Relevant bibliographies by topics / Equilibrium pressure

Academic literature on the topic 'Equilibrium pressure'

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Published: 30 May 2022
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Journal articles on the topic "Equilibrium pressure"

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Li, Zhiming, Weisheng Wu, and Yujun Zhu. "Preimage pressure, stable pressure and equilibrium states." Journal of Differential Equations 269, no. 7 (September 2020): 6311–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jde.2020.04.043.

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Ilčin, Michal, Martin Michalík, Klára Kováčiková, Lenka Káziková, and Vladimír Lukeš. "Water liquid-vapor equilibrium by molecular dynamics: Alternative equilibrium pressure estimation." Acta Chimica Slovaca 9, no. 1 (April 1, 2016): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/acs-2016-0007.

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Abstract The molecular dynamics simulations of the liquid-vapor equilibrium of water including both water phases — liquid and vapor — in one simulation are presented. Such approach is preferred if equilibrium curve data are to be collected instead of the two distinct simulations for each phase separately. Then the liquid phase is not restricted, e.g. by insufficient volume resulting in too high pressures, and can spread into its natural volume ruled by chosen force field and by the contact with vapor phase as vaporized molecules are colliding with phase interface. Averaged strongly fluctuating virial pressure values gave untrustworthy or even unreal results, so need for an alternative method arisen. The idea was inspired with the presence of vapor phase and by previous experiences in gaseous phase simulations with small fluctuations of pressure, almost matching the ideal gas value. In presented simulations, the first idea how to calculate pressure only from the vapor phase part of simulation box were applied. This resulted into very simple method based only on averaging molecules count in the vapor phase subspace of known volume. Such simple approach provided more reliable pressure estimation than statistical output of the simulation program. Contrary, also drawbacks are present in longer initial thermostatization time or more laborious estimation of the vaporization heat. What more, such heat of vaporization suffers with border effect inaccuracy slowly decreasing with the thickness of liquid phase. For more efficient and more accurate vaporization heat estimation the two distinct simulations for each phase separately should be preferred.
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Liu, Weiping, Lina Hu, Yongxuan Yang, and Mingfu Fu. "Limit Support Pressure of Tunnel Face in Multi-Layer Soils Below River Considering Water Pressure." Open Geosciences 10, no. 1 (December 31, 2018): 932–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geo-2018-0074.

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AbstractThis paper presents a method to determine the limit support pressure of tunnel face in multi-layer soils below river considering the water pressure. The proposed method is based on the 3D Terzaghi earth pressure theory and the wedge theory considering the water pressure. The limit support pressures are investigated using the limit equilibrium method and compared to those calculated using a numerical method, such as FLAC3D. Four cases focusing different combinations of three layers are analyzed. The results obtained by the numerical method agree well with the predictions of the proposed limit equilibrium method. The limit support pressure obtained using the limit equilibrium method is greater than that obtained by the numerical method. The limit equilibrium method is safe and conservative in obtaining the limit support pressure. The proposed limit equilibrium method is expected to be easily adaptable and to enhance the reliability of tunnel design and construction in multi-layer soils below river.
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Denney, Dennis. "Equilibrium Test: Determining Closure Pressure." Journal of Petroleum Technology 55, no. 03 (March 1, 2003): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0303-0052-jpt.

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Madden, N. A., and R. J. Hastie. "Tokamak equilibrium with anisotropic pressure." Nuclear Fusion 34, no. 4 (April 1994): 519–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/34/4/i05.

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Iwahashi, Makio, Akihito Iwafuji, Hideyuki Minami, Norihisa Katayama, Kenichi Iimura, and Teiji Kato. "Equilibrium Spreading Pressure of Steroids." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology. Section A. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 337, no. 1 (November 1999): 117–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10587259908023391.

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Grove, John W. "Pressure-velocity equilibrium hydrodynamic models." Acta Mathematica Scientia 30, no. 2 (March 2010): 563–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0252-9602(10)60063-x.

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Cheng, C. Z. "Magnetospheric equilibrium with anisotropic pressure." Journal of Geophysical Research 97, A2 (1992): 1497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/91ja02433.

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Kucherenko, Tamara, and Christian Wolf. "Localized Pressure and Equilibrium States." Journal of Statistical Physics 160, no. 6 (June 20, 2015): 1529–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10955-015-1289-7.

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Rauter, Michael T., Olav Galteland, Máté Erdős, Othonas A. Moultos, Thijs J. H. Vlugt, Sondre K. Schnell, Dick Bedeaux, and Signe Kjelstrup. "Two-Phase Equilibrium Conditions in Nanopores." Nanomaterials 10, no. 4 (March 26, 2020): 608. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10040608.

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It is known that thermodynamic properties of a system change upon confinement. To know how, is important for modelling of porous media. We propose to use Hill’s systematic thermodynamic analysis of confined systems to describe two-phase equilibrium in a nanopore. The integral pressure, as defined by the compression energy of a small volume, is then central. We show that the integral pressure is constant along a slit pore with a liquid and vapor in equilibrium, when Young and Young–Laplace’s laws apply. The integral pressure of a bulk fluid in a slit pore at mechanical equilibrium can be understood as the average tangential pressure inside the pore. The pressure at mechanical equilibrium, now named differential pressure, is the average of the trace of the mechanical pressure tensor divided by three as before. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we computed the integral and differential pressures, p ^ and p, respectively, analysing the data with a growing-core methodology. The value of the bulk pressure was confirmed by Gibbs ensemble Monte Carlo simulations. The pressure difference times the volume, V, is the subdivision potential of Hill, ( p − p ^ ) V = ϵ . The combined simulation results confirm that the integral pressure is constant along the pore, and that ϵ / V scales with the inverse pore width. This scaling law will be useful for prediction of thermodynamic properties of confined systems in more complicated geometries.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Equilibrium pressure"

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Solbraa, Even. "Equilibrium and Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics of Natural Gas Processing." Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-96.

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The objective of this work has been to study equilibrium and non equilibrium situations during high pressure gas processing operations with emphasis on utilization of the high reservoir pressure. The well stream pressures of some of the condensate and gas fields in the North Sea are well above 200 bar. Currently the gas is expanded to a specified processing condition, typically 40-70 bar, before it is recompressed to the transportation conditions. It would be a considerable environmental and economic advantage to be able to process the natural gas at the well stream pressure. Knowledge of thermodynamic- and kinetic properties of natural gas systems at high pressures is needed to be able to design new high pressure process equipment.

Nowadays, reactive absorption into a methyldiethanolamine (MDEA)solution in a packed bed is a frequently used method to perform acid gas treating. The carbon dioxide removal process on the Sleipner field in the North Sea uses an aqueous MDEA solution and the operation pressure is about 100 bar. The planed carbon dioxide removal process for the Snøhvit field in the Barents Sea is the use of an activated MDEA solution.

The aim of this work has been to study high-pressure effects related to the removal of carbon dioxide from natural gas. Both modelling and experimental work on high-pressure non-equilibrium situations in gas processing operations have been done.

Few experimental measurements of mass transfer in high pressure fluid systems have been published. In this work a wetted wall column that can operate at pressures up to 200 bar was designed and constructed. The wetted wall column is a pipe made of stainless steel where the liquid is distributed as a thin liquid film on the inner pipewall while the gas flows co- or concurrent in the centre of the pipe. The experiments can be carried out with a well-defined interphase area and with relatively simple fluid mechanics. In this way we are able to isolate the effects we want to study in a simple and effective way.

Experiments where carbon dioxide was absorbed into water and MDEA solutions were performed at pressures up to 150 bar and at temperatures 25 and 40°C. Nitrogen was used as an inert gas in all experiments.

A general non-equilibrium simulation program (NeqSim) has been developed. The simulation program was implemented in the object-oriented programming language Java. Effort was taken to find an optimal object-oriented design. Despite the increasing popularity of object-oriented programming languages such as Java and C++, few publications have discussed how to implement thermodynamic and fluid mechanic models. A design for implementation of thermodynamic, mass transfer and fluid mechanic calculations in an object-oriented framework is presented in this work.

NeqSim is based on rigorous thermodynamic and fluid mechanic models. Parameter fitting routines are implemented in the simulation tool and thermodynamic-, mass transfer- and fluid mechanic models were fitted to public available experimental data. Two electrolyte equations of state were developed and implemented in the computer code. The electrolyte equations of state were used to model the thermodynamic properties of the fluid systems considered in this work (non-electrolyte, electrolyte and weak-electrolyte systems).

The first electrolyte equation of state (electrolyte ScRK-EOS) was based on a model previously developed by Furst and Renon (1993). The molecular part of the equation was based on a cubic equation of state (Scwarzentruber et.al. (1989)’s modification of the Redlich-Kwong EOS) with the Huron-Vidal mixing rule. Three ionic terms were added to this equation – a short-range ionic term, a long-range ionic term (MSA) and a Born term. The thermodynamic model has the advantage that it reduces to a standard cubic equation of state if no ions are present in the solution, and that public available interaction parameters used in the Huron-Vidal mixing rule could be utilized. The originality of this electrolyte equation of state is the use of the Huron-Vidal mixing rule and the addition of a Born term. Compared to electrolyte models based on equations for the gibbs excess energy, the electrolyte equation of state has the advantage that the extrapolation to higher pressures and solubility calculations of supercritical components is less cumbersome. The electrolyte equation of state was able to correlate and predict equilibrium properties of CO2-MDEA-water solutions with a good precision. It was also able to correlate high pressure data of systems of methane-CO2-MDEA and water.

The second thermodynamic model (electrolyte CPA-EOS) evaluated in this work is a model where the molecular interactions are modelled with the CPA (cubic plus association) equation of state (Kontogeorgios et.al., 1999) with a classical one-parameter Van der Walls mixing rule. This model has the advantage that few binary interaction parameters have to be used (even for non-ideal solutions), and that its extrapolation capability to higher pressures is expected to be good. In the CPA model the same ionic terms are used as in the electrolyte ScRK-EOS.

A general non-equilibrium two-fluid model was implemented in the simulation program developed in this work. The heat- and mass-transfer calculations were done using an advanced multicomponent mass transfer model based on non-equilibrium thermodynamics. The mass transfer model is flexible and able to simulate many types of non-equilibrium processes we find in the petroleum industry. A model for reactive mass transfer using enhancement factors was implemented for the calculation of mass transfer of CO2 into amine solutions. The mass transfer model was fitted to the available mass transfer data found in the open literature.

The simulation program was used to analyse and perform parameter fitting to the high pressure experimental data obtained during this work. The mathematical models used in NeqSim were capable of representing the experimental data of this work with a good precision. From the experimental and modelling work done, we could conclude that the mass transfer model regressed to pure low-pressure data also was able to represent the high-pressure mass transfer data with an acceptable precision. Thus the extrapolation capability of the model to high pressures was good.

For a given partial pressure of CO2 in the natural gas, calculations show a decreased CO2 capturing capacity of aqueous MDEA solutions at increased natural gas system pressure. A reduction up to 40% (at 200 bar) compared to low pressure capacity is estimated. The pressure effects can be modelled correctly by using suitable thermodynamic models for the liquid and gas. In a practical situation, the partial pressure of CO2 in the natural gas will be proportional to the total pressure. In these situations, it is shown that the CO2 capturing capacity of the MDEA solution will be increased at rising total pressures up to 200 bar. However, the increased capacity is not as large as we would expect from the higher CO2 partial pressure in the gas.

The reaction kinetics of CO2 with MDEA is shown to be relatively unaffected by the total pressure when nitrogen is used as inert gas. It is however important that the effects of thermodynamic and kinetic non- ideality in the gas and liquid phase are modelled in a consistent way. Using the simulation program NeqSim – some selected high-pressure non-equilibrium processes (e.g. absorption, pipe flow) have been studied. It is demonstrated that the model is capable of simulating equilibrium- and non-equilibrium processes important to the process- and petroleum industry.

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Liau, Vui Kien. "Computer simulation of high pressure non-equilibrium plasma." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.406716.

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Walsh, James L. "Ultra-short pulsed non-equilibrium atmospheric pressure gas discharges." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2008. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/15140.

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This thesis presents experimental studies of various non-thermal atmospheric pressure gas discharges generated using short pulsed excitation as an alternative to widely used sinusoidal excitation. Several pulse generators are detailed that provide high voltage pulses ranging from hundreds of microseconds to less than ten nanoseconds in duration. A key enabler to the generation of a stable discharge is a suitably high repetition rate; this prerequisite precludes many conventional pulsed power technologies. Fortunately, recent advances in semiconductor technology have made it possible to construct solid state switches capable of producing high voltage pulses with repetition rates of many kilohertz. Pulsed excitation introduces many opportunities to tailor the applied voltage and consequently enhance the discharge which are not possible with sinusoidal excitation sources. Through detailed electrical and optical analysis it is shown that pulsed excitation is not only more energy efficient than a comparable sinusoidal source but produces a higher flux of excited species that are essential in many applications. When pulse widths are reduced to a sub-microsecond timescale a novel barrier-free mode of operation is observed. It is shown that diffuse large area plasmas are easily produced at kilohertz repetition rates without the usually indispensable dielectric barriers. Experimental results show that a short pulse width prevents the onset of the undesirable glow-to-arc transition thus introducing an added degree of stability. A further benefit of pulsed excitation is the ability to produce gas discharges with a high instantaneous peak power yet low average power consumption, resulting in a high density plasma that exhibits roomtemperature characteristics. Finally, as an acid test to highlight the many benefits of pulsed excitation several real-world applications are considered. It is shown that in all cases pulsed gas discharges provide real benefits compared to their sinusoidal counterparts.
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Laurita, Romolo <1986&gt. "Biomedical and industrial applications of atmospheric pressure non-equilibrium plasmas." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2015. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/7023/.

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This dissertation will be focused on the characterization of an atmospheric pressure plasma jet source with an application oriented diagnostic approach and the description of processes supported by this plasma source. The plasma source investigated is a single electrode plasma jet. Schlieren images, optical emission spectra, temperature and heat flux profiles are analyzed to deeply investigate the fluid dynamic, the chemical composition and the thermal output of the plasma generated with a nanosecond-pulsed high voltage generator. The maximum temperature measured is about 45 °C and values close to the room temperature are reached 10 mm down the source outlet, ensuring the possibility to use the plasma jet for the treatment of thermosensitive materials, such as, for example, biological substrate or polymers. Electrospinning of polymeric solution allows the production of nanofibrous non-woven mats and the plasma pre-treatment of the solutions leads to the realization of defect free nanofibers. The use of the plasma jet allows the electrospinnability of a non-spinnable poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) solution, suitable for the production of biological scaffold for the wound dressing.
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Bartels, Karen Susan. "High pressure phase equilibrium studies of near-primary planetary basalts." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/51481.

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Du, Rand Marlie. "High pressure fluid phase equilibria." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51789.

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Thesis (MScEng)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Supercritical extraction is being investigated as a possible alternative to the processes currently used in the fractionation of paraffinic waxes. By removing the lighter carbon fractions from the wax, the wax hardness will be improved and its melting temperature range reduced, hence improving the performance of the wax product in certain applications. In order to evaluate and operate such an extraction process optimally, it is necessary to have a thermodynamic model that accurately represents the process system. There are, however, currently no predictive models available for these systems. In order to fit present models to the systems, accurate phase equilibrium data of the supercritical solvent - n-alkane systems are needed. Unfortunately, the amount of reliable published data on these systems in the required operating range is very limited. A view cell was designed and developed with which these high pressure equilibria could be studied. The binary phase equilibria of supercritical CO2 with n-CI2, n-CI6, n-C20, n-C24, n-C28 and n-C36 and of supercritical ethane with n-CI6, n-C24 and n-C28 were measured in the temperature range 313 - 367 K. It was found that the systems with these two solvents have very different types of phase behaviour. The n-alkane solubility is much higher in ethane, but supercritical CO2 will provide a much better degree of control over the selectivity achieved in an extraction process. Of the various equations of state investigated, it was found that the Patel Teja equation of state provided the best fit of the CO2 - n-alkane systems and that the Soave-Redlich- Kwong equation fitted the ethane - n-alkane systems the best. The interaction parameters of both these equations of state display a functional relationship with temperature and nalkane acentric factor, making it possible to determine parameter values for application at other operating temperatures and with other n-alkane systems. It was found that the current equations of state were not able to represent the phase equilibria accurately over the entire range of operating conditions. The poor performance of the equations of state can be attributed to inherent flaws in the existing equations of state.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Superkritiese ekstraksie word tans ondersoek as 'n moontlike altematief vir die prosesse wat huidiglik gebruik word om paraffiese wasse te fraksioneer. Die Iigter koolstofwasse word verwyder om die washardheid te verhoog en die temperatuurgebied waaroor die was smelt te verklein. Dit verbeter dan die was se kwaliteit en werkverrigting. Modelle wat die superkritiese ekstraksie proses akkuraat kan voorstel word egter benodig om die ekstraksie proses te kan evalueer en optimaal te bedryf. Daar is tans geen modelle beskikbaar wat die proses direk kan voorstel nie. Akkurate fase-ewewigsdata word benodig om bestaande modelle aan te pas vir gebruik in hierdie sisteme. Daar is egter baie min betroubare faseewewigsdata vir die superkritiese oplosmiddel - n-alkaan sisteme beskikbaar in die literatuur. 'n Sig-sel, waarrnee hierdie hoe druk data gemeet kan word, is ontwerp en ontwikkel. Die volgende binere fase ewewigte is in die temperatuur gebied 313 - 367 K gemeet: superkritiese CO2 met n-CI2, n-CI6, n-C20, n-C24, n-C28 en n-C36, en superkritiese Etaan met n-CI6, n-C24 en n-C28. Daar is gevind dat hierdie twee superkritiese oplosmiddelsisteme verskillende tipes fase-ewewigsgedragte openbaar. Die n-alkane het 'n baie boer oplosbaarheid in Etaan, maar deur superkritiese C02 in 'n ekstraksie kolom te gebruik, sal tot beheer oor die selektiwiteit van die ekstraksieproses lei. Uit die verskillende toestandsvergelykings wat ondersoek is, is daar gevind dat die Patel- Teja vergelyking die CO2 sisteme die beste kon beskryf en dat die Soave-Redlich-Kwong vergelyking die beste vergelyking was om die Etaan sisteme mee te modelleer. Beide die toestandsvergelykings se interaksie parameters het 'n funksionele verband met temperatuur en die n-alkaan asentrise faktor getoon. Dit is dus moontlik om waardes vir die parameters vir sisteme by ander temperature en met ander n-alkaan tipes te bepaal. Daar was gevind dat die bestaande toestandsvergelykings nie die die fase-ewewigte oor die hele eksperimenele gebied akkuraat kon voorstel nie. Dit kan toegeskryf word aan foute wat inherent is aan die vergelykings.
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Ekoto, Isaac Wesley. "Supersonic turbulent boundary layers with periodic mechanical non-equilibrium." Texas A&M University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4709.

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Previous studies have shown that favorable pressure gradients reduce the turbulence levels and length scales in supersonic flow. Wall roughness has been shown to reduce the large-scales in wall bounded flow. Based on these previous observations new questions have been raised. The fundamental questions this dissertation addressed are: (1) What are the effects of wall topology with sharp versus blunt leading edges? and (2) Is it possible that a further reduction of turbulent scales can occur if surface roughness and favorable pressure gradients are combined? To answer these questions and to enhance the current experimental database, an experimental analysis was performed to provide high fidelity documentation of the mean and turbulent flow properties along with surface and flow visualizations of a high-speed ( 2.86 M = ), high Reynolds number (Re 60,000 q » ) supersonic turbulent boundary layer distorted by curvature-induced favorable pressure gradients and large-scale ( 300 s k + » ) uniform surface roughness. Nine models were tested at three separate locations. Three pressure gradient models strengths (a nominally zero, a weak, and a strong favorable pressure gradient) and three roughness topologies (aerodynamically smooth, square, and diamond shaped roughness elements) were used. Highly resolved planar measurements of mean and fluctuating velocity components were accomplished using particle image velocimetry. Stagnation pressure profiles were acquired with a traversing Pitot probe. Surface pressure distributions were characterized using pressure sensitive paint. Finally flow visualization was accomplished using schlieren photographs. Roughness topology had a significant effect on the boundary layer mean and turbulent properties due to shock boundary layer interactions. Favorable pressure gradients had the expected stabilizing effect on turbulent properties, but the improvements were less significant for models with surface roughness near the wall due to increased tendency towards flow separation. It was documented that proper roughness selection coupled with a sufficiently strong favorable pressure gradient produced regions of “negative” production in the transport of turbulent stress. This led to localized areas of significant turbulence stress reduction. With proper roughness selection and sufficient favorable pressure gradient strength, it is believed that localized relaminarization of the boundary layer is possible.
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Hines, Amanda Meadows. "A non-equilibrium, pressure-pressure formulation for air-water two-phase flow and heat transport in porous media." Thesis, Mississippi State University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1548611.

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The detection of trace explosives in the subsurface is an active area of research for landmine detection. Understanding the air-water flow and heat transport phenomena in the subsurface plays an important role in improving chemical vapor detection. Implementing a finite element method that accurately captures water vapor transport in the vadose zone is still an open question. A non-equilibrium, pressure-pressure formulation has been implemented based on Smits, et al [22]. This implementation consists of four equations: a wetting phase (water) mass balance equation, a non-wetting phase (air) mass balance equation, a water vapor transport equation, and a heat transport equation. This work will compare two implementations, a fully coupled approach and an operator splitting approach for the water vapor and heat transport equations. The formulation of the methods will be presented and the methods will be tested using collected data from physical experiments.

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Ceteroni, Ilaria. "High-pressure adsorption differential volumetric apparatus (HP-ADVA) for accurate equilibrium measurements." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/22274/.

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The volumetric system is a commonly used experimental method for gas adsorption measurements. Starting from the conventional volumetric system (single-branched), the development of differential (double-branched) apparatus has been proposed to overcome some criticalities connected to the original design. The following study is focused on the assessment of the high-pressure differential volumetric apparatus (HP-ADVA) built at the University of Edinburgh in order to discover and characterise system peculiarities at different experimental conditions, in terms of temperature and pressure. To do this, an integrated approach is proposed: an initial experimental campaign has been performed to take confidentiality with the apparatus, then, the experimental results were the starting point for the development of a sensitivity and error analysis aimed at describing the effect of each operating parameter into the final result. In this regard, a different analytical approach, compared to the ones commonly proposed in literature, has been proposed to closely reproduce the real system. Beyond having obtained promising results, some criticalities, matching what originally hypothesized from the experimental campaign, have been noted: valve volume effect and temperature control and measurements have been discovered being crucial aspects, and, supposedly, source of errors leading to explain the unexpected results obtained by the experimental campaign. Moreover, the importance of symmetry maintenance among the branches has been repeatedly confirmed in the analysis. Some recommendations aimed at improving the system set-up have been moved regarding the installation of a temperature control system and more accurate temperature measurement devices. Additionally, an accurate assessment and characterisation of pneumatically-actuated valves, as well as of the differential pressure transducer used for pressure measurement, before the installation, could be useful to reduce inaccuracies.
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Njenga, H. N. "Low pressure and salt effect on the ethanol-water vapour-liquid equilibrium." Thesis, Swansea University, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.638334.

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Vapour-liquid equilibrium data for the ethanol-water system were obtained at 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 300 and 500 mm Hg absolute pressure. No azeotrope was detected at 70 and 80 mm Hg. Azeotropic data were estimated at other experimental pressures. The VLE data were obtained using a modified Othmer still. A computerised and automatic pressure control system was integrated into the still. An effective Cottrell pump and a new vacuum sampling technique were also incorporated. The data were successfully tested for thermodynamic consistency and thereafter correlated with the NRTL, the Wilson and expansions of the Margules and van Laar equations. The two-parameter Margules and the Wilson equations gave poor correlations. The two-parameter van Laar equation gave relatively good performance. The NRTL and the four-parameter Margules equations gave performances comparable with those of the van Laar equations. After observing the failure of the above equations to predict the correct azeotropic composition, two azeotrope-embedded equations based on the four-parameter Margules and van Laar equations were proposed and tried. Vapour pressure data for ethanol and for water containing between 0 and 0.113 mole fraction potassium acetate were obtained and correlated with the Antoine equation. The effect of potassium acetate on the VLE of the ethanol-water system was studied. Data at 0.053, 0.072, 0.097 and 0.113 mole fraction potassium acetate were obtained. These salt concentrations broke the azeotrope and significantly enhanced the VLE. Minima were observed in the temperature-composition data above 0.8 mole fraction ethanol. The experimental vapour pressure data were used in the correlation of the ternary VLE data using the special binary approach. The correlation was good at low ethanol and salt concentrations but deteriorated at high ethanol concentrations.
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Books on the topic "Equilibrium pressure"

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Ōe, Shūzō. Vapor-liquid equilibrium data at high pressure. Tokyo: Kodansha, 1990.

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Chemical equilibria in solution: Dependence of rate and equilibrium constants on temperature and pressure. New York: Ellis Horwood/PTR Prentice Hall, 1992.

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Zoller, Paul. Standard pressure-volume-temperature data for polymers. Lancaster, PA: Technomic Pub. Co., 1995.

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High pressure phase behaviour of multicomponent fluid mixtures. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1992.

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America, Mineralogical Society of, ed. Metamorphic phase equilibria and pressure-temperature-time paths. 2nd ed. Washington, D.C: Mineralogical Society of America, 1995.

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G, Ponyatovsky E., ed. Phase transformations of elements under high pressure. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 2005.

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McCarty, Robert D. The thermodynamic properties of nitrogen tetroxide. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, 1986.

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McCarty, Robert D. The thermodynamic properties of nitrogen tetroxide. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, 1986.

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J, Oonk H. A., and SpringerLink (Online service), eds. Equilibrium Between Phases of Matter: Supplemental Text for Materials Science and High-Pressure Geophysics. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012.

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A, Bassett William, ed. Elements, oxides, and silicates: High-pressure phases with implications for the earth's interior. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Equilibrium pressure"

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Krishnan, Subramaniam, and Jeenu Raghavan. "Equilibrium-Pressure Analysis." In Chemical Rockets, 205–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26965-4_9.

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Potters, Jan, Frans van Winden, and Michael Mitzkewitz. "Does Concession Always Prevent Pressure?" In Game Equilibrium Models IV, 41–63. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07369-8_4.

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Jacobs, M. H. G., and H. A. J. Oonk. "306 High Pressure, High Temperature." In Equilibrium Between Phases of Matter, 129–44. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1948-4_6.

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Tassios, Dimitrios P. "Low Pressure Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium." In Applied Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics, 435–509. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-01645-9_13.

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Tassios, Dimitrios P. "High Pressure Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium." In Applied Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics, 511–43. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-01645-9_14.

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Gañan, N., P. Hegel, S. Pereda, and E. A. Brignole. "High Pressure Phase Equilibrium Engineering." In Food Engineering Series, 43–76. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10611-3_2.

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Kameda, Takatsugu, Shinsuke Mochizuki, and Hideo Osaka. "Non-Equilibrium and Equilibrium Boundary Layers without Pressure Gradient." In IUTAM Symposium on Computational Physics and New Perspectives in Turbulence, 197–202. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6472-2_30.

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Jacobs, M. H. G., and H. A. J. Oonk. "308 The System MgO – SiO2 Under Pressure." In Equilibrium Between Phases of Matter, 191–218. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1948-4_8.

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Fridman, Alexander, and Lawrence A. Kennedy. "Non-Equilibrium Cold Atmospheric Pressure Discharges." In Plasma Physics and Engineering, 443–82. 3rd ed. Third edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2021.: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315120812-11.

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Zudin, Yuri B. "Pressure Blocking Effect in a Growing Vapor Bubble." In Non-equilibrium Evaporation and Condensation Processes, 185–201. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13815-8_8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Equilibrium pressure"

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Shaw, M. S. "Chemical equilibrium in high pressure molecular fluid mixtures." In High-pressure science and technology—1993. AIP, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.46419.

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Fang, Fang, and Le Wei. "Pressure equilibrium control for boiler-turbine units." In 2009 IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence for Measurement Systems and Applications (CIMSA 2009). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cimsa.2009.5069935.

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KALLIO, A., J. HISSA, V. BRÄYSY, and T. HÄYRYNEN. "PRESSURE DEPENDENCE OF TC FROM CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM." In Proceedings of the First Regional Conference. World Scientific Publishing Company, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812793676_0017.

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Weng, X., Vibhas Pandey, and K. G. Nolte. "Equilibrium Test - A Method for Closure Pressure Determination." In SPE/ISRM Rock Mechanics Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/78173-ms.

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Schoenbach, K. "Oral Session 7B: High pressure, non-equilibrium plasmas." In IEEE Conference Record - Abstracts. 31st IEEE International Conference On Plasma Science. IEEE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/plasma.2004.1340189.

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Huang, Huogen, and Liang Chen. "Speculation of equilibrium pressure of Ti36Zr40Ni20Pd4 icosahedral quasicrystal." In PROCEEDINGS FOR THE XV LIQUID AND AMORPHOUS METALS (LAM-15) INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE. AIP Publishing LLC, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4928276.

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Hoffman, Monty E. "Reservoirs That Are Not in Capillary Pressure Equilibrium." In Unconventional Resources Technology Conference. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/urtec2013-230.

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Wei, Zhigang, Fulun Yang, Shervin Maleki, and Kamran Nikbin. "Equilibrium Based Curve Fitting Method for Test Data With Nonuniform Variance." In ASME 2012 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2012-78234.

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A recently developed equilibrium based curve/surface fitting method is extended to linear function with heteroscedastic data (variable variance). The concept of equilibrium weighted ‘force’ and ‘moment’ is proposed to derive curve fitting formulae, which are exactly the same as that obtained with the traditional weighted least squares (LS) method for a linear function. Furthermore, a system of four equations, i.e., a “force” equilibrium equation, a “moment” equilibrium equation, a “equivalency” equation, and a “moment balance” equation have been established to solve both mean curve and the standard deviation simultaneously. Finally, the application of these methods to data of fatigue and creep lives is presented.
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Vasko, Christopher A., and Christina G. Giannopapa. "Liquid Droplets in Contact With Cold Non-Equilibrium Atmospheric Pressure Plasmas." In ASME 2016 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2016-63629.

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Recently, cold, non-equilibrium atmospheric pressure plasmas (CAPs) and their active chemistry have been extensively investigated to the benefit of a wide array of applications such as biomedical and industrial applications mainly in the area of materials processing and chemical synthesis, amongst many others. In general, these plasmas operate at standard conditions (i.e. 1 atm, 300K), are small (∼ cm) and rather simple to operate in comparison to other plasmas. Their complex chemistry gives rise to a wide array of both stable and transient reactive species: such as O3, H2O2, OH and NOx, next to charged species and (V)UV-radiation. This chemistry is the reason for their wide spread application and has already found many industrial applications from waste water treatment, stain free detergents and industrial scale production of oxidants. In recent years, bactericidal effects of CAPs gained increasing attention for applications such as dermatology, disinfection, dentistry and cancer treatment or stimulated blood coagulation. This paper aims to highlight recent research into new biological applications for complex mission scenarios involving humans in remote locations using CAPs for disinfection, bleaching or wound healing. Results using radiofrequency plasma jets for the inactivation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are summarized, highlighting the importance of liquid plasma interactions. Work with such a CAP paved the way for a promising application in the field of biomedical applications presented here. It involves surface barrier discharges which can be used to treat larger surfaces compared to jets. Their physical construction, using floating or contained electrodes, offer a convenient way of controlling electrical current on a large scale, 3D treatment of both conducting and insulating surfaces with minimal heating. These devices may be tailored to specific skin treatments, allowing fast and effective treatment of larger skin surfaces while following the shape of the skin. This might reduce the need for bactericidal agents and would be a valuable application to assist humans in remote locations. These emerging technologies could be essential both for human health care under extreme conditions, as well as for research itself (sterilisation of tools and large areas, etc.). Especially in the absence of abundant resources (antibiotic agents, disinfectants and the like) alternative approaches to support humans in isolated locations have to be developed. Applications based on a good understanding of plasma chemistry would empower health care under extreme conditions to efficiently use and manage in situ resources. Their low mass, compact size, low power consumption and high reliability could make them essential use under extreme conditions.
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Medvedskyi, Oleksandr, Saveliy Kukharets, Gennadii Golub, and Vasyl Dmytriv. "Installation of equilibrium pressure of milking machine vacuum system." In 17th International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development. Latvia University of Agriculture, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/erdev2018.17.n173.

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Reports on the topic "Equilibrium pressure"

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Cheng, C. Z. Magnetospheric equilibrium with anisotropic pressure. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5730952.

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Cheng, C. Z. Three-dimensional magnetospheric equilibrium with isotropic pressure. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/61213.

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Salberta, E. R., R. C. Grimm, J. L. Johnson, J. Manickam, and W. M. Tang. Anisotropic pressure tokamak equilibrium and stability considerations. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6685828.

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Msezane, Alfred Z. Collision Physics in Atmospheric Pressure Non-Equilibrium Plasmas. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada438346.

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Haaland, Peter, and Charles Jiao. Pressure Scaling of Non-Equilibrium Phenomena in Plasmas. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada397456.

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Charles W. Cranfill. EOS of a material mixture in pressure equilibrium. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/752381.

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S.R. Hudson, D.A. Monticello, A.H. Reiman, A.H. Boozer, D.J. Strickler, S.P. Hirshman, and M.C. Zarnstorff. Eliminating Islands in High-pressure Free-boundary Stellarator Magnetohydrodynamic Equilibrium Solutions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/809954.

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Vassilev, Vassil M. • Unduloid-Like Equilibrium Shapes of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes Under Pressure. GIQ, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/giq-14-2013-244-252.

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S.R. Hudson, D.A. Monticello, A.H. Reiman, D.J. Strickler, S.P. Hirshman, L-P. Ku, E. Lazarus, et al. Constructing Integrable High-pressure Full-current Free-boundary Stellarator Magnetohydrodynamic Equilibrium Solutions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/815091.

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Pastukhov, V. P., V. I. Ilgisonis, and A. A. Subbotin. Low beta equilibrium and stability for anisotropic pressure closed field line plasma confinement systems. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10161245.

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