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Journal articles on the topic 'Equalization'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 May 2024

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1

Wu, Xiaogang, Zhihao Cui, Xuefeng Li, Jiuyu Du, and Ye Liu. "Control Strategy for Active Hierarchical Equalization Circuits of Series Battery Packs." Energies 12, no. 11 (May 30, 2019): 2071. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12112071.

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Most series battery active equalization circuits implement the equalization first within the series and then between the series, which restricts the equilibrium speed. A hierarchical equalization circuit topology based on the Buck-Boost module is applied in this paper. The equalization is divided into two different equalization processes according to the equilibrium energy flow. The two equalization processes can be performed simultaneously, and the currents in the different hierarchical circuits do not affect each other, thus achieving simultaneous equalizations within the series and between the series. An equalization condition of the terminal voltage is applied and simulations and experiments on charge, discharge, and static equalizations in the four series-connected ternary lithium-ion batteries are performed.

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2

Dikhaminjia, Nana, Mikheil Tsiklauri, Zurab Kiguradze, Jiayi He, Arun Chada, Bhyrav Mutnury, and James L. Drewniak. "Analytical method for joint optimization of FFE and DFE equalizations for multi-level signals." Journal of Electrical Engineering 73, no. 4 (August 1, 2022): 284–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jee-2022-0037.

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Abstract Channel equalization is the efficient method for recovering distorted signal and correspondingly reducing bit error rate (BER). Different type of equalizations, like feed forward equalization (FFE) and decision feedback equalization (DFE) are canceling channel effect and recovering channel response. Separate optimization of tap coefficients for FFE and DFE does not give optimal result. In this case FFE and DFE tap coefficients are found separately and they are not collaborating. Therefore, the final equalization result is not global optimal. In the present paper new analytical method for finding best tap coefficients for FFE and DFE joint equalization is introduced. The proposed method can be used for both NRZ and PAM4 signals. The idea of the methodology is to combine FFE and DFE tap coefficients into one optimization problem and allow them to collaborate and lead to the global optimal solution. The proposed joint optimization method is fast, easy to implement and efficient. The method has been tested for several measured channels and the analysis of the results are discussed.

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3

Voronin, E. G. "Weights of indirect measurements in inverse photogrammetry tasks." Geodesy and Cartography 993, no. 3 (April 20, 2023): 14–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2023-993-3-14-24.

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This is the fourth article in the series of publications on ways of improving the statistical quality of solving inverse photogrammetry tasks. It deals with researching the impact of indirect measurement weights on the equalization’s statistical quality. The author established that following its criteria is the key to the most plausible distribution of errors on the effects of indirect measurements. Since the accuracy of the equalization is estimated by the remainder residuals of the indirect measurements groups, the reliability of these evaluations depends on how strictly the criteria for the statistical quality of the equalization are met. The standard of indicators’ accuracy reliability is obtained. An algorithm for adjusting their weights during equalization was developed. An experimental approbation of the technique was performed. Based on the results of the calculations, the effectiveness of the joint application of all ways developed in this and previous articles is established to improve the statistical quality and obtain a reliable estimate of the equalization computations accuracy. In addition, it turned out that the application of the developed algorithms enables increasing the numerical stability of the mentioned calculations and ensure the stability of the results. The expediency of clarifying the initial values of direct measurements of the equalized parameters is confirmed. The explanation of the obtained results in terms of covariance analysis is given.

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4

Breuer, Anja, and Yves Staudt. "Equalization Reserves for Reinsurance and Non-Life Undertakings in Switzerland." Risks 10, no. 3 (March 3, 2022): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/risks10030055.

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Equalization reserves is an insurance liability with features of own capital. By law, Swiss reinsurance and non-life undertakings must hold equalization reserves within their statutory accounts. Regarding Swiss solvency modeling, the equalization reserves are set to zero. Swiss reinsurance and non-life undertakings define the upper limit and the corresponding transfer rule to the equalization reserves; however, this information is not disclosed. The goal of the study is to find a relationship between the equalization reserves and the publicly available technical account items, applying a generalized additive model (GAM). Thereafter, we transform the continuous variables into discrete ones, and we apply a generalized linear model (GLM). The study is based on published data from 1997 to 2018, whereby we restate the implicitly published equalization reserves. For reinsurance undertakings, the GAM model captures the relationship better than the GLM one; for non-life undertakings, the GLM model performs better. For reinsurance undertakings, the equalization reserves depend on the equalization reserves of the previous year, on the calendar year, on the legal form, on the technical result, on the administration and commission costs and on other costs. For non-life undertakings, the equalization reserves depend on the net claims payments, on the equalization reserves of the previous year, on the net change in claims reserves without change in equalization reserves, on the calendar year and on the net earned premium. Furthermore, we look at the need for equalization reserves: do the undertakings accumulate and release the equalization reserves? Further, the impact of taxes on the equalization reserves is looked at. The concept of equalization reserves avoids the misuse of tax optimization. We conclude that the discussion about disclosure of equalization reserves will restart. In addition, the definition of the upper limit of the equalization reserves could be widened by linking the equalization reserves to the insurance/reserving risk from the capital modeling.

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5

Lei, Xu, Jianping He, Linqian Fan, and Guiping Wang. "Active Equalization Strategy for Lithium-Ion Battery Packs Based on Multilayer Dual Interleaved Inductor Circuits in Electric Vehicles." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2022 (March 20, 2022): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8653547.

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Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used in electric vehicles (EVs) due to their superior power performance over other batteries. However, when connected in series, overcharged cells of LIBs face the risk of explosion, and undercharged cells decrease the life cycle of the battery. Eventually, the inconsistency phenomenon between cells resulting from manufacturing tolerance and usage process reduces the overall charging capacity of the battery and increases the risk of explosion after long-time use. Research has focused on synthesizing active material to achieve higher energy density and extended life cycle for LIBs while neglecting a comparative analysis of equalization technology on the performance of battery packs. In this paper, a nondissipative equalization structure is proposed to reconcile the inconsistency of series-connected LIB cells. In this structure, a circuit uses high-level equalization units to enable direct energy transfer between any two individual cells, and dual interleaved inductors in each equalization unit increase the equalization speed of a single cell in one equalization cycle by a factor of two. The circuit is compared with the classical inductor equalization circuit (CIEC), dual interleaved equalization circuit (DIEC), and parallel architecture equalization circuit (PAEC) in the states of standing, charging, and discharging, respectively, to validate the advantages of the proposed scheme. Considering the diversity of imbalance states, the state of charge (SOC) and terminal voltage are both chosen as the equalization criterion. The second-order RC model of the LIB and the adaptive unscented Kalman filter (AUKF) algorithm are employed for SOC estimation. For effective equalization, the adaptive fuzzy neural network (AFNN) is utilized to further reduce energy consumption and equalization time. The experiment results show that the AFNN algorithm reduces the total equalization time by approximately 37.4% and improves equalization efficiency by about 4.89% in contrast with the conventional mean-difference algorithm. Particularly, the experiment results of the equalization circuit verification certify that the proposed equalization structure can greatly accelerate the equalization progress and reduce the equalization loss compared to the other three equalization circuits.

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6

Qureshi, S. U. H. "Adaptive equalization." Proceedings of the IEEE 73, no. 9 (1985): 1349–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/proc.1985.13298.

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7

Svensson, Lars. "Explaining Equalization." Social Science History 27, no. 3 (2003): 371–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200012578.

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This article describes and explains the movement of female relative wages in Sweden from 1920 to 1995. During this period the aggregate gender wage gap shrunk from 41 to 15%. The bulk of the change took place in two periods: 1920 to 1940 and 1960 to 1980. With regard to determining factors, the analysis distinguishes between the period before 1960, when the rise in the female relative wage was the result of employment shifts, and after 1960, when wage structure change was the prime determinant. In the interwar period, women moved from low-paid to better-paid jobs, notably in trade and commerce and public services, as legal and administrative reforms opened up the public sector to women and educational reforms raised the educational level of the female labor force. The most rapid change in the gender wage gap occurred at a time when the solidaristic wage policy doctrine was embraced by the blue-collar trade unions and formed the basis of claims in wage negotiations. This study suggests, however, that excess demand for female labor rather than egalitarian ambitions of strong trade unions was the decisive factor behind the rapid reduction of the gender gap. Likewise, supply and demand shifts may well explain why the female relative wage stagnated from the late 1970s. These observations add up to the somewhat unorthodox conclusion that institutions were of primary importance for female relative wage development in the interwar period, while market forces played the leading role after 1960.

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8

Koetter, R., A. C. Singer, and M. Tuchler. "Turbo equalization." IEEE Signal Processing Magazine 21, no. 1 (January 2004): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/msp.2004.1267050.

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9

Mecklenbräuker, Christoph F. "Multichannel equalization." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 153, no. 5 (May 1, 2023): R9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0017969.

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10

Liavas, A. P. "Least-squares channel equalization performance versus equalization delay." IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing 48, no. 6 (June 2000): 1832–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/78.845949.

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11

Santoso, Teguh, and Maruto Umar Basuki. "FROM FACTOR PRICES EQUALIZATION TO OUTPUT PRICES EQUALIZATION." JURNAL DINAMIKA EKONOMI PEMBANGUNAN 1, no. 1 (February 8, 2012): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jdep.1.1.43-49.

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This paper is addresses to see how the impact of the factor price equalization in product pricesequalization. According to Heckser-Ohlin (H-O) model, trade in goods will cause the absolute and relativeprices of factor between counties to move toward equality. If free trade occurs, factor prices between countrieswill not different when countries producing the same mix of product with the same technologies and the sameproduct price must have the same factor prices. Product prices equalization will occur when the countrieshave same set unit value isoquant (UVI) and, as well under CRS condition MPL and MPk are constant alongexpansion paths of each industries

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12

Liu, Xiaofei, Hui Pang, and Yuanfei Geng. "Dual-Layer Inductor Active Equalization Control for Series-Connected Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on SOC Estimation." Electronics 11, no. 8 (April 7, 2022): 1169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11081169.

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In order to reduce the time and improve the balancing speed of traditional single-layer inductive equalization circuits, this paper proposes an active equalization control strategy with double-layer inductors for series-connected battery packs, based on an accurate state-of-charge (SOC) estimation. By selecting the inductor as the intermediate energy storage element, the SOC of the single lithium-ion battery (LIB) cell is calculated by using a particle filter (PF) algorithm. Meanwhile, according to the deviation in SOC among the batteries, stop parameters are introduced to achieve the design and optimization of the equalization strategy. Finally, the relationship between the equalization current and the control signal period is derived to fulfill the equalization. The experimental results show that, compared with the traditional single-layer inductive equalization topology, the proposed equalization control topology can shorten the equalization time by at least 15.6%. More importantly, this equalization scheme overcomes the disadvantage of the long energy transfer path of traditional inductive equalization, which helps to improve the equalization speed and the inconsistency of the battery pack.

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13

GORYACHUK, V. F., V. M. OSIPOV, V. O. KUTATELADZE, and G. M. MURZANOVSKIY. "EXPERIENCE OF FORMING BUDGET EQUALIZATION SYSTEMS IN THE COUNTRIES OF THE ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT." Economic innovations 24, no. 3(84) (September 20, 2022): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/ei.2022.24.3(84).17-27.

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Topicality. Reforming of the state regional policy and increasing of the socio-economic level of development of administrative-territorial units require comprehensive research and study of the experience of foreign countries regarding the methods of forming budget resources and finding an effective model of budget equalization, which is especially relevant in the context of the decentralization reform.Aim and tasks. To carry out the analysis of budget equalization systems in the countries of the Organization for economic cooperation and development, and to substantiate the possibility of using foreign experience of budget equalization in Ukraine.Research results. In foreign practice, several basic models of budget equalization are distinguished: horizontal and vertical equalization of income or expenses. A representative taxation system with a standard set of taxes is used to assess the possibility of revenue collection. The expenses equalization model compared to the income equalization model provides an answer to the question of whether the community has become capable, or how close it has come to it. A necessary condition for the application of this model is the availability of expenses standards for the provision of public services. The "gap-filling" fiscal equalization model combines expenditure and income equalization into a single transfer designed to fill the gap between financial needs and income. In practice, there are very few countries that use only one of the budget equalization models. Basically, there is a combination of different models and methods of horizontal and vertical equalization of income and expenses. The basis of the construction of budget equalization systems are the coefficients and formulas used to determine the size of equalization transfers. Systems that include elements of income equalization usually rely on a standard set of taxes and standard tax rates. At the same time, one of the solutions is to use a small set of taxes. Expenses equalization systems are more complex because cost estimation often involves a large number of factors. In some countries, regression-based standardized costing approaches have been used. Budget equalization systems are not static entities, the norm of the need for their periodic analysis and evaluation is often included in the legislation underlying them. Such an analysis can lead to reforms of budget equalization systems. Several key factors motivating the reform of equalization systems were identified: growing or high levels of inequality in the fiscal capabilities of communities, regional incomes or the provision of public services; insufficient fiscal autonomy; unstable and non-transparent budget alignment; inadequate incentives and lack of political neutrality in the budget equalization system. Reform of budget equalization systems in OECD countries is carried out in the following directions: transition to systems based on rules; increasing the fiscal autonomy of communities; simplification of alignment formulas; simplification of the representative tax system; periodic review of alignment formulas.Conclusion. In practice, there are very few countries that use only one of the budget equalization models. Basically, there is a combination of different models and methods of horizontal and vertical equalization of income and expenses. The basis of the construction of budget equalization systems are the coefficients and formulas used to determine the size of equalization transfers. The income equalization system relies on a standard set of taxes and standard tax rates. Cost equalization systems are more complex because cost estimation often involves a large number of factors. Budget equalization systems are not static entities, the norm of the need for their periodic analysis and evaluation is often included in the legislation underlying them.

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14

Li, Hui. "Intra-Provincial Fiscal Disparities and the Role of the Provincial Fiscal Transfer System in China: A Case Study of Henan Province." Public Finance and Management 18, no. 2 (June 2018): 137–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/152397211801800201.

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This study seeks to explore intra-provincial fiscal disparities at the county level in Henan province and the extent to which the undesirable fiscal inequalities can be traced to the provincial fiscal transfer system. By employing the extended two-step Gini coefficient decomposition techniques, this study finds that only general-purpose transfers have an equalization effect, while both tax rebates and specific-purpose transfers have anti-equalization effects. in addition, the size of the general-purpose transfers ‘ equalization effect is too limited to mitigate the overall anti-equalization effect of total transfers. It also finds that so-called equalization transfers have not shown stronger equalization effects than other general-purpose transfers; tax rebates’ anti-equalization effect is limited, but specific-purpose transfers’ anti-equalization effect is significant due to its rapid growth during the study period of 2001–2011. the findings imply the important role of provincial policies in intra-provincial fiscal equalization in China.

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15

Li, Junxian, Cunqiang Huang, Xiangcheng Zhang, Xu Tian, and Juan An. "High-performance lithium-ion battery equalization strategy for energy storage system." International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies 18 (2023): 1252–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijlct/ctad068.

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Abstract In pursuit of low-carbon life, renewable energy is widely used, accelerating the development of lithium-ion batteries. Battery equalization is a crucial technology for lithium-ion batteries, and a simple and reliable voltage-equalization control strategy is widely used because the battery terminal voltage is very easy to obtain. But when the battery voltage is used to determine whether the battery needs to end equalization, it often does not reflect the state of charge well, resulting in battery management system misjudgment, which makes it unable to achieve a better equalization effect. In this paper, we propose a high-performance equalization control strategy based on the equalization data of the general equalization strategy, which turns on the equalization again after the equalization is completed and uses the equalization time instead of the battery voltage as the indicator. In this paper, we analyse and test this principle in detail. The difference between the final voltage of the equalized battery and the target voltage is only 4 versus 3 mV, which is an extreme advantage compared with the error of 18 versus 24 mV of the general equalization strategy, and it adds almost no workload, which makes it a good prospect for application.

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16

Yang, Yang, Wenchao Zhu, Changjun Xie, Ying Shi, Furong Liu, Weibo Li, and Zebo Tang. "A Layered Bidirectional Active Equalization Method for Retired Power Lithium-Ion Batteries for Energy Storage Applications." Energies 13, no. 4 (February 14, 2020): 832. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13040832.

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The power from lithium-ion batteries can be retired from electric vehicles (EVs) and can be used for energy storage applications when the residual capacity is up to 70% of their initial capacity. The retired batteries have characteristics of serious inconsistency. In order to solve this problem, a layered bidirectional active equalization topology is proposed in this paper. Specifically, a bridge-type equalization topology based on an inductor is adopted in the bottom layer, and the distributed equalization topological structure based on the bidirectional BUCK-BOOST circuit is adopted in the top layer. State of charge (SOC) is used as the equalization target variable, and the bottom layer equalization algorithm based on a “partition” idea and route optimization is proposed. The static equalization experiments and charge equalization experiments are performed by the 12 retired batteries selected from an electric sanitation vehicle. The results show that the proposed equalization method can reduce the SOC difference between retired batteries and can effectively improve the inconsistency of the retired battery pack with a faster equalization speed.

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17

Sun, Qi, and Yi Quo. "Research on Equalization Control Strategy of Marine Lithium Battery Pack." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2137, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2137/1/012020.

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Abstract With the widespread use of clean energy in ship electric power systems, marine lithium battery systems are becoming more and more popular. Aiming at the problems between the individual cells in the lithium battery pack, such as inconsistency in voltage, capacity, and internal resistance, the state of charge (SOC) of battery is selected as the equalization control variable, an equalization topology structure based on SOC for battery connecting or bypassing is designed. The equilibrium control strategy fusing model predictive control (MPC) algorithm and time-sequence control algorithm is adopted. The simulation model is built on the MATLAB/Simulink platform, and the different value combinations of two equalization parameters (i.e., equalization period T and number of batteries connected to the battery pack q) were simulated and analyzed. The results show that the designed equalization control strategy can quickly and accurately achieve SOC equalization, by optimizing two key parameters, the equalization accuracy and equalization speed of the marine lithium battery pack can be improved, also the energy loss in the equalization process can be reduced.

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18

Laot, C., A. Glavieux, and J. Labat. "Turbo equalization: adaptive equalization and channel decoding jointly optimized." IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 19, no. 9 (2001): 1744–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/49.947038.

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19

Wang, Xiaolu, Zefu Tan, Li Cai, Guoping Lei, and Nina Dai. "Bi-Directional Cuk Equalizer-Based Li-Ion Battery Pack Equalization Control Strategy Research." World Electric Vehicle Journal 14, no. 4 (March 28, 2023): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj14040086.

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For the secure usage of battery charging and discharging within electric vehicles, the study of cell pack equalization technology is essential. Therefore, in this paper, an improved Bidirectional Cuk equalizer (BCEQ) structure based on a variable-domain fuzzy PID (VFPID) control equalization strategy is recommended in stages. With the new equalization topology, only half of the capacitive and inductive components are needed to transfer energy between any two individual cells in the power supply. In addition, the proposed VFPID control strategy further improves the efficiency of the equalization model by dynamically adjusting the magnitude of the equalization current parameters. Through simulation experiments, the improved topology was capable of substantially lessening the equalization time and increasing energy utilization by more than 4%. In comparison with the fuzzy PID (FPID) algorithm, around 27.3% faster equalization times can be achieved with the VFPID algorithm; the VFPID algorithm also performed well under the Dynamic Stress Test (DST) condition, demonstrating that the topology and equalization strategy suggested in this paper can successfully address the inconsistency of the FPID algorithm. It has been revealed that the topology and equalization methodology offered in this paper is effective in solving the battery pack inconsistency.

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20

Udin N.F., M. Rofi, and Rully Trihantana. "KEMUNGKINAN PENERAPAN PROFIT EQUALIZATION RESERVE (PER) PERBANKAN SYARIAH DALAM TINJAUAN FIQIH DI INDONESIA." NISBAH: JURNAL PERBANKAN SYARIAH 1, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.30997/jn.v1i1.234.

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ABSTRAKSehubungan dengan upaya Bank Syariah mengatasi terjadinya “fund flight”, maka saat ini telah beredar isu mengenai sebuah instrumen yang digunakan untuk mengatasi kerugian tersebut yaitu Profit Equalization Reserve (PER).Tujuan yang ingin dicapai adalah Mengetahui penerapan PER (Profit Equalization Reserve) pada perbankan syariah dalam tinjauan fiqih. Mengetahui kemungkinan penerapan PER (Profit Equalization Reserve) pada perbankan syariah di Indonesia.Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif kualitatif, data yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah data primer dan data sekunder. Data primer adalah data yang berhubungan dengan penerapan PER (Profit Equalization Reserve) di perbankan syariah. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, bahwa instrumen PER (Profit Equalization Reserve) ini termasuk pada mashlahah mursalah karena belum ada dalil yang memerintahkan dan melarangnya namun bermanfaat dan tidak bertentangan dengan dalil syar’i. sehingga instrumen PER (Profit Equalization Reserve) ini dapat dimungkinkan untuk diterapkan namun bank syariah harus mendapat persetujuan nasabah terlebih dahulu sebelum menciptakan PER (Profit Equalization Reserve) dan diakhir periode bank syariah harus mendistribusikan dana tersebut kepada nasabah dengan adil.Kata Kunci : Profit Equalization Reserve, kontrak Mudharabah

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21

Wang, Xiaolin, Liyi Zhang, Yunshan Sun, Yong Zhang, and Yongsheng Hu. "A Wireless Channel Equalization Method Based on Hybrid Whale Optimization: For Constant Modulus Blind Equalization System." Mathematics 11, no. 15 (July 29, 2023): 3335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math11153335.

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This paper proposes a wireless channel equalization method applied to the constant modulus blind equalization system, which addresses the slow convergence and strong randomness in the initialization of equalizer weights in the constant modulus blind equalization algorithm (CMA) by introducing a hybrid arithmetic whale optimization algorithm (HAWOA). The mean square error in the CMA is utilized as the cost function for the HAWOA to obtain a more effective initial weights for the equalizer. To validate the superiority of the hybrid arithmetic whale constant modulus blind equalization algorithm, tests are conducted on the equalization system using 16QAM and 64QAM signals. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm achieved better initial weights compared to the CMA and the constant modulus blind equalization algorithm based on the whale optimization algorithm. It can obtain the desired mean square error with a lower symbol error rate in fewer iterations. Furthermore, the hybrid arithmetic whale constant modulus blind equalization algorithm exhibited faster convergence in optimizing initial weights, effectively enhancing the equalization performance of the CMA in wireless channels while ensuring timeliness.

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22

Dourou, Nefeli, Valeria Bruschi, Susanna Spinsante, and Stefania Cecchi. "The Influence of Listeners’ Mood on Equalization-Based Listening Experience." Acoustics 4, no. 3 (September 1, 2022): 746–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/acoustics4030045.

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Using equalization to improve sound listening experience is a well-established topic among the audio society. Finding a general equalization curve is a difficult task because of spectral content influenced by the reproduction system (loudspeakers and room environment) and personal preference diversity. Listeners’ mood is said to be a factor that affects the individual equalization preference. In this study, the effect of a listener’s mood on equalization preference is tried to be investigated. Starting from an experiment with fifty-two listeners, considering five predefined equalization curves and a database of ten music excerpts, the relationship between listeners’ mood and preferred sound equalization has been studied. The main findings of this study showed that the “High-frequency boosting” equalization was the most preferred among participants. However, the “High-frequency boosting” preference of low-aroused people was slightly lower than the high aroused listeners, increasing the preference of the “Low-frequency boosting”.

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23

Liu, Yidong, Xihong Chen, Dizhe Yuan, and Denghua Hu. "An Estimated δ-Based Iterative Block Decision Feedback Equalization in SC-FDE System." Electronics 11, no. 20 (October 20, 2022): 3397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11203397.

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We provide a novel nonlinear frequency domain equalization algorithm for the frequency domain equalization of an SC-FDE system by improving the classical iterative block decision feedback equalization (IBDFE) algorithm and applying δ estimation to the improved algorithm. The improvement of the IBDFE algorithm is carried out by replacing the ZF equalization in the feedback branch with the MMSE equalization and eliminating the iteration of the correlation factor, thus reducing the noise error and the computational complexity of the original algorithm. δ estimation can estimate residual inter-symbol interference in the signal after MMSE equalization and reject it, thus further improving the equalization accuracy. The simulation results show that the performance of the novel algorithm is better than that of the IBDFE algorithm with similar complexity, or the complexity of the novel algorithm is lower than that of the IBDFE algorithm with similar performance.

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24

Gao, Han, and Zhi Gang Gao. "A Research of New Zero-Voltage Switching Equalization for Super-Capacitor Energy Storage System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 734 (February 2015): 811–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.734.811.

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An expatiation to analyze and verification for zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) is proposed for cell voltage equalization control in a series connected super capacitors string. Resonant circuit was designed to achieve the ZVS to reduce the switching loss in equalization circuit. Analyze result indicates that the switching loss and equalization efficiency can be improved with the ZVS technology. The simulation and experimental results shows the ZVS equalization technology can achieve voltage equalization performance and reduce MOSFET switches power loss and increase the efficiency by 20% compared with the traditional equalizer.

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25

Gill, Steven L., and Christopher Schwarz. "Tax Equalization in Mutual Funds." Journal of the American Taxation Association 33, no. 2 (October 1, 2011): 89–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/atax-10051.

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ABSTRACT By making an annual tax election, open-ended mutual funds can treat redeeming shareholders as if they have been allocated a pro-rata share of taxable gains, when in fact they have not (known as “equalization”). Equalization provides significant benefits to shareholders and funds; however, it also leads to additional fund-level costs. In this study, we use equalization elections to examine how managers weigh the costs and benefits of tax minimization. Overall, our results suggest both are important in the decision-making process. Even though funds and investors both benefit, only 10 percent of funds use equalization. Funds in larger fund families and with higher expense ratios, both proxies for the additional infrastructure necessary to calculate equalization dividends, are more likely to use equalization. Equalization is also used when its benefits are highest, such as by funds with greater redemptions and larger unrealized gains. Data Availability: Contact the first author.

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Ferede, Ergete. "The Incentive Effects of Equalization Grants on Tax Policy." Public Finance Review 45, no. 6 (August 31, 2016): 723–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091142116666316.

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This article provides an empirical analysis of the incentive effects of equalization grants on business and personal income tax rates using panel data from Canadian provinces. We exploit the discontinuity in the equalization grant allocation formula to identify the exogenous income and incentive effects of equalization grants on tax policy. Our empirical results indicate that equalization grants provide provincial governments an incentive to raise their business and personal income tax rates. The results also suggest that if the equalization program in its current form was abandoned, then business and personal income tax rates would be lower in the grant receiving provinces.

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Li, JL, BZ Qu, XJ Liu, YL Yuan, and WJ Peng. "Research on battery charging automatic equalization system based on double closed loop controller." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2476, no. 1 (April 1, 2023): 012074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2476/1/012074.

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Abstract In order to improve the equalization control efficiency of the battery charge equalization system, this paper applies the double closed-loop controller to the battery charge automatic equalization system. First, the overall block diagram of the hardware circuit of the charging system is designed, and the switching control of charging and discharging is completed by using TMS320F2812 chip. Secondly, the optimal charging current is calculated according to Mars law. Then, a double closed-loop controller is introduced to balance the battery charge, and the charge balance equation is constructed and solved. Finally, the adjusted parameters are obtained to realize the automatic charging equalization control. The experimental results show that the equalization control time of this method is always within 25s, which indicates that its charge equalization control effect is good.

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Anjum, Muhammad Yasir Siddique, Muhammad Ali Raza Anjum, and Usman Riaz. "Multirate Adaptive Equalization." Vol 3 Issue 5 3, no. 5 (January 1, 2022): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.33411/ijist/2021030509.

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Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filter model emulates the Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) in a wireless communication channel. An equalizer, typically an Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) filter, behaves as an inverse filter to the FIR filter to remove the effects of the ISI. IIR filters are generally avoided due to tractability issues, and an FIR filter, with an adaptive signal processing algorithm to minimize the error due to the ISI, is deployed at the receiver. However, the filter is observed to quickly reach a steady state where further iterations do not yield a reduction in the error. This can be attributed to relatively slow variations in the steady state error which prevent further reduction of the errors. This work focuses on converting the low frequency error variations to high frequency variations by the use of multirate signal processing. As such, the steady state error can be damped as well, providing further reduction in the error and an enhanced adaptive filter performance.

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29

Sánchez, Javier. "Midway Video Equalization." Image Processing On Line 7 (April 24, 2017): 65–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5201/ipol.2017.181.

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30

Litwin, L. R. "Blind channel equalization." IEEE Potentials 18, no. 4 (1999): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/45.796095.

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Chattaraj, Pratim Kumar, Santanab Giri, and Soma Duley. "Electrophilicity Equalization Principle." Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 1, no. 7 (March 8, 2010): 1064–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jz1001117.

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32

Wandtke, John C., and Donald B. Plewes. "Chest equalization radiography." Journal of Thoracic Imaging 1, no. 1 (December 1985): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005382-198512000-00004.

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33

Smart, Michael. "Equalization and Stabilization." Canadian Public Policy / Analyse de Politiques 30, no. 2 (June 2004): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3552392.

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Delon, Julie. "Midway Image Equalization." Journal of Mathematical Imaging and Vision 21, no. 2 (September 2004): 119–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:jmiv.0000035178.72139.2d.

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Erdogan, A. T., B. Hassibi, and T. Kailath. "FIR H∞ equalization." Signal Processing 81, no. 5 (May 2001): 907–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-1684(00)00253-x.

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36

Sari, H., and G. Karam. "Asymmetric baseband equalization." IEEE Transactions on Communications 36, no. 9 (1988): 1073–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/26.7520.

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Xu, Tong, Polad M. Shikhaliev, Gholam R. Berenji, Jamshid Tehranzadeh, Farhood Saremi, and Sabee Molloi. "Area beam equalization." Academic Radiology 11, no. 4 (April 2004): 377–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1076-6332(03)00730-x.

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38

Icart, Sylvie, Pierre Comon, and Ludwig Rota. "Blind paraunitary equalization." Signal Processing 89, no. 3 (March 2009): 283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sigpro.2008.08.014.

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39

Kruger, Robert A., Daniel R. Reinecke, and Robert L. Power. "Light equalization radiography." Medical Physics 17, no. 4 (July 1990): 696–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.596551.

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40

Stoel, B. C., A. M. Vossepoel, F. P. Ottes, P. L. Hofland, H. M. Kroon, and L. J. Schultze Kool. "Interactive histogram equalization." Pattern Recognition Letters 11, no. 4 (April 1990): 247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8655(90)90063-8.

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41

Yao, Shu-Nung. "Equalization in ambisonics." Applied Acoustics 139 (October 2018): 129–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2018.04.027.

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42

Sun, Lin, Mei Wang, Guoheng Zhang, Haisen Li, and Lan Huang. "Filtered Multitone Modulation Underwater Acoustic Communications Using Low-Complexity Channel-Estimation-Based MMSE Turbo Equalization." Sensors 19, no. 12 (June 17, 2019): 2714. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19122714.

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Filtered multitone (FMT) modulation divides the communication band into several subbands to shorten the span of symbols affected by multipath in underwater acoustic (UWA) communications. However, there is still intersymbol interference (ISI) in each subband of FMT modulation degrading communication performance. Therefore, ISI suppression techniques must be applied to FMT modulation UWA communications. The suppression performance of traditional adaptive equalization methods often exploited in FMT modulation UWA communications is limited when the effect of ISI spans tens of symbols or large constellation sizes are used. Turbo equalization consisting of adaptive equalization and channel decoding can improve equalization performance through information exchanging and iterative processes. To overcome the shortcoming of traditional minimum mean square error (MMSE) equalization and effectively suppress the ISI with relatively low computation complexity, an FMT modulation UWA communication using low-complexity channel-estimation-based (CE-based) MMSE turbo equalization is proposed in this paper. In the proposed method, turbo equalization is first exploited to suppress the ISI in FMT modulation UWA communications, and the equalizer coefficients of turbo equalization are adjusted using the low-complexity CE-based MMSE algorithm. The proposed method is analyzed in theory and verified by simulation analysis and real data collected in the experiment carried out in a pool with multipath propagation. The results demonstrate that the proposed method can achieve better communication performance with a higher bit rate than the FMT modulation UWA communication using traditional MMSE adaptive equalization.

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Sabol, John M., Ka Kay Tam, and D. B. Plewes. "Rotary scanning equalization radiography: An efficient geometry for equalization mammography." Medical Physics 21, no. 10 (October 1994): 1523–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.597262.

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Zhao, Zixiang, Weiqun Liu, Chunrong Hua, Qiao Zhu, and Yanping Yuan. "Decoupled and modularized battery equalization circuit for equalization overlap issue." Journal of Energy Storage 71 (November 2023): 108194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2023.108194.

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Cao, Jianwen, Bizhong Xia, and Jie Zhou. "An Active Equalization Method for Lithium-ion Batteries Based on Flyback Transformer and Variable Step Size Generalized Predictive Control." Energies 14, no. 1 (January 2, 2021): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14010207.

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The inconsistency in large-scale battery pack significantly degrades the performance of electric vehicles. In order to diminish the inconsistency, the study designs an active equalization method comprising of equalizer and equalization strategy for lithium-ion batteries. A bidirectional flyback transformer equalizer (BFTE) is designed and analyzed. The BFTE is controlled by a pulse width modulation (PWM) controller to output designated balancing currents. Under the purpose of shortening equalization time and reducing energy consumption during the equalization process, this paper proposes an equalization strategy based on variable step size generalized predictive control (VSSGPC). The VSSGPC is improved on the generalized predictive control (GPC) by introducing the Step Size Factor. The VSSGPC surmounts the local limitation of GPC by expanding the control and output horizons to the global equalization process without increasing computation owing to the Step Size Factor. The experiment results in static operating condition indicate that the equalization time and energy consumption are reduced by 8.3% and 16.5%, respectively. Further validation in CC-CV and EUDC operating conditions verifies the performance of the equalizer and rationality of the VSSGPC strategy.

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Lu, Chusheng, Longyun Kang, Xuan Luo, Jinqing Linghu, and Hongye Lin. "A Novel Lithium Battery Equalization Circuit with Any Number of Inductors." Energies 12, no. 24 (December 13, 2019): 4764. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12244764.

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Even with the same voltage level, different types of battery packs have different requirements for the volume of the battery equalization circuit. However, most equalization circuits have the same problem: the volume of the equalization circuit is fixed once the voltage level of the battery pack is determined. In order to solve this problem, this paper proposes a novel lithium battery equalization circuit with any number of inductors (ECANI). It can select any number of inductors less than half the number of batteries, even when the voltage level of the battery pack is determined. Simulation and experiments are used to verify the performance of the equalization circuit. The current error and the average final voltage error in the experiment are 1.69% and 0.33% lower than those in the simulation, respectively. So the circuit can achieve equalization with good accuracy.

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47

Xiao, Ying, and Rui Ruan. "CMA Blind Equalization with Variable Momentum Based on Nonlinear Transformation Function." Applied Mechanics and Materials 602-605 (August 2014): 2658–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.602-605.2658.

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For the contradiction between convergence rate and convergence precision in the CMA blind equalization with the fixed momentum factor, a variable momentum CMA blind equalization is proposed The output error power of the blind equalizer is acted as the parameter, which control the adjustment of the momentum factor adaptively based on nonlinear transformation function. The algorithm can obtain faster convergence rate and higher convergence precision, also the performance of the blind equalization is improved. The simulation results show that, compared with the CMA blind equalization with the fixed momentum factor, CMA blind equalization with variable momentum based on nonlinear transform can obtain better performance

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48

Yi, Qilin, Rui Ling, Pan Wang, and Zhaosheng Tong. "An improved equalization circuit with bidirectional CUK converter for series-connected battery strings." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2703, no. 1 (February 1, 2024): 012069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2703/1/012069.

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Abstract This paper proposed an improved equalization circuit based on a bidirectional CUK converter. Compared with traditional bus equalization circuits based on CUK converter, it owns a simpler structure with fewer inductors, resulting in a smaller volume and higher energy density of the proposed equalization circuit. The operation principle and steady-state characteristic of the equalizer are analysed. The equalizer is applied to the energy balance of the series-connected battery strings, and the balance principle is designed. The proposed equalization system achieves a fast energy balance of the battery pack. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the designed equalization circuit and balance strategy.

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Kadhum, Zainab Abdulrazzaq. "Equalize The Histogram Equalization for Image enhancement." Journal of Kufa for Mathematics and Computer 1, no. 5 (May 30, 2012): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31642/jokmc/2018/010502.

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Histogram Equalization is one of the technique most commonly used in contrast enhancement.Â it tends to change the mean brightness of the image to the middle level of the gray level range. However, In this paper, a simple contrast enhancement technique based on conventional histogram equalization algorithm is proposed. This Equalize The histogram equalization technique which takes control over the effect of Â histogram equalization technique so that it performs the enhancement of an image

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Galvão, José Rodolfo, Lucas Braggião Calligaris, Kawe Monteiro de Souza, Joelton Deonei Gotz, Paulo Broniera Junior, and Fernanda Cristina Corrêa. "Hybrid Equalization Topology for Battery Management Systems Applied to an Electric Vehicle Model." Batteries 8, no. 10 (October 12, 2022): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries8100178.

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This paper presents a hybrid equalization (EQ) topology of lithium-ion batteries (LIB). Currently, LIBs are widely used for electric mobility due to their characteristics of high energy density and multiple recharge cycles. In an electric vehicle (EV), these batteries are connected in series and/or parallel until the engine reaches the voltage and energy capacity required. For LIBs to operate safely, a battery management system (BMS) is required. This system monitors and controls voltage, current, and temperature parameters. Among the various functions of a BMS, voltage equalization is of paramount importance for the safety and useful life of LIBs. There are two main voltage equalization techniques: passive and active. Passive equalization dissipates energy, and active equalization transfers energy between the LIBs. The passive has the advantage of being simple to implement; however, it has a longer equalization time and energy loss. Active is complex to implement but has fast equalization time and lower energy loss. This paper proposes the combination of these two techniques to implement simultaneously to control a pack of LIBs, equalizing voltage between stacks and at the cell level. For this purpose, a pack of LIBs was simulated with sixty-four cells connected in series and divided into eight stacks with eight battery cells each. The rated voltage of each cell is 3.7 V, with a capacity of 106 Ah. The total pack has a voltage of 236.8 V and 25 kW. Some LIBs were fitted with different SOC values to simulate an imbalance between cells. In the simulations, different topologies were evaluated: passive and active topology at the cell level and combined active and passive equalization at the pack level. Results are compared as a response time and state of charge (SOC) level. In addition, equalization topologies are applied in an EV model with the FTP75 conduction cycle. In this way, it is possible to evaluate the autonomy of each equalization technique simulated in this work. The hybrid topology active at the stack level and passive at the module level showed promising results in equalization time and autonomy compared with a purely active or passive equalization technique. This combination is a solution to achieve low EQ time and satisfactory SOC when compared to a strictly active or passive EQ.

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