Academic literature on the topic 'Equality – Health aspects – Germany'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Equality – Health aspects – Germany.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "Equality – Health aspects – Germany"
1
Regel, Eva Anna, Astrid Forneck, and Elisabeth Quendler. "Job satisfaction of certified employees in viticulture: A qualitative study." Work 67, no. 2 (November 9, 2020): 467–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/wor-203296.
Full textAbstract:
BACKGROUND: The need for qualified employees in wineries leads to a gain in importance of human resource management in the wine industry. Knowledge on job satisfaction of employees in wineries and cooperatives as well as research in human resource management is rare. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this qualitative study is to find aspects affecting job satisfaction of employees in Austrian and German wineries. These identified aspects were analysed with regard to the perceived satisfaction or dissatisfaction of the employees. METHOD: Sixteen qualitative interviews were conducted in Austria and Germany with employed winemakers, production managers and vineyard managers. RESULTS: Aspects of job satisfaction which were found in agricultural studies were validated for employees in wineries. In addition to these influencing factors of job satisfaction, interviewed workers mentioned other important aspects, such as equality issues, development of the company and attachment to the final product, which affect their job satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: The positive image of the product wine, the wine sector and the profession contributes to a high job satisfaction overall. The personal interest in wine is one of the major factors of job satisfaction. It reduces dissatisfaction with remuneration, monotonous work processes and long working hours. However, employees in wineries saw problems in reconciling family life and work. Furthermore, employees complained about physical strains leading to possible changes in job or position.
2
Schuster, Angela, Nora Anton, Pascal Grosse, and Christoph Heintze. "Is time running out? The urgent need for appropriate global health curricula in Germany." BMJ Global Health 5, no. 11 (November 2020): e003362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003362.
Full textAbstract:
Recently, representatives of politics, health officials and academia in Germany have advocated a greater role for Germany in matters concerning global health. However, health professionals in Germany are rarely taught about global health topics and accordingly real expertise in this field is lacking. To advance knowledge and competencies at German universities and adequately equip health professionals to achieve Germany’s political goals, global health curricula must be developed at medical schools and other institutions. Such ambitions raise questions about the required content and dimensions of global health curricula as the field is currently highly heterogeneous and ill defined. To systematically identify strengths and shortcomings of current curricula, we scrutinised the global health curriculum at our institution, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, using an analytical framework that integrates the various approaches of global health. Our analysis identified that four (technical, social justice, security and humanitarian) of five approaches are present in our core global health curriculum. Local and global aspects of the field are equally represented. We propose that the use of such a structured analytical framework can support the development of GH curricula for all health professionals—in Germany and elsewhere. But it can also help to evaluate existing curricula like ours at Charité. This framework has the potential to support the design of comprehensive GH trainings, serving German aspirations in politics and academia to promote health worldwide.
3
Haig, Madeleine, Caitlin Main, Danitza Chavez-Montoya, and Panos Kanavos. "OP87 Value From A Multi-stakeholder Perspective: A Framework To Assess Digital Health Solutions For Improving Chronic Disease Management." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 38, S1 (December 2022): S32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462322001337.
Full textAbstract:
IntroductionInnovative digital health technologies (DHTs) may present new aspects of value that are not appropriately accounted for in current health technology assessments. In discovering what value means in the context of DHTs, multi-stakeholder collaboration is essential.MethodsA scoping literature review was conducted to identify current value assessment criteria and proposed methodologies across three health systems: United States of America, United Kingdom, and Germany. A Delphi exercise was conducted with stakeholders from the following groups: users, healthcare practitioners, decision-makers, supply-side actors, and influencers. Based on a review of assessment frameworks in the study countries and consultations with experts from each stakeholder group, researchers proposed value constructs in five domains: health inequalities, data rights and governance, technical and security, economic characteristics, clinical characteristics, and user preferences. In Delphi round one, participants commented on the proposed constructs and submitted their own. A thematic analysis identifying key concepts and themes of the participant proposed constructs and comments was used to incorporate this information for round two. Then, participants rated each value construct on an ‘importance’ Likert scale in two decision contexts: user-facing DHTs and system-facing DHTs. In round three, participants were presented with the consensus judgement for each construct, with the opportunity to change their answer. Value constructs with equal to or greater than 70 percent consensus were included in the final framework. Rounds four and five were, respectively, value judgements on a Likert scale and a presentation of consensus for a therapeutic area to test the final framework.ResultsInitially 32 value constructs were proposed by researchers, 20 of which were changed or removed based on round one feedback. Additional constructs were added based on participant suggestions resulting in forty-five value constructs in round two. The final framework will be available after round three closes on 20 December 2022.ConclusionsThe multi-stakeholder Delphi approach ensures that all suggestions and value judgements are weighted equally across stakeholder groups. The resultant value framework can be used to inform policymaking around health technology assessment of DHTs.
4
Wolter, Veronique, Miriam Dohle, and Lisa Sobo. "Physical activities for older adults: Are local co-operations of sports clubs and care partners an option to increase access?" German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research 51, no. 4 (October 13, 2021): 468–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12662-021-00761-3.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractGroup-based physical activity brings high and long-term added value for the participants. Especially for older adults in need of care, this development is dependent on interdisciplinary thinking and the networking of local structures. Studies underline the consideration of the communication and access options that are needed to be able to promote the target group’s health through exercise programmes. Sports clubs are repeatedly mentioned as competent partners in health promotion, but in municipal practice—possibly due to very different basic structures to the system of care—they receive less attention. The project Moving Nursing Homes and Care Providers (2019–2022) is coordinated by the State Sports Federation of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Local sports clubs cooperate with providers of outpatient and inpatient care to start new sports programs for older adults in need of care. As part of the scientific evaluation, the perspectives involved are equally considered and their motives and needs are analysed. For this paper, four conducted qualitative interviews with representatives of sports clubs were analysed with the focus on opportunities and barriers for local partnerships between sports clubs and care. Results show structural and personal parameters that have to be looked at from the beginning. Local networks are essential for sports clubs to get in contact with potential partners and to reflect initiated processes. Although aspects of (financial) organisation is an often named topic, sports clubs have the opinion that they have the social responsibility to influence developments in their neighbourhood for all generations positively.
5
Rehling, Julia, Christiane Bunge, Julia Waldhauer, and André Conrad. "Socioeconomic Differences in Walking Time of Children and Adolescents to Public Green Spaces in Urban Areas—Results of the German Environmental Survey (2014–2017)." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5 (February 26, 2021): 2326. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052326.
Full textAbstract:
Public green spaces have a high potential for a positive impact on people’s health and wellbeing, especially in urban areas. Studies on environmental justice indicate socially unequal access possibilities to urban green spaces. This article presents results on associations between individual socioeconomic position (SEP) and walking time from home to public green spaces in young people living in urban areas with more than 20,000 inhabitants in Germany. Data were derived from the German Environmental Survey for Children and Adolescents 2014–2017 (GerES V), the environmental module of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS Wave 2). The sample comprises 1149 participants aged 3 to 17 years. A total of 51.5% of the participants reach a public green space on foot within five and 72.8% within ten minutes from home. The lower the participant’s SEP, the longer the walking time. Logistic regression models controlling for age group, sex, migration background, and region of residence show that participants with a low SEP have a significantly higher risk (odds ratio = 1.98; 95% confidence interval: 1.31–2.99) of needing more than ten minutes to walk from home to a public green space than participants with a high SEP. GerES V data indicate that young people living in urban areas in Germany do not equally benefit from the health-promoting potential of green spaces, which is an important aspect of environmental health inequalities.
6
Korsunska, Maryna. "Health economics modern aspects in Germany." ScienceRise 8, no. 1 (25) (September 1, 2016): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2313-8416.2016.76236.
Full text
7
Zielasek, Jürgen, and Wolfgang Gaebel. "Mental health law in Germany." BJPsych. International 12, no. 01 (February 2015): 14–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s2056474000000088.
Full textAbstract:
There is no national mental health law in Germany: the 16 German states are responsible for legislation concerning forced admissions, while the German Civil Code covers non-acute care, in particular for those not able to care for themselves. In forensic psychiatry, both federal and state laws apply. This article describes this situation and provides figures about detentions and other aspects of mental health law in Germany.
8
Wester, Gry. "Health, Health Care, and Equality of Opportunity: The Rationale for Universal Health Care." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 32, no. 1 (January 2023): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180122000469.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis article discusses what arguments best support universal health care (UHC), with a focus on Norman Daniels’ equality of opportunity account. This justification for UHC hinges on the assumption of a close relationship between health care and health. But in light of empirical research that suggests that health outcomes are shaped to a large extent by factors other than health care, such as income, education, housing, and working conditions, the question arises to what extent health care is really necessary to protect and promote health, and thereby opportunity. The author argues that, although this challenge to the equality of opportunity rationale is legitimate, it is not sufficiently specified to allow us to adequately assess the extent to which universal health succeeds in protecting equality of opportunity. The article concludes by outlining a more promising strategy for developing a viable rationale for UHC.
9
PIEKARSKI, C. "Climatic stress in coalmining in Germany: occupational health aspects." Ergonomics 38, no. 1 (January 1995): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140139508925082.
Full text
10
Christiansen, Terkel, Jørgen Tranberg Lauridsen, Mathias Kifmann, Carl Hampus Lyttkens, Thorhildur Ólafsdóttir, and Hannu Valtonen. "Healthcare, health and inequality in health in the Nordic countries." Nordic Journal of Health Economics 6, no. 2 (July 16, 2018): 10–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/njhe.5955.
Full textAbstract:
All five Nordic countries emphasize equal and easy access to healthcare, assuming that increased access to healthcare leads to increased health. It is the purpose of the present study to explore to which extent the populations of these countries have reached good health and a high degree of socio-economic equality in health. Each of the five countries has established extensive public health programmes, although with somewhat different measures to increase health of the populations. We compare these countries to the UK and Germany by using data from the European Social Survey for 2002 and 2012 in addition to OECD statistics for the same years. Health is measured by self-assessed health in five categories, which is transformed to a cardinal scale using Swedish time trade-off (TTO) weights. As socio-economic measures we use household income and length of education. Socio-economic inequality in health is elicited in two ways. First, we show social gradients by comparing the percentage of respondents in the lower income group reporting good or very good health to the corresponding rates in the upper income group. Second, we show concentration indices of socio-economic related inequality in health. Everything else kept equal, good health and the size of the concentration index are negatively associated by definition. In 2012, mean health, based on Swedish weights applied to all countries, is above 0.93 in all the Nordic countries and the UK, but lower in Germany. Each of the Nordic countries have introduced centrally initiated comprehensive public health programmes to increase health and reduce socio-economic inequalities in health. In general, the Nordic countries have achieved good health for their populations as well as a high degree of socioeconomic equality in health. Improvements in life-style related determinants of health are possible, however.Published: Online June 2018. In print January 2019.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Equality – Health aspects – Germany"
1
Allin, Sara. "Examining aspects of equality in Canada's health system." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2009. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2326/.
Full textAbstract:
Canada's health system is based on the firmly-held belief that the receipt of care should be based on need and not ability to pay. This thesis examines three aspects of this equity goal: provincial variations in equity in the receipt of care; the role of private prescription drug insurance in explaining inequity in the use of physician services; and the equity implications of subjective unmet need. Canada's provinces are responsible for planning and funding most publicly insured health services, hence there is variation in health system characteristics across the country. In the context of such variation, the first empirical analysis examines equity in the use of health services across the provinces. The analysis reveals some evidence of inequity in the likelihood of a GP visit, and the likelihood and number of specialist and dentist visits; some variations can also be found across the provinces. The second empirical analysis investigates the role of complementary insurance for prescription drugs in explaining inequity in the use of publicly-funded physician services. Due to the complementary relationship between prescription drugs and physician services, and the unequal distribution of private insurance coverage across income groups, inequity in physician utilisation partly can be explained by the interaction with insurance. The third empirical analysis assesses the equity implications of subjective unmet need. It finds that there are different utilisation patterns among the different types of unmet need, which raises methodological and conceptual challenges. The concluding chapter positions the three empirical studies within the broader policy context, offers an in-depth discussion of their methodological and policy implications, and proposes areas for future research.
2
KRÖGER, Lea Katharina. "Family matters : a sibling similarity approach to the study of intergenerational inequality in Germany." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/1814/70865.
Full textAbstract:
Defence date: 13 April 2021Examining Board: Professor Fabrizio Bernardi (European University Institute); Professor Juho Härkönen (European University Institute); Professor Anette Eva Fasang (Humboldt University Berlin); Professor Markus Jäntti (Stockholm University)
The intergenerational transmission of inequality is a research field that has sub-strands in several disciplines with findings that have consequences for the way we see and evaluate our society. Therefore, it is crucial to continuously update how we address questions in such an important research area. In this thesis, I study the importance of the family of origin for different areas of social inequality using a sibling design. I estimate the influence of the family on labor market success, partnership union formation, and occupational gender stratification in Germany using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel. The results show that the family plays a crucial role in the generations of social inequality over the life course. It affects the labor market attainment for different social origin groups and over and above a person's education, and it influences the timing of marriage, cohabitation, and living-apart-together unions. In addition, the gender composition of the sibling group creates inequality regarding occupational attainment within families. Thus, this thesis provides a comprehensive view of how the family of origin is relevant to several areas of social and economic life in Germany. It discusses the implications of using a comprehensive approach to the family for further research and policy.
3
Aronson, Polina. "Health beliefs and help-seeking practices of migrants from the former USSR into Germany." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2011. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/50831/.
Full textAbstract:
Persons from the former USSR constitute a significant proportion of the migrant population in contemporary Germany. Current research on their health is scarce and carried out from a medical perspective, mostly focusing on health outcomes and patterns of healthcare utilisation. In contrast, this thesis is based on a sociological approach to health as a phenomenon embedded in a complex system of social stratification and cultural traditions. The research question of this thesis is about the relationship of identity to health beliefs and help-seeking practices, and they ways migration transforms ways people think of themselves and their health. To answer this question, qualitative research needs to establish migrants' own interpretations of health and illness in the biographical context. Setting out to identify and explain a variety of native conceptualisations of health, this thesis, on the one hand, seeks to establish differences between migrant and non-migrant population, and, on the other hand, to reflect on heterogeneity of health beliefs and help-seeking behaviours across different sub-groups of former Soviet citizens in Germany. In order to pursue these research objectives, comparative qualitative research design was employed, whereby different groups of migrant population were compared with each other and contrasted to native Germans. The empirical fieldwork was carried out in Berlin in 2009-2010, and included 35 semi-structured interviews (of which 8 were carried out with experts). This thesis suggests that health beliefs and help-seeking practices of migrants from the former USSR in Germany are highly heterogeneous. Attitudes to health make up components of diverse identities acquired in the sending country and that are transformed throughout the migratory processes. First, these findings argue against generalisations about 'fatalistic' health beliefs resulting from communist ideology, a stereotype appearing in some Western literatures. Second, this thesis draws attention to the effects of socialisation in the sending country on conceptualisations of health in the country of immigration, suggesting prospects for research in future migrant generations. And third, it demonstrates that folk conceptualisations of health are hugely heterogeneous, and diverge greatly from medical views of health as an absence of illness.
4
Diaz, Martinez Elisa. "Does social class explain health inequalities? : a study of Great Britain and Spain." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2004. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ca53a88e-0459-47d0-b13a-2525745d0d6a.
Full textAbstract:
The main research questions examined in this thesis concern the extent to which social class influence individuals' health, and how and whether individuals' occupation, education and lifestyles mediate between class and health. The conclusions drawn from the analysis of these empirical questions cast further light on the widening health inequalities seen in developed societies in recent decades. In particular, this research suggests that, employment conditions as well as educational levels are variables that need to be taken into account when planning policies aimed at tackling differences in health outcomes. Lifestyle variables, on the other hand, would appear to be almost irrelevant when explaining why the members of the more privileged social classes not only live longer than those in other classes, but also enjoy significantly better health over the course of their lives. In trying to understand the association between class and health, I define a theoretical framework that specifies the mechanisms through which class is linked to health. Social structure influences health by distributing certain factors such as material resources or some health-related behaviour that ultimately result in individuals having different living conditions. Educational attainment also affects the way these resources are employed and, therefore, lifestyles. A fundamental element of a social class is occupation: individuals' employment and working conditions also affect their health. Furthermore, the nature of a social structure has an effect on health at the aggregate level of analysis since social policies are partly the result of the structure of class interests. Four mechanisms are specified in order to systematically test this theoretical framework. Mechanisms (2) and (3), those that relate class and health through education and lifestyle lie at the heart of the empirical analysis. This analysis employs individual-level data drawn from health surveys carried out during the first half of the 1990s in the two countries selected for the analysis, United Kingdom and Spain. These countries are treated as contexts in which to test the theoretical explanation. The main results of the analysis reveal the importance of social class in determining health outcomes. Indeed, individuals from different classes enjoy distinct degrees of health. Specifically, individuals in the most privileged class categories have persistently better health than those in the other class categories. Differences exist in terms of both objective and subjective or self-perceived health. Moving on from observation to explanation, the analysis suggests that the distribution of certain resources across classes accounts for some of the variance in health outcomes. Hence, education is identified as a significant variable to comprehend part of the health inequalities in developed societies. Lifestyle, on the other hand, does not appear relevant in accounting for health outcomes. The small differences found between the United Kingdom and Spain in the mechanisms that link class and health suggest that the process through which class affects health is essentially similar in developed societies.
5
Palmedo, P. Christopher. "Equality, Trust and Universalism in Europe, Canada and the United States: Implications for Health Care Policy." PDXScholar, 2014. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1929.
Full textAbstract:
A number of theoretical explanations seek to describe the factors that have led to the position of the United States as the last industrialized Western nation without a universal health care program. Theories focus on institutional arrangement, historic precedent, and the influence of the private sector and market forces. This study explores another factor: the role of underlying social values. The research examines differences in values among ten European countries, the United States and Canada, and analyzes the associations between the values that have been seen to contribute the individualism-collectivism dynamic in the United States. The hypothesis that equality and generalized trust are positively associated with universalism is only partially true. Equality is positively associated (B = .301, p < .001), while generalized trust is negatively associated with universalism (B = -.052, p < .001). Not only do Americans show lower levels of support for income equality and universalism than Europeans, but the effect of being American holds even after controlling for socio-demographic and religious variables (B = .044, p < .01). When the model tests the association of equality and trust on universalism in each region, it explains approximately 17 percent of the variance of universalism for the United States, and approximately 13 percent in Europe and Canada.
6
Hussain, Basharat. "Bringing cultural changes to mental health services through organisational development : an instrumental case study of how a mental healthcare trust in England responds to race-related equality policy in the provision of mental health services." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2015. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/30661/.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis presents an instrumental case study of a National Health Service (NHS) mental healthcare trust in relation to race related equality policy in the delivery of secondary mental healthcare in England. The study takes a constructionist ontological position, and an interpretivist epistemology. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with the 20 participants working at three different levels of the organisation. These include strategic leaders: Chief Executive Officer, Operational Director, Director of Nursing Quality and Patient Experiences, Director of Learning and Development, Head of Human Resources, Equality and Diversity Lead; service level middle managers: General Manager, Modern Matron, Team leader, Manager of the Recovery College; and frontline practitioners: clinical directors, psychiatrist, occupational therapist, staff nurses, community psychiatrist nurse, Recovery College instructor, all working in an adult mental healthcare setting of the organisation. Narrative interviews were also conducted with eight members of the Pakistani community living in the local service area to gain their perspectives on mental illnesses and mental health services. The study was conducted because national race equality policy expects NHS mental healthcare organisations to change their culture and deliver equitable, culturally appropriate and satisfactory mental health services to all members of society, including those who identify themselves as ‘BME’ groups. However, there is evidence in the policy and research literature of inequalities in mental healthcare experienced by service users who identify themselves as being from ‘BME’ groups in England. This study, therefore, explores how a NHS mental healthcare Trust is trying to bring about cultural changes in order to meet the expectations of policy as well as meeting the needs of service users of ethnic background. For example, on the organisational side, the study explored vision and strategy as well as interventions for bringing about organisational change and the views of the participants on this change. The views from the members of the Pakistani ethnic group highlight how mental illnesses are perceived and responded to within this ethnic group. Data obtained from the staff group were analysed using a thematic framework approach. Resultant themes include: interpretation of racial equality policy in the organisation; organisational vision and strategy for change; and the challenges, barriers and facilitators to achieving the stated vision on racial equality in the service provision, especially for people of Pakistani ethnic group. The analysis benefited from the organisational development literature in analysing the data. Data obtained from the members of the Pakistani community were analysed using a thematic narrative approach. This data reflected ways in which mental health/illness is perceived and responded to within this group including: the social identity claims that people of Pakistani ethnicity make when perceiving and responding to mental illnesses; the extent to which they associate themselves with western and/or eastern models of mental illnesses; and their identification as an ethnic group with diverse and multiple social identities. Social identity literature is used to analyse and interpret this data. The relationship between the organisational data and the ethnic group data is discussed, and a way forward is suggested for bringing about the expected cultural change to the organisation in order to meet the mental health needs of ‘BME’ groups in England. The instrumental organisational case study, along with perspectives of the service users, have served to underline the challenges for the organisation on a day-to-day basis as they attempt to meet the expectations of policy, as well as the views and expectations of people of Pakistani ethnicity.
7
Jesmin, Syeda Sarah. "Income Inequality and Racial/Ethnic Infant Mortality in the United States." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2008. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc9770/.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of this study was to examine if intra-racial income inequality contributes to higher infant mortality rates (IMRs) for African-Americans. The conceptual framework for this study is derived from Richard Wilkinson's psychosocial environment interpretation of the income inequality and health link. The hypotheses examined were that race/ethnicity-specific IMRs are influenced by intra-race/ethnicity income inequality, and that these effects of income inequality on health are mediated by level of social mistrust and/or risk profile of the mother. Using state-level data from several sources, the 2000 National Center for Health Statistics Linked Birth Infant Death database, 2000 U.S. Census, and 2000 General Social Survey, a number of regression equations were estimated. Results indicated that the level of intra-racial/ethnic income inequality is a significant predictor of non-Hispanic Black IMRs, but not the IMRs of non-Hispanic Whites or Hispanics. Additionally, among Blacks, the effect of their intra-racial income inequality on their IMRs was found to be mediated by the risk profile of the mother, namely, the increased likelihood of smoking and/or drinking and/or less prenatal care by Black women during pregnancy. Implications of the findings are discussed.
8
Grupp, Freyja [Verfasser], and Ricarda [Akademischer Betreuer] Nater-Mewes. "The mental health of refugees and asylum seekers in Germany - Applying transcultural methods and considering intersectional aspects in clinical research / Freyja Grupp ; Betreuer: Ricarda Nater-Mewes." Marburg : Philipps-Universität Marburg, 2020. http://d-nb.info/121108647X/34.
Full text
9
Khan, Shaghaghi Legrand Richard. "La régulation de l'accès aux médicaments (aspects de droit comparé)." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCB099.
Full textAbstract:
Alors que les pays européens font face à des dépenses croissantes en matière de médicaments, la prise en charge d'un nouveau produit de santé par les financeurs publics apparaît comme un enjeu primordial dans le contrôle de ces dépenses. La plupart des pays, comme la France, utilisent alors des listes explicites définissant les produits pris en charge ou non pris en charge par le biais de financements publics. L'idée sous-jacente d'un tel procédé est de concentrer la prise en charge publique sur des produits dits « utiles », c'est-à-dire qui non seulement participent au traitement de pathologies jugées importantes, mais qui se montrent également efficaces et, le cas échéant, les moins onéreux. Si cette idée est simple, l'élaboration en pratique de telles listes reste complexe. La définition des critères adoptés pour déterminer les contours d'un panier de médicaments remboursables ainsi que les méthodes utilisées pour évaluer si un produit répond à ces critères, représentent des enjeux importants pour les décideurs publics et peuvent avoir des répercussions directes sur la qualité et les coûts des prescriptions médicamenteuses. Dans l'absolu, la décision de prendre en charge un médicament peut s'appuyer sur de nombreux critères : efficacité, rapport coût-efficacité, gravité de la pathologie, symptômes traités, impact sur les budgets consacrés à la santé, etc. De plus, les évaluations présentent toute une série de difficultés méthodologiques et techniques auxquelles viennent s'additionner le contexte politique et le pouvoir de négociation des laboratoires pharmaceutiques, qui influencent également les décisions de prise en charge. La présente étude s'organise autour de la présentation de la notion de médicament, des modalités de prise en charge de ces derniers et de la procédure de leur mise sur le marché sous un angle comparé entre le droit français et divers autres systèmes juridiques relevant du cadre communautaire. Une telle analyse soulève certaines interrogations dont la mise en cause du système actuel de régulation des médicaments. À travers ce travail de recherches, il est permis de constater plusieurs défaillances non seulement dans le mécanisme de régulation des dépenses, mais aussi dans le système de prise en charge lui-même. Si la question d'un réajustement de la politique de régulation des médicaments est alors au cœur du débat, des perspectives d'évolution se dessinent néanmoinsWhile the European countries face increasing spending regarding medicine, the coverage of a new product of health by the public financiers appears as an essential stake in the control of these spending. Most of the countries, as France, use then explicit lists defining products taken care or not taken care by means of public financing. The underlying idea of such a process is to concentrate the public coverage on "useful" said products, that is which not only participate in the treatment of pathologies considered important, but which show themselves also effective and, where necessary, the least expensive. If this idea is simple, the elaboration in practice of such lists remains complex. The definition of the criteria adopted to determine the outlines of a basket of refundable medicine as well as the methods used to estimate if a product answers these criteria, represent stakes important for the public decision-makers and can have direct repercussions on the quality and the costs of the medicinal prescriptions. Theoretically, the decision to take care of a medicine can lean on numerous criteria: efficiency, cost efficiency ratio, revolved by the pathology, the handled symptoms, the impact on the budgets dedicated to the health, etc. Furthermore, the evaluations present a whole series of methodological and technical difficulties to which come to add up the political context and the bargaining power of pharmaceutical companies, which also influence the decisions of care. The present study gets organized around the display of the notion of medicine, modalities of care of the latter and the procedure of their launch on the market under a compared angle enter the French and diverse law other legal systems being a matter of the community frame. Such an analysis lifts certain questioning of which the questioning of the current system of regulation of medicine. Through this research work, it is allowed to notice several failures not only in the mechanism of regulation of the spending, but also in the system of care itself. If the question of an adjustment of the policy of regulation of medicine is then at the heart of the debate, perspectives of evolution take shape nevertheless
10
Avani, Christina. "The power of "the human rights approach to HIV/AIDS" : gender, health and the transnational advocacy networks." Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=82652.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis undertakes an in-depth examination of the power of human rights advocacy in combating women's vulnerability to HIV/AIDS. Focusing on sub-Saharan Africa, the thesis explores the gender discrimination that lies at the core of women's susceptibility to the virus. Culturally-imposed social roles are depicted as the fundamental cause of the violation of women's human rights, including their right to health. The objective of the thesis is to analyze the potential of using a human rights approach to address this issue. It adopts the assumption that "the mobilization of shame" triggered by civil society's actors can alter states' human rights practices. Looking at a specific type of actors, namely the transnational advocacy networks, the thesis concludes that "the human rights approach to HIV/AIDS" can be an efficient and effective strategy to pressurize governments to implement their international human rights obligations.
Books on the topic "Equality – Health aspects – Germany"
1
Lowdell, Caroline. Acheson report: The inquiry into inequalities in health : implications for London : a discussion paper. London: Health of Londoners Programme, 1999.
Find full text
2
Ullrich, Bauer, and Büscher Andreas 1967-, eds. Soziale Ungleichheit und Pflege: Beiträge sozialwissenschaftlich orientierter Pflegeforschung. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2008.
Find full text
3
Wagstaff, Adam. Inequality aversion, health inequalities, and health achievement. Washington, D.C: World Bank, Development Research Group, Public Services, and, Human Development Network, Health, Nutrition, and Population Team, 2002.
Find full text
4
Mom ŭn sahoe rŭl kirok handa: Uri mom e saegyŏjin pulp'yŏngdŭng ŭi hŭnjŏktŭl. Sŏul-si: Najŭn San, 2018.
Find full text
5
Glied, Sherry. Health inequality, education, and medical innovation. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2003.
Find full text
6
Ingram, Richard. Social inequities and mental health: A scoping review. Vancouver: Centre for the Study of Gender, Social Inequities and Mental Health, 2013.
Find full text
7
Fogel, Robert William. Secular trends in physiological capital: Implications for equity in health care. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2003.
Find full text
8
Ruger, Jennifer Prah. Health and social justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.
Find full text
9
Chʻujŏk, Hanʼguk kŏnʼgang pulpʻyŏngdŭng: Sahoe ŭijehwa rŭl wihan kungmin pogosŏ. Sŏul: Mim, 2007.
Find full text
10
Oster, Emily. Does increased access increase equality?: Gender and child health investments in India. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2006.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Equality – Health aspects – Germany"
1
Bormann, Cornelia. "Gender Aspects of Unemployment and Health in East and West Germany." In Unemployment, Precarious Work and Health, 117–27. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-94345-9_8.
Full text
2
Mall, Christoph, Jakob von Au, and Ulrich Dettweiler. "Students' Appropriation of Space in Education Outside the Classroom. Some Aspects on Physical Activity and Health from a Pilot Study with 5th-Graders in Germany." In Nature and Health, 223–32. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003154419-16.
Full text
3
Bergem, Ole Kristian, Trude Nilsen, Oleksandra Mittal, and Henrik Galligani Ræder. "Can Teachers’ Instruction Increase Low-SES Students’ Motivation to Learn Mathematics?" In Equity, Equality and Diversity in the Nordic Model of Education, 251–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61648-9_10.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractStudents’ motivation in mathematics has been shown to predict their achievement and whether they pursue a later career in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics). To sustain equity in education, it is important that students are motivated for the STEM fields, independent of their background characteristics (e.g., gender and SES). Previous research has revealed that students’ motivation declines from primary to secondary school. The present study investigates whether this unwanted development may be related to students’ SES, and more importantly, what aspects of teachers’ instruction are related to student motivation for low, medium, and high-SES student groups in grade 5 and 9. We use data from students in grades 5 and 9 and their teachers who participated in TIMSS 2015 in Norway. Multilevel (students and classes), multi-group structural equation modelling is used to answer the research questions. In line with previous research from Germany and the USA, the results showed that SES is more important to student motivation in secondary than primary school, that low SES students’ motivation depends more on their teachers’ instructional quality than high SES students and that this dependency is stronger in secondary school than in primary school. The implications and contributions of the study are discussed.
4
Macht, Alexandra. "The Role of Love and Children’s Agency in Improving Fathers’ Wellbeing." In Engaged Fatherhood for Men, Families and Gender Equality, 279–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75645-1_16.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis chapter focuses on father-child wellbeing arguing that fathers are emotionally transformed by having a child and that children have a beneficial influence on father’s health and positive engagement in work. Previous research described how involved fatherhood offers men the opportunity to resist practices of risk-taking, denial of treatment, expression of anger, which are harmful to their health. However, studies on the relationship between fathers and children often overlook the mutual beneficial effects that these family members have on each other. Based on findings from 47 qualitative interviews and 6 observations with Scottish and Romanian involved fathers and their children, I show how children were described by fathers as re-energizing them for work and helping them let go of negative health habits, such as smoking, drugs, and reckless driving. Fathers in turn, adopted a long-term perspective for their health and wellbeing brought on by planning for the future. Conclusively, children seem to play an important role in counteracting the toxic aspects of masculinity, as children were described as helping fathers shift emotionally from stoicism and control to increased nurturance and emotional openness, thereby affecting their wellbeing in positive ways.
5
Krämer, U., R. Dolgner, H. J. Willer, and H. W. Schlipköter. "Effects of Air Pollution on the Health of Children in East- and West-Germany: Aspects of Study-Design and Descriptive Results for some Questionnaire Items." In Environmental Hygiene III, 189–91. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77112-5_44.
Full text
6
Haselsteiner, Edeltraud. "Gender Matters! Thermal Comfort and Individual Perception of Indoor Environmental Quality: A Literature Review." In Future City, 169–200. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71819-0_9.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe use of technology in construction has allowed a significant increase in comfort and the construction of energy-efficient buildings. However, for indoor environmental comfort, there is no universal standard that fits all. The indoor climate is perceived individually and the requirements are subjectively shaped. In this paper, a literature review is carried out to describe particular aspects relevant to gender. The aim is to raise awareness of these aspects in order to advance equality orientation as an integral part of planning and energy-efficient building concepts. The findings show that thermal comfort is an essential parameter, and up to 3 °C of differences between women and men were found. This difference is most evident in offices where women show a better cognitive performance in a warmer environment, while men do better in colder temperatures. Gender was also found to be an influencing factor of satisfaction with humidity, acoustic conditions, visual comfort, privacy, air quality, health aspects, light preferences, and brightness perception. Moreover, sick-building syndrome is more common among women. In conclusion, the literature confirms that essential indoor environmental quality (IEQ) parameters vary significantly across men and women and should be taken more into account in the practice of building technology.
7
Morlino, Leonardo, Claudius Wagemann, and Francesco Raniolo. "Inequalities." In Equality, Freedom, and Democracy, 23–59. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813873.003.0002.
Full textAbstract:
Equality is a multidimensional concept. As regards economic aspects, there is a trend towards more inequality in most countries. Italy and Spain perform worse than the other countries, while France and Germany do better. Poland shows a trend towards more equality since early on in this century. Expenditures on health and education decrease in Italy and Spain with the onset of the crisis. The United Kingdom shows a sharply declining trend in education, a more moderate but still declining expenditure on social protection and more recent decline in health as well, which once was the pride of that system. Thus, overall it is becoming slightly more unequal over time. The economic crisis has been bringing about changes regarding equality in some countries, but less in others. Under conditions of economic recession in the advanced economies, social rights are partially protected through ‘automated stabilisers’. Moreover, when measures of social protection were intensified, this sometimes also entailed a reduction in expenditures for ‘softer’ aspects, such as health and education. As for ethnic aspects, immigration has remained stable over time. Consequently, ethnic equality has not changed seriously. Poland is an exception: especially after 2012 the acceptance of immigration sharply declined. When matching the six countries on the three kinds of inequality, the results are mixed. There is some inconsistency between a form of equality and another one within the same country.
8
Zwicker, Manuel, Juergen Seitz, and Nilmini Wickramasinghe. "E-Health in Australia and Germany." In Advances in Human and Social Aspects of Technology, 145–60. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-6126-4.ch008.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter focuses on two specific e-health solutions, the PCEHR in Australia and the German EHC. National e-health solutions are being developed by most if not all OECD countries, but few studies compare and contrast these solutions to uncover the true benefits and critical success criteria. The chapter provides an assessment of these two solutions, the possibility for any lessons learnt with regard to designing and implementing successful and appropriate e-health solutions, as well as understanding the major barriers and facilitators that must be addressed. Finally, ANT is used to provide a rich lens to investigate the key issues in these respective e-health solutions.
9
Strassner, Carola. "Food, nutrition and health in Germany." In Nutritional and Health Aspects of Food in Western Europe, 133–58. Elsevier, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-813171-8.00008-1.
Full text
10
Jones, Lucy. "14. Discrimination and Health and Safety." In Introduction to Business Law, 396–418. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198824886.003.0014.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter considers the employment law aspects of discrimination and health and safety. It discusses the meaning of the protected characteristics which were brought together under the Equality Act 2010 and considers prohibited conduct under the Act. It explains the difference between direct and indirect discrimination and when direct discrimination can be justified. The chapter discusses the difference between positive action and positive discrimination and the interaction between protected characteristics and prohibited conduct. It also explains the law relating to harassment and victimization. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the law covering health and safety in the workplace, looking at both criminal law and civil law.
Conference papers on the topic "Equality – Health aspects – Germany"
1
"Legal Aspects of Mental Health in the European Union (the Example of Germany and the UK) and the Russian Federation." In Congress on mental health meeting the needs of the XXI century. Gorodets, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.22343/mental-health-congress-compendium197-202.
Full text
2
Ellyin, Claudine, and Nickolas J. Themelis. "Small Scale Waste-to-Energy Technologies." In 19th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec19-5447.
Full textAbstract:
The dominant technology for large Waste-to-Energy (WTE) facilities is combustion on a moving grate of “as-received” municipal solid wastes (MSW). However, there are circumstances where a low-capacity plant (<100,000 tons per year) is required. This study examines the technical, economic, and environmental aspects of some small-scale WTE technologies currently in operation. The Energos technology was developed in Norway, in order to provide relatively small communities with an economically efficient alternative to mass-burn incineration with equally low emissions to the atmosphere and flexibility in feedstock. All operating plants treat MSW plus additional streams of commercial or industrial wastes. Prior to thermal treatment, the materials are shredded in a high-torque, low-rpm shredder and ferrous metals are removed magnetically. The feedstock is partially oxidized on a moving grate in the gasification chamber where the fixed carbon is completely burnt off. The volatilized gases are fully combusted in a second chamber and the heat is transferred to a heat recovery system for steam generation. The Energos gasification technology is currently in operation at six plants in Norway, one in Germany, and one in the UK. As expected, the capital cost per ton of annual ton of capacity increases with decreasing plant capacity, while there is a linear relationship between energy recovery and capacity. Some other small-scale technologies are investigated in this study and will be reported at the NAWTEC meeting. Low capacity (<80,000 tons) WTE facilities require a relatively small footprint (1.5 to 2 acres; <1 hectare) and it is believed that these facilities can be built at a capital cost per ton that is as low, or lower, than that of large mass burn WTE facilities.
3
Tunçsiper, Bedriye, and Emine Fırat. "The Importance of R &D and Innovation in Development; The Case of South Korea." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c07.01606.
Full textAbstract:
The concept of development has been interpreted by different economic opinions within historical process. This has prevented the description of development concept in a single theoretical perspective or as a definitive statement.
Development, also being of a broad concept incorporating economic, social and cultural aspects here of, was evaluated very purely economic phenomenon until the 1970s. The development concept has been tried to measure with the national income per capita by many economists. After the 1970s, the level of development began to be considered with concept such as human capital, innovation, education, health and standard of living, overtly, equality and so on in addition to economic criteria and the concept is being assessed by human development level. There are many different ways for the development of a country. Recently, the urgency of research and development and innovation has been put forward and it appears that significance of the notions of learning, research, ingenuity and innovation has gone up for substantiation of the progress.
In this study, South Korea's R & D and innovation doings are judged and the value of innovation and research and development activities for evolution are underlined. Hereby, R & D and innovation projections conduced to the advancement and refinement of South Korea, sorendering efficacious and satisfactory use of sources possible.
Reports on the topic "Equality – Health aspects – Germany"
1
Male involvement in family planning: A KABP study of Agra District, Uttar Pradesh. Population Council, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh1997.1008.
Full textAbstract:
Although lack of male involvement in family planning has been a topic of research and discussion since the early 1980s, during the last five years it has become an important issue for women advocates, researchers, and many international agencies that are committed to reproductive health and gender equality. The large number of articles on this subject and growing number of conferences, research projects, and debates are testimonies to the importance of the issue, both from the programmatic point of view and as a process for bringing about a gender balance in men's and women's reproductive rights and responsibility. This paper addresses the knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and practices of rural males toward various aspects of family formation including reproduction and contraceptive use. The study was undertaken in the rural areas of Agra district, in Uttar Pradesh. To assess the knowledge and attitudes of males, 517 currently married males were interviewed. Out of those interviewed, 317 of their wives were also interviewed. The two sets of data provide an opportunity to compare the attitudes of males and females on issues related to family formation.