Journal articles: 'Equality – Italy'

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Mrsevic, Zorica. "Gender equality and equal opportunity mechanisms in Italy." Temida 10, no. 3 (2007): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tem0703051m.

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As a country of Southern European mentality Italy may be taken as the nearest-to-the-Balkans model of the gender equality mechanisms and necessity of their existence. Italy also might be taken as a model of domain and methods of functioning of the gender equality mechanisms as well as their connections with the EU development funds. Besides the Italian Ministry for Rights and Equal opportunities and the National Committee, the attention was paid to the whole range of local mechanisms and legal regulations dealing with advancement of women?s employment and counteracting discrimination on the labor market. In the text are analyzed through the five chapters the Italian mechanisms/institutions for gender equality as located within the European institutional environment but also within the context of Italian recent history of struggle against gender based discrimination. It was stressed that the essence of the accumulated European institutional wisdom is in diversity of the gender equality bodies rather then in their uniformity. Although the Italian mechanisms for gender equality are part of the European institutional environment their aim is to meet the internal needs for advancement of gender equality. Besides, the mechanisms also meet the demands of the international standards comprised in the documents issued by the UN and the EU. In European countries these mechanisms are frequently established and function in the domains of the labor and employment regulations, but also are located within the human rights portfolios while somewhere are connected with the minority rights and equal opportunity implementation.

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Mellone, James Tasato. "The Jews in Mussolini's Italy: From Equality to Persecution." History: Reviews of New Books 35, no. 2 (January 2007): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.2007.10527030.

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GORI, Elena, Alberto ROMOLINI, and Silvia FISSI. "Local Authorities’ Policies for Disseminating Gender Equality. Evidence from Italy." Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences, no. 53 E (February 26, 2018): 38–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/tras.53e.3.

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Faraguna, Pietro. "Regulating Religion in Italy." Journal of Law, Religion and State 7, no. 1 (February 7, 2019): 31–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22124810-00701003.

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This article focuses on state-church relations and on the peculiar implementation of the “idea of secularism” in Italy. First, it explores the formal provisions of the 1848 Constitution. Next, it investigates constitutional provisions that came into force in 1948. Finally, it examines how the actors of the living constitution (legislators, the government, judges, and the Constitutional Court in particular) tried to balance and develop the potentially conflicting principles included in the 1948 Constitution in the area of religious freedom, equality, and state-church relations. The article explores three particularly controversial examples: the teaching of religion in state schools; the display of the crucifix in classrooms; and state funding mechanisms of religious denominations. The main claim of the article is that, with regard to the regulation of religion in Italy, the transformation of the constitutional position of religion did not occur within the formal constitution, but in the “living constitution.”

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Bencivenga, Rita, and Eileen Drew. "Promoting gender equality and structural change in academia through gender equality plans: Harmonising EU and national initiatives." GENDER – Zeitschrift für Geschlecht, Kultur und Gesellschaft 13, no. 1-2021 (March 15, 2021): 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3224/gender.v13i1.03.

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Gender equality has been actively promoted in EU academic institutions by the European Commission’s Science with and for Society (SwafS) programme through the implementation of gender equality plans (GEP). GEP formulation and implementation was strongly influenced by involvement in EU projects in Irish as well as Italian higher education institutions. The paper draws upon experience of the EU project SAGE (H2020), in which Irish and Italian universities actively cooperated, the Athena SWAN Charter in Ireland, Positive Action Plans (PAP) in Italy, and semi structured interviews with gender experts in Irish and Italian higher education institutions to explore the degree to which participation in EU and national initiatives can promote similar outcomes by the adoption of positive actions. The paper concludes that a harmonised strategy, focusing on common priorities and respecting cultural, political and social diversity, could promote the internationalization of the higher education sector and accelerate the process towards gender equality in academia.

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Ciacci, Carolina, Gioacchino Leandro, Piero Alberto Testoni, and Craxì Antonio. "Gender equality in medicine: What do gastroenterologists from Italy think of it?" Digestive and Liver Disease 50, no. 7 (July 2018): 725–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2018.04.006.

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Stanislao G. Pugliese. "The Jews in Mussolini's Italy: From Equality to Persecution (review)." Catholic Historical Review 94, no. 2 (2008): 391–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cat.0.0065.

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Pibaev, Igor. "The principle of secularism of the state in the decisions of the Constitutional Court of Italy: all roads lead to Rome." Sravnitel noe konstitucionnoe obozrenie 29, no. 5 (2020): 56–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21128/1812-7126-2020-5-56-73.

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The main characteristics of the European approach to the understanding of state secularism in many respects is based on the interpretations of Article 9 of the 1950 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms by the European Court of Human Rights are, on the one hand, private freedom of faith, civil and political equality of citizens regardless of their confession, and non-discrimination, and on the other, the autonomy of religious communities from the state and the non-interference of religious organizations in public governance. The article shows the special way these values were implemented in the Italian state from the moment of drafting and adoption of the Constitution in 1947 to the present time. We analyze the judgments of the Constitutional Court of Italy interpreting articles 2, 3, 7, 8, 17, 19 and 20 of the Constitution of Italy on freedom of faith and the relationship between the Roman Catholic Church and other religious communities of Italy with state authorities of the Republic of Italy. The author underlines the characteristic features of Italian secularism, including the principle of “bi-lateralization” providing for the possibility of combining the principle of separation of church and state with the bilateral agreement between the state and religious communities. In the article we try to answer to the questions of how, after the revision of the Lateran Concordat in 1984, the position changed of the Catholic religion, which previously was the state religion, and what role the Constitutional Court of Italy played in this change. Finally, the author concludes that the judgments of the Constitutional Court of Italy de jure promoted centrality and impartiality of all confessions to a great extent, but de facto the problem of realization of the principle of equality still exists, with the Roman Catholic Church preserving its dominant position in political life.

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Ferraro, Olga, and Elena Cristiano. "Examining Gender Equality Information in the Consolidated Mandatory Non-Financial Statements of a Cooperative Banking Group: A Longitudinal Analysis." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 15, no. 12 (December 12, 2022): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm15120595.

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With the 2014/95/EU Directive, implemented in Italy with Legislative Decree No. 254/2016, public interest entities with specific requirements, including credit institutions, are obliged to report several items of non-financial information (NFI), especially in terms of gender equality, due to the importance of this aspect in the European agenda, in a non-financial statement (NFS). It remains an open question whether NFI disclosure regulations lead to an improvement in reporting quality. In this paper we investigate the quality of the information on gender equality disclosed in the consolidated mandatory NFSs (CNFSs) for the Iccrea Cooperative Banking Group (ICBG) for 2017–2021. We selected ICBG because of the dearth of studies on the cooperative banking sector, which represent a relevant component of the national banking system in Italy. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first study to explore the quality of information on gender equality in mandatory NFSs for a cooperative banking group using a longitudinal approach. The analysis of the case study’s findings provides evidence that ICBG worked to align its gender information with the Decree requirements and the GRI standards. The longitudinal analysis highlights that, during the five years under study, the ICBG’s information on gender came to fully reflect the EU and Italian requirements.

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Bello, Barbara Giovanna. "Empowerment of young migrants in Italy through nonformal education: putting equality into practice." Journal of Modern Italian Studies 16, no. 3 (June 2011): 348–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1354571x.2011.565634.

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Peruginelli, Ginevra. "Legal Information on the Web: the Case of Italy." International Journal of Legal Information 34, no. 2 (2006): 327–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500001505.

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Accessing legal information is a primary requirement for a variety of communities: ordinary citizens, scholars, and professionals. The dissemination of legal information contributes to the rule of law and to the overall ideals of democracy in a number of ways. Many are the benefits of accessing legal information, such as the awareness of the applicable rule of law, the creation of conditions necessary to the equality and fairness of a legal system, while improving the functioning of democratic institutions, the development and improvement of social and economic conditions.

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Bracke, Maud Anne. "Labour, Gender and Deindustrialisation: Women Workers at Fiat (Italy, 1970s–1980s)." Contemporary European History 28, no. 4 (October 31, 2019): 484–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777319000298.

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AbstractThe article presents an in-depth analysis of the struggle for gender equality in hiring, as well as campaigns for parental leave and demands for improved work conditions, by female workers in manufacturing industry in 1970s–80s Italy. The case study is focused on Fiat in Turin, a highly significant site given its economic role in Italy and Europe, and its history of social conflict and radical workforce. Against the backdrop of dramatic changes in gender relations since the 1960s, ongoing industrial unrest since 1968 and the introduction of new gender-equality legislation, fatefully coinciding with the onset of deindustrialisation and the rise of unemployment in manufacturing, trade union feminism presented an original and, viewed in hindsight, highly significant agenda. The events in Fiat demonstrate the extent to which new demands and ideas regarding the value of women's work became acceptable in the workers’ movement and in society at large, but also reveal the obstacles which the feminist politics of work encountered, and the persistence of gender-based prejudice in understandings of the value of work in all its forms. The analysis is based on archive material, press and original interviews.

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Caddeo, Maria Letizia, and Mino Vianello. "Present Prospects for Women's Political Participation in Italy." International Political Science Review 6, no. 3 (July 1985): 317–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019251218500600306.

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After the war, Italy passed through a notable but uneven period of economic development. The great changes in the economic structure of the country were not accompanied by policies directed toward changing the traditional style of life and of the family, where the women had the function of caring for and satisfying the various needs of the members of the family. The lack of social services and infrastructures is consequently a strong brake on women's opportunities to get out of the house and enter the working world. Therefore, notwithstanding legislation aimed at equality, women in Italy are few with regard to work, almost absent from public life, and above all absent from professional, political, and governing élites.

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Velluti, Samantha. "Promotion of Gender Equality at the Workplace: Gender Mainstreaming and Collective Bargaining in Italy." Feminist Legal Studies 16, no. 2 (August 2008): 195–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10691-008-9088-z.

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Raineri, Maria Luisa, and Valentina Calcaterra. "Social work strategies against crisis in everyday practice: An anti-oppressive case study." International Social Work 61, no. 1 (December 4, 2015): 130–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020872815606793.

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Anti-oppressive social work, promotion of equality and combating the structural causes of hardship are often conceived as matters to be pursued at the meso and macro levels, while little anti-oppressive social work is considered practicable at the individual case level. In order to counteract this dangerous idea, this article presents a case study of a Nigerian mother immigrated to Italy, and is based on the five social work strategies against the social and economic crisis that were proposed for the 2014 World Social Work Day: promoting equality and equity, enabling people to live sustainably, building participation, facilitating caring communities, and respecting diversity and connecting people.

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Anaya, Lauren A. "Policymaking in the Italian Courts." Anthropological Journal of European Cultures 23, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 40–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ajec.2014.230103.

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In this article, I use the current struggle over recognition of rights for same-sex couples in Italy as a window on larger policymaking processes. Associazione Radicale Certi Diritti is leading the charge for the recognition of rights for same-sex couples in Italy with its innovative national campaign Affermazione Civile that seeks to obtain marriage equality for same-sex couples in Italy through the deployment of judicial initiatives. Through the Affermazione Civile project, Italian LGBTI rights activists successfully circumvent national politics and advance recognition of same-sex couples' rights in Italy. I argue that recent policy changes with respect to the treatment of this group are direct products of the EU's influence on the national judicial system and demonstrate a continuing trend towards increased judicial activism at the expense of national politics. This article illustrates how the EU influences the making of national public policy outside the economic realm in unanticipated and unintended ways.

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Galizzi, Giovanna, and Benedetta Siboni. "Positive action plans in Italian universities: does gender really matter?" Meditari Accountancy Research 24, no. 2 (June 6, 2016): 246–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/medar-09-2015-0062.

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Purpose The European university context reveals a high degree of gender inequality. In Italy, the overall female employment rate is significantly lower than in the rest of Europe; nevertheless, gender equality in universities is consistent with the European average. In 2006, the Italian Government required public organisations (thus state universities) to formulate positive action plans (PAPs) and disclose the positive actions planned for the following three years to promote gender equality. However, the law does not provide any guideline for the contents of the PAPs. The purpose of this paper is to analyse gender equality disclosure in PAPs to investigate whether and how Italian State Universities (ISUs) are taking a role in promoting gender equality. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses content analysis to investigate contents of gender disclosure in 28 PAPs. The authors developed a coding instrument based on the Guidelines for Gender Equality Programmes in Science. Findings The paper found that most PAPs are focused on creating a favourable environment for women inside the organisation, while little attention has been paid to creating gender awareness in research and teaching activities, as well as in supporting women’s leadership. The paper concludes that ISUs are failing as key players in the cultural change of the society toward gender equality. Originality/value First, the paper contributes to the accounting literature by providing an analysis of accounting for gender by universities. Second, it adds to the debate on positive actions for gender equality in the university sector.

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Wallaschek, Stefan, Kavyanjali Kaushik, Monika Verbalyte, Aleksandra Sojka, Giuliana Sorci, Hans-Jörg Trenz, and Monika Eigmüller. "Same Same but Different? Gender Politics and (Trans-)National Value Contestation in Europe on Twitter." Politics and Governance 10, no. 1 (February 17, 2022): 146–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/pag.v10i1.4751.

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The progress achieved in women’s rights and gender equality has become the target of a backlash driven by “anti-gender” activists and right-wing populists across EU member states. To a large extent, this conflict takes place in the digital and social media spheres, illustrating the new mediatized logic of value contestation. Therefore, we ask to what extent are the debates about gender equality on Twitter similar in three European countries, and how do users engage in these debates? We examine these questions by collecting Twitter data around the 2021 International Women’s Day in Germany, Italy, and Poland. First, we show that the debate remains nationally segmented and is predominantly supportive of gender equality. While citizens engage with the gender equality value online, they do so in a prevailingly acclamatory fashion. In contrast, political and societal actors show higher levels of engagement with the value and receive more interactions on Twitter. Our study highlights the relevance of national contexts to the analysis of (transnational) social media debates and the limited political engagement of citizens on Twitter across Europe. We also critically discuss the strengths and weaknesses of a cross-country social media comparison.

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Tuckett, Anna. "Moving on." Focaal 2016, no. 76 (December 1, 2016): 99–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/fcl.2016.760107.

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This article explores feelings of disappointment and failure among migrants in Italy. It argues that the ubiquitous circulation of discourses of disappointment can be traced to restricted possibilities for upward mobility produced by the legal, economic, and social forms of marginalization that migrants in Italy encounter. Disappointment, it contends, is the product of an imaginary migration trajectory that views moving on from Italy as the only way to be successful. Arguing that some low-status migrants can be considered “flexible citizens,” I examine how my respondents’ desires for mobility are shaped by opportunities and restrictions that are integral to late capitalism, as well as by the differentiated inclusion into the global market that these produce. By their very nature, however, I show how these desires neglect other kinds of future imaginaries and arguably impede the chance to build greater equality for migrants and their children in the future.

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Lasio, Diego, and Francesco Serri. "The Italian public debate on same-sex civil unions and gay and lesbian parenting." Sexualities 22, no. 4 (December 11, 2017): 691–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1363460717713386.

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After many years of heated debate, in 2016 the Italian parliament approved a law to regulate same-sex civil unions. Although this can be considered a significant step towards the equality of lesbian and gay couples, the law preserves legal differences between heterosexual marriage and homosexual union and does not guarantee the rights of lesbian and gay parents and their children. In this article, we analyze the public debate on same-sex couples and gay and lesbian parenting that occurred in Italy while the parliament was discussing the law. Findings highlight that the ‘natural order’ argument and the irreducible differences between heterosexual marriage and same-sex union are the bedrock of the current expression of heteronormativity in Italy.

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Bratti, Massimiliano, Daniele Checchi, and Guido de Blasio. "Does the Expansion of Higher Education Increase the Equality of Educational Opportunities? Evidence from Italy." Labour 22, s1 (June 2008): 53–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9914.2008.00411.x.

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Rubini, Mauro, Silvia Mogliazza, and Robert Spencer T. Corruccini. "Biological divergence and equality during the first millennium BC in human populations of central Italy." American Journal of Human Biology 19, no. 1 (2006): 119–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.20593.

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Illuzzi, Jennifer. "Continuities and Discontinuities: Antiziganism in Germany and Italy (1900-1938)." Sociología Histórica, no. 10 (October 19, 2020): 51–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/sh.451181.

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In both Germany and Italy before WWI, populations labelled as Gypsies found themselves in a “state of exception” which aimed at their elimination from the nation-state by targeting them with policies emanating from the executive. Both states adhered to the liberal idea of equality before the law, but used the flexibility provided by executive authority to pressure Gypsies to leave the state. After WWI, both Germany and Italy were forced to retain “Gypsies” inside the state as a result of changing geopolitical circumstances. However, in fascist Italy before WWII, executive authorities continued to operate in a “state of exception” and ceased adhering to the rule of law, interning Gypsies in concentration camps and seeking to eliminate them through forced assimilation. In Weimar Germany, legislative policies sought to eliminate Gypsies through bringing them inside of the law. The contradiction between increasingly racialized notion of Gypsy inassimilability and forced assimilation’s inevitable failures certainly laid the groundwork for extreme measures in both places during WWII.

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Golovinov, Alexander, and Yulia Golovinova. "The Principle of Gender Equality in the Texts of the Constitutions of Western European Countries." Legal Linguistics, no. 20(31) (July 1, 2021): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/leglin(2021)2001.

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The article analyzes the provisions of regulatory legal acts that ensure the enforcement of women's rights in Germany, Italy, Spain, Sweden, Finland, Iceland, etc. The paper shows the effectiveness of the Northern European approach to overcoming obstacles to gender equality through the establishment of special state agencies and government authorities. As generally recognized leaders in the field of women's rights this group of states effectively implements national mechanisms of gender equality. It is worth remembering that progress in achieving gender equality in Western countries is due to the intensity of the women's movement itself and the growth of women's representation in governments, parliaments and public organizations. Besides we should mention a broad anti-discrimination legislative framework and a system of state agencies implementing gender equality strategies in Europe. The systematic development of the concepts of equal opportunities has allowed women in these countries to take a secure place in the labor market on equal terms with men. The article shows that gender equality can be defined to a certain extent as a kind of "sameness" of men and women. However, this sameness should not be equated with identity. Alas, it is impossible to equate a woman and a man, at least the reason for this is mental and physiological differences, plus the obvious difference in their biological functions. It has proved that despite numerous benefits, women continue to face various forms of discrimination. Finally, as the experience of Western countries shows, to achieve equality de facto it is necessary to significantly increase the activity of women themselves, civil society institutions, to strengthen the role of state authorities in the implementation of true gender equality.

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Marcassa, Stefania. "Gender Differences in Burnout Syndrome and Perceptions of Gender Equality in Research Organisations." International Conference on Gender Research 5, no. 1 (April 13, 2022): pp130–138. http://dx.doi.org/10.34190/icgr.5.1.88.

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We present the results of a survey which was distributed to six research performing organisations in Albania, France, Germany, Italy, Serbia, and Spain. We found that both academic and non-academic women perceive 1) a greater degree of work pressure than men; and, 2) a greater degree of gender inequality than men. These results are consistent across countries. The fact that women occupy a lower percentage of senior positions than men and do not share the same perception of inequality, may be critical to the resolution of the leaky pipeline phenomenon. These results have provided incentives to the six organisations to implement measures that address gender biases to ensure a balanced gender representation at decision-making levels, and that improve work-life balance to reduce burnout syndrome and positively affect career satisfaction.

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Campisi, Tiziana, Anastasios Skoufas, Alexandros Kaltsidis, and Socrates Basbas. "Gender Equality and E-Scooters: Mind the Gap! A Statistical Analysis of the Sicily Region, Italy." Social Sciences 10, no. 10 (October 19, 2021): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10100403.

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Mobility since 2000 has undergone enormous changes due to new modes of transport and related technologies as well as catastrophic and pandemic events. Several strategies have been implemented by European states to mitigate impacts and assess possible risks in a preventive way. Today, mobility pursues the objectives of sustainability and resilience through a series of short-, medium- and long-term strategies that encourage the collaboration of the population to the choices of urban planning and design. Among the different modes of transport that have had a rise in recent years are scooters. Such modes are well suited to connecting spaces within the first and last mile. Similar to other modes of transportation, scooters are also characterized to date by reduced gender equity. The present work investigates through the administration of an online survey the participants’ perceptions concerning the factors that most affect this gender balance considering the metropolitan areas of Catania and Palermo in Sicily. The development of an ordinal regression model revealed the most influential factors of the gender equality variable. Specifically, age, job occupation and perceived safety level of micromobility modes play the most important role. The present findings can be effectively utilized in the planning stage of e-scooter services towards the bridging of the gender gap.

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D’Attoma, John, Clara Volintiru, and Sven Steinmo. "Willing to share? Tax compliance and gender in Europe and America." Research & Politics 4, no. 2 (April 2017): 205316801770715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2053168017707151.

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Studies examining the effects of gender on honesty, deceptive behavior, pro-sociality, and risk aversion, often find significant differences between men and women. The present study contributes to the debate by exploiting one of the largest tax compliance experiments to date in a highly controlled environment conducted in the United States, the United Kingdom, Sweden, and Italy. Our expectation was that the differences between men’s and women’s behavior would correlate broadly with the degree of gender equality in each country. Where social, political and cultural gender equality is greater we expected behavioral differences between men and women to be smaller. In contrast, our evidence reveals that women are significantly more compliant than men in all countries. Furthermore, these patterns are quite consistent across countries in our study. In other words, the difference between men’s and women’s behavior is not significantly different in more gender neutral countries than in more traditional societies.

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Bertolani, Barbara. "Women and Sikhism in Theory and Practice: Normative Discourses, Seva Performances, and Agency in the Case Study of Some Young Sikh Women in Northern Italy." Religions 11, no. 2 (February 17, 2020): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel11020091.

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The paper reflects on the role of women in Sikhism in theory and social practice, starting from a case study in northern Italy. Although the normative discourse widely shared in mainstream Sikhism affirms the equality between man and woman and the same possibility to manifest devotion through every kind of seva (social service within gurdwaras), empirical observation in some Italian gurdwaras has shown a different picture, as there is a clear division of tasks that implicitly subtends a gender-based hierarchy. This relational structure is challenged by intergenerational tensions, especially by young women born or raised in Italy, who may want to develop a different Sikh identity, considered compatible also with the Italian social and cultural context. In this initial process of collective identity definition and of agency, the female participation in the religious seva within gurdwaras is identified as the tool for change of power relations that cross genders and generations.

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Bimbi, Franca. "Genre et citoyenneté en Italie." Cahiers du Genre 9, no. 1 (1994): 103–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/genre.1994.939.

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Women's Citizenship and the Welfare State Cultures in Italy. The essay tries to analyse the different phases of women's citizenship in Italy between the post-Second World War period to the forthcoming unification of Europe. It intends to show that over the past fifty years there has been an important change in the ethics of the "gift relationship". From being a model for female identity and a paradigm for solidarity within the family, it has become an important value in the public sphere -thanks to policies of social justice and the development of the right of citizenship. The present phase can be read in two different -but not mutually exclusive -ways. The transformations of the family and the women's presence in political institutions seems to guarantee some important prerogatives for womens. At the same time, the prospect of economic and political crisis brings out the deep contradiction between the promotion of gender equality, the unemployment trends and the New-Right approach to the Welfare state.

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Grebieniow, Aleksander. "Remedies for Inequality in Exchange. Comparative Perspectives for the Evolution of the Law in the 21st Century." European Review of Private Law 27, Issue 1 (January 1, 2019): 3–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2019002.

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Equality in exchange has long been a popular topic for comparative legal studies. The following article examines the legal remedies provided by Private Law for the instances of contractual imbalance in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Until recently, most studies on this topic were limited to the French, German and English legal systems. The present article looks instead at the so-called ‘derived legal systems’: specifically, those of Switzerland, Poland, Italy and the Netherlands. Each of these systems marks a new stage in legal evolution, distinguished by a constant striving for greater flexibility and certainty within the field of contractual relations.

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Rolando, Sara, Jukka Törrönen, and Franca Beccaria. "The gendered relationship with drunkenness among different generations in Mediterranean and Nordic countries." Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 37, no. 2 (March 13, 2020): 172–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1455072520904651.

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The study adopts a qualitative comparative approach to better understand how different dimensions affect social norms regulating alcohol consumption. Female and male attitudes towards drunkenness were analysed on the basis of data from 27 focus groups involving a total of 166 participants from Italy, Finland and Sweden, grouped by age cohort (17–20 and 50–65 years) and educational level. Results suggest that gendered drinking norms may be affected more by the drinking culture than by the degree of gender equality, thus providing a possible explanation of why gender differences in drinking are not always consistent with broader gender inequalities.

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Gizi Jafarova, Ismat Allahverdi. "THE CONCEPT OF SENTIMENTALISM IN THE POETICS OF L. STERNE’S NOV EL “A SENTIMENTAL JOURNEY THROUGH FRANCE AND ITALY”." Молодий вчений, no. 3 (103) (March 31, 2022): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.32839/2304-5809/2022-3-103-11.

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Sentimentalism is a trend in literature and art of the second half of the 18th century. The name comes from the French word “sentiment” – a feeling. It is possible to identify the main feature of this literary direction – emphasis on the feelings of readers, interest in them and the desire to leave no one indifferent. The article analyzes the main features of sentimentalism on the example of Lawrence Sterne’s “A sentimental journal Trough France and Iraly”. It was up to sentimentalism to describe human feelings. However, the first sentimentalists were Democratic People with natural equality. They brought to literature in the history of enlightening literature the moral and sensory world of ordinary people, especially their tender feelings like Love, opposite to the classicists ' Palace scholars (kings, princes, nobles). They paved the way for the heroic concept of enlightening realism by demonstrating that the inner world of heroes from ordinary strata is not poor. In this sense, the Sentimentalists established a tradition of democratization of the author's creativity written in prose, observance of the principles of equality of people in the choice of literary heroes. The article investigated study is to identify the signs of sentimentalism in Sterne’s “A sentimental journey”, characterize the concept of «sentimentalism» and define it as an artistic system; to identify the main features and genres of sentimentalism as a direction in the literature.

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Lacerda-Magalhães, Rui, and Helena Neves Almeida. "The Role of Universities Sport in the Promotion of Social Equality and Integration." European Journal of Social Science Education and Research 5, no. 3 (December 1, 2018): 7–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ejser-2018-0053.

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Abstract This paper understands Sports as a holistic phenomenon with a fundamental role in the promotion and maintenance of well-being as an historical and social practice, connected with the construction of the world and its significances. Universities Sports plays a fundamental role in the Higher Education Institution’s governance, as well as in the life of the students who attend them and the academic community. The role of Universities Sports is analysed according to the promotion of Social Equality and Integration, in the dimensions of Social Status perception, Respect, Mutual Consideration, Concern about the Similar One, as well as in the Notions of Community, Fraternity and Solidarity. Reflexions are established upon Gender Equality, Respect for Sexual Orientation, Ethnic Diversity, Violence and Access to Goods and Opportunities. Assuming a constructivist ontological understanding and an interpretative epistemological reasoning, this investigation presents a Transnational Multiple Case-Study, comparing Universities Sport organization in Portugal and in Italy, using Mixed Methods. The main outcome establishes a close relationship between Universities Sport and the Goals of the Southern European Social States, indicating a dialog between these and the production of a welfare society. The role of Sport as a catalyst for social change is also explored, as it diverts the focus from the individual to the community level, promoting the accountability and the training of the subject for a responsible and constructive social intervention in the public and private spheres.

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Hellier, Emmanuelle. "Locally uniform water utility pricing. Social and economic issues in an emergent policy in France and Italy." Geopolitical, Social Security and Freedom Journal 1, no. 1 (November 1, 2018): 152–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/gssfj-2018-0008.

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Abstract Over the past twenty years, the principles of ‘full-cost recovery’ and ‘the user pays’ have become prominent in water utility pricing across the EU. At the same time, uniform pricing has been introduced by local authorities to boost equality between users in a given territory. Two case studies in France and Italy reveal different processes, depending upon the institutional setting, though in both cases EU regulations exert increasing influence on the water pricing structure. A literature review and study of specific documentation was used to prepare about thirty semi-directive interviews with public owners, private firms, and users’ organizations, all conducted face-to-face. The overview presented here has highlighted several trends common to the two case studies, France and Italy, in line with the EU standardization of water pricing structures. The differences arise from different national regulations and territorial models. Local congruence in pricing clearly accompanies reinforced cooperation between municipalities, promoting the legitimacy and visibility of public authorities but inducing complex economic mechanisms such as cross-subsidies and amendments to delegation agreements.

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Black, Candace, Mateo Peñaherrera-Aguirre, Cindy Minera, and Aurelio José Figueredo. "The Influence of Life History Strategies on Regional Variation in Social and Sexual Equality in Italy, Spain and Mexico." Mankind Quarterly 57, no. 3 (2017): 338–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.46469/mq.2017.57.3.5.

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Christauskas, Česlovas, and Rasa Žilionė. "SOCIAL ENTERPRISE FOR EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN FROM ETHNIC MINORITY: CHALLENGES AND POSSIBILITIES." SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 4 (May 28, 2021): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2021vol4.6175.

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The empowerment of women and the improvement of their political, social, economic and health status is a highly important and is one of the Global Sustainable Goals. Gender Equality index 2020 of EU-28 is 67.9, slowly increasing (European Institute for Gender Equality, 2021). Although there are some researches related to women empowerment and economic development (Siba, 2019, Hemalatha, 2020, Doss, Malapit, Comstock, 2020, etc.) or social entrepreneurship (Biggeri, Testi, Bellucci, During, Persson, 2018; Briar-Lawson, Miesing, Ram, 2020, etc.), combining these two fields and especially adding women from ethnic minority is very rare in scientific researches.The aim of the paper is to highlight challenges and possibilities of social entrepreneurship for empowerment of women from ethnic minority.This paper is based on Erasmus+ project “Empowering Women from Ethnic Minorities Through Social Enterprises” (abbrev. EMwoSE) analysis of both quantitative and qualitative data retrieved in Ireland, United Kingdom, Germany, Greece, Italy, Lithuania and Turkey. International data gives to the paper additional value in picturing the bigger picture of the situation in European countries.However, women starting a social enterprise is itself contributing to women’s empowerment, assuming that social enterprise can be culturally more acceptable for women from ethnic minorities.

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Martín-Ugedo, Juan Francisco, Antonio Mínguez-Vera, and Fabrizio Rossi. "Female directors and firm performance in Italian and Spanish listed firms." Academia Revista Latinoamericana de Administración 32, no. 3 (August 5, 2019): 411–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/arla-06-2018-0124.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between women on the board of directors and firm performance in a comparative analysis between Italy and Spain. Design/methodology/approach The generalized method of moment is employed to examine this relationship in a sample of 1,393 firm-year observations. Findings The results show that the presence of women on the board has a positive impact on the performance of Italian and Spanish firms. However, when the whole sample is divided into Italy and Spain, some results are remarkable. For Spain, the presence of women on the board has a positive influence on firm performance, whereas for Italy the authors find a negative and significant effect on firm performance. This study also finds that the “masculinity” dimension has a negative impact on firm performance. Practical implications The results of this study have several practical implications. First, masculinity differences within the countries can have a large impact on firm performance and can explain some differences between similar countries. Second, the legal system of countries might not explain adequately some differences in the decision-making process. Third, cultural values and thinking styles, in terms of masculinity, might better explain why the results on the relationship between female directors and firm performance are mixed. Fourth, the findings suggest that it is very important to promote gender equality, not only by passing laws but also taking action about the educational system. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study that investigates the relationship between female directors and firm performance between Italy and Spain considering the cultural differences in term of “masculinity.”

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Shapiro, Gillian, Etta Olgiati, Lotte Valbjiom, and Etta Olgiati. "The European Forum on Positive Action* "Equality and quality: new moves for women and business", Italy, 3-4 June 1995." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 2, no. 1 (February 1996): 203–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425899600200124.

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Faggioni, Francesca, and Mario Pesce. "Entrepreneurship as a Factor of the Migrant Capacity of Producing Social and Cultural Equality: The Case of Sikh Indian Entrepreneurs in Rome." European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 4, no. 3 (November 29, 2018): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejis.v4i3.p72-73.

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Currently strong frictions, uncertainties and contrasts characterize society, defined by many as being very complex. The global economic crisis that began in 2006 and especially in Italy became a social and cultural crisis, which affected all societies and nations increasing the distance between the so-called West (Latouche, 2006) and the rest of the world. In this context, migrations have progressively distinguished themselves as a phenomena with global characteristics that have taken the form of real diasporas (Cohen, 2008; Clifford, 1994; Said, 1993;) and which definitively represent the need for a moment of study, analysis and economic and social interpretation that can give vital feedback, not only to scholars and professionals, but also and above all to policy makers.

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Pastore, Patrizia, and Silvia Tommaso. "Women on corporate boards. The case of ’gender quotas’ in Italy." Corporate Ownership and Control 13, no. 4 (2016): 132–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv13i4p13.

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This paper investigates whether gender quotas have had success so far in their primary goal of reducing gender disparities in Italian corporate boards. Debate about gender equality on boards gained momentum and global prominence over the last years attracting attention of both researchers and practitioners worldwide. Despite a remarkable progress in education and their participation in the labor market, women still face large barriers to advance into upper management and boardrooms and gaps remain. Women are still under-represented in senior executive and board positions worldwide even if there is wide variation across countries. The present is a qualitative study that aims to contribute to the ongoing international debate about gender diversity on corporate boards (or lack thereof), providing current evidence from Italy, four years after the entry into force of Law 120/2011, establishing legislated quotas in order to ensure gender-balanced corporate boards. Using the samples of Italian listed companies and government-controlled companies tracked by Consob and Cerved respectively, findings show a substantial progress of female representation in Italian corporate boards (including governing and auditing boards) over the period 2008-2015 and reflect the extent to which women are shattering the glass ceiling, right before and after the implementation of the new (although controversial) gender quotas regulation. However, even though the number of women who sit on corporate boards has increased, it is necessary to ensure that the appointment of women is a board’s genuine intention to become gender diverse and more effectiveness rather than evidence of a result driven by tokenism, designed to enhance corporate reputation and image.

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Muscio, Alessandro, and Giovanna Vallanti. "The gender gap in Ph.D. entrepreneurship: How do students perceive the academic environment?" PLOS ONE 17, no. 4 (April 7, 2022): e0261495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261495.

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This paper investigates gender issues in Ph.D. entrepreneurship. The empirical analysis is based on data from a questionnaire survey run in 2014–15 in Italy. We analyse how Ph.D. students perceive the institutional entrepreneurial environment, the drivers and the factors hindering entrepreneurship and gender-equality among faculties at the parent institution. We find evidence of a gender bias in Ph.D. entrepreneurship and that the perception about the factors either hampering or supporting entrepreneurship is deeply different between sexes. The academic environment can have a fundamental impact on students’ decisions to start new ventures and on the probability that they will abandon their entrepreneurial intentions. Female student entrepreneurs particularly benefit from the opportunity to engage with a gender-balanced work environment.

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Alesina, Alberto, Stefanie Stantcheva, and Edoardo Teso. "Intergenerational Mobility and Preferences for Redistribution." American Economic Review 108, no. 2 (February 1, 2018): 521–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20162015.

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Using new cross-country survey and experimental data, we investigate how beliefs about intergenerational mobility affect preferences for redistribution in France, Italy, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Americans are more optimistic than Europeans about social mobility. Our randomized treatment shows pessimistic information about mobility and increases support for redistribution, mostly for “equality of opportunity” policies. We find strong political polarization. Left-wing respondents are more pessimistic about mobility: their preferences for redistribution are correlated with their mobility perceptions; and they support more redistribution after seeing pessimistic information. None of this is true for right-wing respondents, possibly because they see the government as a “problem” and not as the “solution.” (JEL D63, D72, H23, H24, J31, J62)

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Gross, Barbara, Peter Kelly, and Susann Hofbauer. "‘Making up for lost time’: Neoliberal governance and educational catch-up measures for disadvantaged students during the COVID-19 pandemic Neoliberal governance and educational catch-up measures." ZDfm – Zeitschrift für Diversitätsforschung und -management 7, no. 2 (December 6, 2022): 161–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3224/zdfm.v7i2.04.

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The neoliberal governance of education and the import of values such as economic productivity are changing schools in Europe to different degrees. Understanding the effects of this on disadvantaged students is especially critical during and after the COVID-19 pandemic, given their greater need for catch-up support. In this paper we analyse national government policy guidelines and reports concerning catch-up measures in Italy, Germany and England and illuminate debates between various actors using news and education media reports. We find that while catch-up measures in the studied countries promote equality of access, for instance through extending schooling to make up for “lost” time, the undifferentiated universal provision promoted by neoliberal logics is inequitable towards socio-economically, linguistically and ethnically disadvantaged students.

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Bertolini, Sonia, and Valentina Goglio. "The demand for qualified personnel: a case study on Northern Italy." Higher Education, Skills and Work-Based Learning 7, no. 1 (February 13, 2017): 51–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/heswbl-03-2016-0014.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the debate on the employability of graduates from the standpoint of employers by presenting original empirical evidence from a case study on Piedmont, in Northwestern Italy. Design/methodology/approach The empirical material of this paper provides an encompassing view of the educational system and of the labor market, based on qualitative data collected from 98 qualitative interviews and two focus groups that involved employers, teachers, school administrators, and public service authorities. Findings Despite important differences between big and small companies, the findings show some common traits that influence decisions on hiring: interpersonal skills, reliability, and motivation to learn and adapt to change are highly valued; social networks play a central role in finding a job, with consequences in terms of equality of opportunities; firms tend to establish long working relationships with the new hirees (especially college graduates), considering them as investments whose potential will be fulfilled in the long run. Originality/value The focus on the aspect of the demand is the added value of this paper. In fact, while scholars have largely addressed the supply of human capital, the demand side has received little attention and little evidence is available on employers’ decision-making process in hiring new personnel. In addition, the Northwest of Italy is known for its good economic performance but also has some potential weaknesses due to a production system that is rather traditional. Although geographically delimited, the case study provides interesting insights on the employers’ demand, which can be generalized to other contexts. The findings of this work can also have significant applications in other European contexts with similar characteristics, particularly Southern European countries.

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Möschel, Mathias. "“Gender Quotas” in French and Italian Public Law: A Tale of Two Overlapping and Then Diverging Trajectories." German Law Journal 19, no. 6 (November 2018): 1489–518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200023129.

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AbstractThis Article compares the French and Italian experiences with gender quotas—understood as mechanisms intended to increase women's participation in public life, including but not limited to, the reservation of seats in certain positions and the modulation of electoral lists— in public entities such as legislative and executive bodies (including political parties), the judiciary, and public universities. The comparison between France and Italy demonstrates that even between two countries whose constitutional history and trajectory with regard to gender quotas has been portrayed as being essentially identical, a closer analysis of the recent developments in both countries’ constitutional and administrative case law shows a slightly more nuanced picture. Using Rodolfo Sacco's approach of legal formants, this Article argues that the difference stems mainly from the different attitude and interpretation of equality by the judicial formant.

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Gracceva, Giulia, Marco Bologna, Luca Luiselli, and Pierluigi Bombi. "Do demographic aspects of neighbouring lizard populations differ? A case study with the common wall lizard, Podarcis muralis." Amphibia-Reptilia 29, no. 3 (2008): 443–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853808785111959.

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Abstract Demographic and morphological aspects of two nearby subpopulations of the common wall lizard (Podarcis muralis) were studied, by a capture-mark-recapture procedure, at an archaeological site in the surroundings of Rome, central Italy. In both sites, the births peak was observed in September. Adult sex-ratio was skewed towards males in one subpopulation, but was close to equality in the other. Morphological characteristics were consistent in the two sites, with males always exhibiting larger snout-vent-length and head size. Population size and density, computed by a Jolly-Seber index applied by using POPAN model revealed differences between subpopulations, with lizard density being much higher in the site with higher habitat heterogeneity and shelter availability. Tail condition was similar between sites. The general implications of these data are discussed.

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Piana, Daniela. "Reforming the judiciary through standards: agency empowerment and centre (re)building in Italy, 2001–2015." International Review of Administrative Sciences 83, no. 4 (April 26, 2016): 757–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020852315592022.

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The Italian judiciary has been under the spotlight for more than two decades. The key criticism addressed to it has been the lack of organizational capacity, which is reflected in the trial time frame. After 2000, European institutions launched a new and comprehensive policy stream, targeting the administrative and organizational capacities of courts and public prosecutor offices. The pivotal policy instrument is represented by standards and soft law in general. By referring to four case studies, analysed in depth on the basis of a qualitative approach, this work engages in a critical appraisal of the New Public Management-inspired judicial policies and the way in which they have been implemented in the judicial sector in Italy. Points for practitioners This article makes a point about the structural and institutional conditions that turn out as pivotal factors to ensure an effective and efficient governance by standards. In other terms, the argument deployed herein concerns the function of a regulative agency, which might have the shape and the format of a ministerial unit, where the uniformity and the equality of the services delivered by a public institution or a network of public institutions are the outcome of the implementation of legally binding and non-legally binding norms. This is a key point, then, for public officers serving not only in the judicial sector.

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Bottoni, Rossella, and Cristiana Cianitto. "The Legal Treatment of Religious Dissent in Western Europe: A Comparative View." Ecclesiastical Law Journal 24, no. 1 (January 2022): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956618x21000636.

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This article examines the legal treatment of religious dissent from a comparative perspective, by focusing on the legal evolution from intolerance to toleration, and from toleration to emancipation in France, Italy, Norway and the United Kingdom. Historically, in Europe, only people professing the official religion were regarded as full members of the political community. Those who professed another religion were expelled, persecuted, discriminated or – in the best cases – merely tolerated. Over the course of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, in different degrees and forms according to the country concerned, European states started separating citizenship from religious belonging – a fundamental step in the process of secularisation of law in Europe. This development led to the emancipation of religious dissenters through the recognition of both the principle of equality of all citizens before the law, regardless of one's religion or belief, and the individual right to freedom of religion and belief.

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Mikroulea, Alexandra P. "Competition between public and private undertakings." Zeitschrift für Wettbewerbsrecht 13, no. 3 (September 10, 2015): 265–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.15375/zwer-2015-0305.

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AbstractAn undistorted competition regime can only be achieved on the condition of equality of opportunity among different businesses. The neutrality principle must be also applicable in favor of public sector undertakings according to OFT study dated 2010 and OECD study 2012. In comparative analysis with other member states (Italy and Spain) and Australia the relevant legislations provide the Competition Agencies and the Governments power to ensure and protect the neutrality principle. World Trade Organization is the new forum for international regulation of public restraints? It is a question to be answered. A “soft” solution (soft law), either in the framework of the International Competition Network (ICN) or in the framework of OECD or of the UNCTAD seems realistic. Perhaps more effective seems to be the cultivation of a competition culture (competition advocacy). In competition law, “second best” solutions constitute the reply to the problem.

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Laviosa, Flavia. "Women in media: ‘Planting and watering the seeds for change’: A conversation with Domizia De Rosa." Journal of Italian Cinema & Media Studies 11, no. 2 (March 1, 2023): 387–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jicms_00185_7.

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Domizia De Rosa joined the Warner Bros. group in 1995 and was promoted to executive director at Warner Bros. International Television Italia Srl. in 2014. The president of Women in Film, Television and Media Italy (WIFTMI) since 2021, De Rosa is committed to promoting gender equality in the Italian audio-visual and media sectors. In this interview, she talks about her career as a woman in a position of authority in the media industry and how she gradually rose through the ranks to become an executive director of the Warner Bros. Entertainment Italia group. She also explains the reasons for the asymmetrical presence of women in television, illustrates the goals of the Code of Ethical Conduct for the Audio-Visual Sector that was established in 2021 and discusses the value of ‘creative intimacy’ as the synthesis of personal experiences precious to building a community of creative professionals.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Equality – Italy'

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