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Journal articles on the topic 'Équations de Reynolds-Averaged Navier Stokes'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 1 March 2025

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1

Reliquet, Gabriel, Marie Robert, Lionel Gentaz, and Pierre Ferrant. "Simulations de l'interaction entre le catamaran Delft 372 et la houle à l'aide du couplage SWENSE-Level Set." La Houille Blanche, no. 5-6 (December 2019): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/lhb/2019030.

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Ce papier présente les derniers développements concernant le couplage de la méthode SWENSE (Spectral Waves Navier-Stokes Equations) et d'une méthode de résolution des équations RANS (Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes) avec capture d'interface de type Level Set. Ce couplage permet de combiner les avantages des deux méthodes, c'est-à-dire avoir une cinématique de houle de bonne qualité dans tout le domaine grâce à la méthode SWENSE et la prise en compte du déferlement via la fonction Level Set. Le catamaran Delft 372 est utilisé pour les validations avec des calculs sur mer calme et sur houle régulière à deux vitesses différentes.

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2

Seok, Woochan, Sang Bong Lee, and Shin Hyung Rhee. "Computational simulation of turbulent flows around a marine propeller by solving the partially averaged Navier–Stokes equation." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 233, no. 18 (May 9, 2019): 6357–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406219848021.

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This study concerns the characteristics of the partially averaged Navier–Stokes method for local flow analysis around a rotating propeller. Partially averaged Navier–Stokes, resolving crucial large-scale structures of turbulent flow at a given computational grid resolution, is a bridging turbulence closure model between the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equation and the direct numerical simulation. A detailed comparison between partially averaged Navier–Stokes and Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes models is made to achieve a better understanding of partially averaged Navier–Stokes characteristics for predicting the coherent structures in turbulent flow. The two-equation k-ω shear stress transport model and the seven-equation Reynolds stress model are selected for Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes computations. The problem of interest is the flow around a rotating KP505 propeller in open water conditions at an advance ratio of 0.7. Near the leading edge, the partially averaged Navier–Stokes results are similar to those of Reynolds stress model in terms of the vortical structures. Vorticity predicted by different turbulence models, however, shows significant differences. For a more detailed analysis, the velocity gradient constituting the vorticity is identified at the leading edge. It is proven that partially averaged Navier–Stokes is able to capture the anisotropic characteristics of the flow at the leading edge, where both the geometric and flow characteristics change abruptly.

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Güemes, Alejandro, Pablo Fajardo, and Marco Raiola. "Experimental Assessment of RANS Models for Wind Load Estimation over Solar-Panel Arrays." Applied Sciences 11, no. 6 (March 11, 2021): 2496. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11062496.

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This paper reports a comparison between wind-tunnel measurements and numerical simulations to assess the capabilities of Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes models to estimate the wind load over solar-panel arrays. The free airstream impinging on solar-panel arrays creates a complex separated flow at large Reynolds number, which is severely challenging for the current Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes models. The Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes models compared in this article are k-ϵ, Shear-Stress Transport k-ω, transition and Reynolds Shear Model. Particle Image Velocimetry measurements are performed to investigate the mean flow-velocity and turbulent-kinetic-energy fields. Pressure taps are located in the surface of the solar panel model in order to obtain static pressure measurements. All the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes models predict accurate average velocity fields when compared with the experimental ones. One of the challenging factor is to predict correctly the thickness of the turbulent wake. In this aspect, Reynolds Shear provides the best results, reproducing the wake shrink observed on the 3rd panel in the experiment. On the other hand, some other features, most notably the blockage encountered by the flow below the panels, are not correctly reproduced by any of the models. The pressure distributions over the 1st panel obtained from the different Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes models show good agreement with the pressure measurements. However, for the rest of the panels Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes fidelity is severely challenged. Overall, the Reynolds Shear model provides the best pressure estimation in terms of pressure difference between the front and back sides of the panels.

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4

Li, Tian, Li-Hao Zhao, Xiao-Ke Ku, Helge Andersson, and Terese Lovas. "Numerical investigation of particles turbulent dispersion in channel flow." Thermal Science 16, no. 5 (2012): 1510–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci1205510l.

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This paper investigates the performance of Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes model on dispersion of particles in wall turbulence. A direct numerical simulation of wall-bounded channel flow with particles suspensions was set as a benchmark. The standard k-? model coupled with two different eddy interaction models was used in Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes model and compared to the direct numerical simulation. Detailed comparisons between direct numerical simulation and Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes model on particle distribution evolving over time were carried out.

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5

Chakraborty, Arnab, and HV Warrior. "Study of turbulent flow past a square cylinder using partially-averaged Navier–Stokes method in OpenFOAM." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 234, no. 14 (March 5, 2020): 2821–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406220910176.

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The present paper reports numerical simulation of turbulent flow over a square cylinder using a novel scale resolving computational fluid dynamics technique named Partially-Averaged Navier–Stokes (PANS), which bridges Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) with Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) in a seamless manner. All stream-wise and wall normal mean velocity components, turbulent stresses behavior have been computed along the flow (streamwise) as well as in transverse (wall normal) direction. The measurement locations are chosen based on the previous studies so that results could be compared. However, the Reynolds number ( Re) of the flow is maintained at 21,400 and K– ω turbulence model is considered for the present case. All the computations are performed in OpenFOAM framework using a finite volume solver. Additionally, turbulent kinetic energy variations are presented over a wide range of measurement planes in order to explain the energy transfer process in highly unsteady turbulent flow field. The fluctuating root mean square velocities in the streamwise as well as in the wall normal direction have been discussed in the present work. It has been found that Partially-Averaged Navier–Stokes (PANS) model is capable of capturing the properties of highly unsteady turbulent flows and gives better results than Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS). The results obtained using Partially-Averaged Navier–Stokes (PANS) are quite comparable with Large Eddy Simulation (LES) and Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) data available in literature. The partially-averaged Navier–Stokes results are compared with our simulated Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) results, available experimental as well as numerical results in literature and it is found to be good in agreement.

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6

Sun, Bohua. "Revisiting the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations." Open Physics 19, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 853–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/phys-2021-0102.

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Abstract This study revisits the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations and finds that the existing literature is erroneous regarding the primary unknowns and the number of independent unknowns in the RANS. The literature claims that the Reynolds stress tensor has six independent unknowns, but in fact the six unknowns can be reduced to three that are functions of the three velocity fluctuation components, because the Reynolds stress tensor is simply an integration of a second-order dyadic tensor of flow velocity fluctuations rather than a general symmetric tensor. This difficult situation is resolved by returning to the time of Reynolds in 1895 and revisiting Reynolds’ averaging formulation of turbulence. The study of turbulence modeling could focus on the velocity fluctuations instead of the Reynolds stress. An advantage of modeling the velocity fluctuations is, from both physical and experimental perspectives, that the velocity fluctuation components are observable whereas the Reynolds stress tensor is not.

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7

Torner, Benjamin, Lucas Konnigk, Sebastian Hallier, Jitendra Kumar, Matthias Witte, and Frank-Hendrik Wurm. "Large eddy simulation in a rotary blood pump: Viscous shear stress computation and comparison with unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulation." International Journal of Artificial Organs 41, no. 11 (June 13, 2018): 752–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0391398818777697.

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Purpose: Numerical flow analysis (computational fluid dynamics) in combination with the prediction of blood damage is an important procedure to investigate the hemocompatibility of a blood pump, since blood trauma due to shear stresses remains a problem in these devices. Today, the numerical damage prediction is conducted using unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulations. Investigations with large eddy simulations are rarely being performed for blood pumps. Hence, the aim of the study is to examine the viscous shear stresses of a large eddy simulation in a blood pump and compare the results with an unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulation. Methods: The simulations were carried out at two operation points of a blood pump. The flow was simulated on a 100M element mesh for the large eddy simulation and a 20M element mesh for the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes simulation. As a first step, the large eddy simulation was verified by analyzing internal dissipative losses within the pump. Then, the pump characteristics and mean and turbulent viscous shear stresses were compared between the two simulation methods. Results: The verification showed that the large eddy simulation is able to reproduce the significant portion of dissipative losses, which is a global indication that the equivalent viscous shear stresses are adequately resolved. The comparison with the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulation revealed that the hydraulic parameters were in agreement, but differences for the shear stresses were found. Conclusion: The results show the potential of the large eddy simulation as a high-quality comparative case to check the suitability of a chosen Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes setup and turbulence model. Furthermore, the results lead to suggest that large eddy simulations are superior to unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulations when instantaneous stresses are applied for the blood damage prediction.

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Smith, M. J., and A. Moushegian. "Dual-solver hybrid computational approaches for design and analysis of vertical lift vehicles." Aeronautical Journal 126, no. 1295 (December 3, 2021): 187–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aer.2021.108.

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AbstractThe cost of Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes simulations can be restrictive to implement in aeromechanics design and analysis of vertical lift configurations given the cost to resolve the flow on a mesh sufficient to provide accurate aerodynamic and structural loads. Dual-solver hybrid methods have been developed that resolve the configuration and the near field with the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes solvers, while the wake is resolved with vorticity-preserving methods that are more cost-effective. These dual-solver approaches can be integrated into an organisation’s workflow to bridge the gap between lower-fidelity methods and the expensive Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes when there are complex physics present. This paper provides an overview of different dual-solver hybrid methods, coupling approaches, and future efforts to expand their capabilities in the areas of novel configurations and operations in constrained and turbulent environments.

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9

Netzer, Corinna, Lars Seidel, Frédéric Ravet, and Fabian Mauss. "Assessment of the validity of RANS knock prediction using the resonance theory." International Journal of Engine Research 21, no. 4 (May 8, 2019): 610–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087419846032.

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Following the resonance theory by Bradley and co-workers, engine knock is a consequence of an auto-ignition in the developing detonation regime. Their detonation diagram was developed using direct numerical simulations and was applied in the literature to engine knock assessment using large eddy simulations. In this work, it is analyzed if the detonation diagram can be applied for post-processing and evaluation of predicted auto-ignitions in Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulations even though the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes approach cannot resolve the fine structures resolved in direct numerical simulations and large eddy simulations that lead to the prediction of a developing detonation. For this purpose, an engine operating point at the knock limit spark advance is simulated using Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes and large eddy simulations. The combustion is predicted using the G-equation and the well-stirred reactor model in the unburnt gases based on a detailed gasoline surrogate reaction scheme. All the predicted ignition kernels are evaluated using the resonance theory in a post-processing step. According to the different turbulence models, the predicted pressure rise rates and gradients differ. However, the predicted ignition kernel sizes and imposed gas velocities by the auto-ignition event are similar, which suggests that the auto-ignitions predicted by Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulations can be given a meaningful interpretation within the detonation diagram.

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10

Frazza, Loïc, Adrien Loseille, Alain Dervieux, and Frédéric Alauzet. "Nonlinear corrector for Reynolds‐averaged Navier‐Stokes equations." International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 91, no. 11 (October 23, 2019): 557–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.4764.

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11

Kuchugov, Pavel Alexandrovich, and Vladimir Fedorovich Tishkin. "Partially averaged Navier-Stokes equations." Keldysh Institute Preprints, no. 45 (2023): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.20948/prepr-2023-45.

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Flows containing a transition to turbulence are inherent in a wide range of phenomena and processes, such as supernova explosions, combustion of gas mixtures, flow around bodies of various shapes, etc. Numerical simulation of such flows is of significant practical interest and is a complex independent task. To solve this problem, there are several main approaches in computational fluid dynamics, which have their own area of applicability, advantages and disadvantages. Thus, direct numerical simulation (DNS) and the large eddy simulation method (LES/ILES) are optimal approaches for describing flows in which there is a transition to turbulence, since they resolve a wide range of flow scales, but at the same time require significant computational resources due to the use of fine grids. Approaches based on the Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes equations (RANS) use a completely stochastic description of turbulence and have a significantly lower computational cost. At the same time, they allow one to describe only steady or slowly changing flows. A possible alternative is hybrid methods that combine the strengths of DNS/LES and RANS. In this paper, it is considered a hybrid approach based on partially averaged Navier-Stokes equations (PANS), which provides a seamless transition from RANS to DNS/LES. A detailed derivation of the corresponding system of equations and theoretical estimates characterizing the possibilities of the approach are given.

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12

Girimaji, Sharath S. "Partially-Averaged Navier-Stokes Model for Turbulence: A Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes to Direct Numerical Simulation Bridging Method." Journal of Applied Mechanics 73, no. 3 (November 8, 2005): 413–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2151207.

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A turbulence bridging method purported for any filter-width or scale resolution—fully averaged to completely resolved—is developed. The method is given the name partially averaged Navier-Stokes (PANS) method. In PANS, the model filter width (extent of partial averaging) is controlled through two parameters: the unresolved-to-total ratios of kinetic energy (fk) and dissipation (fε). The PANS closure model is derived formally from the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) model equations by addressing the following question: if RANS represents the closure for fully averaged statistics, what is the corresponding closure for partially averaged statistics? The PANS equations vary smoothly from RANS equations to Navier-Stokes (direct numerical simulation) equations, depending on the values of the filter-width control parameters. Preliminary results are very encouraging.

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13

Wu, Junjie, Jiahua Li, Xiang Qiu, Xilin Xie, and Yulu Liu. "Machine learning based Reynolds averaged simulation of backward-facing step flows at different Reynolds numbers." Modern Physics Letters B 35, no. 25 (August 16, 2021): 2150430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984921504303.

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To address the closure problem of Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes in numerical simulations of turbulence, the method of solving Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations based on artificial neural network is introduced in this paper. We establish the nonlinear mapping relationship between the average flow field and the steady-state eddy viscosity field. The machine learning (ML) surrogate model for the shear stress transport turbulence model is constructed. The solution process of replacing the original turbulence model equations with the predicted field variables is realized by coupling the ML algorithm with the CFD solver. The classical backward facing step problem is selected in our study to verify the simulation accuracy of the surrogate model. The comparative analysis is carried out on the six backward facing step flows simulations at different Reynolds numbers. The results of simulations show that the testing flows with the Reynolds numbers closest training datasets Reynolds numbers can obtain the best simulation accuracy. Then for the Reynolds number that is lower than the training datasets, the simulation accuracy will decrease as the Reynolds number decreases. On the contrary, the simulation accuracy of the test flow will increase as the Reynolds number increases. These results indicate the feasibility of the ML surrogate model to simulate at higher Reynolds number. It shows the great potential of applying ML algorithms to Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulation (RANS) turbulence model and also provides a new idea for industrial simulations of turbulent flows.

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14

Khan, Niaz Bahadur, and Zainah Ibrahim. "Numerical investigation of vortex-induced vibration of an elastically mounted circular cylinder with One-degree of freedom at high Reynolds number using different turbulent models." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment 233, no. 2 (January 19, 2018): 443–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475090217751992.

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This study presents numerical investigation for flow around cylinder at Reynolds number = 104 using different turbulent models. Numerical simulations have been conducted for fixed cylinder case at Reynolds number = 104 and for cylinder free to oscillate in cross-flow direction, at Reynolds number O (104), mass–damping ratio = 0.011 and range of frequency ratio wt = 0.4–1.4 using two-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations. In the literature, the study has been conducted using detached eddy simulation, large eddy simulation and direct numerical simulation which are comparatively expensive in terms of computational cost. This study utilizes the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes shear stress transport k-ω and realizable k-ε models to investigate the flow around fixed cylinder and flow around cylinder constrained to oscillate in cross-flow direction only. Hydrodynamic coefficients, vortex mode shape and maximum amplitude ( Ay/ D) extracted from this study are compared with detached eddy simulation, large eddy simulation and direct numerical simulation results. Results obtained using two-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes shear stress transport k-ω model are encouraging, while realizable k-ε model is unable to capture the entire response branches. In addition, broad range of “lock-in” region is observed due to delay in capturing the transition from upper to lower branch during two-dimensional realizable k-ε analyses.

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Liu, Zhe. "On the Investigation of Flow around the Square Cylinder Based on Different LES Models." Advanced Materials Research 594-597 (November 2012): 2676–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.594-597.2676.

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Although the conventional Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) model has been widely applied in the industrial and engineering field, it is worthwhile to study whether these models are suitable to investigate the flow filed varying with the time. With the development of turbulence models, the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) model, detached eddy simulation (DES) and large eddy simulation (LES) compensate the disadvantage of RANS model. This paper mainly presents the theory of standard LES model, LES dynamic model and wall-adapting local eddy-viscosity (WALE) LES model. And the square cylinder is selected as the research target to study the flow characteristics around it at Reynolds number 13,000. The influence of different LES models on the flow field around the square cylinder is compared.

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16

Tang, Lei. "Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes Simulation of Low-Reynolds-Number Airfoil Aerodynamics." Journal of Aircraft 45, no. 3 (May 2008): 848–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.21995.

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17

Netzer, Corinna, Michal Pasternak, Lars Seidel, Frédéric Ravet, and Fabian Mauss. "Computationally efficient prediction of cycle-to-cycle variations in spark-ignition engines." International Journal of Engine Research 21, no. 4 (June 13, 2019): 649–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087419856493.

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Cycle-to-cycle variations are important to consider in the development of spark-ignition engines to further increase fuel conversion efficiency. Direct numerical simulation and large eddy simulation can predict the stochastics of flows and therefore cycle-to-cycle variations. However, the computational costs are too high for engineering purposes if detailed chemistry is applied. Detailed chemistry can predict the fuels’ tendency to auto-ignite for different octane ratings as well as locally changing thermodynamic and chemical conditions which is a prerequisite for the analysis of knocking combustion. In this work, the joint use of unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulations for the analysis of the average engine cycle and the spark-ignition stochastic reactor model for the analysis of cycle-to-cycle variations is proposed. Thanks to the stochastic approach for the modeling of mixing and heat transfer, the spark-ignition stochastic reactor model can mimic the randomness of turbulent flows that is missing in the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes modeling framework. The capability to predict cycle-to-cycle variations by the spark-ignition stochastic reactor model is extended by imposing two probability density functions. The probability density function for the scalar mixing time constant introduces a variation in the turbulent mixing time that is extracted from the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulations and leads to variations in the overall mixing process. The probability density function for the inflammation time accounts for the delay or advancement of the early flame development. The combination of unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes and spark-ignition stochastic reactor model enables one to predict cycle-to-cycle variations using detailed chemistry in a fraction of computational time needed for a single large eddy simulation cycle.

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18

Karim, M. M., M. M. Rahman, and M. A. Alim. "Computation of Axisymmetric Turbulent Viscous Flow Around Sphere." Journal of Scientific Research 1, no. 2 (April 22, 2009): 209–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v1i2.1286.

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Axisymmetric turbulent viscous flow around sphere is computed using finite volume method based on Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations.Â Two-dimensional axisymmetric flow solver has been used to analyze flow at Reynolds number of 5Ã106. Spalart-Allmaras (S-A) and shear stress transport (SST) k-Ï turbulence models are used to capture turbulent viscous flow. The numerical results in terms of the skin friction coefficient, pressure coefficient and drag coefficient for different Reynolds numbers have been shown either graphically or in the tabular form. Velocity vectors have been displayed graphically. The computed results show good agreement with published experimental measurements. Keywords: Axisymmetric body of revolution; Sphere; Viscous drag; CFD; Turbulence model; Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations. © 2009 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved. DOI: 10.3329/jsr.v1i2.1286

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19

Forsythe, James R., Klaus A. Hoffmann, Russell M. Cummings, and Kyle D. Squires. "Detached-Eddy Simulation With Compressibility Corrections Applied to a Supersonic Axisymmetric Base Flow." Journal of Fluids Engineering 124, no. 4 (December 1, 2002): 911–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1517572.

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Detached-eddy simulation is applied to an axisymmetric base flow at supersonic conditions. Detached-eddy simulation is a hybrid approach to modeling turbulence that combines the best features of the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes and large-eddy simulation approaches. In the Reynolds-averaged mode, the model is currently based on either the Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model or Menter’s shear stress transport model; in the large-eddy simulation mode, it is based on the Smagorinski subgrid scale model. The intended application of detached-eddy simulation is the treatment of massively separated, high-Reynolds number flows over complex configurations (entire aircraft, automobiles, etc.). Because of the intented future application of the methods to complex configurations, Cobalt, an unstructured grid Navier-Stokes solver, is used. The current work incorporates compressible shear layer corrections in both the Spalart-Allmaras and shear stress transport-based detached-eddy simulation models. The effect of these corrections on both detached-eddy simulation and Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes models is examined, and comparisons are made to the experiments of Herrin and Dutton. Solutions are obtained on several grids—both structured and unstructured—to test the sensitivity of the models and code to grid refinement and grid type. The results show that predictions of base flows using detached-eddy simulation compare very well with available experimental data, including turbulence quantities in the wake of the axisymmetric body.

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20

Srinivasan, S., and O. Baysal. "Navier-Stokes Calculations of Transonic Flows Past Cavities." Journal of Fluids Engineering 113, no. 3 (September 1, 1991): 368–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2909506.

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Presented in this paper is a computational investigation of subsonic and transonic flows past three-dimensional deep and transitional cavities. Simulations of these self-induced oscillatory flows have been generated through time-accurate solutions of the Reynolds averaged, full Navier-Stokes equations, using the explicit MacCormack scheme. The Reynolds stresses have been included through the Baldwin-Lomax algebraic turbulence model with certain modifications. The computational results include instantaneous and time averaged flow properties. The results of an experimental investigation have been used not only to validate the time-averaged results, but also to investigate the effects of varying the Mach number and the incoming boundary-layer thickness. Time series analyses have been performed for the instantaneous pressure values on the cavity floor and compared with the results obtained by a predictive formula. While most of the comparisons have been favorable, some discrepancies have been observed, particularly on the rear face. The present results help understanding the three-dimensional and unsteady features of the separations, vortices, the shear layer, as well as some of the aeroacoustic phenomena of compressible cavity flows.

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21

Shi, Yuejun, and Seongkyu Lee. "Numerical study of 3-D finlets using Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes computational fluid dynamics for trailing edge noise reduction." International Journal of Aeroacoustics 19, no. 1-2 (March 2020): 95–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475472x20905053.

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This paper uses Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes computational fluid dynamics to study trailing edge noise reduction with 3-D finlets. Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes computational fluid dynamics provides boundary layer parameters near a trailing edge for an empirical wall pressure spectrum model, and then an acoustic model predicts far-field noise based on pressure fluctuations obtained from the wall pressure spectrum model. First, this numerical approach is validated against experiments. Second, a comprehensive trend analysis is conducted to give insight into the design of 3-D finlets under different flow conditions. A data-driven turbulence spanwise length scale model is developed to tackle finlets with small spacing. Combined with acoustic results, detailed computational flow field results are analyzed to understand the physical mechanism of noise reduction. While the major part of the proposed mechanism is the same as prior work, several new observations are shown which better understand the physical mechanism of noise reduction with 3-D finlets. The goals of the current paper are to provide an efficient Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes-based approach to predict trailing edge noise of 3-D finlets, to give complete trend analysis results with various finlets under different flow conditions, and to advance an understanding of the underlying physics.

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Warudkar, Vilas, Pramod Sharma, and Siraj Ahmed. "Evaluation of two wind flow models for wind resource assessment for a site." E3S Web of Conferences 167 (2020): 05001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016705001.

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There are different numerical wind flow models are existing to simulate atmosphere flows. The conventional approach has been relying on JacksonHunt linear wind flow models, computational fluid dynamics and Reynolds- averaged Navier Stokes models has been explored in research to predict wind resource for a site. The present work aims to analyze the performance of two wind flow models to predict the variation of wind speed. The two are 1) WAsP (linear JacksonHunt model) and 2) CFD/RANS models. The wind flow numerical models are compared with high-quality measurements from single meteorological mast. It has been found that the root meant square error for the WAsP model is 23% greater than the Reynolds- averaged Navier Stokes model.

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Pedersen, Øyvind, Gábor Fleit, Elena Pummer, Blake P. Tullis, and Nils Rüther. "Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes Modeling of Submerged Ogee Weirs." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 144, no. 1 (January 2018): 04017059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ir.1943-4774.0001266.

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Senocak, Inanc, Wei Shyy, and Stein Tore Johansen. "STATISTICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF UNSTEADY REYNOLDS-AVERAGED NAVIER–STOKES SIMULATIONS." Numerical Heat Transfer, Part B: Fundamentals 47, no. 1 (December 9, 2004): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10407790490515792.

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Song, Xiliang, Zhongjun Yu, Chengjiang Liu, and Gong Cheng. "Calibration of RANS model constant based on data assimilation and accurate simulation of separated flow." AIP Advances 12, no. 9 (September 1, 2022): 095324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0103253.

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To improve the prediction accuracy of separated flow based on the Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes model, the model constants of the baseline Reynolds stress model are calibrated by the ensemble Kalman filter data assimilation method. The separated flow in a diffuser is taken as the object, and the wall pressure coefficients of the diffuser are used as the driving data. The results show that the method that recalibrates the model constants based on data assimilation is easy to implement and is an effective method. The wall pressure coefficients and the separation regions of the diffuser predicted by the baseline Reynolds stress model with the default model constants deviate greatly from the experimental observations. By recalibrating the model constants, the prediction accuracy of separated flow based on the baseline Reynolds stress model is improved. This provides an idea for the accurate simulation of separated flow based on the Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes model in engineering applications.

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Girimaji, Sharath S., Eunhwan Jeong, and Ravi Srinivasan. "Partially Averaged Navier-Stokes Method for Turbulence: Fixed Point Analysis and Comparison With Unsteady Partially Averaged Navier-Stokes." Journal of Applied Mechanics 73, no. 3 (November 8, 2005): 422–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2173677.

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Hybrid/bridging models that combine the advantages of Reynolds averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) method and large-eddy simulations are being increasingly used for simulating turbulent flows with large-scale unsteadiness. The objective is to obtain accurate estimates of important large-scale fluctuations at a reasonable cost. In order to be effective, these bridging methods must posses the correct “energetics”: that is, the right balance between production (P) and dissipation (ε). If the model production-to-dissipation ratio (P∕ε) is inconsistent with turbulence physics at that cutoff, the computations will be unsuccessful. In this paper, we perform fixed-point analyses of two bridging models—partially-averaged Navier Stokes (PANS) and unsteady RANS (URANS)—to examine the behavior of production-to-dissipation ratio. It is shown that the URANS-(P∕ε) ratio is too high rendering it incapable of resolving much of the fluctuations. On the other hand, the PANS-(P∕ε) ratio allows the model to vary smoothly from RANS to DNS depending upon the values of its resolution control parameters.

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27

Fu, Yao, Tong Wang, and Chuangang Gu. "Experimental and numerical analyses of gas–solid-multiphase jet in cross-flow." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 227, no. 1 (January 9, 2012): 61–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954410011429420.

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In this article, jet influence on a gas–solid-multiphase channel flow was experimentally and numerically studied. The jet flow was found to have a diameter-selective controlling effect on the particles’ distribution. Jet flow formed a gas barrier in the channel for particles. While tiny particles could travel around and large particles could travel through, only particles on the 10 -µm scale were obviously affected. Three different calculation methods, Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes, unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes, and detached eddy simulation, were used to simulate this multiphase flow. By comparing the calculation results to the experimental results, it is found that all the three calculation methods could capture the basic phenomenon in the mean flow field. Nevertheless, there exist great differences in the transient flow field and particle distribution.

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Koukouvinis, Phoevos, Homa Naseri, and Manolis Gavaises. "Performance of turbulence and cavitation models in prediction of incipient and developed cavitation." International Journal of Engine Research 18, no. 4 (July 28, 2016): 333–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087416658604.

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The aim of this article is to assess the impact of turbulence and cavitation models on the prediction of diesel injector nozzle flow. Two nozzles are examined, an enlarged one, operating at incipient cavitation, and an industrial injector tip, operating at developed cavitation. The turbulence model employed includes the re-normalization group k–ε, realizable k–ε and k–ω shear stress transport Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes models; linear pressure–strain Reynolds stress model and the wall adapting local eddy viscosity large eddy simulation model. The results indicate that all Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes and the Reynolds stress turbulence models have failed to predict cavitation inception due to their limitation to resolve adequately the low pressure existing inside vortex cores, which is responsible for cavitation development in this particular flow configuration. Moreover, Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes models failed to predict unsteady cavitation phenomena in the industrial injector. However, the wall adapting local eddy viscosity large eddy simulation model was able to predict incipient and developed cavitation, while also capturing the shear layer instability, vortex shedding and cavitating vortex formation. Furthermore, the performance of two cavitation methodologies is discussed within the large eddy simulation framework. In particular, a barotropic model and a mixture model based on the asymptotic Rayleigh–Plesset equation of bubble dynamics have been tested. The results indicate that although the solved equations and phase change formulation are different in these models, the predicted cavitation and flow field were very similar at incipient cavitation conditions. At developed cavitation conditions, standard cavitation models may predict unrealistically high liquid tension, so modifications may be essential. It is also concluded that accurate turbulence representation is crucial for cavitation in nozzle flows.

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Vu, T. C., and W. Shyy. "Navier-Stokes Computation of Radial Inflow Turbine Distributor." Journal of Fluids Engineering 110, no. 1 (March 1, 1988): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3243505.

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A two-dimensional flow analysis of a radial inflow turbine distributor using full steady-state Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations is made. The numerical prediction of the total energy loss and the wicket gate torque is compared with experimental data. Also, a parametric study is carried out in order to evaluate the behavior of the numerical algorithm.

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30

Pecnik, René, Vincent E. Terrapon, Frank Ham, Gianluca Iaccarino, and Heinz Pitsch. "Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes Simulations of the HyShot II Scramjet." AIAA Journal 50, no. 8 (August 2012): 1717–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.j051473.

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31

Chyczewski, Tom. "Steady Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes Equation-Based Buffeting Loads Estimation." AIAA Journal 55, no. 6 (June 2017): 1920–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.j055463.

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32

Emory, Michael, Johan Larsson, and Gianluca Iaccarino. "Modeling of structural uncertainties in Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes closures." Physics of Fluids 25, no. 11 (November 2013): 110822. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4824659.

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33

Eça, L., M. Hoekstra, and G. Vaz. "Manufactured solutions for steady-flow Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes solvers." International Journal of Computational Fluid Dynamics 26, no. 5 (June 2012): 313–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10618562.2012.717617.

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34

Rhee, Gwang H., and Hyung J. Sung. "Generation of inflow conditions in Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes closure." AIAA Journal 38 (January 2000): 545–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/3.14445.

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35

Romanelli, Michele, Samir Beneddine, Ivan Mary, Héloïse Beaugendre, Michel Bergmann, and Denis Sipp. "Data-driven wall models for Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes simulations." International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 99 (February 2023): 109097. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2022.109097.

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36

Foures, Dimitry P. G., Nicolas Dovetta, Denis Sipp, and Peter J. Schmid. "A data-assimilation method for Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes-driven mean flow reconstruction." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 759 (November 4, 2014): 404–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2014.566.

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AbstractWe present a data-assimilation technique based on a variational formulation and a Lagrange multipliers approach to enforce the Navier–Stokes equations. A general operator (referred to as the measure operator) is defined in order to mathematically describe an experimental measure. The presented method is applied to the case of mean flow measurements. Such a flow can be described by the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations, which can be formulated as the classical Navier–Stokes equations driven by a forcing term involving the Reynolds stresses. The stress term is an unknown of the equations and is thus chosen as the control parameter in our study. The data-assimilation algorithm is derived to minimize the error between a mean flow measurement and the measure performed on a numerical solution of the steady, forced Navier–Stokes equations; the optimal forcing is found when this error is minimal. We demonstrate the developed data-assimilation framework on a test case: the two-dimensional flow around an infinite cylinder at a Reynolds number of $\mathit{Re}=150$. The mean flow is computed by time-averaging instantaneous flow fields from a direct numerical simulation (DNS). We then perform several ‘measures’ on this mean flow and apply the data-assimilation method to reconstruct the full mean flow field. Spatial interpolation, extrapolation, state vector reconstruction and noise filtering are considered independently. The efficacy of the developed identification algorithm is quantified for each of these cases and compared with more traditional methods when possible. We also analyse the identified forcing in terms of unsteadiness characterization, present a way to recover the second-order statistical moments of the fluctuating velocities and finally explore the possibility of pressure reconstruction from velocity measurements.

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37

Alekseyenko, S. V. "NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF SUBSONIC FLOW OVER A PROFILE." Journal of Rocket-Space Technology 26, no. 4 (September 5, 2018): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/451802.

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A methodology and software-methodical support for describing the processes of flow around a wing profile by a viscous compressible flow based on the Reynolds-averaged Navier – Stokes equations using the Spalart – Almaras turbulence model is developed. The effect of Mach number variation at constant Reynolds number on the profile performance coefficients is analyzed.

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38

Ryu, Sungmin. "A Mathematically Exact and Well-Determined System of Equations to Close Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes Equations." Mathematics 11, no. 24 (December 11, 2023): 4926. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math11244926.

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Since Sir Osborne Reynolds presented the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations in 1895, the construction of complete closure for RANS equations has been regarded as extremely challenging. Taking into account that the Navier–Stokes equations are not coherent for instantaneous and mean flows, a body of knowledge outside the scope of classical mechanics may be amenable to the closure problem. In this regard, the methodology of physics-to-geometry transformation, which is coherent for both flows, is applied to RANS equations to construct six additional equations. The proposed equations stand out from existing RANS closure models and turbulence quantity transport equations in two respects: they are mathematically exact and well-determined.

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39

Kinnas, Spyros A. "VIScous Vorticity Equation (VISVE) for Turbulent 2-D Flows with Variable Density and Viscosity." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 3 (March 11, 2020): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8030191.

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The general vorticity equation for turbulent compressible 2-D flows with variable viscosity is derived, based on the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations, and simplified versions of it are presented in the case of turbulent or cavitating flows around 2-D hydrofoils.

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Vakhrushev, Aleksandr, and Eugene Molchanov. "Hydrodynamic Modeling of Electrocodeposition on a Rotating Cylinder Electrode." Key Engineering Materials 654 (July 2015): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.654.29.

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The mathematical model of hydrodynamic mathematical modeling of copper electrodeposition on rotating cylinder electrode are presented. Mass transfer of electrolyte ions is described by diffusion-convection equation. Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations with Low Reynolds k-e model are used to describe turbulent flow of electrolyte. The results of mathematical modeling are in good agreement with the published experimental data

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41

Vu, T. C., and W. Shyy. "Navier-Stokes Flow Analysis for Hydraulic Turbine Draft Tubes." Journal of Fluids Engineering 112, no. 2 (June 1, 1990): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2909388.

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Three-dimensional turbulent viscous flow analyses for hydraulic turbine elbow draft tubes are performed by solving Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations closed with a two-equation turbulence model. The predicted pressure recovery factor and flow behavior in the draft tube with a wide range of swirling flows at the inlet agree well with experimental data. During the validation of the Navier-Stokes flow analysis, particular attention was paid to the effect of grid size on the accuracy of the numerical result and the importance of accurately specifying the inlet flow condition.

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42

Arnone, A., and R. C. Swanson. "A Navier–Stokes Solver for Turbomachinery Applications." Journal of Turbomachinery 115, no. 2 (April 1, 1993): 305–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2929236.

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A computer code for solving the Reynolds-averaged full Navier–Stokes equations has been developed and applied using H- and C-type grids. The Baldwin–Lomax eddy-viscosity model is used for turbulence closure. The integration in time is based on an explicit four-stage Runge–Kutta scheme. Local time stepping, variable coefficient implicit residual smoothing, and a full multigrid method have been implemented to accelerate steady-state calculations. A grid independence analysis is presented for a transonic rotor blade. Comparisons with experimental data show that the code is an accurate viscous solver and can give very good blade-to-blade predictions for engineering applications.

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43

Priambodo, Doni, Yongky Sanjaya, Prasanti Widyasih Sarli, and Herlien Dwiarti Setio. "Numerical Modelling of Wind Flow In Street Canyon Between High-Rise Buildings with Angle of Attack Modifications." MEDIA KOMUNIKASI TEKNIK SIPIL 28, no. 2 (January 30, 2023): 202–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/mkts.v28i2.37220.

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In fluid dynamics analysis, one of the things to do is to perform numerical modeling validated on the resultsof experimentation. In numerical modeling of wind flow there are several forms of modeling used includingRANS, LES, DNS, etc. where the modeling has its own advantages and disadvantages. Among these models,RANS is a model that has the cheapest computer expense compared to other models so that it has the highestworkability. Therefore, rans method testing (Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes) was conducted to determinethe capability of turbulence models in checking wind speed contours on the road between 4 simplesymmetrical tall buildings with 0o, 30o, and 45o attack an gles validated with the results ofexperimentation. This research was conducted using RANS modeling (Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes) andstandard turbulence model k-ε and validated using Low Speed Wind Tunnel and PIV (Particle ImageVelocimetry). According to the results of the test, U/Uo wind speed conditions obtained in wind modelingwith RANS and k-ε standards have errors that are still acceptable.

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44

Liu, Jing Yuan, and Chun Hian Lee. "Development of A Two-Equation Turbulence Model for Hypersonic Shock Wave and Turbulent Boundary Layer Interaction." Applied Mechanics and Materials 66-68 (July 2011): 1868–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.66-68.1868.

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For hypersonic compressible turbulence, the correlations with respect to the density fluctuation must not be neglected. A Reynolds averaged K-ε model is proposed in the present paper to include these correlations, together with the Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations to describe the mean flowfield. The K-equation is obtained from Reynolds averaged single-point second moment equations which are deduced from the instantaneous compressible Navier-Stokes equations. Under certain hypotheses and scales estimation of the compressible terms, the K-equation is simplified. The correlation terms of the fluctuation field appearing in the resulting K-equation, together with a conventional form of the ε-equation, are thus correlated with the variables in the average field. The new modeling coefficients of closure terms are optimized by computing the hypersonic turbulent flat-plate measured by Coleman and Stollery [J. Fliud Mech., Vol. 56 (1972), p. 741]. The proposed model is then applied to simulate hypersonic turbulent flows over a wedge compression corner angle of 34 degree. The predicting results compare favorably with the experimental results. Also, comparisons are made with other turbulence models. Additionally, an entropy modification function of Harten-Yee’s TVD scheme is introduced to reduce artificial diffusion near boundary layers and provide the required artificial diffusion to capture the shockwaves simultaneously.

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45

Troldborg, Niels, Niels N. Sørensen, and Frederik Zahle. "Immersed boundary method for the incompressible Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes equations." Computers & Fluids 237 (April 2022): 105340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compfluid.2022.105340.

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46

Li, Haochen, and John Sansalone. "Benchmarking Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes Turbulence Models for Water Clarification Systems." Journal of Environmental Engineering 147, no. 9 (September 2021): 04021031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ee.1943-7870.0001889.

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47

Vatsa, Veer N., and Eli Turkel. "Simulation of Synthetic Jets Using Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes Equations." AIAA Journal 44, no. 2 (February 2006): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.13535.

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48

Mahjoob, Shadi, and Mohammad Taeibi-Rahni. "Parameters Affecting Turbulent Film Cooling-Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes Computational Simulation." Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 20, no. 1 (January 2006): 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.14616.

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49

Glegg, Stewart, Bruce Morin, Oliver Atassi, and Ramons Reba. "Using Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes Calculations to Predict Trailing-Edge Noise." AIAA Journal 48, no. 7 (July 2010): 1290–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.38836.

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50

Lardeau, S., and M. A. Leschziner. "Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes Computations of Transitional Wake/Blade Interaction." AIAA Journal 42, no. 8 (August 2004): 1559–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.4608.

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