Journal articles on the topic 'Equality – Economic aspects – United States'
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1
Chudinovskikh, M., and N. Tonkikh. "Telework in BRICS: Legal, Gender and Cultural Aspects." BRICS Law Journal 7, no. 4 (December 20, 2020): 45–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2412-2343-2020-7-4-45-66.
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With the rapid development of digital technologies and globalization, telework is becoming increasingly common. For the BRICS countries, the formation of a modern legal regulation model for telework is of great importance. In drafting legislation, it is essential to take into account economic and cultural factors, as well as the need to ensure gender equality. This article presents an analysis of current trends in telework development in the BRICS countries. Its findings reveal various reasons for a growing need to regulate telework. For Brazil, the issue of ecology plays an important role; for China and India, the possibility of integration into the world economy; in Russia, the focus is still on the procedural issues concerning the conclusion and termination of employment contracts; in South Africa, the issue of ensuring not only gender equality, but also racial equality is acute. The analysis gives the authors grounds to conclude that the BRICS countries are still lagging behind the United States and the European Union in the area of telework labor law, despite its widespread prevalence. The BRICS countries do not yet produce the necessary statistics on the prevalence of telework. Issues relating to BRICS's deepening integration require the development of common approaches to regulating the work of teleworkers. The harmonization of legislation between Russia and China is of particular importance due to the territorial factor.
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Ewoh-Odoyi, Ethel. "How Gender Is Recognised in Economic and Education Policy Programmes and Initiatives: An Analysis of Nigerian State Policy Discourse." Social Sciences 10, no. 12 (December 6, 2021): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10120465.
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Many African states are involved in the frontline discourse on the fight for gender equality through the adoption of public policies, aiming to improve the lives of women through social, economic, and political development. In Nigeria, despite the adoption of Article 42 of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999 adapted from the United Nations principles of gender equality, which provides for equality and elimination of all forms of discrimination against women, the Nigerian state still struggles with different forms of gendered marginalisation issues against women in various aspects of Nigerian society; these issues are mainly due to cultural, economic, and legislative challenges. Therefore, this article explores how gender is recognized through public policy programmes and initiatives using a qualitative content analysis of relevant policy documents. The documents were collected from various government ministries and cover policy areas that represent entrepreneurship and economic activities in Nigeria between 2000 and 2020. The analysis confirms the recognition of gender in public policies by subjective bias and mediating access to education for female gender advancement in Nigerian society. Some gender gaps were also recognized and discussed in the article.
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Klochkovsky, L. "New World Economic Development Trends and Latin America." World Economy and International Relations 60, no. 4 (2016): 48–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2016-60-4-48-60.
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There are substantial changes in the evolution of world economy and world economic relations. The growth rates of international trade have diminished two-fold, the prices for oil and other commodities have fallen, and the competition on world markets has sharpened greatly. These new trends complicate fundamentally external conditions for the economic development of peripheral regions, especially Latin America. Latin American countries have reached a phase of considerable economic deceleration. Under these circumstances, there is an urgent need for reconsideration of key conclusions made by some Russian experts on the possibilities of the future economic and social growth of Latin America. The author examines the most discussed aspects of the Latin American modern economic situation – the deepening technological gap and slow rates of technological progress, the limited role of internal economic motive forces, the conservation of foreign economic dependence. The future of Latin America’s economic development is uncertain in many respects and will depend greatly on foreign economic conditions. The new world balance opened important additional possibilities for Latin America on world markets. China has converted into the second largest economic partner of the region. But there is a number of complicated problems in their relations that need an urgent regulation. At the same time, the strategic task for Latin America consists in finding of effective ways for further broadening of economic relations with the United States in terms of equality and mutual benefit.
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Burazer, Lara. "Attitudes to Education Reflected in the Context of the US College Admissions Scandal." Journal for Foreign Languages 12, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 95–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/vestnik.12.95-112.
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The following paper discusses contemporary challenges of providing access to formally accredited higher education programs in the United States of America, and on a smaller scale also in Slovenia. It interprets the recent college admissions scandal within the historical framework of American educational policies, paired with its traditional social practices. In the initial sections, the paper provides a brief historical overview of the development of American (higher) education, the beginnings of which date as far back as the early 17th century. Back then, the very concept of formal and publicly accessible education was in its developmental stages. By focusing on a selection of historical aspects and educational trends within the American national context, the paper unveils the related expectations and attitudes toward acquiring formal education in the past. It lists a number of historically relevant changes, which have been implemented over the past century within the American educational system at state and federal levels. The latter have contributed to the development of contemporary approaches to education and have affected recent attitudes toward formal education in American society. The paper includes statistical data on enrolments and graduation rates in institutions of higher education in the United States and Slovenia, which offers an insight into the rising enrolment and graduation trends, and relates the figures to the importance of accessibility of education as an equalizer that should provide equality of opportunity for all, irrespective of social background or economic power. The accrued data and related research results support a favorable trend in accessibility of formal education in both countries, the US and Slovenia. This is an important finding, particularly in the context of the college tuition scandal, as it might at first sight create the impression that some of the highly valued and formally accredited institutions of higher education were subject to the influence of a powerful elite. The research results therefore support the trend of the educational system and the accrued knowledge assuming the role of the equalizer in leveling out certain aspects of social inequality.
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Civljak, Kristijan. "Choice Under Uncertainty: The Settlement Decisions of Serbian Self-Initiated Expatriates in the United States." Journal of Intercultural Management 11, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 47–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/joim-2019-0003.
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Abstract Objective: This study explores the settlement decisions of Serbian self-initiated expatriates (SIEs) in the United States. Methodology: Using qualitative phenomenological inquiry, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 Serbian SIEs, and the data were analyzed through the framework analysis method. This explorative study focused on individual preferences and processes, social interactions, and socio-economic environment through the concepts of decision theory, acculturation orientation, and transnational attachment. Findings: Serbian SIEs were motivated to migrate to the United States for career opportunities, self-worth validation, departure from social norms placed by the Serbian society, and normal, happy lives. Their decisions to stay were deeply influenced by their family members, possible repatriation or further journey dependent on favorable opportunities at home, potential boredom with a current lifestyle, and intention to start a family. Serbian SIEs navigated the macro system based on knowledge gained through exploration and transnational networks. They chose the path of individualism and integration in terms of their acculturation orientation, which put them in balanced position for their own well-being. Serbian SIEs deliberately chose metropolitan areas, in which transnational attachments were fostered, and more opportunities arose. Value added: Living in a culturally plural society has become a reality, leading to acculturation among migrants. If policy makers, hiring organizations, social service agencies, immigration officials, and law enforcement agencies understand why people choose to permanently relocate, they can also provide appropriate and relevant help in their adjustment challenges. Recommendations: The research on migration and SIEs’ decisions shows strong evidence that it relates to economic and professional gain as well as social networks and family ties; however, economic and social factors are not the only ones influencing migration decisions. Studies that call for both person- and institutional level are needed for deeper understanding of migration and settlement decisions as parameters exploring the consequences of immigration, crucial for the development of the intercultural management field. This way, both micro- and macro-level aspects would be equally highlighted, while meso-level information would serve for providing the connection between the two.
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Bağırlar, Belgin. "Racism in the 21st Century: Debbie Tucker Green’s Eye for Ear." European Journal of Behavioral Sciences 3, no. 3 (December 30, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/ejbs.v3i3.483.
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Does equality exist in the 21st century, or, are minorities still forced to fight for equality? In nineteenth century, Britain, racism was blatant in all spheres of cultural, social, and economic life to the point that it crossed over into literature and theatre. In 1978, UNESCO adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Forty years have since passed, but has it made any difference? Contemporary British playwright Debbie Tucker Green’s Eye for Ear (2018), staged at the Royal Court Theatre, reminds us that racism and inequality is still a key social-political issue. This three-act, avant-garde, colloquial play depicts how both African-Americans as well as Black British people still live with racism today. It also highlights racism’s linguistic and legal past. Tucker Green particularly focuses on the violent aspect of that racism through the lens of different characters: an academic, a black student, a black boy, and black parents. The play concludes with crushed hope, for it deduces that Caucasians both in the United States and in Great Britain still dominate practically every facet of society. This study will examine Green’s Ear for Eye, racial discrimination in the 21st century, and how Tucker Green projects her views upon her work through the theory of race and racism.
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IUKOV, Evgeny A., and Viktor V. ZHELTOV. "The Ideology of the European Union." Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics 9, no. 4 (June 30, 2018): 1278. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jarle.v9.4(34).13.
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The paper deals with the process of the European integration, which led to the emergence of the EU. It defines and analyzes the key ideological elements both at the national and at the international levels, which form the EU ideology. The authors have considered and analyzed the main publications on this subject, and have kept the track of the evolution of the EU ideology from the United States of Europe to the instrument of overcoming the national conflicts. The authors have underlined such key aspects of the EU ideology as freedom, equality, respect to the human rights, multiculturalism, and the ideology of openness. They have also revealed the following reasons for the crisis of the European ideology: economic inequality between the EU members, the increase in the extremists’ right-wing forces, and the process of self-determination of Catalonia and Scotland, and counter-productive sanctions towards Russia. The authors have concluded that initially the EU was being built on the idea of the economy as a means of peace-keeping between the peoples of Europe and their consolidation, while the ideological component was supplemented later and attracted controversy among the citizens and members of the Union. The authors have also suggested the methods for overcoming the crisis of the EU ideological structure.
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Sprague, Aleta, Amy Raub, and Jody Heymann. "Providing a foundation for decent work and adequate income during health and economic crises: constitutional approaches in 193 countries." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 40, no. 9/10 (October 23, 2020): 1087–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-07-2020-0358.
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PurposeAs coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) spreads globally, the economic and health consequences are disproportionately affecting marginalized workers. However, countries' existing labor and social security laws often exclude the most vulnerable workers from coverage, exacerbating existing inequalities. Guaranteeing the rights to adequate income even when ill, decent working conditions and nondiscrimination in constitutions may provide a foundation for protecting rights universally, safeguarding against counterproductive austerity measures, and providing a normative foundation for equality and inclusion as economies recover. The purpose of this article is to examine the prevalence of these rights globally and assess some of their early impacts amid the pandemic.Design/methodology/approachThe authors created and analyzed a database of constitutional rights for all 193 United Nations member states. All constitutions were double coded by an international multidisciplinary, multilingual team of researchers.FindingsThis study finds that 54% of countries take some approach to guaranteeing income security in their constitutions, including 23% that guarantee income security during illness. Thirty-one percent guarantee the right to safe working conditions. Only 36% of constitutions explicitly guarantee at least some aspect of nondiscrimination at work. With respect to equal rights broadly, constitutional protections are most common on the basis of sex (85%), followed by religion (78%), race/ethnicity (76%), socioeconomic status (59%), disability (27%), citizenship (22%), sexual orientation (5%) and gender identity (3%). Across almost all areas, protections for rights are far more common in constitutions adopted more recently.Originality/valueThis is the first study to systematically examine protections for income security and decent work, together with nondiscrimination, in the constitutions of all 193 UN member states.
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Shun, Carson Lam Kai. "Optimization Strategies for Solving Students’ Digital Equality and Scholarly Outcomes." International Journal of Mathematics and Statistics Studies 10, no. 5 (May 15, 2022): 15–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37745/ijmss.13/vol10n51560.
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Previous work by Lam (2017) and Lam (2016) show that social objects, cultural identities, and per-sonality form another perspective of Roger Penrose’s three world philosophy. Using statistical data from the Centre for Economic and Policy Research (CEPR) in the United States, the relationship be-tween these fields can be determined. This can be achieved through the Principal Component Analy-sis method by using statistical software: ‘R’. It is hoped that this data can be used to validate the so-ciological aspect of the three worlds philosophy.Certainly, there have been some opposing com-ments against the proposed theory. As such, this study will investigate some of the main oppositions and suggest possible solutions. Furthermore, by analysing the data, one can study ICT usage amongst students, in addition to predicting their future tendencies. One may explore how the ICT usage may have effects in one’s personality and cultural identity together with social objects. Social, cultural, and psychological factors all have effects on the academic achievements of students. These three areas influence the ICT usage of students and their scholarly results. Indeed, the culture and attitude of parents towards their child’s ICT usage can affect their educational performance (Lam, 2016). As a result, the following separate elements arise: (1) Sociological three world philosophy (2) Parental influence (3) ICT leadership at school (4) Studious outcomes This will finally coalesce into a new and more rationalized connection, which can be presented in a framework. This helps to depict the creative relationship and understand how to minimize digi-tal equality (or inappropriate digital usage) to maximize students’ academic performance. Reali-zation can be achieved by manipulating both the three worlds philosophy and parental influence factors. Moreover, a school’s successful ICT pedagogy is related to leadership, which is also connected to scholarly results. This means that digital usage can be optimized (or bal-anced) to produce studious outcomes. As a result, professionals such as teachers, social workers and researchers can develop corresponding strategies, such as providing philosophical education for parents, to better handle the ICT usage of children. Consequently, the digital divide in education, which has been created by modern technology, will be solved.
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Savanchiyeva, A. S., P. I. Ananchenkova, М. K. Karimbergenova, O. I. Zhaltyrova, T. K. Kuangaliyeva, and I. А. Maslova. "ТHE MAIN ASPECTS OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN THE BORDER AREAS OF KAZAKHSTAN AND KYRGYZSTAN." BULLETIN 2, no. 390 (April 15, 2021): 154–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2021.2518-1467.64.
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An important factor in the development of tourism within transboundary territories may be unique tourist resources, or special areas. Border territories often turn into gambling zones, especially in those cases when the industry of gambling entertainment is prohibited in neighboring countries. In addition, a tourist product can be formed on the basis of unique tourist resources, united by a common idea or historical plot. You can get to know them only by traveling from a neighboring or nearby country. Tourists are attracted to the border space by duty-free trade, a large selection of goods, lower prices, convenient opening hours. On the basis of the Agreement, the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Kyrgyz Republic will contribute to expanding cooperation in the field of tourism in order to familiarize citizens of their states with achievements in the field of economics, social development, culture, nature and sights, as well as historical monuments and national traditions of the peoples of the three countries. The parties will cooperate in the development of international tourism on the basis of equality, mutual benefit and, in order to increase the tourist flow, facilitate the simplification of visa and customs formalities, exchange lists of travel agencies. The Parties will facilitate the exchange of experience in all areas of international and domestic tourism, promote cooperation between the national tourism administrations of the Parties and other organizations involved in tourism and its development. The parties will also facilitate the dissemination of tourist information to attract the flow of tourists through the publication of promotional materials, the exchange of information, print media, exhibitions, films and the holding of various symposia and seminars. The parties will provide mutual assistance in the training of personnel of tourist complexes and facilitate the exchange of specialists of the relevant tourism authorities, assist the relevant departments and interested organizations in the creation of joint ventures and in the implementation of other investment projects in the tourism sector. The parties through the relevant tourism authorities will exchange views on cooperation, work experience in activities in international tourism organizations.
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Haig, Madeleine, Caitlin Main, Danitza Chavez-Montoya, and Panos Kanavos. "OP87 Value From A Multi-stakeholder Perspective: A Framework To Assess Digital Health Solutions For Improving Chronic Disease Management." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 38, S1 (December 2022): S32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462322001337.
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IntroductionInnovative digital health technologies (DHTs) may present new aspects of value that are not appropriately accounted for in current health technology assessments. In discovering what value means in the context of DHTs, multi-stakeholder collaboration is essential.MethodsA scoping literature review was conducted to identify current value assessment criteria and proposed methodologies across three health systems: United States of America, United Kingdom, and Germany. A Delphi exercise was conducted with stakeholders from the following groups: users, healthcare practitioners, decision-makers, supply-side actors, and influencers. Based on a review of assessment frameworks in the study countries and consultations with experts from each stakeholder group, researchers proposed value constructs in five domains: health inequalities, data rights and governance, technical and security, economic characteristics, clinical characteristics, and user preferences. In Delphi round one, participants commented on the proposed constructs and submitted their own. A thematic analysis identifying key concepts and themes of the participant proposed constructs and comments was used to incorporate this information for round two. Then, participants rated each value construct on an ‘importance’ Likert scale in two decision contexts: user-facing DHTs and system-facing DHTs. In round three, participants were presented with the consensus judgement for each construct, with the opportunity to change their answer. Value constructs with equal to or greater than 70 percent consensus were included in the final framework. Rounds four and five were, respectively, value judgements on a Likert scale and a presentation of consensus for a therapeutic area to test the final framework.ResultsInitially 32 value constructs were proposed by researchers, 20 of which were changed or removed based on round one feedback. Additional constructs were added based on participant suggestions resulting in forty-five value constructs in round two. The final framework will be available after round three closes on 20 December 2022.ConclusionsThe multi-stakeholder Delphi approach ensures that all suggestions and value judgements are weighted equally across stakeholder groups. The resultant value framework can be used to inform policymaking around health technology assessment of DHTs.
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Lee, Yong-Shik. "An Analysis of Racial Economic Disparity and the Law in the United States." Korea Public Choice Association 1, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 19–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.55795/jpc.2022.1.1.019.
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Over six decades have passed since the civil rights movement began in the mid-50s, but American society has not yet fully realized the promise of the civil rights movement, which at its core embodies the protection and promotion of equity and dignity of all people. Despite the historic improvements that accord the legal protection of equal rights among different races, genders, and ethnic groups, significant economic disparity among races persists. The Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. declared, “Now our struggle is for genuine equality, which means economic equality.” However, the pursuit of economic equality has not been successful. Growing racial economic disparity creates serious social, economic, and political problems in American society and pulls America away from the ideals of the civil rights movement. Structural economic problems in the United States, such as persistent income and wealth disparities along racial lines have exacerbated inequality that divides the country. This challenge requires a fundamental paradigm change. Racial economic disparity can no longer be overcome solely by individual efforts and self-reliance. The federal government must address racial economic disparity by facilitating economic development for minorities in close cooperation and coordination with state and local governments, as well as the private sector. Before America can fully meet the objectives of the civil rights movement, this country must achieve successful economic development that bridges racial economic disparity.
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Webster, Allen L. "The Relationship Between Economic Freedom And Income Equality In The United States." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 12, no. 5 (April 27, 2013): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v12i5.7822.
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While considerable research in the past has focused on the socioeconomic impact of economic freedom on economic growth among nations, less emphasis has been devoted to the relationship between economic sovereignty and income equality. This is particularly true when the area of focus has been restricted to comparisons among states within the United States. Furthermore, what work has been offered comparing US states has proven to be contradictory. Certain studies reviewed in this paper suggest that higher measures of economic freedom are associated with greater income inequality. On the other hand, evidence exists that less inequality is found in areas with greater economic autonomy. This study uses the Gini Index as measures of income distribution. The Fraser Institute in Vancouver, Canada offers well-respected measures of economic freedom among the US states and the provinces of Canada. These data are used to further examine relationships between state levels of economic freedom and income distribution with the intent to offer some general consensus regarding this all-important association.
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Aledort, Colowick, Hoots, and Dunst. "Economic aspects of haemophilia care in the United States." Haemophilia 5, no. 4 (July 1999): 282–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2516.1999.00298.x.
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Kraus, Michael W., Julian M. Rucker, and Jennifer A. Richeson. "Americans misperceive racial economic equality." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 39 (September 18, 2017): 10324–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1707719114.
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The present research documents the widespread misperception of race-based economic equality in the United States. Across four studies (n = 1,377) sampling White and Black Americans from the top and bottom of the national income distribution, participants overestimated progress toward Black–White economic equality, largely driven by estimates of greater current equality than actually exists according to national statistics. Overestimates of current levels of racial economic equality, on average, outstripped reality by roughly 25% and were predicted by greater belief in a just world and social network racial diversity (among Black participants). Whereas high-income White respondents tended to overestimate racial economic equality in the past, Black respondents, on average, underestimated the degree of past racial economic equality. Two follow-up experiments further revealed that making societal racial discrimination salient increased the accuracy of Whites’ estimates of Black–White economic equality, whereas encouraging Whites to anchor their estimates on their own circumstances increased their tendency to overestimate current racial economic equality. Overall, these findings suggest a profound misperception of and unfounded optimism regarding societal race-based economic equality—a misperception that is likely to have any number of important policy implications.
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Lee McKay, Sandra. "Multilingualism in the United States." Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 17 (March 1997): 242–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0267190500003378.
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The scope of this paper is limited to an overview of mutilingualism in the U.S. from 1980 to the present. During this period, discussions of language diversity in the U.S. have been largely dominated by an effort to exert the hegemony of English. This effort has been brought on by changes in the demographic makeup of the U.S. population and supported by a commonly held belief that the economic strength of the U.S. in the international sphere is declining. A dramatic increase in the number of immigrants from Central and South America and the Pacific Rim, coupled with increasing economic competition from industrialized European and Asian nations, has resulted in widespread support for the exclusive use of English in the U.S. This emphasis on English is seen as a way to minimize the threat of the “foreign” influences that are believed to be undermining both the internal unity of the U.S., and its economic world dominance. Whereas nativism is nothing new in the U.S., its current intensity has been fueled by global aspects of migration and economic trade.
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Elmes, Michael B. "Economic Inequality, Food Insecurity, and the Erosion of Equality of Capabilities in the United States." Business & Society 57, no. 6 (November 10, 2016): 1045–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0007650316676238.
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This article explores how economic inequality in the United States has led to growing levels of poverty, food insecurity, and obesity for the bottom segments of the economy. It takes the position that access to nutritious food is a requirement for living and for participating fully in the workplace and society. Because of increasing economic inequality in the United States, growing segments of the U.S. economy have become more food insecure and obese, eating unhealthy food for survival and suffering an erosion of “equality of capabilities” that undermines their ability to play a “full and active part in the functioning of (their) community.” Unequal access to nutritious foods in the United States is attributable in part to an industrial food system that is designed to produce short-term profits for industrial food producers, processors, and distributors that extract surplus labor value through market concentration and opportunistic behavior at the expense of the long-term benefits for consumers, food workers (including farmers), and ecosystems. Economic inequality, food insecurity, and the erosion of equality of capabilities in the United States have given rise to protest movements, social movements, social innovations, and some modest strengthening of regulations to make access to and consumption of healthy food a right for every person. Implications for business and society research are explored.
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Tosko, Mike. "Book Review: Abolition and Antislavery: A Historical Encyclopedia of the American Mosaic." Reference & User Services Quarterly 55, no. 3 (March 25, 2016): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/rusq.55n3.248.
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This encyclopedia covers the rise and proliferation of abolitionist movements in the United States and the subsequent consequences of the emancipation of the former slaves. While outside international influences on American slavery existed—particularly Great Britain—the focus here is on both the Northern and Southern United States. Of course, banishing slavery did not lead to immediate social equality, and in fact many abolitionists did not ever desire this type of equality. This work also traces the subsequent controversial issues that emerged following abolition, such as new forms of labor exploitation, the right to own land and to vote, and the use of violence and intimidation to keep African Americans in inferior social and economic positions.
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Ostwald, Connie Harris. "Defining Economic Justice: A Christian Perspective." Journal of Business, Technology and Leadership 1, no. 1 (July 15, 2019): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.54845/btljournal.v1i1.4.
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The pursuit of economic justice has been confused with the pursuit of economic equality. As income and wealth inequality continue to rise in the United States, the issue of economic justice continues to come up in the public discourse as policy decisions are made. Evangelical Christians are called to stand up for justice, care for the poor, and support public policy based on a Biblical worldview. This paper looks at the concepts of economic justice and economic inequality from the perspective of secular theorists as well as Christian economists and theologians to try to find out what economic justice means, and how it is related to the concept of economic equality. A look at what scripture has to say leads to a conclusion with a personal challenge for those who live with a Biblical worldview.
Keywords: economic justice, economic inequality, poverty
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Ewing, K. D. "The Legal Regulation of Campaign Financing in American Federal Elections." Cambridge Law Journal 47, no. 3 (November 1988): 370–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197300120422.
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1988 is a presidential election year in the United States. As in previous presidential and congressional campaigns, millions of dollars will be spent by candidates seeking elected office. Campaign financing in the United States, as in other western democracies, raises a question which strikes at the moral basis of the system of government. Thus, how do we secure and guarantee political equality in a society of deep-rooted economic inequality? It may well be that de Tocqueville was right when he wrote that “Democratic institutions awaken and foster a passion for equality which they can never entirely satisfy.” Yet the integrity of these institutions demands that control of economic resources does not permit domination of the political process on the simple expedient of unrestrained liberty for all in the political arena. If political equality is to mean anything in practice, the political machine must not be the preserve of the few who are ready, willing, and able to exploit private or personal economic resources. The purpose of this paper is to consider how this problem has been addressed in the United States. The paper traces the origins of the modern legislation and examines the tension between the legislative and the judicial branches of government. A particularly disturbing tendency has been the unwillingness on the part of the courts to sustain the legislation in the face of constitutional challenge, thereby facilitating the continued domination of the political process by moneyed interests. Given the growing movement for a Bill of Rights in Britain, these developments may yet be of some practical significance in this country.
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Cho, Jaewoo, Jae Hong Kim, and Yonsu Kim. "Metropolitan governance structure and growth–inequality dynamics in the United States." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 51, no. 3 (November 8, 2018): 598–616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x18810002.
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While much scholarly attention has been paid to ways in which metropolitan areas are politically structured and operated to achieve a dual goal, economic growth, and equality, relatively less is known about the complex relationship between metropolitan governance structures and growth–inequality dynamics. This study investigates how and to what extent metropolitan governance structures shape regional economic growth and inequality trajectories using data for 267 US metropolitan areas from 1990 to 2010. Findings from a two-stage least squares regression analysis suggest that economic growth is associated with governance structures in a nonlinear fashion, with relatively more rapid growth rates in both highly centralized and decentralized metropolitan areas. However, these regions are also found to experience a larger increase in income inequality, indicating an important trade-off to be considered carefully in exploring ways to reform existing governance settings. These findings further suggest that the so-called growth–inequality trade-off may exist not only in their direct interactions but through their connections via governance or other variables.
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Eberharter, Veronika V. "Capability Deprivation, and the Intergenerational Transmission of Social Disadvantages—Empirical Evidence from Selected Countries." Social Sciences 7, no. 12 (December 1, 2018): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci7120253.
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Based on longitudinal data from the Cross-National Equivalent File 1980–2016 (CNEF 1980–2016) the paper analyzes the extent of income inequality and capability deprivation and the driving forces of the intergenerational transmission of social and economic status of two birth cohorts in Germany, and the United States. In both the countries the empirical results show increasing inequality of the real equivalent household income, and younger cohorts experience a higher persistence of social and economic status. In the United States income inequality is more expressed than in Germany, which is in accordance with lower intergenerational income mobility. The contribution of individual and family background characteristics and capability deprivation indicators to intergenerational income mobility is more pronounced in the United States than in Germany. The significant impact of capability deprivation in childhood on the intergenerational transmission of economic chances emphasizes the importance of economic and social policy designated to guarantee the equality of opportunity.
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Matskulyak, I. D., G. N. Bogacheva, and B. A. Denisov. "SANCTIONS: POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC FORESHORTENING." Vestnik Universiteta, no. 5 (June 10, 2019): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2019-5-34-39.
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A number of aspects of the change of the political and economic relations, apparent by the sanctions policy of the western states to the Russian Federation and its realization, has been considered. The balance between the liberty, equality and fraternity, the perfect competition and free business, on the one hand, and the competition of smothering, ball and chain, on the other hand, – has been disclosed. It has been substantiated, that the western states seek to substitute the colonial influence in the past for sanctions pressure in our days. It allows them to get not only the competitive advantage, but also to obtain the absolute dictatorship sometimes. The conclusion has been made, that external intervention in the natural course of managing and especially the rough administrative influence never gives a positive effect.
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Terry, Patrick C. R. "Enforcing U.S. Foreign Policy by Imposing Unilateral Secondary Sanctions: Is Might Right in Public International Law?" International Organisations Research Journal 17, no. 1 (March 15, 2022): 25–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1996-7845-2022-01-02.
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Following the United States’ unilateral withdrawal from the agreement between the five permanent UN Security Council members, the European Union, Germany, and Iran, that intends to stop Iran from acquiring nuclear weapons, the United States has re-imposed and tightened its sanctions against Iran. The United States’ renunciation of the agreement, despite the agreement’s UN Security Council approval and verified Iranian compliance, arguably violated international law. Nevertheless, the United States is attempting to compel the other state parties (and others) to follow its policy on Iran by threatening those states’ companies and business executives with economic or even criminal sanctions to force them to cut commercial ties with Iran. Based on an in-depth discussion of the lawfulness of such secondary sanctions under public international law, this article concludes that secondary sanctions, as imposed by the United States more recently, are unlawful. The United States’ assertion of extraterritorial jurisdiction is not justified under any principle of jurisdiction recognized in customary international law. In fact, the international community explicitly rejects the United States’ claims to extraterritorial jurisdiction. Furthermore, the United States seeks to undermine third states’ foreign and trade policies by targeting their citizens and businesses. United States’ sanctions policy is thus an attempt to assert control over other states’ foreign policies. This coercion amounts to an unlawful intervention into those states’ internal affairs. Lastly, the use of the United States’ superior economic power to strong-arm other states into abandoning their own foreign policy is a violation of the sovereign equality principle.
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Smeeding, Timothy. "Poor People in Rich Nations: The United States in Comparative Perspective." Journal of Economic Perspectives 20, no. 1 (February 1, 2006): 69–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/089533006776526094.
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Cross-national comparisons can teach lessons about antipoverty policy. While all nations value low poverty, high levels of economic self-reliance and equality of opportunity for younger persons, they differ dramatically in the extent to which they reach these goals. Nations also exhibit differences in the extent to which working age adults mix economic self-reliance (earned incomes), family support and government support to avoid poverty. We begin by reviewing international concepts and measures of poverty. The Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) database contains the information needed to construct comparable poverty measures for more than 30 nations. It allows comparisons of the level and trend of poverty and inequality across several nations, along with considerable detail on the sources of market incomes and public policies that shape these outcomes. We will highlight the different relationships between antipoverty policy and outcomes among several countries, and consider the implications of our analysis for research and for antipoverty policy in the United States. In doing so, we will draw on a growing body of evidence that evaluates antipoverty programs in a cross-national context.
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Cohen, Miriam, and Michael Hanagan. "Politics, Industrialization and Citizenship: Unemployment Policy in England, France and the United States, 1890–1950." International Review of Social History 40, S3 (December 1995): 91–129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859000113616.
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With the “forward march of labor halted”, and labor movements everywhere in retreat, T.H. Marshall's state-based emphasis on social welfare as “social right” has reminded those interested in reform that appeals to membership in a national community, the essence of citizenship, have served to rally groups to successful struggles for reform. Those aspects of Marshall's ideas, best summarized in his classic 1949 address, “Citizenship and Social Class”, with the greatest resonance for modern social theorists revolve around the relationship between citizenship, rights and markets. For Marshall, “the universal status of citizenship” was a plane of equality such that “all who possess the status (of citizenship) are equal with respect to the rights and duties with which the status is endowed”. Rights were embodied in a common culture and enforced by state power. Marshall believed that, gradually, one particular kind of rights, “social rights”, would come to limit the power of the market. While markets would continue to exist and to generate social inequality, government redistribution would increasingly expand the plane of equality to include the most important aspects of material and cultural life. The distinctive feature of these social rights according to Marshall is that they were not exemptions, privileges or paternalistic solicitude for those excluded from what he labels the “national community”, but social rights were benefits given to members of the community to encourage and facilitate their continued participation.
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Cnossen, Christine. "Part 1 – Stereotyped Assumptions versus Sex Equality: A socio-legal analysis of Equality Laws in the European Union." International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 12, Issue 1 (March 1, 1996): 7–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ijcl1996002.
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This article seeks to evaluate the legal developments of the European Community in its attempts to eliminate sex discrimination and inequalities in treatment between men and women and to analyse, from a socio-legal perspective possible inefficiencies of the Community’s primary and secondary legislation on the issue. In the light of the Intergovernmental Conference and the European Community’s aspirations to become a fullfledged federal state, the social dimension of European Integration acquires relativeimportance from a legal, political as well as economic perspective. In a second follow-up article the authors will attempt to provide a comparative analysis of the evolution of equality law and policy and the social parameters in labour relations between men and women that exist in two alrerady established federal states, the United States of America and Canada.
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MAKUSHINA, Elena Yu, Dar'ya M. KARMANOVA, and Aleksei S. KUCHER. "Tax reform initiated by D. Trump: Economic and social aspects." Finance and Credit 27, no. 3 (March 30, 2021): 693–720. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/fc.27.3.693.
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Subject. The article addresses the tax reform of 2017, initiated by D. Trump. Objectives. The aim is to determine the relationship between the total volume of tax revenues to the budget of the U.S. Government and the growth of U.S. GDP in the long run. Methods. To identify the impact of the tax reform on the investment climate in the country and the subsequent GDP growth, we formulate a hypothesis and propose a regression model. The quarterly data from 04.01.1960 to 07.01.2019 serve as a statistical sampling, published by financial departments of the U.S. Office of Management and Budget and the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. The study rests on the econometric analysis enabling to identify the impact of the volume of tax revenues from the corporate income tax and individual income taxes on the level of the GDP of the United States. Results. In the short term, we observe a decrease in tax revenues and a subsequent increase in the budget deficit, in the long term – an increase in business activity of the country, a growth in foreign direct investment, and, consequently, an increase in the GDP. The paper offers a model for assessing the economic growth of the GDP of the United States, in which tax predictors were used in combination with macroeconomic indicators. Conclusions. The experience of the United States and the results of this study may be used by the governments of developing countries and experts in the field of taxation for tax policy development.
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Goldhammer, Arthur. "A Fearful Asymmetry: Can American Democracy Survive Globai Hegemony?" Tocqueville Review 30, no. 1 (January 2009): 117–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ttr.30.1.117.
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Anyone who turns from the pages of Tocqueville’s Democracy in America, written in the fourth decade of the nineteenth century, to American democracy as it exists today is confronted at once with a paradox. For in the first sentence of that work Tocqueville says that what struck him most forcefully about America was its "equality of conditions." Yet by many widely used measures of social and economic as opposed to political equality, the United States does not appear to have remained, if indeed it ever was, an especially egalitarian society.
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Yang, Qingqiong, and Bin Wang. "Implications of the Multicultural Integration Mechanism in American Physical Education for Physical Education in China." Research and Advances in Education 1, no. 4 (October 2022): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.56397/rae.2022.10.04.
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The United States is a nation of diverse ethnic groups that upholds and embraces multiculturalism. Multiculturalism allows multiple ethnic groups to exist independently of each other, and cultural diversity and differences are respected and treated equally, with “identity” and “equality” at its core. The research has shown that the multicultural integration mechanism of physical education in the United States contains the following components: core values of freedom and democracy, pluralistic value identity, equal opportunity and social justice, and individualism. The multicultural integration mechanism in American physical education has been an inspiration to physical education in China in three aspects: innovation in teaching content, flexible teaching strategies, and emphasis on individual evaluation, respectively.
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Sarvasy, Wendy. "Social Citizenship From a Feminist Perspective." Hypatia 12, no. 4 (1997): 54–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-2001.1997.tb00298.x.
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In this article I construct a feminist notion of social citizenship from early twentieth-century feminism in the United States. Arguing that there are four aspects to the interconnection between women's citizenship and social democracy—new modes of citizenship, a socialized view of rights, new spaces for participation, and a female-privikged definition of gender equality—I suggest that such a concept could help us move from a welfare state to a feminist social democracy.
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García Román, Joan. "Couples’ Relative Education and the Division of Domestic Work in France, Spain, and the United States." Journal of Comparative Family Studies 52, no. 2 (June 2021): 245–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jcfs-52-2-005.
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The reversal of the gender gap in education and the emergence of couples in which the woman has a better economic or education status than her partner have been key shifts in family dynamics in recent decades. One of the consequences of this phenomenon is a more egalitarian division of tasks within couples, which is derived from the stronger resources of more educated women to negotiate roles. In this paper, I explored the division of unpaid domestic work in couples in France, Spain, and the United States (US), taking into account the level of education and the income of both members of the couple. The results show that hypogamous couples by education are more egalitarian than other types of couples, but the reversal of the gender gap in education has a relative effect on the division of housework. In that sense, better status in terms of earnings supposes more equality within the couple. However, gender inequalities persist even when the woman makes more money than her partner. A higher level of income is not sufficient to obtain more equality within the household, and other normative changes must be implemented in societies.
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Šilingienė, Violeta, and Gintautas Radvila. "THE DIFFERENTIATION OF GENDER WAGE IN THE BALTIC STATES." Management Theory and Studies for Rural Business and Infrastructure Development 38, no. 3 (September 29, 2016): 295–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/mts.2016.24.
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The problem of gender wage differentiation was evaluated as one of the most important in a countries’ legal-political, economic and social life. The purpose of this article is to examine the external determinants that effects gender wage differentiation in the Baltic States. This article research methodology is based on the study and analysis of European Union legislation to define gender equality aspects in the labor market that enables equal payment for men’s and women’s work and the statistical analysis of Eurostat, Lithuanian, Latvian and Estonian Statistics departments’ data to determine the gender pay gap in the Baltic States. After the research authors identified a wide variety of external (legal-political, economic and social) determinants that affect gender wage differentiation. This confirmed that gender wage differentiation in all three Baltic States is highly affected by external determinants.
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Ansong, Alex. "Decision-Making in the International Monetary Fund: Implications for Sovereign Equality of States." Journal of Legal Studies 23, no. 37 (June 1, 2019): 44–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jles-2019-0004.
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Abstract The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is one of the post-Second World War international organizations set up to promote good international economic cooperation among states. Unlike international organizations like the United Nations (UN) and the World Trade Organization (which succeeded the General Agreement on Tariff and Trade 1947), decision-making in the IMF is quite peculiar in that it is based on the joint stock company model where the value of shares determine the value of a member’s vote. Thus the principle of sovereign equality of states that underpins the one-member-one-vote system in the UN and WTO is absent in the IMF. This paper discusses the various decisionmaking organs in the IMF and concludes with a discussion on the sovereignty implications of the use of IMF conditionalities in the giving of loans, especially to developing countries.
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Gandy-Guedes, Megan E., and Megan S. Paceley. "Activism in Southwestern Queer and Trans Young Adults After the Marriage Equality Era." Affilia 34, no. 4 (June 19, 2019): 439–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886109919857699.
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In 2015, marriage equality in the United States was a big win for the gay and lesbian movement. Marriage equality as a primary focus of the movement, however, was not without its critiques, particularly as an issue affecting mostly white, gay, economically secure individuals. Given the history of the movement, it is essential to ask what is next. Young queer and trans people represent the next generation of potential activists and advocates for queer and trans liberation, yet little empirical attention has been paid to their goals for the movement and motivations to be actively involved, particularly among young adults in rural, conservative states. Therefore, this study sought to understand the social, economic, and environmental issues deemed important by queer and trans young adults (aged 18–29), as well as their motivations to get involved in activism efforts. Data came from a mixed-methods program evaluation, which presents a picture of the issues and motivations that led study participants ( n = 65) toward activism in one conservative, highly rural, Southwestern state in the United States. The findings of this study are discussed in light of theoretical and empirical literature and then implications for the queer and trans movement, activists, and organizers are offered.
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Sakaki. "Equality in Income and Sustainability in Economic Growth: Agent-Based Simulations on OECD Data." Sustainability 11, no. 20 (October 18, 2019): 5803. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11205803.
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In countries that have developed under the current market economy, inequalities in income distribution tend to increase with three different trends, i.e., high (United States, United Kingdom, Japan), low (North Europe countries), and medium Gini coefficient levels. On the other hand, the relationship between income distribution and social welfare is generally a difficult problem to solve in economics. So, this paper discusses the impact of income distribution on the macroeconomy, limiting the scope to consistency with long-term economic growth. We attempt to answer these economic policy issues by simulation using an agent-based model based on replicator dynamics. As a result of the simulation in this paper, in general, in countries with the high marginal propensity to consume, long-term growth can be maintained by inducing equality in income distribution. On the other hand, a mature country with a low marginal propensity to consume can sustain not so high but stable growth despite increasing inequality in income distribution. According to simulation results based on OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) data, in the former UK, US, and Japan, the lower the Gini coefficient is, the higher the growth potential is, while in the latter Norway and Luxembourg, relatively stable growth is maintained even if the Gini coefficient increases.
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Oehrle, Elizabeth. "The Economic Accountability of Music Education." British Journal of Music Education 4, no. 3 (November 1987): 223–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265051700006057.
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Music education struggles to survive in countries such as England, United States and South Africa because of the lack of financial support, particularly during economic recessions. To counter this unfortunate situation, well-written books and articles have been appeared over the years, propounding the truth that the arts do have an essential place in the balanced education of children, but these well-founded and constructed arguments continually fall on deaf ears. During economic recessions government planners and educational authorities rationalise that they can afford to do away with the arts because these subjects make little or no difference to the economic welfare of the country.Information from the best-seller by Peters & Waterman, In Search of Excellence, reveals that the principle characteristics of the managers of excellent companies in the United States are characteristics that concern the creative process of thinking, creative aspects of personality, creative products and environmental conditions. These companies have a positive effect on the United States economy. As the aspect of education which is best equipped to nurture these characteristics is the arts, then it is reasonable to argue that we can not afford to ‘phase out’ music education.Because education in the United States, England and South Africa is closely linked to the economy, music educators in capitalist countries should begin to argue for the arts from an economic standpoint, as capitalistic societies are orientated primarily toward capital gain. Failing this, we shall have to argue for more fundamental changes in political and economic systems.
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Novikova, Elena, and Mikhail Rybalko. "Economic aspects of cooperation between New Zealand and the United States as international actors in the Asia-Pacific region." SHS Web of Conferences 134 (2022): 00148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202213400148.
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The article analyzes economic aspects of the interaction between New Zealand and the United States of America as international actors in the Asia-Pacific region. The substantiation of the importance of the Asia-Pacific region in the foreign policy of the two countries is given. We determined that the economic component is one of the most significant components of bilateral relations. Statistical data for the five-year period (2016-2021) are presented, demonstrating the evolution of economic relations between New Zealand and the United States. We established that the economic policy of the two countries is aimed at continuing intensive international cooperation and implementing a recovery strategy in 2021. We concluded that the "soft power" course used by Wellington would enable the country to achieve significant benefits even more in cooperation with other states and reach qualitatively new levels in the existing system of international relations in the Asia-Pacific region.
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Bogaevskaya, O., A. Bunina, A. Davydov, E. Desyatsky, S. Dmitriev, V. Zhuravleva, S. Kislitsyn, et al. "Joe Biden’s First Year in the White House." Analysis and Forecasting. IMEMO Journal, no. 1 (2022): 54–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/afij-2022-1-54-77.
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The article analyzes major trends in domestic, social, economic, trade and foreign policy of the USA in 2021. The past year turned out to be unexpectedly successful for the Democratic administration of Joseph Biden, who managed to use his party's almost maximum control over the federal government to lay the legislative foundation for the implementation of one of the priority items on the election agenda and began the transformation of the foreign policy strategy of the US global leadership. His first year was really eventful — in the difficult conditions of the ongoing pandemic, he opened a new stage of social and foreign policy transformations. The current US President came to the White House with a large-scale social agenda, on which the Democratic Party has been working all 4 years of Trump's presidency in anticipation of revenge. The ambitious plans, in addition to fighting the pandemic, included the subsequent reform of the healthcare system launched by Barack Obama, ensuring racial equality and social justice, updating the country's long and seriously worn out infrastructure, launching a ‘green transition’ and reforming the country's immigration system. All these reforms are long overdue and really needed. However, since the beginning of the XXI century the reform efforts of presidents traditionally produce very little results — an average of one large-scale reform for each president. The list of changes required by the country is growing, but the speed of its implementation is only falling. The reason for this slowdown lies in partisan polarization and radicalization, which grew rapidly during the same period, shrinking the space for compromise, a key condition for reform efforts under the American separation of powers. The Democrats with J. Biden won their chance for a blitz in 2020, however, not only the Republicans, whose numerical minority made it possible to worry less about their resistance, but also the unity of the Democratic Party itself, were on the way to its implementation. Over the past four years, the left wing of the party has expanded its membership in Congress and has become a powerful force, ready to resist even its own president. The large-scale social agenda proposed by J. Biden during the election campaign, which implies the expansion of the social responsibility of the state, eventually caused serious objections from both left-wing Democrats and Republicans. The first considered it insufficient, for the second it offered too revolutionary changes. Biden's centrist position in the face of radicalization proved to be more of an obstacle to pushing forward reforms than an opportunity to implement them. As a result, all participants had to compromise. Paradoxically, radicalization, which destroyed opportunities and room for compromise, itself became a compromise factor in a situation where changes could be too drastic for both the government itself and society. Finally, the Biden administration was able to seize a unique moment of democratic control over federal power to implement an important part of its social agenda. Biden's original plan to reform the country's infrastructure has seriously changed over this year of cross-party agreements, but in general, the adopted ‘Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act’ launches large-scale changes in several areas at once, on which the further development and competitiveness of the United States depend. Despite a relatively quick recovery, the US economy continues to face major challenges from the COVID-19 pandemic: high inflation and disruption in production chains. The new model for maintaining and expanding US global leadership, formulated and gradually implemented by Joe Biden’s administration, is based on the creation of a single ideological and technological space of allies in opposition to China and other authoritarian states challenging the US. The anti-Chinese vector determines the main directions of the US foreign policy strategy: returning to traditional allied relations, expanding alliances, ending protracted military campaigns, minimal strategic involvement in long-term conflicts, targeted interaction with competitors and adversaries, and controlled confrontation. This article is a result of a collective multi-aspect research of transformations taking place in the US on a real-time basis. The analysis is built methodologically on the systemic approach to studying American political, social and economic trends, both domestically and on an international level.
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Gilpin, Robert. "Reagan's Ambiguous Economic Legacy." Ethics & International Affairs 2 (March 1988): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7093.1988.tb00525.x.
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The introductory piece attempts to set forth as objectively as possible the economic legacy of the Reagan Administration, with emphasis on its international aspects, and thereby to provide the background for the other articles. Gilpin charts the shift in the 1980s from a supply-side, laissez-faire style policy to one that acknowledges a need for cooperation between the United States and its economic partners. While this has been a responsible and productive change, it has also generated ambiguity as to what the U.S. stance on economic international activity should be.
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Rutkow, Ira M. "EPIDEMIOLOGIC, ECONOMIC, AND SOCIOLOGIC ASPECTS OF HERNIA SURGERY IN THE UNITED STATES IN THE 1990S." Surgical Clinics of North America 78, no. 6 (December 1998): 941–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0039-6109(05)70363-7.
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Bratko, Tatiana Dmitrievna. "Taxation of potential income from rentals: reality and illusion of equal tax burden." Налоги и налогообложение, no. 4 (April 2020): 30–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-065x.2020.4.33165.
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Different forms of income taxation often become the subject of criticism among taxpayers in the Russian Federation and abroad. From this perspective, the tax for potential income from rental set by Taxation Code of the Russian Federation, paid within the framework of patents system of taxation, is not an exception: in 2019, a Russian taxpayer Sergey Aleksandrovich Glukhov disputed its constitutionality with reference to incompliance to the principles of equality and economic feasibility of taxation. This article provides a comparative-legal analysis of provisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Court of the Unites States dedicated to constitutional principles of taxation: fairness, equality, economic feasibility, adequacy, etc. The author offers an original systemic interpretation of the Russian principle of economic feasibility of taxation and other legal principles, considering their interpretation by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and practice of implementation of the constitutional principles of taxation in the United States. Based in this interpretation, the article gives an alternative assessment to taxation of potential income from rentals, paid within the framework of patent system of taxation in Russia. The conclusion is formulated that due to the principle of separation of powers, the questions of fair and economically feasible allocation of tax burden comprise an exclusive prerogative of legislators.
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Grigoriev, M. N., I. A. Maksimtsev, and S. A. Uvarov. "Improvement of Supply Chain Management in the United States as a Strategic Direction for the Economic Policy of the Biden-Harris Administration." Economics and Management 27, no. 11 (November 30, 2021): 850–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.35854/1998-1627-2021-11-850-857.
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Aim. The presented study aims to analyze changes in the economic and political systems of the United States associated with the transformation of approaches to supply chain regulation.Tasks. The authors identify the specific aspects of regulating social, economic, political, and other processes in the United States through presidential executive directives; assess the extent to which issues related to supply chain management are reflected in executive directives; analyze the specific features of supply chain management regulation in the United States in the BidenHarris administration.Methods. This study uses general scientific research methods (analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization, etc.) as well as special methods such as content analysis, economic and political analysis, and scenario modeling.Results. The study makes it evident that in the United States great attention is paid to supply chain management issues at the national level, and this is reflected in presidential executive directives. Activity in this area has increased significantly in the Biden-Harris administration. All key ministries are becoming involved in supply chain management, with an emphasis on ensuring national and economic security and maintaining the political, military, and economic leadership of the United States in the world.Conclusions. The economy and politics of the United States continue to play an important role in the development of mankind. Investigation of the emerging specific trends in these areas helps to adequately respond to future changes. The executive directives of the US President serve as a meaningful source of information about such trends. Their analysis shows that the Biden-Harris administration seeks to highlight the improvement of supply chain management in the United States as one of the strategic directions of the implemented policy.
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Barro, Robert J., and David B. Gordon. "A Positive Theory of Monetary Policy in a Natural Rate Model." Credit and Capital Markets – Kredit und Kapital: Volume 52, Issue 4 52, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 505–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/ccm.52.4.505.
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Abstract A discretionary policymaker can create surprise inflation, which may reduce unemployment and raise government revenue. But when people understand the policymaker’s objectives, these surprises can- not occur systematically. In equilibrium people form expectations rationally and the policymaker optimizes in each period, subject to the way that people form expectations. Then, we find that (1) the rates of monetary growth and inflation are excessive; (2) these rates depend on the slope of the Phillips curve, the natural unemployment rate, and other variables that affect the benefits and costs from inflation; (3) the monetary authority behaves countercyclically; and (4) unemployment is independent of monetary policy. Outcomes improve if rules commit future policy choices in the appropriate manner. The value of these commitments-which amount to long- term contracts between the government and the private sector- underlies the argument for rules over discretion. The primary purpose of this paper is to develop a positive theory of monetary policy and inflation. On the one hand, the theory turns out to accord with two perceptions about the world in recent years: 1. Average rates of inflation and monetary growth are excessive relative to an efficiency criterion. 2. There is a tendency to pursue activist, countercyclical monetary policies Yet the model exhibits three other properties: 3. The unemployment rate – our proxy for real economic activity – is invariant with monetary policy (neglecting the familiar deadweight-loss aspect of inflation). 4. The policymaker and the public all act rationally, subject to their environments. 5. The policymaker’s objectives reflect the public’s preferences. Natural rate models with rational expectations – such as Sargent and Wallace (1975) – suggest that the systematic parts of monetary policy are irrelevant for real economic activity. Some empirical evidence on the real effects of monetary disturbances in the post-World War II United States (e. g., Barro 1977, 1981) is consistent with this result – in particular, there is some support for the proposition that anticipated monetary changes are neutral with respect to output, unemployment, and so on. On the other hand, these empirical studies and others indicated the presence of countercyclical monetary policy at least for the post-World War II United States – rises in the unemployment rate appear to generate subsequent expansions in monetary growth. Within the natural rate framework, it is difficult to reconcile this countercyclical monetary behavior with rationality of the policy-maker. A principal object of our analysis is to achieve this reconciliation. The natural rate models that have appeared in the macroeconomics literature of the last decade share the characteristic that policy choice is over a class of prespecified monetary rules. With the policy rule predetermined, there is no scope for ongoing policymaking; discretionary policy choice is excluded a priori. If private agents can deduce the characteristics of the monetary process once it is implemented, it defines their expectations. Thus, the policy decision is made subject to the constraint that agents’ expectations of future monetary policy will equal the realization. This framework allows the analysis to be reduced to a pair of single-agent decision problems, which can be considered independently. But, this approach cannot deal with the game-theoretic situation that arises when policy decisions are made on an ongoing basis. In our framework an equilibrium will include the following features: a) a decision rule for private agents, which determines their actions as a function of their current information, b) an expectations function, which determines the expectations of private agents as a function of their current information, and c) a policy rule, which specifies the behavior of policy instruments as a function of the policymaker’s current information set. The outcome is said to be a rational expectations equilibrium if, first, the decision rule specified in a is optimal for agents given their expectations as calculated under b; and second, it is optimal for the policymaker, whose actions are described by c, to perform in accordance with agents’ expectations b, given that the policymaker recognizes the form of the private decision rules under a. Faced by a maximizing policymaker, it would be unreasonable for agents to maintain expectations from which they know it will be in the policymaker’s interest to deviate. If policy is precommitted, the only reasonable expectations that agents can hold are those defined by the rule. But, if policy is sequentially chosen, the equality of policy expectations and realizations is a characteristic of equilibrium – not a prior constraint. We have to determine which expectations agents can reasonably expect to be realized. We view the policymaker as attempting to maximize an objective that reflects “society’s” preferences on inflation and unemployment. (Additional arguments for the preference function are mentioned later.) Although the equilibrium involves a path of unemployment that is invariant with policy, the rational policymaker adopts an activist rule. The extent of countercyclical response depends, among other things, on society’s relative dislikes for inflation and unemployment. There is an apparent contradiction because the policymaker pursues an activist policy that ends up having no desirable effects – in fact, unemployment is unaltered but inflation ends up being excessive. This outcome reflects the assumed inability of the policymaker – that is, of the institutional apparatus that is set up to manage monetary affairs – to commit its course of future actions. This feature has been stressed in an important paper by Kydland and Prescott (1977). If commitment were feasible through legal arrangements or other procedures, the countercyclical aspect of monetary policy would disappear (and, abstracting from costs of erecting and maintaining institutions, everyone would be better off). When this type of advance restriction is precluded, so that the policymaker sets instruments at each date subject only to the initial conditions prevailing for that date (which do not include restraints on policy choices), the equilibrium may involve an activist form of policy. This solution conforms to optimal behavior of private agents subject to a rationally anticipated policy rule. It corresponds also to optimality for the policymaker each period, subject to agents’ decision rules. Although an equilibrium obtains, the results are suboptimal, relative to outcomes where commitment is permitted. Given an environment where this type of policy commitment is absent – as appears to characterize the United States and other countries in recent years – the results constitute a positive theory of monetary growth and inflation. We illustrate the results with a simple model, which comes from an example in Kydland and Prescott (1977, pp. 477–80). We augment their example along the lines detailed in Gordon (1980) to include a theory of expectations formation. People form their expectations by effectively solving the problem that the optimizing policymaker will face. The policymaker’s problem is then conditioned on the expectations function of private agents. Ultimately, there are no systematic differences between expected and realized inflation. But this property emerges as part of the equilibrium rather than as a constraint on the policy problem.
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Tolstov, Serhii. "The EU’s Foreign Policy Towards African Countries." European Historical Studies, no. 7 (2017): 17–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2017.07.17-44.
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The article presents a review of the EU policy towards the African states in the early 21st century. It covers the main aspects and priorities of the EU’s relations with the countries of the region, including enhanced political dialogue, development assistance, migration control, negotiations on the new type of economic agreements. The goals and principles of the EU-AU cooperation were outlined in the Joint Strategy signed in Lisbon in December 2007. The strategic partnership relations envisage the EU’s assistance to the African states aimed at the development, security cooperation, the prevention and settlement of conflicts, migration management, promotion of trans-regional projects etc. The joint EU-AU documents strengthen upon bilateral cooperation in addressing global issues, distributing burdens, mutual accountability, solidarity and mutual trust, equality and justice, respect for international law and agreements, gender equality and non-discrimination. However, the actual results of interaction in the priority areas such as peace and security, democracy, good governance and human rights, sustainable and inclusive development, economic growth, human development and continental integration remain rather low. The essential factor influencing the EU’s policy in Africa is the conflict of interests of the fluent intra-regional actors. The contradictions between the EU, China and the U.S. intensify the economic competition and political rivalry. The gradual reduction of the EU’s share in trade with Africa is marked on the background of the growing economic presence of China and expanding trade of the African states with Asia.
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Gerrity, Daniel, and Shane Snyder. "The economic value of water in metropolitan areas of the United States." Water Policy 13, no. 4 (January 6, 2011): 443–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2011.047.
Full textAbstract:
Water has been a passionately contested issue in the United States (US) over the past century. Some argue for growth restrictions in drought-susceptible regions, but based on economic production, it may be worthwhile implementing creative measures to ensure continued and sustainable growth. The following economic analysis correlates water withdrawals in the 32 most populous metropolitan areas in the US with several economic indicators, including gross metropolitan product (GMP), income, and employment. The ratio of GMP to water withdrawals (GMP/H2O) ranged from (US)$58,788 per million gallons in Tampa to $939,555 per million gallons in San Jose ($15,532 to $248,231 per megaliter, respectively). Some drought-susceptible areas (e.g., Atlanta, Denver, Los Angeles, and Las Vegas) had relatively high GMP/H2O values, while others (e.g., Phoenix and San Diego) had relatively low GMP/H2O values. From a regional perspective, the Northwest had the strongest economy relative to its water withdrawals, and the Midwest had the weakest. These data indicate that the GMP/H2O metric can be used to justify water use in certain metropolitan areas but that the metric is less applicable to regional analyses due to unique aspects of local economies and water resource portfolios.
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Xavier, Medina González Vinicio. "Key aspects and consequences of Rafael Correa´s left-wing rule in Ecuador." Cuadernos Iberoamericanos, no. 3 (September 28, 2019): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2019-3-22-25.
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The article analyzes the main directions of political radicalism inEcuador, in particular the “left turn” of the Ecuadorian government led by R. Correa. It is proved that the new geopolitical situation in the modern world has led to changes in the political and economic strategy of Latin America, when one of the leading political and ideological trends in recent times in the region has become the “left turn” of a number of Latin American governments, which emerged as an alternative direction in search of achieving social equality and improving the economic situation. The article explores the goal of radical socio-economic transformations inEcuadorin 2007, their main tasks and consequences. An analysis of the key achievements of the government of the “civil revolution” R. Correa is made, their negative consequences are revealed, the analysis of the main effects of radical reforms affecting the political, economic and social situation in Ecuador is carried out. It was revealed that in foreign policy the main tasks forEcuadorwere to reduce dependence on theUnited States, eliminate geopolitical isolation from Europe andAsia, and diversify international relations.
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Aadil Ahmad, Shairgojri. "Is the United Nations Redundant or Still Relevant?" BOHR International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 1, no. 1 (2022): 40–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.54646/bijsshr.007.
Full textAbstract:
States were given equality and the ability to opt for any type of governance under the Atlantic Charter of 1941. The United Nations (UN) Declaration, which was built after the Atlantic Charter, was signed by 26 nations in 1942. Based on ideas put forth by China, Russia, the United States, and England at Dumbarton Oaks in 1944, the United Nations Charter was negotiated by 50 nations in San Francisco in June 1945. The UN was found on October 24, 1945. With the aid of its different agencies, the UN has increased its efforts in order to maintain international peace, foster social and economic growth, protect the environment, aid in humanitarian relief, and uphold the rights of women and children. The UN, in my opinion, will be the most significant international organization in the new millennium. Since the Charter, there have been both triumphs and failures, such as the inability to stop military wars that have resulted in the deaths, injuries, and displacement of millions of people. It cannot be disputed that the UN Security Council appears to have failed in Syria. The study’s purpose is to clarify whether or not the UN is still necessary.
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Shymon, Svitlana, Evhenia Kolomiets-Ludwig, Joanna Osiejewicz, Dariusz Krawczyk, and Bozena Kaminska. "The role of country brand in providing economic resilience." Marketing and Management of Innovations, no. 1 (2020): 303–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/mmi.2020.1-26.
Full textAbstract:
The paper summarised arguments and counterarguments on analysis of economic resilience. The bibliometric analysis on economic resilience using the software VOSviewer allowed identifying the four core scientific schools: R. Martin (University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom); A. Rose University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States; C.S. Holling; H. Wolman (The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States); I. Briguglio (L-Università ta' Malta, Msida, Malta). The generalisation of the scientific papers and approaches on solving issues mentioned above proved that the core indicators of economic resilience assessment were macroeconomic stability; microeconomic market efficiency; good governance; social development. The paper aimed at the analysis of the marketing determinants impact on the economic vulnerability of the country. The hypothesis of the paper was no statistically significant difference in the level of economic vulnerability for countries that implement effective branding policies and do not take appropriate actions. The study checked hypothesis using the methods and instruments as follows: for the normal distribution of the statistical data – the Shapiro-Wilk test; verification of the equality of dispersion in the statistical data using the Levine’s test; parametric (One-way ANOVA: F-test) or non-parametric test (Kruskal-Wallis rank test). The object of the investigation was European Union countries which were classified on the six groups by the experts of the FutureBrand rating. The empirical data confirmed the hypothesis mentioned above. Thus, the findings proved no statistically significant difference between the leading indicators of the level of economic vulnerability according to the essential component – macroeconomic stability, which was estimated using indicators: General government deficit (-) and surplus (+) - annual data; unemployment rate. Keywords brand, government deficit, government surplus, unemployment rate, ANOVA
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Dhakhwa, Sabita. "The Sustainable Developments Goals and Buddha’s Teachings." Historical Journal 12, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 70–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hj.v12i1.35443.
Full textAbstract:
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), also known as the Global Goals, were adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015 as a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity by 2030. The Buddha delivered several Dhamma discourses to diverse people in the various places for forty-five years; from the time he attained enlightenment until he entered into Mahaparinibbāna. These Dhamma discourses are related to non-violence, equality and peace. The elimination of all forms of gender based violence and promotion of equality are very much related with change of attitude and positive mind development. Moral conducts (Sila), Right speech, Right livelihood, Right understanding, practicing of loving kindness (Mettā, Saraniya Dhammas, etc are some of the Buddha’s teachings which can contribute to attitude change and positive mind development. The teachings of the Buddha are in harmony with the spirit of Gender equality goal of SDGs. Therefore, the article intends to throw light on the following aspects: What are the Buddha’s teaching for Gender equality? and how Buddha’s teachings can contribute to eliminate gender based violence and promote Gender equality which is one of the goal of SDGs.