Relevant bibliographies by topics / Equatorial plasma bubbles

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Equatorial plasma bubbles'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Equatorial plasma bubbles"

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Li, G., B. Ning, L. Liu, W. Wan, and J. Y. Liu. "Effect of magnetic activity on plasma bubbles over equatorial and low-latitude regions in East Asia." Annales Geophysicae 27, no. 1 (January 19, 2009): 303–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-27-303-2009.

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Abstract. The dependence of plasma bubble occurrence in the eveningside ionosphere, with magnetic activity during the period years 2001–2004, is studied here based on the TEC observations gathered by ground-based GPS receivers which are located in the equatorial and low-latitude regions in East Asia. The observed plasma bubbles consist of the plasma-bubble events in the equatorial (stations GUAM, PIMO and KAYT), and low-latitude regions (stations WUHN, DAEJ and SHAO). It is shown that most equatorial plasma-bubble events commence at 20:00 LT, and may last for >60 min. The magnetic activity appears to suppress the generation of equatorial plasma bubbles with a time delay of more than 3 h (4–9 h). While in the low-latitude regions, most plasma-bubble events commence at about 23:00 LT and last for <45 min. The best correlation between Kp and low-latitude plasma-bubble occurrence is found with an 8–9 h delay, a weak correlation exists for time delays of 6–7 h. This probably indicates that over 3 h delayed disturbance dynamo electric fields obviously inhibit the development of plasma bubbles in the pre-midnight sector.
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Narayanan, V. L., S. Gurubaran, K. Shiokawa, and K. Emperumal. "Shrinking equatorial plasma bubbles." Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 121, no. 7 (July 2016): 6924–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016ja022633.

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Bhattacharyya, Archana. "Equatorial Plasma Bubbles: A Review." Atmosphere 13, no. 10 (October 8, 2022): 1637. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13101637.

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The equatorial plasma bubble (EPB) phenomenon is an important component of space weather as the ionospheric irregularities that develop within EPBs can have major detrimental effects on the operation of satellite-based communication and navigation systems. Although the name suggests that EPBs occur in the equatorial ionosphere, the nature of the plasma instability that gives rise to EPBs is such that the bubbles may extend over a large part of the global ionosphere between geomagnetic latitudes of approximately ±15°. The scientific challenge continues to be to understand the day-to-day variability in the occurrence and characteristics of EPBs, such as their latitudinal extent and the development of irregularities within EPBs. In this paper, basic theoretical aspects of the plasma processes involved in the generation of EPBs, associated ionospheric irregularities, and observations of their characteristics using different techniques will be reviewed. Special focus will be given to observations of scintillations produced by the scattering of VHF and higher frequency radio waves while they propagate through ionospheric irregularities associated with EPBs, as these observations have revealed new information about the non-linear development of Rayleigh–Taylor instability in equatorial ionospheric plasma, which is the genesis of EPBs.
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Singh, Sardul, D. K. Bamgboye, J. P. McClure, and F. S. Johnson. "Morphology of equatorial plasma bubbles." Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 102, A9 (September 1, 1997): 20019–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/97ja01724.

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Pottelette, R., M. Malingre, J. J. Berthelier, E. Seran, and M. Parrot. "Filamentary Alfvénic structures excited at the edges of equatorial plasma bubbles." Annales Geophysicae 25, no. 10 (November 6, 2007): 2159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-25-2159-2007.

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Abstract. Recent observations performed by the French DEMETER satellite at altitudes of about 710 km suggest that the generation of equatorial plasma bubbles correlates with the presence of filamentary structures of field aligned currents carried by Alfvén waves. These localized structures are located at the bubble edges. We study the dynamics of the equatorial plasma bubbles, taking into account that their motion is dictated by gravity driven and displacement currents. Ion-polarization currents appear to be crucial for the accurate description of the evolution of plasma bubbles in the high altitude ionosphere. During their eastward/westward motion the bubbles intersect gravity driven currents flowing transversely with respect to the background magnetic field. The circulation of these currents is prohibited by large density depressions located at the bubble edges acting as perfect insulators. As a result, in these localized regions the transverse currents have to be locally closed by field aligned currents. Such a physical process generates kinetic Alfvén waves which appear to be stationary in the plasma bubble reference frame. Using a two-dimensional model and "in situ" wave measurements on board the DEMETER spacecraft, we give estimates for the magnitude of the field aligned currents and the associated Alfvén fields.
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Chapagain, Narayan P. "Dynamics Ionospheric Plasma Bubbles Measured by Optical Imaging System." Journal of Institute of Science and Technology 20, no. 1 (November 25, 2015): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jist.v20i1.13906.

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Deep plasma depletions during the nighttime period in the equatorial ionosphere (referred to as equatorial plasma bubbles –EPBs) can significantly affect communications and navigation systems. In this study, we present the image measurements of plasma bubble from Christmas Island (2.1°N, 157.4°W, dip latitude 2.8°N) in the central Pacific Ocean. These observations were made during September-October 1995 using a Utah State University (USU) CCD imaging system measured at ~280 km altitude. Well-defined magnetic field-aligned plasma depletions were observed for 18 nights, including strong post-midnight fossilized structures, enabling detailed measurements of their morphology and dynamics. We also estimate zonal velocity of the plasma bubbles from available images. The zonal drift velocity of the EPBs is a very important parameter for the understanding and modeling of the electrodynamics of the equatorial ionosphere and for the predictions of ionospheric irregularities. The eastward zonal drift velocities were around 90-100 m/s prior to local midnight, and decreases during the post-midnight period that persisted until dawn.Journal of Institute of Science and Technology, 2015, 20(1): 20-27
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Makela, J. J., B. M. Ledvina, M. C. Kelley, and P. M. Kintner. "Analysis of the seasonal variations of equatorial plasma bubble occurrence observed from Haleakala, Hawaii." Annales Geophysicae 22, no. 9 (September 23, 2004): 3109–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-22-3109-2004.

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Abstract. Over 300 nights of airglow and GPS scintillation data collected between January 2002 and August 2003 (a period near solar maximum) from the Haleakala Volcano, Hawaii are analyzed to obtain the seasonal trends for the occurrence of equatorial plasma bubbles in the Pacific sector (203° E). A maximum probability for bubble development is seen in the data in April (45%) and September (83%). A broad maximum of occurrence is seen in the data from June to October (62%). Many of the bubbles observed from June through August occur later in the evening, and, as seen in the optical data, tend to be "fossilized". This suggests that the active growth region during these months is to the west of the observing location. These seasonal trends are consistent with previous data sets obtained both from other ground-based and satellite studies of the occurrence of equatorial bubbles in the Pacific sector. However, our data suggests a much greater probability of bubble occurrence than is seen in other data sets, with bubbles observed on over 40% of the nights studied.
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Huba, J. D., and G. Joyce. "Global modeling of equatorial plasma bubbles." Geophysical Research Letters 37, no. 17 (September 2010): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010gl044281.

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Laakso, Harri, Thomas L. Aggson, Robert F. Pfaff, and William B. Hanson. "Downdrafting plasma flow in equatorial bubbles." Journal of Geophysical Research 99, A6 (1994): 11507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93ja03169.

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Nade, D. P., A. K. Sharma, S. S. Nikte, P. T. Patil, R. N. Ghodpage, M. V. Rokade, S. Gurubaran, A. Taori, and Y. Sahai. "Zonal velocity of the equatorial plasma bubbles over Kolhapur, India." Annales Geophysicae 31, no. 11 (November 22, 2013): 2077–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-2077-2013.

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Abstract. This paper presents the observations of zonal drift velocities of equatorial ionospheric plasma bubbles and their comparison with model values. These velocities are determined by nightglow OI 630.0 nm images. The nightglow observations have been carried out from the low latitude station Kolhapur (16.8° N, 74.2° E; 10.6° N dip lat.) during clear moonless nights. Herein we have presented the drift velocities of equatorial plasma bubbles for the period of February–April 2011. Out of 80 nights, 39 showed the occurrence of equatorial plasma bubbles (49%). These 39 nights correspond to magnetically quiet days (ΣKp < 26). The average eastward zonal velocities (112 ± 10 m s−1) of equatorial plasma bubbles increased from evening sector to 21:00 IST (Indian Standard Time = Universal Time + 05:30:00 h), reach maximum about 165 ± 30 m s−1 and then decreases with time. The calculated velocities are in good agreement with that of recently reported values obtained with models with occasional differences; possible mechanisms of which are discussed.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Equatorial plasma bubbles"

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Giday, Nigussie Mezgebe. "Tomographic imaging of East African equatorial ionosphere and study of equatorial plasma bubbles." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/63980.

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In spite of the fact that the African ionospheric equatorial region has the largest ground footprint along the geomagnetic equator, it has not been well studied due to the absence of adequate ground-based instruments. This thesis presents research on both tomographic imaging of the African equatorial ionosphere and the study of the ionospheric irregularities/equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) under varying geomagnetic conditions. The Multi-Instrument Data Analysis System (MIDAS), an inversion algorithm, was investigated for its validity and ability as a tool to reconstruct multi-scaled ionospheric structures for different geomagnetic conditions. This was done for the narrow East African longitude sector with data from the available ground Global Positioning Sys-tem (GPS) receivers. The MIDAS results were compared to the results of two models, namely the IRI and GIM. MIDAS results compared more favourably with the observation vertical total electron content (VTEC), with a computed maximum correlation coefficient (r) of 0.99 and minimum root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 2.91 TECU, than did the results of the IRI-2012 and GIM models with maximum r of 0.93 and 0.99, and minimum RMSE of 13.03 TECU and 6.52 TECU, respectively, over all the test stations and validation days. The ability of MIDAS to reconstruct storm-time TEC was also compared with the results produced by the use of a Artificial Neural Net-work (ANN) for the African low- and mid-latitude regions. In terms of latitude, on average,MIDAS performed 13.44 % better than ANN in the African mid-latitudes, while MIDAS under performed in low-latitudes. This thesis also reports on the effects of moderate geomagnetic conditions on the evolution of EPBs and/or ionospheric irregularities during their season of occurrence using data from (or measurements by) space- and ground-based instruments for the east African equatorial sector. The study showed that the strength of daytime equatorial electrojet (EEJ), the steepness of the TEC peak-to-trough gradient and/or the meridional/transequatorial thermospheric winds sometimes have collective/interwoven effects, while at other times one mechanism dominates. In summary, this research offered tomographic results that outperform the results of the commonly used (“standard”) global models (i.e. IRI and GIM) for a longitude sector of importance to space weather, which has not been adequately studied due to a lack of sufficient instrumentation.
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Napiecek, Andrew Webster. "Spatial Resolution of Equatorial Plasma Depletions Using Variable-Range Time-Delay Integration." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/90221.

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Previous plasma imaging missions have used time-delay integration techniques that correct for uniform motion blur during integration. This was due to the assumed constant range-to-target of each pixel in the observed scene. ICON's low orbital altitude and twelve second integration time create non-uniform motion blur across the observed scene and necessitate a novel variable-range time-delay integration (TDI) algorithm be used to spatially resolve the two-dimensional images. The variable-range TDI algorithm corrects for each pixel moving at a different angular rate throughout image integration and transforms each raw image onto a surface where the spacecraft is moving at a constant angular rate with respect to every pixel in the image. Then as the raw images are co-added together the non-uniform motion of the observed scene is accounted for and will not geographically distort the final images, or any features seen within them. Through simulation using output from the SAMI3 model during plasma depletion formation it was determined that the structuring and gradients of plasma depletions can be recovered using this technique. Additionally, the effects of depletion width, solar activity level, and misalignment of the field-of-view with the local magnetic field were investigated. The variable-range TDI technique is able to recover the overall shape and depth of depletion of the depletions in all cases, however the determination of gradients observed at depletion walls is significantly degraded for very narrow plasma depletions and during periods of low solar activity. All simulated model conditions were shown to be representative of current ionospheric conditions.
Master of Science
Equatorial spread-F, also termed plasma bubbles, is a phenomenon that occurs in the equatorial region of Earth’s ionosphere, the charged region of Earth’s atmosphere. Plumes of less dense plasma, the charged material of the Ionosphere, rise through regions of higher density plasma. This causes disturbances to radio signals that travel through this region, which can lead to GPS range errors or loss of signal. ICON is a NASA Explorer mission aimed at, in part, understanding the sources of variability in the ionosphere. One instrument onboard ICON to accomplish this goal is the FarUltraviolet Imager which images airglow in the far-ultraviolet range. During nighttime, the FUV imager can observe plasma bubbles to study the instability and the mechanisms that produce it. This thesis looks at the ability of the variable-range time-delay integration (TDI) algorithm, used to produce images from ICON’s Farultraviolet imager, to spatially resolve the structure and gradients of observed plasma bubbles. However, due to the viewing geometry of ICON’s FUV imager, each pixel across the observed scene experiences a different angular rate of motion blur. The variable-range TDI algorithm removes this non-uniform motion blur by transforming each raw image onto a surface where the spacecraft moves at a constant angular rate with respect to every pixel in the image. Then raw images are integrated together such that the observed scene is not geographically distorted. It was concluded that the TDI process is able to spatially resolve a wide variety of plasma bubbles under various ionospheric conditions and imager configurations.
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Khadka, Sovit M. "Multi-diagnostic Investigations of the Equatorial and Low-latitude Ionospheric Electrodynamics and Their Impacts on Space-based Technologies." Thesis, Boston College, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:108001.

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Thesis advisor: Prof. Michael J. Naughton
Thesis advisor: Dr. Cesar E. Valladares
The equatorial and low-latitude ionosphere of the Earth exhibits unique features on its structuring, coupling, and electrodynamics that offer the possibility to forecast the dynamics and fluctuations of ionospheric plasma densities at later times. The scientific understanding and forecasting of ionospheric plasma are necessary for several practical applications, such as for mitigating the adverse effects of space weather on communication, navigation, power grids, space mission, and for various scientific experiments and applications. The daytime equatorial electrojet (EEJ), equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA), as well as nighttime equatorial plasma bubble (EPB) and plasma blobs are the most prominent low-latitude ionospheric phenomena. This dissertation focuses on the multi-diagnostic study of the mechanism, properties, abnormalities, and interrelationships of these phenomena to provide significant contributions to space weather communities from the ground- and space-based measurements. A strong longitudinal, seasonal, day-to-day variability and dependency between EEJ, ExB vertical plasma drift, and total electron content (TEC) in the EIA distribution are seen in the equatorial and low-latitude region. In general, the EEJ strength is stronger in the west coast of South America than in its east coast. The variability of the EEJ in the dayside ionosphere significantly affects the ionospheric electron density variation, dynamics of the peak height of F2-layer, and TEC distributions as the EEJ influences the vertical transport mechanism of the ionospheric plasma. The eastward electric field (EEF) and the neutral wind play a decisive role in controlling the actual configuration of the EIA. The trans-equatorial neutral wind profile calculated using data from the Second-generation, Optimized, Fabry-Perot Doppler Imager (SOFDI) located near the geomagnetic equator and a physics-based numerical model, LLIONS (Low-Latitude IONospheric Sector) give new perspectives on the effects of daytime meridional neutral winds on the consequent evolution of the asymmetry of the equatorial TEC anomalies during the afternoon onwards. The spatial configurations including the strength, shape, amplitude and latitudinal extension of the EIA crests are affected by the EEF associated with the EEJ under undisturbed conditions, whereas the meridional neutral winds play a significant role in the development of their asymmetric structure in the low-latitude ionosphere. Additionally, the SWARM satellite constellation and the ground-based LISN (Low-Latitude Ionospheric Sensor Network) data allow us to resolve the space-time ambiguity of past single-satellite studies and detect the drastic changes that EPBs and plasma blobs undergo on a short time scale. The coordinated quantitative analysis of a plasma density observation shows evidence of the association of plasma blobs with EPBs via an appropriate geomagnetic flux tube. Plasma blobs were initially associated with the EPBs and remained at the equatorial latitude right above the EPBs height, but later were pushed away from geomagnetic equator towards EIA latitudes by the EPB/ depleted flux tubes that grew in volume. Further, there exists a strong correlation between the noontime equatorial electrojet and the GPS-derived TEC distributions during the afternoon time period, caused by vertical E × B drift via the fountain effect. Nevertheless, only a minor correlation likely exists between the peak EEJ and the net postsunset ionospheric scintillation index (S4) greater than 0.2. This study not only searches for a mutual relationship between the midday, afternoon and nighttime ionospheric phenomena but also aims at providing a possible route to improve our space weather forecasting capability by predicting nighttime ionospheric irregularities based on midday measurements at the equatorial and low latitudes
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2018
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Physics
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Books on the topic "Equatorial plasma bubbles"

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T, Tsunoda Roland, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Guest investigator program study: Physics of equatorial plasma bubbles. Menlo Park, CA: SRI International, 1994.

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Gravity wave seeding of equatorial plasma bubbles. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Equatorial plasma bubbles"

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Srisamoodkham, Worachai, Kazuo Shiokawa, Yuichi Otsuka, Kutubuddin Ansari, and Punyawi Jamjareegulgarn. "Detecting Equatorial Plasma Bubbles on All-Sky Imager Images Using Convolutional Neural Network." In Communication and Intelligent Systems, 481–87. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2130-8_38.

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Makela, Jonathan J., and Ethan S. Miller. "Influences on the Development of Equatorial Plasma Bubbles: Insights from a Long-Term Optical Dataset." In Aeronomy of the Earth's Atmosphere and Ionosphere, 239–49. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0326-1_17.

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Kumar, Adarsh. "GPS Device Based Equatorial Plasma Bubbles (EPB) Analysis on Radio Wave Propagation Over Low Latitude." In Springer Proceedings in Physics, 147–61. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8625-5_16.

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Abdu, Mangalathayil Ali, and E. Alam Kherani. "Coupling Processes in the Equatorial Spread F/Plasma Bubble Irregularity Development." In Aeronomy of the Earth's Atmosphere and Ionosphere, 219–38. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0326-1_16.

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P. Nade, Dada, Swapnil S. Potdar, and Rani P. Pawar. "Study of Equatorial Plasma Bubbles Using ASI and GPS Systems." In Geographic Information Systems in Geospatial Intelligence. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85604.

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The plasma irregularities have been frequently observed in the F-region, at low latitude regions, due to the instability processes occurring in the ionosphere. The depletions in electron density, as compared to the background density, is a signature of the plasma irregularities. These irregularities are also known as the “equatorial plasma bubble” (EPB). These EPBs can measure by the total electron content (TEC) using GPS receiver and by images of the nightglow OI 630.0 nm emissions using all sky imager (ASI). The current chapter is based on the review on the signature of the EPBs in TEC and ASI. measurements. We have also discussed the importance of the study of EPBs.
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Conference papers on the topic "Equatorial plasma bubbles"

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Fagundes, P. R. "Equatorial F-Region Plasma Bubbles Studies." In 5th International Congress of the Brazilian Geophysical Society. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.299.348.

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Bumrungkit, Acharaporn, and Pornchai Supnithi. "Statistical Analysis of Separation Distance between Equatorial Plasma Bubbles." In 2017 IEEE 13th International Symposium on Autonomous Decentralized System (ISADS). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isads.2017.18.

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Ya'acob, Norsuzila, Azita Laily Yusof, Azlina Idris, Darmawaty Mohd Ali, Mohd Tarmizi Ali, and Noor Hijjah Mohd Yusof. "Observation of equatorial ionospheric plasma bubbles at peninsular Malaysia." In 2012 IEEE Symposium on Computer Applications and Industrial Electronics (ISCAIE). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iscaie.2012.6482107.

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S. Batista, Inez, M. A. Abdu, R. T. de Medeiros, and J. H. A. Sobral. "Equatorial Spread-F And Plasma Bubbles: A Step Towards Prediction." In 6th International Congress of the Brazilian Geophysical Society. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.215.sbgf018.

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Muralikrishna, P. "In situ observation of electron temperature enhancement inside equatorial plasma bubbles." In 8th International Congress of the Brazilian Geophysical Society. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.168.arq_2006.

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Chang, Loren C., Cornelius Csar Jude H. Salinas, Yi-Chung Chiu, Pei-Yun Chiu, and Charles C. H. Lin. "Tidal Forcing Effects on the Zonal Variation of Solstice Equatorial Plasma Bubbles." In ION 2019 Pacific PNT Meeting. Institute of Navigation, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33012/2019.16843.

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Sarudin, I., N. S. A. Hamid, M. Abdullah, and S. M. Buhari. "Equatorial plasma bubbles zonal velocity in the monthly variations over Southeast Asia." In THE 2018 UKM FST POSTGRADUATE COLLOQUIUM: Proceedings of the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Faculty of Science and Technology 2018 Postgraduate Colloquium. AIP Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5111231.

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Abdu, M. A., P. Muralikrishna, I. S. Batista, and J. H. A. Sobral. "ROCKET OBSERVATION OF EQUATORIAL PLASMA BUBBLES OVER NATAL, BRAZIL: EVIDENCE OF ELECTRON TEMPERA TURE ENHANCEMENT INSIDE BUBBLE." In 1st International Congress of the Brazilian Geophysical Society. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.317.sbgf162.

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Ya'acob, Norsuzila, Siti Nuriana binti Suhaimy, Azita Laily Yusof, Mohd Syukri Hashim, and Nur Idora Abd Razak. "Observation of GPS TEC depletions due to equatorial plasma bubbles during solar flare." In 2013 International Conference on Space Science and Communication (IconSpace). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iconspace.2013.6599448.

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Pradipta, Rezy, and Patricia H. Doherty. "Studies of Equatorial Plasma Bubbles and the Associated Ionospheric TEC Gradients over South America." In 29th International Technical Meeting of The Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2016). Institute of Navigation, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.33012/2016.14770.

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Reports on the topic "Equatorial plasma bubbles"

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Burke, W. J., C. Y. Huang, C. E. Valladares, J. S. Machuzak, and L. C. Gentile. Multipoint Observations of Equatorial Plasma Bubbles. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada423049.

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Koons, H. C., J. L. Roeder, and P. Rodriguez. Plasma Waves Observed Inside Plasma Bubbles in the Equatorial F Region. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada342736.

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Tsunoda, Roland T. Study of Large-Scale Wave Structure and Development of Equatorial Plasma Bubbles Using the C/NOFS Satellite. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada583486.

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Comberiate, Joseph M. Space-Based Three-Dimensional Imaging of Equatorial Plasma Bubbles: Advancing the Understanding of Ionospheric Density Depletions and Scintillation. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada567064.

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