Journal articles on the topic 'Equalizer'
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1
Simerjeet Kaur, Dr Kamal Kumar Sharma, and Mr. Navnidhi Sharma. "Analysis of BER Improvement of Adaptive Equalizer using CE and STB code." International Journal of Research in Informative Science Application & Techniques (IJRISAT) 3, no. 6 (June 25, 2019): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.46828/ijrisat.v3i6.132.
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In a wireless communication channel, when the modulation bandwidth is exceeding the coherence bandwidth ISI takes place as the transmitted pulses are spread into the adjacent symbols. To combat the effects of ISI and noise and to reconstruct the signal and minimize Bit Error Rate (BER), the adaptive channel equalizer is used at the receiver end. Various kinds of interferences in a communication channel exists like Inter symbol Interference, Multipath Interference and Additive Interference which deals with the design of an Adaptive Equalizer. The idea of the equalizer is to build filter in the receiver that counter acts the effect of the channel. In essence, the equalizer must “unscatter” the impulse response and can be stated as the goal of designing the equalizer E so that the impulse response of the combined channel and equalizer CE has a single spike. We investigate channel equalization and introduce hierarchical and adaptive nonlinear channel equalization algorithms that are highly efficient and provide significantly enhanced bit error rate (BER) performance. Due to the high complexity of nonlinear equalizers and poor performance of linear ones, to equalize highly difficult channels, we employ piecewise linear equalizers.
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Akande, Damilare O., Zachaeus K. Adeyemo, Olakunle O. Arowolo, Olasunkanmi F. Oseni, and Oluwole O. Obanisola. "Hybridization of zero forcing-minimum mean square error equalizer in multiple input multiple output system." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 26, no. 2 (May 1, 2022): 836. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v26.i2.pp836-845.
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Transmission of high data rate over multipath environment is associated with many wireless applications. However, this transmission results in high delay which leads to ISI distortion and causes high error. The existing LE in MIMO systems such as ZF equalizer used in addressing this problem reduces the ISI distortion completely but results in noise amplification. Likewise, MMSE equalizer only reduces the noise but cannot eliminate ISI. Therefore, this paper proposed a hybrid LE for Wi-Fi over Weibull fading channel. The hybridized ZF-MMSE equalizer was developed using conventional ZF and MMSE equalizers. Digital transmitted signal propagated over Weibull fading channel is received at the receiver through multiple antennas and then combined using MRC. The combined signal is then equalized using hybrid ZF-MMSE to eliminate both the ISI and the amplified noise. The developed model was simulated in MATLAB software environment and evaluation was performed using BER and Pout. The results obtained revealed that the hybrid ZF-MMSE equalizer gave better performance over existing equalizers in a MIMO system. Therefore, the proposed equalizer will help improve the performance of the Wi-Fi technology.
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Pinchas, Monika. "Convolutional Noise PDF at the Convergence State of a Blind Adaptive Equalizer." MATEC Web of Conferences 210 (2018): 05003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201821005003.
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In the literature, the convolutional noise obtained at the output of a blind adaptive equalizer, is often modeled as a Gaussian process during the latter stages of the deconvolution process where the process is close to optimality. However, up to now, no strong mathematical basis was given supporting this phenomenon. Furthermore, no closed-form or closed-form approximated expression is given that shows what are the constraints on the system’s parameters (equalizer’s tap-length, input signal statistics, channel power, chosen equalization method and step-size parameter) for which the assumption of a Gaussian model for the convolutional noise holds. In this paper, we consider the two independent quadrature carrier input case and type of blind adaptive equalizers where the error that is fed into the adaptive mechanism which updates the equalizer’s taps can be expressed as a polynomial function of the equalized output up to order three. We show based on strong mathematical basis that the convolutional noise pdf at the latter stages of the deconvolution process where the process is close to optimality, is approximately Gaussian if complying on some constraints depending on the step-size parameter, input constellation statistics, channel power, chosen equalization method and equalizer’s tap-length. Simulation results confirm our findings.
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Arie, Dana, and Gilad Katz. "Electrical Equalization Analysis of PAM-4 Transmission in Short-Reach Optical Systems." Applied Sciences 12, no. 4 (February 21, 2022): 2255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12042255.
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Inclusive and intensive performance analysis of electrical equalizers in a short-reach optical system using four-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4) is presented in this paper. Two equalizers are used—a feedforward equalizer and decision feedback equalizer using the least mean square algorithm. The sensitivity to cut-off frequency for the transmitter and receiver filters, fiber length and number of equalizers taps in the means of the bit error rate vs. optical input power are shown. The analysis reveals the considerable impact of the filters’ bandwidth, particularly in the receiver, on the equalizer performance. These results and their reasons are analyzed and broadly discussed.
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Sewter, Jonathan, and Anthony Chan Carusone. "Equalizer Architectures for 40-Gb/s Optical Systems Limited by Polarization-Mode Dispersion." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 15, no. 03 (September 2005): 549–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156405003326.
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An analysis of first-order polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) effects in a 40-Gb/s optical system is used to compare different electronic equalizer architectures as potential PMD compensators. Both linear and nonlinear equalizers are considered employing symbol-spaced and fractionally-spaced taps. It is found that a decision feedback equalizer consisting of a 3-tap symbol-spaced feedforward equalizer and a 1-tap feedback equalizer effectively eliminates PMD as the dominant length-limiting factor in most 40-Gb/s optical systems. Such an equalizer would entail less complexity than several previously reported electronic PMD compensators.
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HANUMOLU, PAVAN KUMAR, GU-YEON WEI, and UN-KU MOON. "EQUALIZERS FOR HIGH-SPEED SERIAL LINKS." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 15, no. 02 (June 2005): 429–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156405003259.
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In this tutorial paper we present equalization techniques to mitigate inter-symbol interference (ISI) in high-speed communication links. Both transmit and receive equalizers are analyzed and high-speed circuits implementing them are presented. It is shown that a digital transmit equalizer is the simplest to design, while a continuous-time receive equalizer generally provides better performance. Decision feedback equalizer (DFE) is described and the loop latency problem is addressed. Finally, techniques to set the equalizer parameters adaptively are presented.
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Lu, Chusheng, Longyun Kang, Shubiao Wang, Zefeng Wang, and Huabing Rao. "A Novel Inductor-Based Non-Dissipative Equalizer." Energies 11, no. 10 (October 18, 2018): 2816. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11102816.
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Large numbers of non-dissipative equalizers have been proposed for solving the inconsistency problem of lithium battery strings. However, these equalizers face problems such as slow speed or using excessively large numbers of energy storage elements. This paper improved a multiple switch-inductors equalizer (MSIE), and proposed a novel inductor-based non-dissipative equalizer (NIBNDE). A simulation is built to compare the NIBNDE with two other equalizers, which indicated that the NIBNDE can reduce the number of energy storage elements while remaining at a good equalization speed. Experimental results validate the analysis of the simulation and the feasibility of the NIBNDE.
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Xu, Peng, Longyun Kang, Di Xie, Xuan Luo, and Hongye Lin. "A Switch-Reduced Multicell-to-Multicell Battery Equalizer Based on Full-Bridge Bipolar-Resonant LC Converter." Batteries 8, no. 6 (June 3, 2022): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries8060053.
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Many battery equalizers have been proposed to achieve voltage consistency between series connected battery cells. Among them, the multicell-to-multicell (MC2MC) equalizers, which can directly transfer energy from consecutive more-charged cells to less-charged cells, can enable fast balancing and a high efficiency. However, due to the limitations of the equalizers, it is not possible to achieve fast equalization and reduce the size of the circuit at the same time. Therefore, a MC2MC equalizer based on a full-bridge bipolar-resonant LC Converter (FBBRLCC) is proposed in this paper, which not only implements MC2MC equalization, but also greatly reduces the circuit size by reducing the number of switches by nearly half. A mathematical model and simulation comparison with conventional equalizers are used to illustrate the high-speed equalization performance of the proposed equalizer and excellent balancing efficiency. An experimental prototype for eight cells is built to verify the performance of the proposed FBBRLCC equalizer and the balancing efficiencies in different operating modes are from 85.19% to 88.77% with the average power from 1.888 W to 14.227 W.
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Sirithummachak, P., and C. Benjangkaprasert. "Adaptive Equalizer for DS-CDMA Multi-User Communication System Using Sign-Algorithm Based on Laguerre Filter Structure." Applied Mechanics and Materials 548-549 (April 2014): 1231–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.548-549.1231.
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This paper proposes a sign-algorithm based on adaptive Laguerre filter structure for improving the performance of the direct sequence-code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) communication system. The proposed adaptive equalizer employs a combination of sign and least mean square (LMS) algorithms to minimizing the effect of inter-symbol interference (ISI) that arises due to multipath propagation, and the computational complexity of equalizer. The performance of proposed equalizer was compared with traditional equalizers such as LMS and RLS algorithms in terms of varying path. The function detail and performance results of the proposed equalizer are described by computer simulations in terms of the bit error rate (BER).
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Wang, Jiayu, Shuailong Dai, Xi Chen, Xiang Zhang, and Zhifei Shan. "Bidirectional Multi-Input and Multi-Output Energy Equalization Circuit for the Li-Ion Battery String Based on the Game Theory." Complexity 2019 (June 13, 2019): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7081784.
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Energy inconsistency among Li-ion battery cells widely exists in energy storage systems, which contributes to the continuous deterioration of the system durability and overall performance. Researchers have proposed various kinds of battery energy equalizers to reduce such inconsistency. Among them, the inductor equalizer is a predominant type in fast equalization applications. However, it requires relatively more complex control than other types of equalizers. In order to reduce the control complexity of inductor equalizers, a bidirectional multi-input and multi-output energy equalization circuit based on the game theory is proposed in the present work. The proposed equalizer has the modularized circuit topology and the mutually independent working principle. A static game model is developed and exploited for the mathematical description and control analysis of an energy equalization circuit comprised of these equalizers. The feasible control of each equalizer was obtained by solving a series of linear equations for the Nash Equilibrium of the model among the states of charge of the battery cells. The complexity of equations grows linearly with the cell number. The equivalent simulation model for the four-cell equalization is established in the PISM software, where the operational data and simulation results justify the static game model and verify the control validation, respectively. It is concluded that the proposed inductor equalizer is suitable for large-scale battery strings in energy storage systems, electrical vehicles, and new energy power generation applications.
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Assaf, Mohammad Rizk, and Abdel-Nasser Assimi. "An Enhanced Two Stage MMSE Equalizer for Coded FBMC/OQAM Systems." International Journal of Embedded and Real-Time Communication Systems 10, no. 1 (January 2019): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijertcs.2019010104.
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In this article, the authors investigate the enhanced two stage MMSE (TS-MMSE) equalizer in bit-interleaved coded FBMC/OQAM system which gives a tradeoff between complexity and performance, since error correcting codes limits error propagation, so this allows the equalizer to remove not only ICI but also ISI in the second stage. The proposed equalizer has shown less design complexity compared to the other MMSE equalizers. The obtained results show that the probability of error is improved where SNR gain reaches 2 dB measured at BER compared with ICI cancellation for different types of modulation schemes and ITU Vehicular B channel model. Some simulation results are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed equalizer.
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Jiang, Wen, Lei Han, and Xiao Ping Liao. "Design of Microwave Reconfigurable Equalizer Based on MEMS Technology." Key Engineering Materials 609-610 (April 2014): 696–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.609-610.696.
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In this paper, based on the design theory of CPW equalizer with low VSWR, microwave reconfigurable equalizers with various equalization curves have been designed. The combined structures of the reconfigurable equalizer with low VSWR and small sizes via MEMS switches have been optimized by ADS and HFSS software. The equalizer can be used in the frequency range from 20GHz to 24GHz. With the control of switches, the reconfigurable equalizer can realize the variation of the equalization curves and achieve the minimal insertion losses of around-1dB, respectively. In order to improve the minimal insertion losses, a matched structure has been presented. The matched structure reduces the minimal insertion losses compared with the former structure significantly.
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Tuzlukov, Vyacheslav. "Generalized Receiver with Decision-Feedback Equalizer for Multicode Wideband DS-CDMA." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 21 (September 1, 2022): 202–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23201.2022.21.23.
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In the present paper, a chip-level minimum mean-square-error (MMSE) decision-feedback equalizer for the downlink receiver of multicode wideband direct sequence code-division multiple access (DS-CDMA) wireless communication systems over frequency-selective channels is investigated. Firstly, the MMSE per sym-bol achievable by an optimal decision-feedback equalizer is derived, assuming that all interchip interference (ICI) of the desired user can be eliminated. The MMSE of the decision-feedback equalizer is always less than or at most equal to that of linear equalizers. When all the active codes belong to the desired user, the ideal deci-sion-feedback equalizer is able to eliminate multicode interference and approach the performance of the single-code case at high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) range. Secondly, we apply the hypothesis-feedback equalizer or tentative-chip decision-feedback equalizer in the multicode scenario. The tentative-chip decision-feedback equ-alizer outperforms the chip-level linear equalizer and the decision-feedback equalizer that only feeds back the symbols already decided. The performance gain increases with SNR, but decreases with the number of active codes owned by the other users. When all the active codes are assigned to the desired user, the tentative-chip decision-feedback equalizer eliminates the multicode interference and achieves single-user performance at the high SNR, similarly, to the ideal decision-feedback equalizer. The asymptotic performance of the decision-feed-back equalizer is confirmed through the bit error rate (BER) simulation over various channels.
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Berardi, Stefano. "Equalization of finite flowers." Journal of Symbolic Logic 53, no. 1 (March 1988): 105–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022481200028966.
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A dilator D is a functor from ON to itself commuting with direct limits and pull-backs. A dilator D is a flower iff D(x) is continuous. A flower F is regular iff F(x) is strictly increasing and F(f)(F(z)) = F(f(z)) (for f ϵ ON(x,y), z ϵ X).Equalization is the following axiom: if F, G ϵ Flr (class of regular flowers), then there is an H ϵ Flr such that F ° H = G ° H. From this we can deduce that if ℱ is a set ⊆ Flr, then there is an H ϵ Flr which is the smallest equalizer of ℱ (it can be said that H equalizes ℱ iff for every F, G ϵ ℱ we have F ° H = G ° H). Equalization is not provable in set theory because equalization for denumerable flowers is equivalent to -determinacy (see a forthcoming paper by Girard and Kechris).Therefore it is interesting to effectively find, by elementary means, equalizers even in the simplest cases. The aim of this paper is to prove Girard and Kechris's conjecture: “ is the (smallest) equalizer for Flr < ω” (where Flr < ω denotes the set of finite regular flowers). We will verify that is an equalizer of Flr < ω; we will sketch the proof that it is the smallest one at the end of the paper. We will denote by H.
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Ding, Wei, Tao Xu, Min Song, and Wei Gu. "Parallel Channel Equalizer for Mobile OFDM Baseband Receivers." Applied Mechanics and Materials 333-335 (July 2013): 640–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.333-335.640.
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Mobile OFDM refers to OFDM systems with fast moving transceivers, contrastive to traditional OFDM systems whose transceivers are stationary or with a low velocity. An efficient implementation of the channel equalization for mobile OFDM is presented in this paper. Based on the particular OFDM subcarrier allocations, the channel equalizer is split into separated sub-equalizers, enabling a concurrent implementation. This parallel equalizer is implemented on an FPGA platform. The experimental results show that without an efficient design, mobile OFDM leads to an unacceptable hardware cost. The proposed parallel equalizer for mobile OFDM can compensate for time-varying channels, in which a traditional OFDM receiver fails to operate, although the paid price is that the hardware resource is reasonably increased.
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Palupi, Lucky Nindya, and Totok Winarno. "Analisis Inverse Pulse Position Modulation OFDM pada Komunikasi Ultra Wideband." Jurnal EECCIS (Electrics, Electronics, Communications, Controls, Informatics, Systems) 16, no. 2 (October 13, 2022): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/jeeccis.v16i2.693.
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Peningkatkan keandalan sistem multiband orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MB-OFDM) ultra-wideband (UWB) dengan memanfaatkan waktu bersama dan demodulasi domain frekuensi diharapkan dapat meningkatkan kinerja. Modulasi posisi pulsa terbalik (I-PPM) terinspirasi dari sistem pulse-OFDM dan lebih lanjut mengambil keuntungan dari posisi pulsa terbalik untuk modulasi domain waktu. Ini diterapkan setelah IFFT dengan membagi jumlah subcarrier untuk mengurangi kompleksitas dan konsumsi daya pada transceiver Dibandingkan dengan demodulasi domain frekuensi konvensional dalam OFDM, equalizer 2D yang diusulkan tidak hanya dapat mencapai probabilitas kesalahan bit (BEP) yang jauh lebih andal, tetapi juga menikmati rasio daya puncak-rata-rata (PAPR) yang sebanding melalui simulasi numerik. Di bawah kanal white Gaussian noise (AWGN) aditif, equaliser 2D (EGCt selektif + EGCf) dapat menghemat sekitar 6 dB dan 4 dB dibandingkan dengan equalizer 1D, domain frekuensi MRC dan EGC, masing-masing pada BER = 10-3. Selanjutnya, di bawah saluran fading Rayleigh, Equaliser 2D (EGCt dan MRCf selektif) mengungguli equalizer 1D, domain frekuensi MRC, sekitar 3,5 dB pada BER = 10-3. Teknik I-PPM MIMO OFDM dapat mencapai kinerja PAPR yang sebanding serta sistem transceiver antena tunggal.
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Murad, Mohsin, Imran A. Tasadduq, and Pablo Otero. "Pilot-Assisted OFDM for Underwater Acoustic Communication." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 12 (December 4, 2021): 1382. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9121382.
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Multicarrier techniques have made it possible to wirelessly transmit data at higher rates for underwater acoustic (UWA) communication. Several multicarrier techniques have been explored in the past for wireless data transmission. OFDM is known to fight off inter-symbol interference due to the orthogonality of its subcarriers. However, due to time variations, OFDM suffers from intercarrier interference. As the UWA channel is both a time and frequency variant, channel estimation becomes complex. We propose a pilot-based channel estimation technique and explore two equalizers for improving the error performance of an OFDM-based UWA system. Both the equalizers employ pilot subcarriers to estimate the UWA channel. One equalizer is a least squares (LS) equalizer and the other is a zero forcing (ZF) equalizer. Using computer simulations, it is observed that, for an acceptable error performance, the number of pilots should be one-fourth the number of subcarriers. Moreover, if the energy of the pilots is increased without changing the overall symbol energy, the error performance degrades. It is also noted that both the LS and ZF equalizers give an acceptable error performance with the ZF performing marginally better than the LS. Furthermore, the error performance of the proposed system is evaluated as a function of the transmitter-receiver distance and an acceptable error performance is observed even at 1250 m.
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Fakher, Abolqassem, Falih Alnahwi, and Majid Alwan. "Performance Evaluation of OFDM System with Insufficient CP Using LMS Equalizer under Harsh Multipath Conditions." Iraqi Journal for Electrical and Electronic Engineering 15, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 122–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.37917/ijeee.15.2.13.
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This paper presents an insufficient cyclic prefix (CP) Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system with equalizer whose coefficients are calculated using Least Mean Square (LMS) algorithm. The OFDM signal is passed through a channel with four multipath signals which cause the OFDM signal to be under high inter-symbol interference (ISI) and inter-carrier interference (ICI).8-QAM and 16-QAM digital modulation techniques are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed system. The simulation results have accentuated the high performance of the LMS equalizer via comparing its Bit Error Rate (BER) and constellation diagram with those of the Minimum Mean Square Error and Zero Forcing equalizers. Moreover, the results also reveal that the LMS equalizer provides BER performance close to that of the OFDM system with a hypothetical sufficient CP.
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Sarangi, Archana, Sasmita Kumari Padhy, Siba Prasada Panigrahi, and Shubhendu Kumar Sarangi. "GBF Trained Neuro-fuzzy Equalizer for Time Varying Channels." International Journal of Applied Evolutionary Computation 2, no. 3 (July 2011): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jaec.2011070103.
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This paper proposes a neuro-fuzzy filter for equalization of time-varying channels. Additionally, it proposes to tune the equalizer with a hybrid algorithm between Genetic Algorithms (GA) and Bacteria Foraging (BFO), termed as GBF. The major advantage of the method developed in this paper is that all parameters of the neuro-fuzzy network, including the rule base, are tuned simultaneously through the proposed hybrid algorithm of genetic Algorithm and bacteria foraging. The performance of the Neuro-Fuzzy equalizer designed using the proposed approach is compared with Genetic algorithm based equalizers. The results confirm that the methodology used in the paper is much better than existing approaches. The proposed hybrid algorithm also eliminates the limitations of GA based equalizer, i.e. the inherent characteristic of GA, i.e. GAs risk finding a sub-optimal solution.
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Yang, Ming Shan, Xiao Chao Meng, Jia Jia Yan, Wei Li, and Zhi Yong Qiu. "The Application of High Precision Three-Dimension Thermal Deformation Measurement on the Temperature Property Design of Microwave Equalizer." Advanced Materials Research 718-720 (July 2013): 1155–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.718-720.1155.
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Using the high precision three-dimension thermal deformation measurement equipment, the data of differential linear expansion coefficient of several materials used in microwave equalizer were got, and the thermal deformation of resonant cavity and the probe of typical structural were measured exactly. Therefore, the internal relationship between the thermal deformation and the shift of equalized property can be concluded. According to the precise data of the thermal deformation measured, the methods, such as materials compensation and structural compensation, were used to guarantee the properties of equalizer at different working temperatures.
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Zerdoumi, Zohra, Djamel Chikouche, and Djamel Benatia. "Multilayer Perceptron Based Equalizer with an Improved Back Propagation Algorithm for Nonlinear Channels." International Journal of Mobile Computing and Multimedia Communications 7, no. 3 (July 2016): 16–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijmcmc.2016070102.
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Neural network based equalizers can easily compensate channel impairments; such additive noise and inter symbol interference (ISI). The authors present a new approach to improve the training efficiency of the multilayer perceptron (MLP) based equalizer. Their improvement consists on modifying the back propagation (BP) algorithm, by adapting the activation function in addition to the other parameters of the MLP structure. The authors report on experiment results evaluating the performance of the proposed approach namely the back propagation with adaptive activation function (BPAAF) next to the BP algorithm. To further prove its effectiveness, the proposed approach is also compared beside a so known nonlinear equalizer explicitly the multilayer perceptron with decision feedback equalizer MLPDFE. The authors consider various performance measures specifically: signal resorted quality, lower steady state MSE reached and minimum bit error rate (BER) achieved, where nonlinear channel equalization problems are employed.
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Rämö, Jussi, Juho Liski, and Vesa Välimäki. "Third-Octave and Bark Graphic-Equalizer Design with Symmetric Band Filters." Applied Sciences 10, no. 4 (February 11, 2020): 1222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10041222.
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This work proposes graphic equalizer designs with third-octave and Bark frequency divisions using symmetric band filters with a prescribed Nyquist gain to reduce approximation errors. Both designs utilize an iterative weighted least-squares method to optimize the filter gains, accounting for the interaction between the different band filters, to ensure excellent accuracy. A third-octave graphic equalizer with a maximum magnitude-response error of 0.81 dB is obtained, which outperforms the previous state-of-the-art design. The corresponding error for the Bark equalizer, which is the first of its kind, is 1.26 dB. This paper also applies a recently proposed neural gain control in which the filter gains are predicted with a multilayer perceptron having two hidden layers. After the training, the resulting network quickly and accurately calculates the filter gains for third-order and Bark graphic equalizers with maximum errors of 0.86 dB and 1.32 dB, respectively, which are not much more than those of the corresponding weighted least-squares designs. Computing the filter gains is about 100 times faster with the neural network than with the original optimization method. The proposed designs are easy to apply and may thus lead to widespread use of accurate auditory graphic equalizers.
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Bouguerra, Fateh, and Lamir Saidi. "An Efficient ANN Interference Cancelation for High Order Modulation over Rayleigh Fading Channel." Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology 8 (December 28, 2018): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.26636/jtit.2018.125718.
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High order modulation (HOM) presents a key challenge in increasing spectrum efficiency in 4G and upcoming 5G communication systems. In this paper, two non-linear adaptive equalizer techniques based on multilayer perceptron (MLP) and radial basis function (RBF) are designed and applied on HOM to optimize its performance despite its high sensitivity to noise and channel distortions. The artificial neural network’s (ANN) adaptive equalizer architectures and learning methods are simplified to avoid more complexity and to ensure greater speed in symbol decision making. They will be compared with the following popular adaptive filters: least mean square (LMS) and recursive least squares (RLS), in terms of bit error rate (BER) and minimum square error (MSE) with 16, 64, 128, 256, 512 and 1024 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). By that, this work will show the advantage that the MLP equalizer has, in most cases, over RBF and traditional linear equalizers.
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Alvarez-Diazcomas, Alfredo, Adyr A. Estévez-Bén, Juvenal Rodríguez-Reséndiz, Miguel-Angel Martínez-Prado, and Jorge D. Mendiola-Santíbañez. "A Novel RC-Based Architecture for Cell Equalization in Electric Vehicles." Energies 13, no. 9 (May 8, 2020): 2349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13092349.
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Nowadays, research on electric vehicles is increasing because they have the potential to decrease greenhouse-gas emissions dramatically in the transport sector. For these types of vehicles, the battery is one of the main components. The traction system needs a cell series connection to fulfill the energy requirements. Nevertheless, batteries differ from each other due to a normal dispersion in their capacity, internal resistance, and self-discharge rate. This paper presents a novel battery equalizer circuit using an RC-based topology to equalize two adjacent cells of a battery pack. It has the advantage of merging a resistor-based equalizer, a capacitor-based equalizer, and an RC-based equalizer in one circuit. In this way, it is possible to limit the current stress in the components of the circuit. The proposed method increases the equalization time by 35% for a threshold current of 4 A. However, it is possible design the system for another threshold current. Finally, the complexity of the controller is not compromised in the proposed architecture. The operation, analysis, and design of the architecture are presented and compared to the classic schemes. The theoretical analysis is validated through simulation results.
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Wang, Shuxing, Yongfei Wang, Dewei Zhang, Yi Zhang, and Dongfang Zhou. "Design of Tunable Equalizers Using Multilayered Half Mode Substrate Integrated Waveguide Structures Added Absorbing Pillars." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/645638.
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An equalizer based on multilayered half mode substrate integrated waveguide (HMSIW) structures with highQ-factor, low loss, and compact size is proposed for the first time. Resonant cavities distributing in the upper substrate and the bottom substrate, with the middle substrate layer which works as the transmission line together, constitute a multilayer structure. The design method and theoretical analysis are summarized first. The mode analysis, simulated results, and measured results are all provided. The measured results show a good performance and are in agreement with the simulated results, and the maximum attenuation slope reaches −16 dB over 12.5 GHz~14.5 GHz. With the use of absorbing pillars, the attenuation andQvalue can be tuned more easily than the other planar equalizers. Compared with the SIW equalizer, the size of this structure reduces by 50%. Furthermore, this structure is suitable for the miniaturization development of equalizers.
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ZERDOUMI, Zohra, Fadila BENMEDDOUR, Latifa ABDOU, and Djamel BENATIA. "An Adaptive Sigmoidal Activation Function for Training Feed Forward Neural Network Equalizer." Eurasia Proceedings of Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics 14 (December 31, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.55549/epstem.1050144.
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Feed for word neural networks (FFNN) have attracted a great attention, in digital communication area. Especially they are investigated as nonlinear equalizers at the receiver, to mitigate channel distortions and additive noise. The major drawback of the FFNN is their extensive training. We present a new approach to enhance their training efficiency by adapting the activation function. Adapting procedure for activation function extensively increases the flexibility and the nonlinear approximation capability of FFNN. Consequently, the learning process presents better performances, offers more flexibility and enhances nonlinear capability of NN structure thus the final state kept away from undesired saturation regions. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated through different challenging channel models, it performs quite well for nonlinear channels which are severe and hard to equalize. The performance is measured throughout, convergence properties, minimum bit error achieved. The proposed algorithm was found to converge rapidly, and accomplish the minimum steady state value. All simulation shows that the proposed method improves significantly the training efficiency of FFNN based equalizer compared to the standard training one.
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Uno, Masatoshi, Teruhisa Ueno, and Koji Yoshino. "Cell Voltage Equalizer Using a Selective Voltage Multiplier with a Reduced Selection Switch Count for Series-Connected Energy Storage Cells." Electronics 8, no. 11 (November 7, 2019): 1303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8111303.
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Cell voltage equalization is mandatory to eliminate voltage imbalance of series-connected energy storage cells, such as lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs), to ensure years of safe operations. Although a variety of cell equalizers using selection switches have been proposed, conventional techniques require numerous switches in proportion to the cell count and are prone to complexity. This paper proposes a novel cell voltage equalizer using a selective voltage multiplier. By embedding selection switches into the voltage multiplier-based cell voltage equalizer, the number of selection switches can be reduced in comparison with that in conventional topologies, realizing the simplified circuit. A prototype for twelve cells was built, and an equalization test using LIBs was performed. The voltage imbalance decreased down to approximately 20 mV by the proposed equalizer, and the standard deviation of cell voltages at the end of the equalization test was as low as 10 mV, demonstrating its equalization performance.
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Wongsathan, Rati, and Pornchai Supnithi. "Optimal Neuro-Fuzzy Equalizers for Detecting Nonlinear Distortion Channels of the Perpendicular Magnetic Recording System." ECTI Transactions on Electrical Engineering, Electronics, and Communications 19, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 190–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.37936/ecti-eec.2021192.241449.
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Nonlinear distortions caused by partial erasure and nonlinear transition shifts interacting with inter-symbol interference, are a major hindrance to data storage systems, since they degrade detector performance. This work aims to design and optimize the neuro-fuzzy equalizer (NFE) using the multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) to detect nonlinear high-density magnetic recording (MR) channels. Through the GA-assisted back-propagation algorithm and least mean square optimization, the complexity in terms of decision rules is reduced by 25% and significantly provides 65% lower signal processing computation. When applied to the perpendicular (MR) system, the proposed NFE outperforms existing equalizers such as the neural network-based equalizer, fuzzy logic equalizer, and conventional NFE for the Volterra and jitter media noise channels using 1–3 dB and 1.5–3.5 dB signal-to-noise ratio gains at the bit-error-rate of 10-4, respectively. Furthermore, compared to the other models, the NFE provides a more effective output mean square error performance for retrieving the original bit data.
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Siuzdak, Jerzy. "Comparison of the Nonlinear Dynamic Pre- and Post-LED Equalization." Sensors 22, no. 5 (February 24, 2022): 1782. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22051782.
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Visible Light Communications (VLC) have gained much popularity lately. In such a system, a white LED (Light-Emitting Diode) plays a double role as a light source and a transmitter. The main problem here is that the LED exhibits a low bandwidth and high nonlinearity, so the equalization of the LED nonlinear dynamic response is necessary. For this, various equalizers are used. This paper compares the pre- and post-equalizer performance in terms of the received signal quality for a channel that includes a nonlinear element of limited bandwidth, such as an LED. Multilevel Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) was selected as the signal format, as well as a variant of the Volterra series equalizer as the compensating element. The results obtained may be used for the correction of the dynamic characteristics of LEDs applied in VLC systems. For the sake of comparison, we used Modulation Error Ratio (MER) values at the receiver output. The dynamic nonlinear behavior was modeled by a Wiener–Hammerstein device, whereas the post/pre-equalizer was based on the dynamic deviation reduction-based Volterra series. The obtained results indicate that the post- and pre-equalizer performed comparably for the linear/moderately nonlinear channels and for a high noise level. In the case of high nonlinearity and a large SNR (Signal–to–Noise Ratio) values, the post-equalizer performed somewhat better in terms of MER by a few dB at maximum.
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Liu, Xiang, Jiao Zhang, Shuang Gao, Weidong Tong, Yunwu Wang, Mingzheng Lei, Bingchang Hua, Yuancheng Cai, Yucong Zou, and Min Zhu. "Demonstration of 144-Gbps Photonics-Assisted THz Wireless Transmission at 500 GHz Enabled by Joint DBN Equalizer." Micromachines 13, no. 10 (September 27, 2022): 1617. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13101617.
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The THz wireless transmission system based on photonics has been a promising candidate for further 6G communication, which can provide hundreds of Gbps or even Tbps data capacity. In this paper, 144-Gbps dual polarization quadrature-phase-shift-keying (DP-QPSK) signal generation and transmission over a 20-km SSMF and 3-m wireless 2 × 2 multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) link at 500 GHz have been demonstrated. To further compensate for the linear and nonlinear distortions during the fiber–wireless transmission, a novel joint Deep Belief Network (J-DBN) equalizer is proposed. Our proposed J-DBN-based schemes are mainly optimized based upon the constant modulus algorithm (CMA) and direct-detection least mean square (DD-LMS) equalization. The results indicate that the J-DBN equalizer has better bit error rate (BER) performance in receiver sensitivity. In addition, the computational complexity of the J-DBN-based equalizer can be approximately 46% lower than that of conventional equalizers with similar performance. To our knowledge, this is the first time that a novel joint DBN equalizer has been proposed based on classical algorithms. It is a promising scheme to meet the demands of future fiber–wireless integration communication for low power consumption, low cost, and high capacity.
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Luo, Xuan, Longyun Kang, Chusheng Lu, Jinqing Linghu, Hongye Lin, and Bihua Hu. "An Enhanced Multicell-to-Multicell Battery Equalizer Based on Bipolar-Resonant LC Converter." Electronics 10, no. 3 (January 26, 2021): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10030293.
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In a battery management system (BMS), battery equalizer is used to achieve voltage consistency between series connected battery cells. Recently, serious inconsistency has been founded to exist in retired batteries, and traditional equalizers are slow or inefficient to handle the situation. The multicell-to-multicell (MC2MC) topology, which can directly transfer energy from consecutive strong cells to consecutive weak cells, is promising to solve the problem, but its performance is limited by the existing converter. Therefore, this paper proposes an enhanced MC2MC equalizer based on a novel bipolar-resonant LC converter (BRLCC), which supports flexible and efficient operation modes with stable balancing power, can greatly improve the balancing speed without much sacrificing the efficiency. Mathematical analysis and comparison with typical equalizers are provided to illustrate its high balancing speed and good efficiency. An experimental prototype for 8 cells is built, and the balancing powers under different operation modes are from 1.426 W to 12.559 W with balancing efficiencies from 84.84% to 91.68%.
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Su, Ho-Jeen, and Ali H. Dogru. "Modeling of Equalizer Production System and Smart-Well Applications in Full-Field Studies." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 12, no. 02 (April 14, 2009): 318–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/111288-pa.
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Summary Equalizer production systems and inflow control devices are used to mitigate water or gas-coning problems for mature fields. We have developed new modeling methods to simulate equalizer and interval control valve (ICV) performance in full-field multimillion-cell reservoir models under a parallel computational environment. The authors present single-well performance predictions with and without an equalizer, and the results are significantly different in some cases. Full-field modeling with equalizers and ICV controls for several examples has been conducted. In such cases, many individual wells would have significantly improved performance. At full-field level, however, using equalizers or smart well applications without total field optimization would not improve performance much, for reasons discussed in this paper. The frictional pressure loss across an equalizer can be considered as a skin, and we have developed an analytical well equation to include it. With this theoretical development, it is now possible to confirm or monitor equalizer performance in terms of pressure drop from pressure transient analysis. Introduction With high oil prices prevailing, producers are more willing than ever to buy advanced wellbore equipment to improve well performance (Salamy et al. 2006; Lorentz et al. 2006; Williamson et al. 2000). Fig. 1 illustrates an equalizer production system, sometimes called an inflow control device (ICD). At sandface, fluids are forced to go through some kind of flow-restriction mechanism before entering the production tubing. Flow restriction is achieved by different means, such as spiral channels and narrow-gauge orifice to artificially generate extra frictional pressure drop at chosen downhole locations where early water or gas breakthrough may occur. Current equalizer production systems are built into the tubing or casing and cannot be adjusted or moved once installed. Because the exact well-completion interval (where early water or gas breakthrough occurs) cannot be predicted, most manufacturers recommend a uniform design (e.g., an equalizer device every 40 or 80 feet [ft]). The manufacturers claim a uniform design has a self-regulating function; whereby, high-producing zones are cut back automatically to allow a higher influx from low-producing zones. The self-regulating property comes from the rate-dependent skin characteristics of the ICD. The flow resistence provided by constrictions is exponentially proportional to the flow rate. However, the authors illustrate that equalizer placement can be optimized to have a more uniform production profile if the reservoir permeability along the wellbore can be quantified by means of an openhole flowmeter survey shortly after drilling. Gamma ray log, drillstem testing (DST) tests, and modular formation dynamics tester (MDT) tests also provide useful permeability data. In general, equalizer application can result in a more uniform production profile, with better reservoir drainage for a very long horizontal well penetrating multiple isolated compartments. Some field trials have shown that equalizer application can improve the well productivity index (PI). A twofold oil production rate increase had been reported (Al-Qudaihy et al. 2006). In theory, this observation does not reflect reality, because an equalizer introduces extra pressure losses, causing the total pressure drawdown for a given rate to be greater than before. The only reasonable explanation for improved PI is a formation damage cleaning effect (i.e., equalizer application promotes flow from low-production [damaged] zones) thus helping remove debris from drilling mud and completion fluids. A typical smart-well application for multilateral wells is to control lateral flow rates by a downhole choke (Fig. 2). If water cut or gas/oil ratio (GOR) values exceed a preset value in any lateral, then the downhole choke is controlled remotely to cut down production in the affected lateral. For horizontal wells, we can group completion intervals into different sections. As in lateral control, the section ICV reduces production if a given section registers a high water cut or GOR value. If the well performance does not improve after several rate-reduction actions, the operator may shut down production completely for a given lateral or section if the economical limit, such as 95% water cut, is reached.
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Simerjeet Kaur, Dr Kamal Kumar Sharma, and Mr Navnidhi Sharma. "Literature Review on BER Improvement of Adaptive Equalizer." International Journal of Research in Informative Science Application & Techniques (IJRISAT) 3, no. 5 (May 15, 2019): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.46828/ijrisat.v3i5.133.
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Channel equalization is an important aspect in high speed digital communication required for efficient and reliable data recovery and reception when the data is transmitted over band-limited channel subjected to noise and interference. We investigate channel equalization and introduce hierarchical and adaptive nonlinear channel equalization algorithms that are highly efficient and provide significantly improved bit error rate (BER) performance. Due to the high complexity of nonlinear equalizers and poor performance of linear ones, to equalize highly difficult channels, we employ piecewise linear equalizers.
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YUE, C. PATRICK, JAEJIN PARK, RUIFENG SUN, L. RICK CARLEY, and FRANK O'MAHONY. "LOW-POWER, PARALLEL INTERFACE WITH CONTINUOUS-TIME ADAPTIVE PASSIVE EQUALIZER AND CROSSTALK CANCELLATION." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 15, no. 02 (June 2005): 459–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156405003260.
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This paper presents the low-power circuit techniques suitable for high-speed digital parallel interfaces each operating at over 10 Gbps. One potential application for such high-performance I/Os is the interface between the channel IC and the magnetic read head in future compact hard disk systems. First, a crosstalk cancellation technique using a novel data encoding scheme is introduced to suppress electromagnetic interference (EMI) generated by the adjacent parallel I/Os . This technique is implemented utilizing a novel 8-4-PAM signaling with a data look-ahead algorithm. The key circuit components in the high-speed interface transceiver including the receive sampler, the phase interpolator, and the transmitter output driver are described in detail. Designed in a 0.13-μm digital CMOS process, the transceiver consumes 310 mW per 10-Gps channel from a I-V supply based on simulation results. Next, a 20-Gbps continuous-time adaptive passive equalizer utilizing on-chip lumped RLC components is described. Passive equalizers offer the advantages of higher bandwidth and lower power consumption compared with conventional designs using active filter. A low-power, continuous-time servo loop is designed to automatically adjust the equalizer frequency response for the optimal gain compensation. The equalizer not only adapts to different channel characteristics, but also accommodates temperature and process variations. Implemented in a 0.25-μm, 1P6M BiCMOS process, the equalizer can compensate up to 20 dB of loss at 10 GHz while only consumes 32 mW from a 2.5-V supply.
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Lai, Xin, Chun Jiang, Yuejiu Zheng, Han Gao, Peng Huang, and Long Zhou. "A Novel Composite Equalizer Based on an Additional Cell for Series-Connected Lithium-Ion Cells." Electronics 7, no. 12 (December 1, 2018): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics7120366.
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Cell inconsistency can lead to poor performance and safety hazards. Therefore, cell equalizer is essentially required to prevent the series-connected cells from overcharging, undercharging, and overdischarging. Among current equalization schemes, passive equalizer has a continuously wasting energy with low equalization efficiency, and active equalizer has high cost with complex circuit structure. In this study, a novel composite equalizer based on an additional cell with low complexity is presented. This method combines a passive equalizer and an active equalizer. Firstly, the configuration and circuit of our proposed composite equalizer are introduced, and the equalization principle is analyzed. On this basis, the control strategy and algorithm of the composite equalizer are further proposed. Finally, the composite equalizer is verified through simulation and experiment in various cases. The study results show that this method improves both the consistency level and the available capacity of the battery pack. Moreover, our proposed equalizer can overcome the shortcomings of commonly used equalizer and combining the advantages of different equalizer to maximize the equalization efficiency with a simpler equalizer structure.
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Rafał, Grądzki, Golak Karol, Lindstedt Paweł, and Bartoszewicz Błażej. "Reasons For The Experimental Research Of Gas Outflows Based On The Signals Of Weak Interactions Between The Tested Model Of The Gas Pipeline, And Tested Equalizer." Journal of KONBiN 34, no. 1 (September 1, 2015): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jok-2015-0022.
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Abstract This article applies diagnosing issues outflows of gas pipelines using specialized research equipment - equalizers. Variant with only two measuring devices (equalizers), arranged on the inlet and outlet of the pipeline, and the standard pressure transducers and flow rate were considered. The signals from the system and research equipment (equalizers) are the basis for the development of new method to test outflow of gas pipeline, which is based on the quotient of the power spectral density of signals generated by the equalizer (diagnoser) and signals measured using standard pressure transducers and flow rate. Possible use to analysis the signals power will allow go from signal diagnostic for more effective parametric diagnostic.
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Wu, Yanbo, Yan Yao, Ning Wang, and Min Zhu. "Deep Learning-Based Timing Offset Estimation for Deep-Sea Vertical Underwater Acoustic Communications." Applied Sciences 10, no. 23 (December 3, 2020): 8651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10238651.
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This study proposes a novel receiver structure for underwater vertical acoustic communication in which the bias in the correlation-based estimation for the timing offset is learned and then estimated by a deep neural network (DNN) to an accuracy that renders subsequent use of equalizers unnecessary. For a duration of 7 s, 15 timing offsets of the linear frequency modulation (LFM) signals obtained by the correlation were fed into the DNN. The model was based on the Pierson–Moskowitz (PM) random surface height model with a moderate wind speed and was further verified under various wind speeds and experimental waveforms. This receiver, embedded with the DNN model, demonstrated lower complexity and better performance than the adaptive equalizer-based receiver. The 5000 m depth deep-sea experimental data show the superiority of the proposed combination of DNN-based synchronization and the time-invariant equalizer.
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Wenqian, Huang, and Ding Wenrui. "Adaptive Equalizer Design for Unmanned Aircraft Vehicle Image Transmission over Relay Channels." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2018 (2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5497926.
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A novel length adaptive method is proposed for time domain equalizer by taking the channel attenuation ratio between different multipath components into account in UAV-UAV and UAV-ground channels. Then, considering received image quality, the minimum bit error ratio (MBER) criterion is exploited to design adaptive equalizers for both amplify-and-forward (AF) and decode-and-forward (DF) relaying systems by the proposed length adaptive method. Results show that proposed MBER adaptive equalizers outperform the traditional ones in both AF relaying and DF relaying as channel attenuation ratio in UAV-ground channel increases. Moreover, DF outperforms AF as channel attenuation ratio in UAV-UAV channel increases. Furthermore, bit error ratio (BER) and peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) performances in both AF and DF are evaluated to show the enhancement by the proposed MBER adaptive equalizers.
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Alvarez-Diazcomas, Alfredo, Juvenal Rodríguez-Reséndiz, and Roberto V. Carrillo-Serrano. "An Improved Battery Equalizer with Reduced Number of Components Applied to Electric Vehicles." Batteries 9, no. 2 (January 17, 2023): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries9020065.
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The investigation of electric vehicle technologies has increased significantly in the last few years. These vehicles can substantially reduce the environmental impact of the transportation sector. In electric cars, the battery is a crucial element. The batteries are made up of several stacked cells to meet the requirements of the propulsion system. Battery equalizer circuits take active measures to ensure that a particular variable is kept inside an allowable range in all cells. Inductor-based equalizers are very popular since the equalization current is controlled. This paper proposes a single-inductor architecture with a reduced number of components. The proposed topology can transfer energy from adjacent cell-to-cell or adjacent string-to-string. This paper analyzes the operation of the converter, its design, and the design of the controller. Furthermore, a comparison of the proposed equalizer with other inductor-based schemes was made considering the component count, stress on devices, equalization time, driver complexity, and other parameters. The theoretical efficiency of the proposed equalizer obtained was 84.9%, which is competitive with other literature solutions. The impact of battery size on the number of circuit components was also analyzed. Finally, simulation results in open load and changes of current through the battery conditions were performed to validate the theoretical analysis.
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Eguchi, Takeo. "Frequency equalizer." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 93, no. 5 (May 1993): 3023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.405727.
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Miller, Gary L., and Glenn S. Zelniker. "Automatic equalizer." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 100, no. 5 (1996): 2898. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.417198.
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Ji. "A Systematic Equalizer Design Technique Using Backward Directional Design." Electronics 8, no. 9 (September 18, 2019): 1053. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8091053.
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This paper presents a systematic equalizer design methodology using a backward directional design (BDD). The proposed design method includes pre-emphasis and crosstalk cancellation design and offers a proper waveform solution for transmitters (TX). Since it is driven by a user-defined specification, it avoids over/under design, reducing wasted power. Furthermore, the proposed design procedure is summarized in systematic algorithms and provides an automated design environment. The procedure has been tested for various line conditions to verify the algorithms. The result shows that the proposed method successfully designs equalizers to within a 2.4% error.
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Uno, Masatoshi, Qi Xu, and Yusuke Sato. "Multi-Stacked Superbuck Converter-Based Single-Switch Charger Integrating Cell Voltage Equalizer for Series-Connected Energy Storage Cells." Energies 15, no. 10 (May 15, 2022): 3619. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15103619.
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Voltages of series-connected energy storage cells, such as electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) and lithium-ion batteries, need to be equalized to ensure years of safe operation. However, to this end, a voltage equalizer is necessary in addition to a charger, increasing the system complexity and cost. This paper proposes a family of transformerless single-switch integrated chargers that merge a charger and equalizer into a single unit, achieving a simplified system and circuit. Proposed integrated chargers are derived by stacking multiple conventional pulse width modulation (PWM) converters, such as a superbuck converter, that contain two inductors and one energy transfer capacitor. Detailed operation analyses, including an investigation on the impact of component tolerance on voltage equalization performance, are also performed. Experimental charging tests using a 12-W prototype were performed for four EDLC cells. All cells were charged with eliminating voltage imbalance and demonstrating the charging and equalization performance of the proposed integrated charger.
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Wang, Lijun, Xu Lu, Hao Li, Xiangyang Li, Jie Shen, and Changxin Chen. "Research on Equalization Strategy of Lithium Battery Pack Based on Multi-Layer Circuit." Applied Sciences 12, no. 10 (May 12, 2022): 4893. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12104893.
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Effective balanced management of battery packs can not only increase the available capacity of a battery pack but reduce attenuation and capacity loss caused by cell inconsistencies and remove safety hazards caused by abnormal use such as overcharge and over-discharge. This research considers both the equilibration period and the battery operating current. The State of Charge (SOC), current, and equalization current of batteries are all limited. Based on the existing multi-layer equalization model, the equalization current of the equalizer was tuned with restrictions. It can equalize multiple batteries simultaneously and ensure the normal operation of the batteries. A layered control strategy was then found to solve the optimal equalization current of the equalizer layer by layer. The proposed control method reduces computation time and guarantees that the equalization approach can be employed in practice. Finally, through MATLAB simulation analysis, this technique can limit the cell current to (−3 A, 3 A), which improves the balancing efficiency by 23.55% compared with the balancing of adjacent cells.
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Li, Xiang Fu, and Li Jia Wang. "Reconditioning Equalizer Filter for Non-Constant Envelop Signals." Applied Mechanics and Materials 713-715 (January 2015): 1222–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.713-715.1222.
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A technique for a reconditioning equalizer filter for non-constant envelope signals is described. The input to a transmitter chain is modified by a reconditioning equalizer filter, prior to being applied to the transmitter. The reconditioning equalizer filter modifies and smoothens the amplitude of the signal. The modified and smoothened signal has its peaks reduced which results in lower Crest Factor. The input to the reconditioning equalizer filter could be a baseband, intermediate frequency (IF) or radio frequency (RF) signal. When the signal is an IF or RF signal, it needs to be down-converted to baseband before being applied to the reconditioning equalizer filter. The reconditioning equalizer filter could be performed in a digital or analog domain.
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Chen, Wan, Zujun Ding, Jun Liu, Jiarong Kan, Muhammad Shahzad Nazir, and Yeqin Wang. "Half-Bridge Lithium-Ion Battery Equalizer Based on Phase-Shift Strategy." Sustainability 15, no. 2 (January 11, 2023): 1349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15021349.
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The energy flow is step-by-step among Lithium-ion-battery when an equalizer based on the buck-boost converter is adopted, resulting in a long energy transmission path and low equalization efficiency. First, a Lithium-ion-battery equalizer based on the dual active half-bridge is studied in this paper. Second, the key parameters of the energy flow between cells in the same group and cells in different groups in the equalizer are analyzed. Third, a phase shift control strategy is put forward according to the analysis results. The equalizer with the proposed control strategy not only can realize the energy flow between cells in the same group and different groups but also work at high frequency. Therefore, the transformer can be designed to be small in size and light in weight, greatly reducing the volume and weight of the equalizer. A prototype of the dual active half-bridge equalizer with four lithium batteries was managed. The experimental results show that the proposed Lithium-ion-battery equalizer based on phase shift control has good equalization performances.
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Manhas, Pratima, and M. K. Soni. "Comparison of various channel equalization techniques in OFDM system using different digital modulations." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 3, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 634. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v3.i3.pp634-638.
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<p>The nature of future wireless applications requires high data rates and for this OFDM technique is used. OFDM stands for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing and is a type of multi-carrier transmission where all the subcarriers are orthogonal to each other. At high data rates, the channel distortion to the data is very important and it is somewhat impossible to recover the transmitted data with a simple receiver. So a complex receiver structure is needed which uses computationally expensive equalization and channel estimation algorithms to estimate the channel. These estimations can be used within the received data to recover the originally transmitted data. OFDM can simplify the equalization problem by changing the frequency-selective channel into a flat channel. The radio channels in mobile radio systems are usually multipath fading channels that results in intersymbol interference (ISI) in the received signal. To remove ISI from the signal, many kind of equalizers can be used. The need for equalizers arises from the fact that the channel has amplitude and phase dispersion which results in the interference of the transmitted signals with one another which is known as ISI .So, to solve this problem equalizers are designed. Equalizer is intend to work in such a way that Bit Error Rate (BER) should be low and Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) should be high. An equalizer within a receiver compensates for the average range of expected channel amplitude and delay characteristics. This paper deals with the various equalization techniques (LMS, RLS and CMA) used for OFDM system .A comparative analysis of different equalization technique in terms of BER is done using MATLAB Simulink.</p>
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Mayer, Kayol S., Matheus S. De Oliveira, Candice Müller, Fernando C. C. De Castro, and Maria C. F. De Castro. "Blind Fuzzy Adaptation Step Control for a Concurrent Neural Network Equalizer." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2019 (January 10, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9082362.
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Mobile communications, not infrequently, are disrupted by multipath propagation in the wireless channel. In this context, this paper proposes a new blind concurrent equalization approach that combines a Phase Transmittance Radial Basis Function Neural Network (PTRBFNN) and the classic Constant Modulus Algorithm (CMA) in a concurrent architecture, with a Fuzzy Controller (FC) responsible for adapting the PTRBFNN and CMA step sizes. Differently from the Neural Network (NN) based equalizers present in literature, the proposed Fuzzy Controller Concurrent Neural Network Equalizer (FC-CNNE) is a completely self-taught concurrent architecture that does not need any training. The Fuzzy Controller inputs are based on the estimated mean squared error of the equalization process and on its variation in time. The proposed solution has been evaluated over standard multipath VHF/UHF channels defined by the International Telecommunication Union. Results show that the FC-CNNE is able to achieve lower residual steady-state MSE value and/or faster convergence rate and consequently lower Bit Error Rate (BER) when compared to Constant Modulus Algorithm-Phase Transmittance Radial Basis Function Neural Network (CMA-PTRBFNN) equalizer.
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Gwo Chin, Chung, Mohamad Yusoff Alias, and Tiang Jun Jiat. "Bit-error-rate Optimization for CDMA Ultra-wideband System Using Generalized Gaussian Approach." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 7, no. 5 (October 1, 2017): 2661. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v7i5.pp2661-2673.
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Ultra-wideband is a wireless technology arisen for future high speed multimedia applications. It can provide data rate in excess of Gigabits per second by transmitting impulse signal through the free space. However, the ultra-wideband indoor channel models proposed by the IEEE P802.15.3a suffer long multipath propagation. Due to this multipath effect, several studies have been done to improve the bit-error-rate performance of the ultra-wideband system in the existence of severe interference. Yet, most of the proposed algorithms were formulated based on the Gaussian distribution, which is not true in ultra-wideband. In this paper, we first analyze the statistical behavior of the CDMA-UWB signal by applying the Kullback-Leibler divergence index. Based on the analysis, a non-Gaussian equalizer is developed by deriving an enhanced bit-error-rate optimization algorithm using the Generalized Gaussian approach. The proposed equalizer has been shown to achieve a performance gain of at least 1.5dB to 2dB over the other equalizers simulated under IEEE P802.15.3a channel models.
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Gambacurta, Anthony A., Mitchell J. Milton, and Richard A. Neatrour. "Self‐compensating equalizer." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 94, no. 5 (November 1993): 3044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.407248.
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