Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Equilibrium'
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Jizba, Petr. "Equilibrium and non-equilibrium quantum field theory." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.624406.
Full textHogan, Seamus D. "Equilibrium search." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Economics, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/4364.
Full textSchofield, N. "Social equilibrium." Thesis, University of Essex, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.370494.
Full textDegawa, Masashi. "Equilibrium and non-equilibrium properties of finite-volume crystallites." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/3377.
Full textThesis research directed by: Physics. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
Solbraa, Even. "Equilibrium and Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics of Natural Gas Processing." Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-96.
Full textThe objective of this work has been to study equilibrium and non equilibrium situations during high pressure gas processing operations with emphasis on utilization of the high reservoir pressure. The well stream pressures of some of the condensate and gas fields in the North Sea are well above 200 bar. Currently the gas is expanded to a specified processing condition, typically 40-70 bar, before it is recompressed to the transportation conditions. It would be a considerable environmental and economic advantage to be able to process the natural gas at the well stream pressure. Knowledge of thermodynamic- and kinetic properties of natural gas systems at high pressures is needed to be able to design new high pressure process equipment.
Nowadays, reactive absorption into a methyldiethanolamine (MDEA)solution in a packed bed is a frequently used method to perform acid gas treating. The carbon dioxide removal process on the Sleipner field in the North Sea uses an aqueous MDEA solution and the operation pressure is about 100 bar. The planed carbon dioxide removal process for the Snøhvit field in the Barents Sea is the use of an activated MDEA solution.
The aim of this work has been to study high-pressure effects related to the removal of carbon dioxide from natural gas. Both modelling and experimental work on high-pressure non-equilibrium situations in gas processing operations have been done.
Few experimental measurements of mass transfer in high pressure fluid systems have been published. In this work a wetted wall column that can operate at pressures up to 200 bar was designed and constructed. The wetted wall column is a pipe made of stainless steel where the liquid is distributed as a thin liquid film on the inner pipewall while the gas flows co- or concurrent in the centre of the pipe. The experiments can be carried out with a well-defined interphase area and with relatively simple fluid mechanics. In this way we are able to isolate the effects we want to study in a simple and effective way.
Experiments where carbon dioxide was absorbed into water and MDEA solutions were performed at pressures up to 150 bar and at temperatures 25 and 40°C. Nitrogen was used as an inert gas in all experiments.
A general non-equilibrium simulation program (NeqSim) has been developed. The simulation program was implemented in the object-oriented programming language Java. Effort was taken to find an optimal object-oriented design. Despite the increasing popularity of object-oriented programming languages such as Java and C++, few publications have discussed how to implement thermodynamic and fluid mechanic models. A design for implementation of thermodynamic, mass transfer and fluid mechanic calculations in an object-oriented framework is presented in this work.
NeqSim is based on rigorous thermodynamic and fluid mechanic models. Parameter fitting routines are implemented in the simulation tool and thermodynamic-, mass transfer- and fluid mechanic models were fitted to public available experimental data. Two electrolyte equations of state were developed and implemented in the computer code. The electrolyte equations of state were used to model the thermodynamic properties of the fluid systems considered in this work (non-electrolyte, electrolyte and weak-electrolyte systems).
The first electrolyte equation of state (electrolyte ScRK-EOS) was based on a model previously developed by Furst and Renon (1993). The molecular part of the equation was based on a cubic equation of state (Scwarzentruber et.al. (1989)’s modification of the Redlich-Kwong EOS) with the Huron-Vidal mixing rule. Three ionic terms were added to this equation – a short-range ionic term, a long-range ionic term (MSA) and a Born term. The thermodynamic model has the advantage that it reduces to a standard cubic equation of state if no ions are present in the solution, and that public available interaction parameters used in the Huron-Vidal mixing rule could be utilized. The originality of this electrolyte equation of state is the use of the Huron-Vidal mixing rule and the addition of a Born term. Compared to electrolyte models based on equations for the gibbs excess energy, the electrolyte equation of state has the advantage that the extrapolation to higher pressures and solubility calculations of supercritical components is less cumbersome. The electrolyte equation of state was able to correlate and predict equilibrium properties of CO2-MDEA-water solutions with a good precision. It was also able to correlate high pressure data of systems of methane-CO2-MDEA and water.
The second thermodynamic model (electrolyte CPA-EOS) evaluated in this work is a model where the molecular interactions are modelled with the CPA (cubic plus association) equation of state (Kontogeorgios et.al., 1999) with a classical one-parameter Van der Walls mixing rule. This model has the advantage that few binary interaction parameters have to be used (even for non-ideal solutions), and that its extrapolation capability to higher pressures is expected to be good. In the CPA model the same ionic terms are used as in the electrolyte ScRK-EOS.
A general non-equilibrium two-fluid model was implemented in the simulation program developed in this work. The heat- and mass-transfer calculations were done using an advanced multicomponent mass transfer model based on non-equilibrium thermodynamics. The mass transfer model is flexible and able to simulate many types of non-equilibrium processes we find in the petroleum industry. A model for reactive mass transfer using enhancement factors was implemented for the calculation of mass transfer of CO2 into amine solutions. The mass transfer model was fitted to the available mass transfer data found in the open literature.
The simulation program was used to analyse and perform parameter fitting to the high pressure experimental data obtained during this work. The mathematical models used in NeqSim were capable of representing the experimental data of this work with a good precision. From the experimental and modelling work done, we could conclude that the mass transfer model regressed to pure low-pressure data also was able to represent the high-pressure mass transfer data with an acceptable precision. Thus the extrapolation capability of the model to high pressures was good.
For a given partial pressure of CO2 in the natural gas, calculations show a decreased CO2 capturing capacity of aqueous MDEA solutions at increased natural gas system pressure. A reduction up to 40% (at 200 bar) compared to low pressure capacity is estimated. The pressure effects can be modelled correctly by using suitable thermodynamic models for the liquid and gas. In a practical situation, the partial pressure of CO2 in the natural gas will be proportional to the total pressure. In these situations, it is shown that the CO2 capturing capacity of the MDEA solution will be increased at rising total pressures up to 200 bar. However, the increased capacity is not as large as we would expect from the higher CO2 partial pressure in the gas.
The reaction kinetics of CO2 with MDEA is shown to be relatively unaffected by the total pressure when nitrogen is used as inert gas. It is however important that the effects of thermodynamic and kinetic non- ideality in the gas and liquid phase are modelled in a consistent way. Using the simulation program NeqSim – some selected high-pressure non-equilibrium processes (e.g. absorption, pipe flow) have been studied. It is demonstrated that the model is capable of simulating equilibrium- and non-equilibrium processes important to the process- and petroleum industry.
Willis, Gary. "On topics in equilibrium and non-equilibrium statistical physics." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/28952.
Full textBenitez, Federico. "Non Perturbative Renormalization Group : from equilibrium to non-equilibrium." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066009.
Full textMany of the most important open problems in statistical mechanics are related with systems out of thermal equilibrium. In this work we use field theory methods to study some of these systems. To do so, we first introduce a field theory representation for the systems of interest, as well as the specific formalism to be used throughout, the so-called non perturbative renormalization group (NPRG). This formalism has emerged in the last years as a very efficient way to deal with strongly correlated systems, and has been applied with success to problems both in and out of equilibrium. Before treating the actual systems of interest, we develop some new tools and methods within the NPRG context, and test them in a simple scalar field theory, belonging to the Ising universality class. We are able to obtain results for the momentum-dependent scaling function of the d=3 Ising model, without having to fix any free parameter. Also, in order to tackle in an efficient way the physics of out of equilibrium systems, we study in detail some formal aspects of their passage to a field theory representation, as well as the equivalences between different possible ways to perform this passage. After these preliminaries, we concentrate in out of equilibrium active-to-absorbing phase transitions in reaction-diffusion systems, and in particular in the subclass known as branching and annihilating random walks (BARW). Among other results, we use the NPRG to find an exact solution to any vertex in a simple system, known as pure annihilation. With this, we analyze some properties of BARW at low branching rates, by means of an expansion in the branching rate around pure annihilation. This perturbative expansion, which is performed around a nontrivial model, allows us to find some striking exact results for some of the most important universality classes in these systems
Antunes, Nuno Dias. "Equilibrium and non-equilibrium aspects of early universe phase transitions." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264553.
Full textBarkhudarov, Evgeny. "Renormalization group analysis of equilibrium and non-equilibrium charged systems." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/11049.
Full textPop, Cristina-Maria. "Non-equilibrium relaxation." Diss., lmu, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-151719.
Full textShachat, Jason Matthew 1967. "Heterogeneity and equilibrium." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/289566.
Full textPilgrim, Beate. "Understanding financial markets from a general equilibrium perspective uniqueness of competitive equilibria /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2001. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=962998176.
Full textEhrenmann, Andreas. "Equilibrium problems with equilibrium constraints and their application to electricity markets." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.616160.
Full textCrawford, Daniel P. "Minimizing Pollution Through Semi-Antagonistic Equilibrium Points." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1366897624.
Full textEcker, Christof. "Conformations of single polymer chains on surfaces non-equilibrium, equilibrium and manipulation /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2004. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=976610140.
Full textZong, Chenghang. "Theoretical studies of biomolecular self-assembly near equilibrium and far from equilibrium." Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2007. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3249660.
Full textTitle from first page of PDF file (viewed April 3, 2007). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 75-79).
Zhang, Dali. "Stochastic equilibrium problems with equilibrium constraints, Monte Carlo sampling method and applications." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.509541.
Full textYoung, Michael J. (Michael Joseph). "Equilibrium and non-equilibrium phenomena in two- and three-dimensional correlated systems." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/38386.
Full textSurowiec, Thomas Michael. "Explicit stationarity conditions and solution characterization for equilibrium problems with equilibrium constraints." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät II, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16087.
Full textThis thesis is concerned with equilibrium problems with equilibrium constraints or EPECs. Concretely, we consider models composed by coupling together two-level optimization problems, the upper-level solutions to which are non-cooperative (Nash-Cournot) equilibria. One of the main goals of the thesis involves the formulation of dual stationarity conditions to EPECs. A model of oligopolistic competition for electricity markets is considered as an application. In order to profit from qualitative hypotheses concerning the structure of the considered models, e.g., inactivity of certain market participants at equilibrium, as well as to provide conditions useful for numerical procedures, the ablilty to formulate EPEC solutions in relation to the input data of the problem is of considerable importance. The way to do this requires a structural analysis of the involved optimization problems, e.g., constraints qualifications, regularity; the derivation of stability results for certain multivalued mappings, and the usage of transformation formulae for so-called coderivatives. Further important topics address the relationship between various dual stationarity types, e.g., S- and M-stationarity, as well as the extension of the considered problem classes to a stochastic setting, i.e., stochastic EPECs or SEPECs.
Martinelli, Alessandro. "Density relaxations across the glass-transition under equilibrium and non-equilibrium conditions." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/302591.
Full textMartinelli, Alessandro. "Density relaxations across the glass-transition under equilibrium and non-equilibrium conditions." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/302591.
Full textWolswijk, Louise. "Equilibrium and out-of-equilibrium physics of Bose gases at finite temperature." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/347823.
Full textYegorov, Yuri. "Spatial Heterogeneity and Equilibrium." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7592.
Full textThe first model "Equilibrium in Continuous Space under Decentralized Production" addresses the issue of the impact of differences across locations in exogeneous productivity on the structure of equilibrium prices, production and trade. The goal is to describe the general equilibrium in a spatially decentralized economy, when production, consumption and markets are distributed in continuous space and transportation costs are essentially linear. It is shown that an autarky equilibrium can exist only if transport costs are high enough. In the general case, the general equilibrium in this model includes some endogeneously determined trade areas, with flows of goods across space, and autarky areas where production and consumption activities take place only at the same point. An analytical solution in explicit functions is obtained; it contains equilibrium prices, labor supply and flows of goods as functions of the spatial variable. The model can be applied to a set of practical questions in regional economics. In particular, it is able to describe persistent price differentials across regions and non-local consequences of road construction and transportation cost shocks for the economy. The differences across locations in population density may have either historical or economic reasons.
The second model "Hotelling's Revival" extends a well-known research of H.Hotelling (1929) to the two-dimensional case with spatially heterogeneous demand density, preserving the rest of his classical assumptions. It is shown that the problem of demand discontinuity in the one-dimensional model, which was discovered by d'Aspremont, Gabszewich and Thisse (1979), disappears in this case. This also holds for any bounded distribution of consumers on any compact set on a plane, which can describe real geographical situations. Demand continuity still holds for any transport costs, strictly increasing in distance and not necessarily linear. Although this is sufficient for the existence of Nash equilibrium in mixed strategies, in pure strategies it exists only for some subset of cases. Examples of both existence and non-existence are constructed, and for some family of densities the separation point between the two cases is found.
The third model addresses locational choice of heterogeneous consumers, when land is also heterogeneous in quality. It is based on two articles. The first, "Dacha Pricing", is presented in chapter 4 and studies the problem of locational rent in a city-neighbourhood when utility includes both the impact of transport costs and time for transportation. For the case of identical agents the problem is solved explicitly and comparative statics with respect to exogeneous changes in transport cost and speed is studied. For the case of agents who are heterogeneous with respect to their income, a solution is also obtained. The model explains some evidence about dacha pricing in Russia and its dynamics during the transition period. The second article related to this model is "Location and Land Size Choice by Heterogeneous Agents". It generalizes the first one and form a separate chapter 5. A new approach about the general equilibrium allocation of heterogeneous divisible good (like land) among a continuum of heterogeneous consumers is proposed. The model is based on continuity of primitives which allow not only to finding a general equilibrium solution in a class of continuous functions, but also to treat the solution to a continuous problem as the limit of the corresponding sequence of discrete problems. This solves one of Berliant's paradoxes, related to spatial economics. The multiplicity of equilibria is shown to take place.
Larson, Nathan (Nathan Christopher) 1974. "Essays on equilibrium selection." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/8651.
Full textIncludes bibliographical references (p. 111-112).
The first two chapters of this thesis explore how coordination happens in simple games. The first chapter models the adaptive play of a 2 x 2 game by pairs of agents matched together from a large population. In contrast with the existing literature, I assume that agents have some control over who they are matched with - specifically, I give them the option to sometimes continue playing against the same opponent. This renewal option allows agents playing efficiently to isolate themselves from those who are not. Perhaps counterintuitively, efficient play may be less likely to survive in the long run when agents have this additional instrument, even in games with common interests. This is because isolation has two effects: it raises the returns to an efficient but fragile strategy, but it also "ghettoizes" agents playing inefficiently - they rarely learn about the efficient strategy and when they do learn about it, they rarely hear good news. I look at an extension in which agents have long memories about the performance of a strategy. With long memories, good news about an efficient strategy will be more likely to trickle down to ghettoized agents, mitigating the bias in learning. With this bias removed, long run survival of efficient play becomes more likely - even when it is not a static Nash equilibrium. Essentially, agents learn to use the renewal option to punish non-cooperators. However, the speed of learning may still be quite slow, so that ghettoization persists for a long time.
(cont.) The second chapter investigates the interaction of strategic uncertainty and timing in a coordination game. Carlsson and van Damme have shown that small departures from common knowledge of the game being played can dramatically alter the equilibrium set. In the game I look at, there are two equilibria, but only the risk dominant equilibrium survives such a perturbation. I augment this model by giving agents a costly option to delay choosing a strategy (thereby observing any actions that were taken without delay). Strategic uncertainty gives agents a reason to exercise this option (under complete information, it never would be). In turn, the fact that Agent B sometimes waits and chooses an action after observing Agent A's choice, mitigates the risk that A faces when taking an action that is efficient but sensitive to coordination. As a result, the efficient equilibrium is played more often; in fact, as the cost of delay vanishes, it is always played. In Chapter 3, I explore the interaction between imperfect consumer information and the endogenous level of product differentiation in a non-spatial model of monopolistic competition with horizontally differentiated products. A principle of extreme differentiation is derived: firms will always choose to differentiate either maximally or minimally. In equilibrium, differentiation is maximal when search costs are low and minimal when search costs are high, providing a new interpretation of Hotelling's classic result.
by Nathan Larson.
Ph.D.
Kaminsky, George M. "Shoreface behaviour and equilibrium." Phd thesis, School of Geosciences, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/10309.
Full textYin, Ya Ping. "Wage determination and general equilibrium in a unionised economy : a general equilibrium perspective." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.283029.
Full textRumler, Fabio. "Computable general equilibrium modeling. Numerical simulations in a 2-country monetary general equilibrium model." Inst. für Volkswirtschaftstheorie und -politik, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 1999. http://epub.wu.ac.at/70/1/document.pdf.
Full textSeries: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
Korb, Thomas. "Kondo effect out of equilibrium." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=981648789.
Full textRohde, Kirsten Ingeborg Maria. "Intertemporal choice and competitive equilibrium." Maastricht : Maastricht : Universitaire Pers Maastricht ; University Library, Universiteit Maastricht [host], 2006. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=5381.
Full textLi, Jiukun. "Equilibrium models in supply chains." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B38523589.
Full textEngström, Per. "Optimal taxation in search equilibrium /." Uppsala : Dept. of Economics [Nationalekonomiska institutionen], Univ, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-3583.
Full textAmir-Sardary, Babak. "Prediction of gas hydrate equilibrium." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/41566.
Full textCebola, Maria Joao Dos Reis Matos. "Phase equilibrium in gas condensates." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.287214.
Full textHarris, Rosemary J. "Disorder in non-equilibrium models." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.408687.
Full textDepken, Martin. "Models of non-equilibrium systems." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.398044.
Full textHornett, Samuel Martyn. "Non-equilibrium phenomena in graphene." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/13022.
Full textSpeigner, Bradley James. "Essays on equilibrium unemployment dynamics." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/6284.
Full textShibayama, Katsuyuki. "Inventories in general equilibrium dynamics." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2007. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2721/.
Full textLi, Jiukun, and 李久坤. "Equilibrium models in supply chains." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B38523589.
Full textKang, Jong-Gu. "General equilibrium with heterogeneous preferences." Thesis, University of Essex, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.397699.
Full textPETRASSI, MYRIAN BEATRIZ SILVA. "THREE ESSAYS IN GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2008. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=12125@1.
Full textO objetivo desta tese é entender o papel de frições de credito em modelos de Equilíbrio Geral com mercados financeiros incompletos. Primeiro, o trabalho estuda a importância das restrições ao endividamento dos agentes para a existência de equilíbrio monetário em uma economia com informação simétrica onde a moeda (aqui caracterizada como um ativo que não paga dividendos, pode ser vendido a descoberto e está em oferta líquida positiva) tem apenas o papel de reserva de valor e é o único ativo da economia. Além disso, mostra que, apesar da moeda possibilitar as transferências de riqueza intertemporais e entre os estados da natureza, o equilíbrio monetário ainda é Pareto ineficiente. A tese também caracteriza a hipótese de impaciência uniforme, um importante requerimento para a existência de equilibrio, em termos das propriedades assintóticas dos fatores de desconto intertemporal. Como consequência, mostra que desconto hiperbólico é incompatível com a impaciência uniforme de funções de utilidade separáveis. Finalmente, mostra que, se os ativos financeiros são colateralizados para a proteção dos emprestadores em caso de default, sempre existe equilíbrio em um modelo de dois períodos com mercados incompletos e informação assimétrica onde os ativos são nominais, independente da estrutura informacional.
This thesis aims to understand the role of credit frictions in general equilibrium models with incomplete financial markets. First, this work studies the importance of debt constraints for the existence of monetary equilibrium in an economy with symmetric information and where money has only the role of store of value. It also characterizes the uniform impatience assumption, an important requirement to equilibrium existence, in terms of asymptotic properties on intertemporal discount factors. Finally, it shows that, if assets are collateralized in order to protect lenders in the case of default, equilibrium always exists in a two-period incomplete markets model of asymmetric information with nominal assets, independently of the financial-informational structure.
English, William Berkeley. "Credit rationing in general equilibrium." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/14891.
Full textMICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND DEWEY.
Vita.
Includes bibliographies.
by William Berkeley English.
Ph.D.
Lau, Wanda W. "Equilibrium analysis of masonry domes." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/34984.
Full textThis electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 121-123).
This thesis developed a new method to analyze the structural behavior of masonry domes: the modified thrust line analysis. This graphical-based method offers several advantages to existing methods. It is the first to account for the ability of domes to achieve a range of internal forces, gaining potentially an infinite number of equilibrium solutions that could not be derived otherwise. This method can also analyze non-conventional axisymmetrical dome geometries that are difficult or impossible to analyze with existing methods. Abiding by limit state conditions and the principles of the lower bound theorem, the modified thrust line method was used to ascertain the theoretical minimum thrust of spherical and pointed domes, a parameter that was previously unsolved. Several methods to estimate minimum thrust to-weight ratio were provided. For spherical domes, this ratio may be estimated as -0.583[alpha] + 1.123; for pointed domes, the estimated ratio is 0.551[delta] -1.061[delta]/[alpha] -0.615[alpha] + 1.164, where [alpha] and [delta] are the embrace and truncating angles, respectively.
(cont.) From the results, salient relationships between minimum thrust and dome geometry were derived, including an inverse relationship between the minimum thrust and the thickness-to-radius ratio, angle of embrace, and, for pointed domes, the truncation angle of the crown for a constant angle of embrace. The capabilities of the modified thrust line method were demonstrated in two masonry dome case studies that existing methods could not successfully analyze. The potential of this method to predict the ultimate load capacity of masonry domes was also explored. The method overpredicted the capacity of two small-scale masonry domes loaded to failure by a concentrated applied load at the crown; however the small size of the domes compared to real-world domes suggested that scale effects may have influenced their behavior. Finally, interactive geometry programs of the modified thrust line method and other existing graphical analysis methods were created to disseminate these illustrative tools to understanding the structural behavior of masonry domes.
by Wanda W. Lau.
S.M.
Cao, Dân (Dân Vuʺ). "Essays in dynamic general equilibrium." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/58202.
Full textCataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 195-202).
This thesis consists of three chapters studying dynamic economies in general equilibrium. The first chapter considers an economy in business cycles with potentially imperfect financial markets. The second chapter investigates an economy in its balanced growth path with heterogeneous firms. The third chapter analyzes dynamic competitions that these firms are potentially engaged in. The first chapter, "Asset Price and Real Investment Volatility with Heterogeneous Beliefs," sheds light on the role of imperfect financial markets on the economic and financial crisis 2007-2008. This crisis highlights the role of financial markets in allowing economic agents, including prominent banks, to speculate on the future returns of different financial assets, such as mortgage-backed securities. I introduce a dynamic general equilibrium model with aggregate shocks, potentially incomplete markets and heterogeneous agents to investigate this role of financial markets. In addition to their risk aversion and endowments, agents differ in their beliefs about the future aggregate states of the economy. The difference in beliefs induces them to take large bets under frictionless complete financial markets, which enable agents to leverage their future wealth. Consequently, as hypothesized by Friedman (1953), under complete markets, agents with incorrect beliefs will eventually be driven out of the markets. In this case, they also have no influence on asset prices and real investment in the long run. In contrast, I show that under incomplete markets generated by collateral constraints, agents with heterogeneous (potentially incorrect) beliefs survive in the long run and their speculative activities drive up asset price volatility and real investment volatility permanently. I also show that collateral constraints are always binding even if the supply of collateralizable assets endogenously responds to their price. I use this framework to study the effects of different types of regulations and the distribution of endowments on leverage, asset price volatility and investment. Lastly, the analytical tools developed in this framework enable me to prove the existence of the recursive equilibrium in Krusell and Smith (1998) with a finite number of types. This has been an open question in the literature. The second chapter, "Innovation from Incumbents and Entrants," is a joint work with Daron Acemoglu. We propose a simple modification of the basic Schumpeterian endogenous growth models, by allowing incumbents to undertake innovations to improve their products. This model provides a tractable framework for a simultaneous analysis of entry of new firms and the expansion of existing firms, as well as the decomposition of productivity growth between continuing establishments and new entrants. One lesson we learn from this analysis is that, unlike in the basic Schumpeterian models, taxes or entry barriers on potential entrants might increase economic growth. It is the outcome of the greater productivity improvements by incumbents in response to reduced entry, which outweighs the negative effect of the reduction in creative destruction. As the model features entry of new firms and expansion and exit of existing firms, it also generates an equilibrium firm size distribution. We show that the stationary firm size distribution is Pareto with an exponent approximately equal to one (the so-called "Zipf distribution"). The third chapter, "Racing: when should we handicap the advantaged competitor?" studies dynamic competitions, for example R&D competitions used in the second chapters. Two competitors with different abilities engage in a winner-take-all race; should we handicap the advantaged competitor in order to reduce the expected completion time of the race? I show that if the discouragement effect is strong, i.e., both competitors are discouraged from exerting effort when it becomes more certain who will win the race, we should handicap the advantaged. We can handicap him either by reducing his ability or by offering him a lower reward if he wins. Doing so induces higher effort not only from the disadvantaged competitor because of his higher incentive from a higher chance of winning the race but also from the advantaged competitor because of their strategic interactions. Therefore, the expected completion time is strictly shortened. To prove the existence and uniqueness of the equilibria (including symmetric and asymmetric equilibria) that leads to the conclusion, I use a boundary value problem formulation which is novel to the dynamic competition literature. In some cases, I obtain closed-form solutions of the equilibria.
by Dan Cao.
Ph.D.
Potter, Jamie. "Reflective equilibrium : a Wittgensteinian approach." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2010. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/34220/.
Full textTheodoridis, Konstantinos. "Evaluating dynamic general equilibrium models." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2006. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/54296/.
Full textJohnson, Tomi Harry. "Non-equilibrium strongly-correlated dynamics." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:55d438cc-d9a1-4898-ac05-49299bad6806.
Full textWillmer, D. "Non-equilibrium polymeric complex fluids." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 2011. http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/247/.
Full textLeiva-Maldonado, Wilfredo. "Stationary sunspot equilibrium a survey." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/96965.
Full textRiarte, Campillay Ítalo Tomás. "Dynamic equilibrium in multiple markets." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2016. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/138559.
Full textIngeniero Civil Industrial
Se presenta un modelo dinámico de múltiples mercados financieros, organizados como limit order markets, en el cual agentes endógenamente toman decisiones óptimas para maximizar el valor esperado de sus ganacias. Los agentes toman sus decisiones considerando incentivos propios, condiciones de mercado, potenciales decisiones de trading futuras y diferentes estrategias adoptadas por otros agentes. Para efectos de la presente investigación, se compara el escenario de un único mercado financiero ( single market ) con un escenario de dos mercados interconectados que compiten por el flujo de órdenes ( multi markets ). Los resultados indican que la posibilidad de transar en múltiples mercados, beneficia ampliamente a agentes sin valoración privada por el activo, ya que buscan oportunidades de transar en ambos mercados, mientras que perjudica el bienestar de agentes con motivación intrínseca para transar, dado que obtienen peores condiciones de negociación. Por otro lado, se observa una reducción en varias medidas de liquidez en multi markets, lo que sugiere la existencia de externalidades positivas asociadas a mercados consolidados.