera of examined horses and are useful in epizootiological studies. Commercially available ELISA kits are able to differentiate specific EHV-1 and EHV-4 antibodies. EHV-1 and EHV-4 can both be isolated using susceptible cells such as primary horse cell cultures and other non-equine cells with visible cytopathic effect. Since standard diagnostic methods can be time consuming and arduous, the scope of many studies has been to develop and confirm the sensitivity and specificity of molecular diagnostic methods. Key Findings and Conclusions. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has proved to be a good screening method for the presence of latent infections of horses caused by these viruses, also making possible the rapid identification and differentiation of EHV-1 and- EHV-4 in the examined samples. Real-time PCR is a sensitive, specific and quantitative method that enables the determination of viral kinetics in infected horses. Genome sequencing can be used to discover mutations in the genomes of EHV-1 and EHV-4 as well as to track the spread of their different strains globally.

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30

Vissani, María Aldana, Armando Mario Damiani, and María Edith Barrandeguy. "Equine Coital Exanthema: New Insights on the Knowledge and Leading Perspectives for Treatment and Prevention." Pathogens 10, no. 8 (August 20, 2021): 1055. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10081055.

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Equine coital exanthema (ECE) is a highly contagious, venereally-transmitted mucocutaneous disease, characterized by the formation of papules, vesicles, pustules and ulcers on the external genital organs of mares and stallions, and caused by equid alphaherpesvirus 3 (EHV-3). The infection is endemic worldwide and the virus is transmitted mainly through direct contact during sexual intercourse and by contaminated instruments during reproductive maneuvers in breeding facilities. The disease does not result in systemic illness, infertility or abortion, yet it does have a negative impact on the equine industry as it forces the temporary withdrawal of affected animals with the consequent disruption of mating activities in breeding facilities. The purpose of this review is to provide up-to-date relevant information on the knowledge of EHV-3 infection and to analyze new approaches on diagnostics, treatment and prevention in the interest of minimizing the negative consequences of ECE in light of the current situation of the equine industry.

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31

Schlafer, D. H. "Canine and feline abortion diagnostics." Theriogenology 70, no. 3 (August 2008): 327–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.05.036.

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32

DAS, D., S. GARES, L. NAGATA, and M. SURESH. "Evaluation of a Western Equine Encephalitis recombinant E1 protein for protective immunity and diagnostics." Antiviral Research 64, no. 2 (November 2004): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-3542(04)00126-3.

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33

DAS, D., S. GARES, L. NAGATA, and M. SURESH. "Evaluation of a Western Equine Encephalitis recombinant E1 protein for protective immunity and diagnostics." Antiviral Research 64, no. 2 (November 2004): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2004.06.008.

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34

GÓRSKI, KAMIL, BERNARD TUREK, ALICJA RAKOWSKA, BARTŁOMIEJ OBROCHTA, MONIKA ŻYCHSKA, and ANDRZEJ BEREZNOWSKI. "Equine supernumerary molar tooth: A clinical case." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 76, no. 06 (2020): 6413–2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6413.

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The aim of this report is to present a clinical case of an additional tooth (dens suplementarius) in a 13-year-old thoroughbred mare currently used for pleasure riding. She was referred for specific dental evaluation because of recurrent nasal discharge that started to change from mucous to mucopurulent. The first attempt to remove the additional tooth was performed on the standing horse, but was unsuccessful because of the location of the problem. Surgical procedures under general anaesthesia, that is, trepanation of the nasofrontal sinus and “sinus flap,” succeeded. The mare was under antimicrobial therapy for 7 days after the surgery and received NSAID drugs for 2 more days. Medical dressing was removed 2 days after the surgery, and sinus flush with Foleys catheter was performed during 8 days after removing the dressing. The mare returned to previous work soon after the surgical procedure. Dental problems are among the most common in field veterinary practice, but supernumerary teeth occur in only a small percentage of horses. Cases of such tooth abnormalities are usually detected in the early or middle age of an animal during a regular dental examination or when the situation starts to create clinical problems. A suspicion of an additional tooth should always be confirmed by imaging diagnostics. In most cases, radiological evaluation is enough to confirm the diagnosis and asses the situation before selecting a specific medical solution.

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35

Vin, R., I. Bishop, and C. M. Leutenegger. "“Strangles-like” disease and outbreaks caused by Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus: Case cluster description and diagnostics by a real-time PCR strangles screen." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 39 (April 2016): S94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2016.02.202.

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36

Ploszay, G., J. Rola, M. Larska, and J. F. Zmudzinski. "First report on equine herpesvirus type 4 isolation in Poland – evaluation of diagnostic tools." Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences 16, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 493–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjvs-2013-0069.

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Abstract Upper respiratory tract infections are still a serious problem in breeding and racing horses. The most common virological factors are EHV1 and EHV4, which are both a major cause of secondary infections. High EHV4 seroprevalence in Polish horses indicates a high transmission rate of this pathogen among horses and increases the need for proper diagnostics. The aim of this study was to develop a reliable laboratory diagnostic scheme for upper respiratory tract infections and to describe the first isolation of EHV4 in Poland. Twenty one nasal swabs collected from young horses under the age of 2 years showing clinical signs of equine rhinopneumonitis were tested with duplex PCR for simultaneous detection and differentiation between EHV1/EHV4. Positive samples were then subjected to virus isolation in Vero cells. Additionally, real-time PCR was developed which allowed viral copy numbers to be quantified and enabled defining that a DNA load below 103 copies per 1 ml of the sample reflected latent infection or decline of the disease. However, the sensitivity of traditional PCR proved to be sufficient in the diagnostic of the lytic infections and allowed identification of 10 EHV4 infected horses from which 3 strains were successfully isolated in cell culture. Another four EHV4 positive results were obtained by real-time PCR; but, a high Ct (threshold cycle) and a low virus DNA copy number suggested a latent infection. This report describes the first successful isolation of EHV4 from Polish horses.

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37

Frazao, Paulo J. R., Rodrigo Crispim, Cesar A. M. Pereira, Mariana B. Selim, Lara L. Facó, Ana Carolina B. C. Fonseca Pinto, Stefano C. F. Hagen, and André L. V. Zoppa. "CORRELATION STUDY BETWEEN BONE MINERAL DENSITY DETERMINED BY RADIOGRAPHIC ABSORPTIOMETRY AND BONE RESISTANCE OF EQUINE THIRD METACARPAL BONE SUBMITTED TO BIOMECHANICAL TESTING." Journal of Musculoskeletal Research 15, no. 01 (March 2012): 1250007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218957712500078.

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Knowledge about non-invasive methods for early diagnostics in equine orthopedic disorders is economically important and has been widely studied. In this study, bone mineral density determined by radiographic absorptiometry was correlated to bone resistance of the equine third metacarpal bone submitted to biomechanical testing. Thirty pairs of third metacarpal bone of adult horses were collected, dissected, radiographed, analyzed by the radiographic absorptiometry technique, and submitted to tomographic study and biomechanical testing. No significant linear correlation between radiographic bone density values and measured biomechanical properties was observed. Therefore, bone mineral density of the third metacarpal bone determined by radiographic absorptiometry does not predict bone capacity to resist compression and flexion loads. Further studies should be developed to establish which techniques are reliably capable of giving such predictive information.

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38

Johnson, B. W., O. Kosoy, E. Wang, M. Delorey, B. Russell, R. A. Bowen, and S. C. Weaver. "Use of Sindbis/Eastern Equine Encephalitis Chimeric Viruses in Plaque Reduction Neutralization Tests for Arboviral Disease Diagnostics." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 18, no. 9 (July 13, 2011): 1486–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.05129-11.

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ABSTRACTEastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) is a highly virulent, mosquito-borne alphavirus that causes severe and often fatal neurological disease in humans and horses in eastern North American, the Caribbean, and Mexico and throughout Central and South America. EEEV infection is diagnosed serologically by anti-EEEV-specific IgM detection, with confirmation by the plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT), which is highly specific for alphaviruses. Live virus is used in the PRNT procedure, which currently requires biosafety level 3 containment facilities and select agent security in the case of EEEV. These requirements restrict the ability of public health laboratories to conduct PRNTs. Sindbis virus (SINV)/EEEV recombinant constructs have been engineered to express the immunogenic structural proteins from 2 wild-type EEEV strains in an attenuated form. These SINV/EEEVs, which are not classified as select agents, were evaluated as alternative diagnostic reagents in a PRNT using human, equine, and murine sera. The results indicate that the chimeric viruses exhibit specificity comparable to that of wild-type EEEV, with only a slight reduction in sensitivity. Considering their benefits in increased safety and reduced regulatory requirements, these chimeric viruses should be highly useful in diagnostic laboratories throughout the Americas.

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39

Kjeldsen, Sofie Troest, Sarah Dalgas Nissen, Rikke Buhl, and Charlotte Hopster-Iversen. "Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation in Horses: Pathophysiology, Diagnostics and Clinical Aspects." Animals 12, no. 6 (March 10, 2022): 698. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12060698.

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Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia in horses causing poor performance. As in humans, the condition can be intermittent in nature, known as paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (pAF). This review covers the literature relating to pAF in horses and includes references to the human literature to compare pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic tools and treatment. The arrhythmia is diagnosed by auscultation and electrocardiography (ECG), and clinical signs can vary from sudden loss of racing performance to reduced fitness or no signs at all. If left untreated, pAF may promote electrical, functional and structural remodeling of the myocardium, thus creating a substrate that is able to maintain the arrhythmia, which over time may progress into permanent AF. Long-term ECG monitoring is essential for diagnosing the condition and fully understanding the duration and frequency of pAF episodes. The potential to adapt human cardiac monitoring systems and computational ECG analysis is therefore of interest and may benefit future diagnostic tools in equine medicine.

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Pacchiarotti, Giulia, Roberto Nardini, and Maria Teresa Scicluna. "Equine Hepacivirus: A Systematic Review and a Meta-Analysis of Serological and Biomolecular Prevalence and a Phylogenetic Update." Animals 12, no. 19 (September 20, 2022): 2486. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12192486.

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Viral hepatitis has recently assumed relevance for equine veterinary medicine since a variety of new viruses have been discovered. Equine Hepacivirus (EqHV) is an RNA virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family that can cause subclinical hepatitis in horses, occasionally evolving into a chronic disease. EqHV, to date, is considered the closest known relative of human HCV. EqHV has been reported worldwide therefore assessing its features is relevant, considering both the wide use of blood products and transfusions in veterinary therapies and its similitude to HCV. The present review resumes the actual knowledge on EqHV epidemiology, risk factors and immunology, together with potential diagnostics and good practices for prevention. Moreover, adhering to PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews a meta-analysis of serological and biomolecular prevalence and an updated phylogenetic description is presented as a benchmark for further studies.

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MAGER, S. N., and T. S. RUZANOVA. "COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTIC OF ULTRASONOGRAPHY AND RADIOGRAPHY IN DIAGNOSTICS OF EQUINE MUSCULOSKELETAL AND CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISORDERS." Genetika i razvedenie zhivotnyh 1, no. 1 (2018): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.31043/2410-2733-2018-1-67-73.

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Vidić, Branka, Sara Savić, Živoslav Grgić, Dejan Bugarski, Diana Lupulović, Nadežda Prica, and Doroteja Marčić. "SEROSURVEILLANCE OF EQUINE INFECTIOUS ANAEMIA IN A REGION OF VOJVODINA." Archives of Veterinary Medicine 7, no. 2 (January 21, 2015): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.46784/e-avm.v7i2.127.

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Equine infectious anemia is a consequence of a persistant infection of the horses with Lentivirus. Pathogenesis of the disease is very variable, what can bee seen through a wide range of clinical forms of the disease – from inaparrent infection to death. Diagnostics of EIA is based on clinical symptoms, detection of antibodies and virus. Antibodies can be identified with Hi, VN, CFIT, cELISA, SA-ELISA and AGID test. RT-PCR technique enables the detection of and/or quantifi cation of viral RNA level in blood of infected animal. First reliable serological test for EIA was AGID test. Modified AGID test is considered today as aknowledged, international standard for the detection of antibodies against EIA virus and it enables detection of more then 95% of ll positive animals. Horses with positive fi ndings with this test are considered infected and should be euthanized or placed in strict isolation. Further measures to control the spread of this disease are insectvector control and disinfection of surgical and other equipment in use on successive animals. Th e results of a study during a twenty year period, in the region of AP Vojvodina show that from the total of 11.972 horses blood samples, with te use of AGID test, positive results were found in 21 or 0,17% of horses.

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Traas, Anne M., Margret Casal, Mark Haskins, and Paula Henthorn. "Genetic counseling in the era of molecular diagnostics." Theriogenology 66, no. 3 (August 2006): 599–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2006.05.002.

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Scholtzek, Hanke, Walther, Eichhorn, Stöckle, Klein, Gehlen, Lübke-Becker, Schwarz, and Feßler. "Molecular Characterization of Equine Staphylococcus aureus Isolates Exhibiting Reduced Oxacillin Susceptibility." Toxins 11, no. 9 (September 13, 2019): 535. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11090535.

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The detection of borderline oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (BORSA) represents a challenge to both, veterinary and human laboratories. Between 2015 and 2017, 19 equine S. aureus with elevated minimal inhibitory concentrations for oxacillin were detected in routine diagnostics. The aim of this study was to characterize these isolates to identify factors possibly associated with the BORSA phenotype. All S. aureus were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing and whole genome sequencing (WGS). A quantifiable β-lactamase activity assay was performed for a representative subset of 13 isolates. The WGS data analysis of the 19 BORSA isolates identified two different genomic lineages, sequence type (ST) 1 and ST1660. The core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) revealed a close relatedness of all isolates belonging to either ST1 or ST1660. The WGS analysis identified the resistance genes aadD, dfrG, tet(L), and/or blaZ and aacA-aphD. Phenotypic resistance to penicillins, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim was observed in the respective isolates. For the penicillin-binding proteins 1–4, amino acid substitutions were predicted using WGS data. Since neither transglycosylase nor transpeptidase domains were affected, these alterations might not explain the BORSA phenotype. Moreover, β-lactamase activity was found to be associated with an inducible blaZ gene. The lineage-specific differences regarding the expression profiles were noted.

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Nurlygayanova, Gulnara A., Vasiliy Belousov, Andrey Sharypov, Svetlana V. Zyuzgina, and Zelikha S. Devrishova. "Equine leptospirosis: results of laboratory control in the Russian Federation." Veterinaria Kubani, no. 5 (October 31, 2021): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33861/2071-8020-2021-5-19-22.

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An analysis of the results of equine leptospirosis diagnostics by methods used in practice in state veterinary laboratories of the Russian Federation (bacteriological, serological (microagglutination reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)), molecular genetic (polymerase chain reaction method) for the period 2018-2020 is presented in the article. The veterinary laboratories of the Russian Federation received 225,582 horses blood serum samples for research on leptospirosis, for which research was carried out in the microagglutination reaction – 1,516,087, in ELISA – 1,039, 12,770 samples reacted positively. The analysis of the reported data for the last three years in the 4-vet form showed that the epizootic situation in equine leptospirosis in the Russian Federation remains difficult. The level of infection of horses with Leptospira averaged 5.7%. In 2020, the largest number of positive responders in microagglutination reaction were detected in 9 regions; among the studied animals, specific leptospirotic antibodies were found from 1.6% to 65.0% of cases. The dominant serogroups of leptospira in horses in the Russian Federation are Icterohaemorrhagiae and Grippotyphosa, up to 34% and 19.7%, respectively. Over the past three years, 1,907 urine samples from horses have been examined by dark-field microscopy; live leptospira have been found in only 1 case. To improve the epizootic situation in horses leptospirosis in Russia, it is necessary to increase the number of bacteriological and molecular biological studies for the timely detection of the causative agent of the disease – L. interrogans. In disadvantaged regions, it is necessary to use antileptospirosis vaccines in accordance with the specific etiological structure of animal leptospirosis, which is relevant for a specific territory.

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Hedberg-Alm, Ylva, Johanna Penell, Miia Riihimäki, Eva Osterman-Lind, Martin K. Nielsen, and Eva Tydén. "Parasite Occurrence and Parasite Management in Swedish Horses Presenting with Gastrointestinal Disease—A Case–Control Study." Animals 10, no. 4 (April 7, 2020): 638. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10040638.

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All grazing horses are exposed to intestinal parasites, which have the potential to cause gastrointestinal disease. In Sweden, there is a concern about an increase in parasite-related equine gastrointestinal disease, in particular Strongylus vulgaris, since the implementation of prescription-only anthelmintics approximately 10 years ago. In a prospective case–control study, parasitological status, using fecal analyses for strongyle egg counts, the presence of Anoplocephala perfoliata eggs and S. vulgaris Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as well as serology for S. vulgaris, were compared between horses presenting with or without gastrointestinal disease at a University hospital during a one-year period. Information regarding anthelmintic routines and pasture management was gathered with an owner-filled questionnaire. Although the prevalence of S. vulgaris PCR was 5.5%, 62% of horses were positive in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test and horses with peritonitis showed higher antibody levels for S. vulgaris, as compared to other diagnoses or controls. Overall, 36% of the horse owners used only fecal egg counts (FEC), 32% used FEC combined with specific diagnostics for S. vulgaris or A. perfoliata, and 29% dewormed routinely without prior parasite diagnostics. Effective management methods to reduce the parasitic burden on pastures were rare and considering exposure to S. vulgaris appears high; the study indicates a need for education in specific fecal diagnostics and pasture management.

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Drewnowska, Olga, Barbara Lisowska, and Bernard Turek. "What Do We Know about the Use of EEG Monitoring during Equine Anesthesia: A Review." Applied Sciences 9, no. 18 (September 5, 2019): 3678. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9183678.

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Electroencephalography is a noninvasive method used for the measurement of central nervous system bioelectrical activity. Besides its use for neurological disorders diagnostics in humans and animals, it was found to be useful as a part of the anesthetic monitoring. Introducing the electroencephalography (EEG) measurement intraoperatively in humans and in animals, due to its high specificity and sensitivity (limited number of wave patterns and high number of variabilities influencing them), with comparison to cardiovascular parameters might significantly increase the quality of anesthesia. The use of EEG during equine anesthesia may help to maintain a proper depth of anesthesia in this species. Due to the fact that EEG analyzers were designed for humans, there are still limitations of their use in horses, and different methods of analysis are studied. The paper introduces the physiology of EEG, its use in animals during anesthesia, and specification for horses.

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Geiger, Tobias, Hartmut Gerhards, and Bettina Wollanke. "Detection of Anti-LipL32 Antibodies in Serum Samples from Horses with Chronic Intraocular Infection with Leptospira spp." Pathogens 10, no. 10 (October 14, 2021): 1325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10101325.

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Equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) is typically caused by chronic intraocular leptospiral infection in warm-blooded horses in central Europe. The most effective therapy for leptospiral-induced ERU is the surgical removal of diseased vitreous (vitrectomy). Since vitrectomy is a highly specialized and invasive surgery, the indication must be determined very carefully. In order to obtain evidence of intraocular leptospiral infection by laboratory diagnostics in questionable leptospiral ERU-cases, sampling of aqueous humor is required, because serum tests using microscopic agglutination test (MAT) are too unspecific. The SNAP Lepto is a cross-species rapid test for the detection of anti-Lipl32 antibodies that has a high sensitivity (0.97) and specificity (1.00) for the detection of anti-leptospiral antibodies using aqueous humor or vitreous samples, which is comparable to MAT. To evaluate sensitivity and specificity of SNAP Lepto using serum, serum samples from 90 horses with confirmed leptospiral ERU and from 103 ocularly healthy horses were tested by both MAT and SNAP Lepto. Sensitivity was similar for both tests (0.82 vs. 0.79), but specificity was lower for MAT (0.52 vs. 0.95). Sensitivity and specificity are therefore lower in serum samples compared to intraocular samples, however, the SNAP Lepto is far superior to MAT and suitable as a screening method using equine serum.

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Fang, Ying, Aaron C. Brault, and William K. Reisen. "Comparative Thermostability of West Nile, St. Louis Encephalitis, and Western Equine Encephalomyelitis Viruses during Heat Inactivation for Serologic Diagnostics." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 80, no. 5 (May 1, 2009): 862–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2009.80.862.

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Hobson-Peters, Jody, Jessica J. Harrison, Daniel Watterson, Jessamine E. Hazlewood, Laura J. Vet, Natalee D. Newton, David Warrilow, et al. "A recombinant platform for flavivirus vaccines and diagnostics using chimeras of a new insect-specific virus." Science Translational Medicine 11, no. 522 (December 11, 2019): eaax7888. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aax7888.

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Flaviviruses such as dengue, yellow fever, Zika, West Nile, and Japanese encephalitis virus present substantial global health burdens. New vaccines are being sought to address safety and manufacturing issues associated with current live attenuated vaccines. Here, we describe a new insect-specific flavivirus, Binjari virus, which was found to be remarkably tolerant for exchange of its structural protein genes (prME) with those of the aforementioned pathogenic vertebrate-infecting flaviviruses (VIFs). Chimeric BinJ/VIF-prME viruses remained replication defective in vertebrate cells but replicated with high efficiency in mosquito cells. Cryo–electron microscopy and monoclonal antibody binding studies illustrated that the chimeric BinJ/VIF-prME virus particles were structurally and immunologically similar to their parental VIFs. Pilot manufacturing in C6/36 cells suggests that high yields can be reached up to 109.5 cell culture infectious dose/ml or ≈7 mg/liter. BinJ/VIF-prME viruses showed utility in diagnostic (microsphere immunoassays and ELISAs using panels of human and equine sera) and vaccine applications (illustrating protection against Zika virus challenge in murine IFNAR−/− mouse models). BinJ/VIF-prME viruses thus represent a versatile, noninfectious (for vertebrate cells), high-yield technology for generating chimeric flavivirus particles with low biocontainment requirements.

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