Journal articles on the topic 'Equality Developing countries'
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Pillai, Vijayan K., and Guang-Zhen Wang. "Women’s reproductive rights and social equality in developing countries." Social Science Journal 36, no. 3 (September 1, 1999): 459–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0362-3319(99)00017-8.
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Alieva, Kamola Alieva. "Trends In Ensuring Gender Equality: The Practice And Legal Reforms Of Advanced Foreign Countries." American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology 03, no. 03 (March 30, 2021): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajpslc/volume03issue03-03.
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In the article, the author analyzed the global ranking of gender equality, the legal framework and the national experience of advanced foreign countries. The author notes that the leading positions of these countries in the world in terms of gender equality are associated not only with the national legal and institutional framework, but also with public life, consciousness and worldview of people. Based on this, the author notes the importance of developing proposals for the implementation of the experience of these countries by analyzing constitutions, special laws and strategies to ensure gender equality in Uzbekistan.
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Salahodjaev, Raufhon, and Sardor Azam. "Intelligence and gender (in)equality: Empirical evidence from developing countries." Intelligence 52 (September 2015): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2015.08.002.
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Tan, Hao, and Xin Wang. "Educational Mismatch and Income Inequality in Developing Countries." International Journal of Social Sciences Perspectives 9, no. 2 (December 21, 2021): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.33094/7.2017.2021.92.9.18.
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This study aims to evaluate the influence of educational mismatch on income inequality in developing countries. The research is conducted using secondary data from ten developing countries over a twenty-year period (2001–2020). Statistical analysis is performed on the dataset using Stata, where the main variable representing income inequality is the GINI coefficient, and educational mismatch is assessed using educational attainment, educational attainment of females, and educational expenditure. The fixed effect and robust standard error techniques are applied to address the association among the variables. The study's findings reveal that educational attainment and educational expenditure have a positive influence on the GINI coefficient, indicating that the two factors contribute to an educational mismatch in the developing country. On the other hand, the findings also reveal that the educational attainment of females has a negative effect on the GINI coefficient, indicating that a high level of educational attainment among females can help to improve the income equality of developing countries. The implications of the study are particularly relevant to the policymakers and governments of developing countries. They should take steps to increase the level of education among females to contribute to increased income equality levels in their country.
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Kazandjian, Kolovich, Kochhar, and Newiak. "Gender Equality and Economic Diversification." Social Sciences 8, no. 4 (April 11, 2019): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci8040118.
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We show that gender inequality decreases the variety of goods countries produce and export, in particular in low-income and developing countries. We argue that this happens through at least two channels: first, gender gaps in opportunity, such as lower educational enrollment rates for girls than for boys, harm diversification by constraining the potential pool of human capital available in an economy. Second, gender gaps in the labor market impede the development of new ideas by decreasing the efficiency of the labor force. Our empirical estimates support these hypotheses, providing evidence that gender-friendly policies could help countries diversify their economies.
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Cheong, Tsun Se, Guanghua Wan, and David Kam Hung Chui. "Unveiling the Relationship between Economic Growth and Equality for Developing Countries." China & World Economy 30, no. 5 (September 2022): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cwe.12435.
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ahmadvand, narges, mohammad hasan fotros, and mehdi amini rad. "The Determinants of Gender Equality in Youth Employment in Developing Countries." Social Welfare 18, no. 71 (March 1, 2019): 47–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.29252/refahj.18.71.2.
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Giroud, Axèle, and Jacqueline Salguero Huaman. "Research note: Investment in agriculture and gender equality in developing countries." Transnational Corporations 26, no. 3 (December 27, 2019): 89–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/e7a807e6-en.
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Østby, Gudrun, Henrik Urdal, and Ida Rudolfsen. "What Is Driving Gender Equality in Secondary Education? Evidence from 57 Developing Countries, 1970–2010." Education Research International 2016 (2016): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4587194.
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Despite global efforts to expand educational opportunities for women, gender inequalities persist in many developing countries. Addressing the root causes of gender inequalities in secondary education we ask whether such disparities persist because of low state capacity or low willingness. Based on gender- and age-specific educational attainment data for 57 developing countries in 1970–2010, our analysis indicates that willingness factors are central to understanding gender equality in education: ethnically heterogeneous countries and countries where Islam is the primary religion experience lower levels of equality. However, key capacity factors like a country’s income level are unrelated to gender differences in education.
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Naeem, Sidra, and Rana Ejaz Ali Khan. "Fiscal Decentralization and Gender Equality in Developing Economies: Dynamics of Income Groups in Economies and Corruption." Asian Economic and Financial Review 11, no. 9 (September 13, 2021): 745–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.aefr.2021.119.745.761.
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A large number of studies on fiscal decentralization have supported the claim that decentralized governments have a greater capacity to approach local preferences and have greater potential for public service delivery, which demonstrates a favorable status of socioeconomic indicators. However, there is no empirical evidence on fiscal decentralization and gender equality. This study empirically examines the effect of fiscal decentralization on gender equality in 29 developing economies from 2006 to 2020 by employing the dynamic panel system generalized method of moments (GMM). The study uses three measures of fiscal decentralization—expenditure, revenue, and composite decentralization—to learn the dynamics of income groups in developing economies, and corruption from the perspective of fiscal decentralization and gender equality. The results demonstrate that fiscal decentralization improves gender equality in the sample of developing economies as well as in the sub-sample of developing economies, i.e., lower-middle income countries and upper-middle income countries subject to the control of corruption, otherwise fiscal decentralization may devastate gender equality in developing economies and upper-middle income economies. Corruption plays a dynamic role in the relationship between fiscal decentralization and gender equality. The desired results of fiscal decentralization may be attained through policy reforms to control corruption. The dynamics of income groups in the sampled economies also have implications for the relationship between fiscal decentralization and gender equality.
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Gabel, Shirley Gatenio. "Social protection and children's rights in developing countries." Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy 30, no. 3 (October 2014): 199–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21699763.2014.921233.
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Children are one of the most vulnerable groups in almost any population because of their physical and emotional dependence on adults and social status. Their vulnerability is greater in many developing countries because of the higher incidence of poverty and nascent social protection mechanisms. Social protection can serve as a tool to perpetuate inequities or can be used to promote human rights, equality, and inclusiveness. This paper looks at how social protection evolving in four developing countries, Ethiopia, Ghana, Indonesia, and Bangladesh, affects the realization of children's rights. Each country's social protection efforts are analyzed according to the type of effort and then compared to indicators measuring the realization of children's rights. The analysis indicates that well-coordinated social protection systems with wide coverage that include social assistance, social insurance, as well as human capital and empowerment efforts are more likely to result in the progressive realization of children's rights.
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Johan, Suwinto, Amad Sudiro, Ariawan Gunadi, and Yuan Yuan Luo. "Rethinking Indebtedness according to the Principles of Justice and Equality." Lex Scientia Law Review 6, no. 2 (December 20, 2022): 443–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/lesrev.v6i2.55011.
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The law's objective is to uphold the principle of justice. Contractual debts, interest-bearing debts, unsecured debts, and debts with payment terms are all included in restructuring plans. All debts must be accompanied by a contract. If the business defaults, the contract serves as proof of debt. This research focuses on Indonesia's bankruptcy law. This study employs an empirical qualitative legal method. The study recommends categorizing debt according to its source, duration, function, and collateral. Debts classified as restructuring must waive their collateral rights. This debt grouping is consistent with finance's capital structure theory. This research will revolutionize the current concept of debt restructuring. The study will serve as a resource for all business actors who have documented debt. Debt is uncommon in developing countries such as Indonesia. Entrepreneurs in developing countries have established business relationships based on mutual trust. The study's limitation is that it does not take industry type into account. Additionally, this research has implications for a firm's total cost of capital as a result of changes in the risk model and creditor roles, particularly in developing countries. This study proposes a system of debt classification based on principles of justice and equity. This classification is made not only on the basis of the guarantee's type, but also on the basis of the agreement's duration and financial principles. The purpose of this study is to examine bankruptcy law in developing countries. Knowledge of bankruptcy law will add value to investors and banks on a global scale.
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Altuzarra, Amaia, Catalina Gálvez-Gálvez, and Ana González-Flores. "Is Gender Inequality a Barrier to Economic Growth? A Panel Data Analysis of Developing Countries." Sustainability 13, no. 1 (January 3, 2021): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010367.
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This study provides empirical evidence about the effects of various dimensions of gender inequalities (education, labour market and institutional representation) on economic growth. We use data from the World Bank Development Indicators database for the period 1990–2017. We initially use a large panel of 105 developing countries. Subsequently we study a panel with the sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries since this region is one of the poorest regions in the world. We estimate cross-country and panel regressions. The results suggest that gender equality in education contributes to economic growth and this is a common feature in developing countries. The contribution of equality in education to growth seems to be greater in the SSA countries than in the entire sample of developing countries. The female–male ratio of labour market participation is not statistically significant. We also find a significant link between the presence of women in parliaments and growth in the sample of all developing countries, while this relationship is negative for the SSA countries. It is likely that despite the increased participation of women in the political arena in these countries, women may still encounter major obstacles to altering political priorities and affecting economic growth.
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Okeja, Uchenna. "The moral challenge of expatriate employment in developing countries." Etikk i praksis - Nordic Journal of Applied Ethics 11, no. 2 (November 14, 2017): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5324/eip.v11i2.1985.
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I aim in this paper to demonstrate the moral problem of expatriate employment in developing countries. To determine how best to construe the moral problem in this context, I first examine four arguments, namely, that in developing countries, expatriate employment is morally wrong because it 1) entrenches the injustice of wage discrimination; 2) produces undesirable outcomes; 3) disregards contextual aspirations and historical memory and 4) is a tool of external domination and control. I analyse these arguments to show that they are insufficient frameworks for understanding the moral impropriety of expatriate employment in developing countries. To this end, I provide an outline of a plausible framework and argue that the moral problem of expatriate employment in this context is unequal or arbitrary distribution of power among employees. The moral wrong in this, I argue, consists in the failure to respect the universal moral equality of people.
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Wang, Guang-zhen. "Testing the impact of gender equality on reproductive health: An analysis of developing countries." Social Science Journal 44, no. 3 (September 1, 2007): 507–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2007.08.001.
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GIGAURI, Iza. "The Promise of Financial Inclusion for Developing Economies." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCE AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION 8, no. 6 (2022): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijmsba.1849-5664-5419.2014.86.1001.
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Financial inclusion is considered to be a tool to tackle poverty, promote equality, and support economic growth. Sustainable development goals can be achieved through financial inclusion as it implies access to and availability of financial services to disadvantaged groups, especially in developing economies. Despite the fact that financial inclusion is included in the political agenda of many countries, the studies are still scarce in particular from different perspectives and contexts. This paper outlines the characteristics of financial inclusion and aspects shaping financial inclusion. Moreover, implications of Financial Inclusion for developing and emerging economies are investigated and digital technologies in FinTech for financial inclusion are explored. Finally, the recommendations are suggested to eliminate poverty and ensure equality through the financial inclusion agenda.
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Diachkova, Anna V., and Anna E. Kontoboitseva. "Economic Benefits of gender equality: comparing EU and BRICS countries." Economic Consultant 37, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 4–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.46224/ecoc.2022.1.1.
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Introduction. In the modern economy the problems of scientific analysis shift the focus from the subject area of gender inequality to gender equality, and special significance is attached to assessing the impact of gender on the social welfare. At the same time, it is noted that developed and developing countries currently have differences in the quality and quantity of goals achieved to address the issue of gender equality. The aim of the article is to assess the economic benefits of gender equality for a group of countries in the European Union and BRICS. Materials and methods. Empirical analysis was based on the construction of regression econometric models that assess the impact on the welfare of the country (GDP) of gender equality in combination with basic macroeconomic factors. Fixed effects regression models have the best descriptive capacity for the EU and BRICS countries, which was verified by standard econometric tests. The information base of the study was made up of official statistics from the reports of the World Bank, the World Economic Forum, the International Monetary Fund, and the United Nations. Results and Discussion. As a result of the study, it was revealed that the level of gender equality has a positive effect on the economic development of both the EU countries and the BRICS; a comparison of the results of the constructed econometric models for groups of EU and BRICS countries showed that gender equality has a statistically significant impact on the economic development of countries in each group, and in the BRICS countries it is stronger, so with an increase in gender equality by one, GDP per capita increases by 3.4172 vs. 0.4647 in EU countries. The inclusion of key socio-economic indicators in the analysis made it possible to compare the obtained impact, and it was found that the degree of influence of the equality index is not lower than the degree of influence of basic economic indicators. That increases the importance of this problem both at the level of the country and international associations. The conclusions obtained based on the analysis of macro statistics confirmed the conclusions of the researchers based on microeconomic data. Conclusions. The results of this study are aimed at understanding the problems of gender equality, its impact on the economic well-being of society, both in an individual country and in the world economy as a whole, which can be taken into account in designing the policy of the state and companies that together ensure progress in the development of equality between men and women.
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Laniado-Laborin, Rafael, Domingo J. Palmero, and Jose A. Caminero-Luna. "Diagnosis and Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Developed and Developing Countries: Finally Towards Equality?" Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews 8, no. 6 (December 1, 2012): 464–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157339812804871292.
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Laniado-Laborin, Rafael, Domingo J. Palmero, and Jose A. Caminero-Luna. "Diagnosis and Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Developed and Developing Countries: Finally Towards Equality?" Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews 8, no. 6 (January 8, 2013): 464–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573398x11208060010.
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Cardona López, José Adán, Ole Bredesen Nordfjell, Firouz Gaini, and Mervi Heikkinen. "Promising Nordic practices in gender equality promotion: Developing teacher education dialogue, practice, and policy cycles on-line." Policy Futures in Education 16, no. 5 (July 27, 2017): 605–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1478210317722286.
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This case study examines a Nordic on-line course on gender equality promotion in education, in which principals, teachers, school staff and gender equality activists engaged in dialogue regarding contents and practices. The on-line course was designed with reference to promising practices identified in a previous Nordic network project. The article considers challenges appearing across localities in relation to diversity, in gender equality promotion practices, policies and pedagogies. Digitalisation enables educational collaboration among teacher education institutions between the distant Nordic countries and facilitates the dissemination of Nordic education and the gender equality model, but this raises questions about whether these forms of education and equality are globally ‘branded’; and whether an intersectional gender equality promotion approach can be contextually and locally specific. This paper focuses on the contradictions of gender/sex binary concepts impairing understandings of diversity, sexuality and identity, the consequences of the emergence of scepticism toward practice standardisation, discrepancies between norms of equal treatment and critical reflection, and the development of citizen-based actions initiating policy changes. It is shown that the results of the project will benefit Nordic collaboration on teacher education development.
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Nikitina, Iryna, and Tetyana Ishchenko. "OVERCOMING GENDER DISPARITIES." Baltic Journal of Legal and Social Sciences, no. 4 (January 2, 2023): 152–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2592-8813-2022-4-18.
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The article deals with the contemporary situation of gender and its implementation peculiarities in European countries. The article analyzes various approaches to the notion, gender disparity situation and reveals the burning challenges which the contemporary world faces now. The article highlights the present situation with gender asymmetry in STEM and ways of its transformation due to the unequal ratio of men and women employed in educational and scientific areas that would lead to employment problems in future. Much attention has been paid to the criterion for assessing gender equality, namely Gender Equality Index, an indicator that reflects the disparity in achievement opportunities between men and women in the European Union. Also, statistical data was presented that shows the great gender gap and identifies countries with a high / low gender equality index. Gender Equality Index is compared to the Global Gender Gap Index that shows the extent of the gender gap across four key dimensions that serve as a basis for developing effective measures to reduce the gender gap. The article points out the ways promoting the implementation of the principles of gender equality in European countries.
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Osagie, Reuben Ogbe. "FINANCIAL INCLUSION: A PANACEA FOR ATTAINING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES LIKE NIGERIA." Ekonomicko-manazerske spektrum 14, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/ems.2020.2.1-11.
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The study “Financial Inclusion: A Panacea for Attaining Sustainable Development in Developing Countries like Nigeria” was embarked on by the researcher with the view of ascertaining whether financial inclusion of majority of citizens on part of the government can lead to sustainable development in line with the UN (2015) Sustainable Development Goal. The sub-variables under consideration were access to loans and credit facilities; and financial literacy for the independent variable financial inclusion and poverty reduction; gender equality for the dependent variable sustainable development. Cross-sectional descriptive research design was adopted by the researcher. The researcher used primary data to elicit information for this study. The population for the study was taken from six (6) communities selected from 6 Local Government Areas from the Lagos and Ogun States, with each state contributing 3 communities, respectively. A total of 750 questionnaires was distributed, with 125 questionnaires handed out to each respective community; 532 questionnaires were returned in a form usable for the study, amounting to 70.9% deemed valid to arrive at a valid conclusion. Content validity was adopted for this study. Reliability test was conducted using Cronbach Alpha, which returned 0.837, showing internal consistency of the research instrument. Descriptive statistics such as mean, simple percentage were used to analyze the demography of respondents while regression and Pearson correlation coefficients were used to analyze the data. The findings revealed that access to loans and credit facilities lead to poverty reduction in developing countries like Nigeria, and financial literacy is a prerequisite for ensuring gender equality in developing countries like Nigeria, with a p value of 0.000<0.05, a correlation coefficient of 0.651, an unstandardized coefficient of 1.204 (120.4%). The results and findings were sufficient to assert that financial inclusion is indeed a panacea for attaining sustainable development in developing countries like Nigeria.
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Sabir, Samina, Nabila Asghar, and Farhat Rasul. "Financial Development, Human Capital Development and Income Inequality: Evidence from Developing Countries." STATISTICS, COMPUTING AND INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH 3, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 169–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.52700/scir.v3i2.57.
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This study investigates the nexus between financial deepening and income equality in developing countries. Two indicators of income inequality, the Gini coefficient, and the income share of the bottom quintile of the population, are used for this analysis of 31 developing countries spanning the period 1996 to 2019. The system generalized method of moment (GMM) is used to tackle the problem of endogeneity. This study finds the inverted U-shaped relationship between gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and income inequality, while the non-linear relationship is observed between financial deepening and income inequality. This implies that at an early stage of financial development income inequality increases and as a certain threshold level of financial development is marked, income inequality decreases. Moreover educated and healthy human capital has negative impacts on income inequality in developing countries. Therefore this study infers to enhance human capital development in developing countries to crush down income inequality.
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Sabir, Samina, Nabila Asghar, and Farhat Rasul. "Financial Development, Human Capital Development and Income Inequality: Evidence from Developing Countries." STATISTICS, COMPUTING AND INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH 3, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 169–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.52700/scir.v3i2.57.
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This study investigates the nexus between financial deepening and income equality in developing countries. Two indicators of income inequality, the Gini coefficient, and the income share of the bottom quintile of the population, are used for this analysis of 31 developing countries spanning the period 1996 to 2019. The system generalized method of moment (GMM) is used to tackle the problem of endogeneity. This study finds the inverted U-shaped relationship between gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and income inequality, while the non-linear relationship is observed between financial deepening and income inequality. This implies that at an early stage of financial development income inequality increases and as a certain threshold level of financial development is marked, income inequality decreases. Moreover educated and healthy human capital has negative impacts on income inequality in developing countries. Therefore this study infers to enhance human capital development in developing countries to crush down income inequality.
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Lane, Linda, and Birgitta Jordansson. "How Gender Equal Is Sweden? An Analysis of the Shift in Focus under Neoliberalism." Social Change 50, no. 1 (March 2020): 28–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049085719901067.
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Sweden’s proven ability to enact family-friendly policies to support its gender equality ambitions has made it an exemplar of gender equality to emulate among developing countries. The aim of this article is to demonstrate that while Swedish gender equality has become an important part of Swedish identity, paradoxically, the foundations upon which this identity was built has gradually been eroded––Sweden has shifted from a welfare state with collective solutions and inclusiveness towards one of neoliberal governmental rationalities where individual autonomy and freedom of choice are seen as means of achieving gender equality. This new direction has implications for how gender equality policy is formulated. Using Bacchi’s ‘What is the problem approach?’ this article traces the Swedish gender equality discourse from the 1960s to the present while at every stage interrogating how equality was problematised and what solutions were offered.
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Yumarni, Tri, Lilis Sri Sulistiani, Rukna Idanati, and Guntur Gunarto. "Gender Equality and Social Inclusion (GESI) for Strengthening Disaster Resilient Village." Journal of Public Administration Studies 006, no. 01 (May 1, 2021): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jpas.2021.006.01.2.
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Gender equality and social inclusion (GESI) is essential to ensure gender equality and to achieve sustainable Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR). The implementation of decentralisation reform in developing countries has transferred roles of implementing DRR program to lower level of government including to community or village government. Hence, effective strategies to mainstream GESI in DRR activities in the community or village government is important to promote gender equality and to achieve sustainable development. However, what key issues and effective strategies to mainstream GESI in the lower level of community or village has not well-documented in developing countries. This study aims to identify key issues and GESI strategies for strengthening disaster resilient village based on existing literature in developing countries. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) was used to identify GESI strategies for strengthening disaster resilient village in the existing literature. We able to find 142 studies related to GESI and disaster risk reduction in community level which published on SCOPUS, Web of Science, and Med Line between 2009 and 2019. From 142 studies we select 10 studies which are strongly relevant with the aim of this study. Five key issues are identified such as low human capital, patriarchal culture, resistance from traditional society, weak GESI institution and poor governance, and lack capacity of policy makers and implementers. There are four key GESI strategies area for strengthening disaster resilient in community level: (1) Organizational, (2) Capacity, (3) Operational, and (4) Resources. In the organizational area, the main strategy is provision of GESI sensitive policies and practices. In the capacity area, the main strategy is capacity development and lesson learning in the community disaster resilient program. In the operational area, the main strategy is embedding GESI in all phases of the community disaster resilient program. In the resources area, the main strategy is mobilizing funding and GESI expertise in the community disaster resilient program.
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Bhandari, Aarushi, and Rebekah Burroway. "Hungry for Equality: A Longitudinal Analysis of Women’s Legal Rights and Food Security in Developing Countries." Sociological Quarterly 59, no. 3 (July 3, 2018): 424–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00380253.2018.1479199.
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Kizilova, K., and E. A. Mosakova. "The birth rate in BRICS countries under the gender inequality in the labor market." RUDN Journal of Sociology 19, no. 4 (December 15, 2019): 630–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2272-2019-19-4-630-638.
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Demographic security under the uneven replacement of population due to significant fluctuations in birthrates is one of the most important problems for many states and global communities. According to the numerous studies, the developed countries face the challenge of depopulation and need to increase fertility, while the developing countries experience demographic boom and need to reduce fertility. The article considers the dynamics of fertility rates in the BRICS countries in the context of gender inequality in labor relations. The authors show that gender discrimination in labor relations affects fertility. The BRICS countries demonstrate that the lower birthrate the higher the level of women’s employment, of women’s wages, of gender equality in the economic sphere, and the larger the share of female students in the higher education. For the contemporary Russian society this correlation is reverse. The BRICS group consists mainly of developing countries, whose demographic transition has not yet been completed. For this reason, these countries demonstrate a negative correlation between fertility and gender inequality in the labor market. According to the sociological research findings, women there are still challenged with the choice between family and employment. Significant gender inequality in the labor market is an additional factor that forces women into the sphere of family employment. Gender discrimination in the labor market in Russia has a completely different impact on the birthrate than in other BRICS countries: a lower level of gender inequality in the labor market, on the contrary, contributes to the higher fertility. On the one hand, the higher level of gender equality in the labor market makes it easier for women to combine family employment and career, which results in larger number of children per family. On the other hand, the tradition to have several children declines. Therefore, the gender equality policy in a long run determines a smaller number of children per family in the future.
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Alisoy, Khalida. "Developing the right to social security: the experience of European countries." Law Review of Kyiv University of Law, no. 2 (August 10, 2020): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.36695/2219-5521.2.2020.09.
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Goal: analysis of the development trend of social security law in the practice of developed European countries.Methods of research: analysis and study of domestic legislation on social security.Results: The article analyzes the legislation on social security of a number of economically developed countries of WesternEurope (Germany, France, Great Britain). The main purpose of the analysis is to identify the consistency of the social security legislationof these countries with international law and to identify opportunities to benefit from the positive experience of these countries ingeneral.A high level of social protection is being established in these countries. Nevertheless, the presence of differences in the internalpolitical situation, national traditions, the level of economic development and the social sphere is noted. It is recognized that the leadingstates of Western Europe, despite their natural differences, have common values that unite them. This is due to the fact that these stateshave long recognized that social justice and social equality contribute to economic development. The European social model providesfor joint actions of states and civil society in this area, aimed at meeting the material needs of all citizens, participation in society,strengthening social cohesion.Discussion: take advantage of the experience of developed European countries in the development of social security legislation.
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Rahnama, Ali, Hamideh Astaneh, and Mohammadhadi Hajian. "The relationship between tourism and equality in income distribution in developed and developing countries: An application of Panel VAR model." European Journal of Tourism Research 21 (March 1, 2019): 124–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v21i.363.
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The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the tourism and equitable distribution of income for the developed and developing countries using Panel VAR. The results indicate that economic growth and the first lag (one-year lag) of international tourism income negatively affect the poverty index in developed and developing countries. Impulses due to economic growth and poverty index have the greatest effect on international tourism income so that its effect remains after 10 periods permanently.
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Sari, Anggun Putri Indah. "The Challenges of Religious Harmony and Tolerance in Developing Countries." Contemporary Issues on Interfaith Law and Society 1, no. 2 (July 31, 2022): 183–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/ciils.v1i2.59060.
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This study aims to analyze how the challenges of religious harmony and tolerance in Indonesia are in the social and legal aspects. This study uses a literature study approach by comparing several legal regulations and previous research related to secondary data. This study found that religious harmony is a state of inter-religious relations based on tolerance, mutual understanding, mutual respect, respect for equality in the practice of their religious teachings and cooperation in social, national and state life within the Republic of Indonesia based on Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution of Indonesia. The right to religion (to embrace and practice worship) guaranteed by the Constitution and other laws is not a right that can be exercised at will. This means that there are certain signs or conditions so that the exercise of that right does not interfere with the rights of other people, the security and order of the community, the state and the nation; in other words, there are restrictions that must be considered by residents. This limitation is in Article 28J paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution in conjunction with Article 73 of the Human Rights Law. Article 28J paragraph (2) stipulates that in exercising their rights and freedoms, everyone is obliged to comply with the restrictions determined by law with the sole purpose of guaranteeing recognition and respect for the rights and freedoms of others and to fulfill fair demands in accordance with moral considerations, religious values, security, and public order in a democratic society.
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Makun, Keshmeer, Rup Singh, Sumeet Lal, and Ronal Chand. "Information and communications technology, health, and gender equality: Empirical evidence from a panel of Pacific developing economies." PLOS ONE 17, no. 6 (June 15, 2022): e0269251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269251.
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Information and communications technology (ICT) has been widely embraced in many developing economies in recent times. Extant research reveals that ICT increases economic growth. Beyond economic growth, improved access to information, markets and economic opportunities via information and communications technology have the potential to influence other dimensions of public welfare. This study quantitatively examines the effects of ICT on selected health and gender dimensions of Pacific Island developing countries’ populations. The results show a statistically significant and positive impact of ICT on health and gender outcomes. Our results are robust with an alternative modeling approach, different control variables, and different measures of health and gender outcomes. We further establish that the health outcome of technology has a valid pass-through of income. The study suggests policy implications for the Pacific and other developing countries striving to enhance the health and gender outcomes of SGDs.
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Krošláková, Monika, and Radoslava Mečiar. "The Selected Aspects of Gender Equality in European Union." Studia commercialia Bratislavensia 5, no. 19 (December 1, 2012): 411–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10151-012-0007-6.
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Abstract Despite the laws and regulations that should ensure equal gender treatment, women are still disadvantaged in all businesses and public sector. This discrimination is manifested particularly in the approach to jobs, financial evaluation, political nominations and opportunities of developing their abilities regardless of gender. The gender differences in work and public life remain even today the most visible evidence of inequality between men and women in our society. The gender equality is one of the fundamental principles of EU law and all its member countries committed to be in the compliance with it. This article reviews the current state of gender equality in EU.
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Shafiyeva, Ulker. "Assessing Students’ Minds: Developing Critical Thinking or Fitting into Procrustean Bed." European Journal of Education 4, no. 2 (October 1, 2021): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/452bxv17s.
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Standardized tests have been applied as student knowledge assessment in many countries, including Azerbaijan. However, studies have shown that standardized tests are not an effective way of measuring students' knowledge because they limit students' creativity and prevent instructors from applying individual teaching methods due to the pressure of passing the tests. The tests do not consider students with different learning abilities and treat them equally, which may not favor some students. Also, teachers are pressured to ensure their students pass the tests, leading to an excessive focus on the topics likely to be set rather than the whole curriculum. The study recommends implementing different assessment methods with no ranking to ensure that students do not memorize for passing tests, eliminate competition, and promote equality in the education sector. The assessment methods should allow students to debate, compare and analyze ideas through critical thinking, inquiring, and understanding for applying the learned knowledge into real life. Thus, the importance of an inquiry-based curriculum and assessment is stressed.
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Castanheira, Helena Cruz, and Hans-Peter Kohler. "SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF LOW FERTILITY IN BRAZIL." Journal of Biosocial Science 49, S1 (November 2017): S131—S155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932017000396.
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SummaryAn increasing number of developing countries are experiencing below replacement fertility rates. Although the factors associated with low fertility in developed countries have been widely explored in the literature, studies of low fertility in middle- and low-income countries continue to be rare. To help fill this gap, Brazil was used as a case study to assess whether human development, gender equality and the ability of mothers with young children to work are associated with the likelihood of married or cohabiting women to have a child. For this purpose, multilevel logistic regressions were estimated using the 1991, 2000 and 2010 Brazilian Demographic Censuses. It was found that human development was negatively associated with fertility in the three periods analysed. Gender equality and the ability of mothers with young children to work were positively associated with the odds of having higher order births in Brazil in 2000 and 2010. In 1991, these variables were not associated with higher order births, and gender equality was negatively associated with first births. The positive association found in 2000 and 2010 may constitute a reversal of the relationship that in all likelihood prevailed earlier in the demographic transition when gender equality was most likely negatively correlated with fertility levels.
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Ortiz Rodríguez, Jeyle, and Vijayan Kumara Pillai. "Advancing support for gender equality among women in Mexico: Significance of labor force participation." International Social Work 62, no. 1 (July 24, 2017): 172–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020872817717323.
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Improvements in women’s support for gender equality have for long been a crucial component of social policies in developing countries such as Mexico. Women’s entry into the labor force is associated with higher levels of support for gender equality. It can be expected that working women are more supportive of gender equality than nonworking women. However, the gap in support for gender equality between employed women and full-time housewives could derive from differences in their education level, age, and level of support within the household rather than from their employment-related characteristics. Using the Blinder–Oaxaca method, this article decomposes the impact of women’s participation in the labor market and socioeconomic characteristics on women’s support for gender equality in Mexico. Results of this study suggest that a large share of the difference in levels of support for gender equality between nonworking and working women may be attributed to broad-level socioeconomic changes.
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Gashi, Rrezarta, Hana Gashi Ahmeti, and Elhame Baliu. "Challenges of women entrepreneurs in the developing economy." Corporate Governance and Organizational Behavior Review 6, no. 2 (2022): 134–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cgobrv6i2p13.
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Entrepreneurship takes a very important role in employment, improving economic and social indicators. The importance of enterprises is great for both developed and developing countries, so they are known as the key to the economic development of a country (Sharma & Gaur, 2020). Entrepreneurial women and their importance is a topic of discussion in itself in all countries of the world for the sake of gender equality in every economic and social aspect. This research aims to analyze the challenges of women entrepreneurs in the case of Kosovo. The research paper uses extensive literature and is based on secondary data provided by the Kosovo Agency of Statistics and various official reports and primary data provided by the survey, also, this work is realized based on the primary data. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the challenges faced by women entrepreneurs in transition countries, specifically in the state of Kosovo. The sample included 87 women entrepreneurs. The findings of the research paper show that childcare, care for the elderly, and access to finance remain challenges for women entrepreneurs in the case of Kosovo. The research paper further recommends increasing government support and government programs to support women entrepreneurs in all types of businesses and economic activities.
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Tirumala, Raghu Dharmapuri, and Piyush Tiwari. "Importance of Land in SDG Policy Instruments: A Study of ASEAN Developing Countries." Land 11, no. 2 (January 30, 2022): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11020218.
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Allocating land-related social, economic, and legal benefits to people is crucial for meeting the commitments made by various countries for achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs). Economic growth in developing countries in the Southeast Asian region is very rapid, requiring primary resources such as land, which poses challenges for implementing nationally determined commitments towards SDGs. This paper quantitatively compares the relevant policy instruments issued by the key ASEAN countries to analyze the importance of land provision in achieving the specific SDGs. Using content analysis to formulate a framework for comparing the various policy instruments and strategic plans, the article identifies the importance of land use in various policy instruments focused on achieving SDGs. Most countries use authoritative instruments to incorporate land-related aspects. The use of the symbolic, capacity-building, and incentive instruments is relatively lesser. Many countries give prominence to land for providing shelter or as an economic resource, while land use for managing gender equality is negligible. Policy makers could incorporate a more balanced mix of instruments and those addressing different dimensions of land use while redesigning their policy or strategy documents to implement SDGs.
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Verwey, Wil D. "The Principles of a New International Economic Order and the Law of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)." Leiden Journal of International Law 3, no. 2 (December 1990): 117–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156500001436.
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The principles of classical international economic law, as it developed during the 19th and the first part of the 20th century, were based upon the three fundamentals of freedom, legal equality, and reciprocity. UNGA resolutions 3201(S-VI) and 3281(XX1X) of 1974 embody the legal principles upon which a new international economic order (NIEO) should be based. These principles in their turn are based upon the three N1EO fundamentals of protection of the economic interests of developing countries, preferential treatment of developing countries, and non-reciprocity in the relationship between developed and developing countries. The present study investigates to what extent these three NIEO fundamentals have become implemented in the legal practice of a notorious classical institution, the GATT, and have thereby passed the border between UNGA recommendations and binding law. It concludes that, although GATT practice reveals a substantial effort to give implementation to the NIEO fundamentals, so far it has provided developing contracting parties with only few true preferential rights.
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Sugiyanto, Catur, and Zefania Yolanda. "The Effect of Financial Deepening on Economic Growth, Inequality, and Poverty: Evidence from 73 Countries." South East European Journal of Economics and Business 15, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jeb-2020-0012.
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Abstract This study aims to analyze the effect of financial deepening on economic growth, income inequality, and poverty rates in 73 countries during the period 1991–2015. Panel data regression and the interaction of dummy variables are used to measure the effect. The results indicate that financial deepening has positive effects on economic growth, but negative effects on income inequality and poverty rates; has significant effect on economic growth in advanced economies (AEs) and significant effect on income equality and poverty rates in emerging markets and developing economies (EMDEs). These findings show that countries have to be selective in developing their financial sectors as it either can have positive or negative effect.
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Fauziah, Annisa Nur, Ahmad Zaki Arifin, and Dwi Susanto. "How to Manage Residual Impacts of Infrastructure Projects in Developing Countries." Journal of Infrastructure Policy and Management 5, no. 1 (December 22, 2022): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.35166/jipm.501.0021.
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Infrastructure projects in developing countries are crucial to improve the interconnectivity and equality of national economic development. However, infrastructure projects may lead to social impacts. For example, land acquisition may cause involuntary resettlement that may impact the livelihoods of Project-Affected People (PAP).The land is a critical resource for infrastructure development and the government has established regulations to stipulate land acquisition mechanisms and mitigate the social impacts. However, in practice, social impacts on PAP are usually insufficiently mitigated. Based on applicable regulation, the cost for land acquisition must be calculated with fair compensation, considering both physical and economic losses. It is common that residual impacts remain as some aspects are not fully counted such as: post-land acquisition life management and sustainability of life for squatters without legal ownership assets and are usually left behind. On the other hand, investors have concern with this risk as it can affect investment value and project sustainability. Here, we propose thoughts of improvements for a better practice of land acquisition mechanism and Institutional arrangement with a case study in Indonesia. The proposed improvement is expected to achieve a win-win solution for Project Proponent and PAP by minimizing the economic losses and increasing the benefits shared between land users and the affected communities. This paper also highlights the importance of Stakeholders 'engagement on effective management of the residual impact of land for infrastructure development in Indonesia. In this case, Stakeholders include Regulators, Project Proponent, Financiers, Local Government, NGOs, and other relevant stakeholders).
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Dwita, Desliana. "Gender Equality in Media Television (Semiotics Analysis of Fair and Lovely Advertisement Issue of Marriage or Master Degree)." Komuniti : Jurnal Komunikasi dan Teknologi Informasi 10, no. 1 (May 31, 2018): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/komuniti.v10i1.5316.
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In many developing countries, most of television advertisements portray a general perception of patriarchy where men take decision for women and no place for gender equality. This work describes an analysis on a courageous “Fair and Lovely” advertisement in Indonesia that conveys the message of gender equality. A semiotics analysis, qualitative–interpretative method, was used to analysis the signs related to gender equality messages in the episode about choosing between marriage and master degree. It is found that a women was pictured as someone who is confident, expressed bold opinions, like to discuss and exchange ideas, firm and straight forward in speaking, and wise in making a decision. In general, the visual signs used in the “Fair and Lovely” advertisement convey a message that women should be equal with men especially in education and careers. Keywords :Advertisement, Gender Equality, Semiotic Analysis Roland Barthes.
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MORABITO, CHRISTIAN, MICHEL VANDENBROECK, and RUDI ROOSE. "‘The Greatest of Equalisers’: A Critical Review of International Organisations’ Views on Early Childhood Care and Education." Journal of Social Policy 42, no. 3 (April 26, 2013): 451–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279413000214.
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AbstractThere is a large consensus among international organisations (e.g., United Nations and the World Bank) in considering Early Childhood Care and Education a prominent policy to equalise opportunities. Moreover, it is common opinion that interventions in early childhood aiming at equalising ‘opportunities’ rather than ‘outcomes’ will overcome political dissent. These two claims draw upon a particular interpretation of the work of contemporary egalitarian philosophers, as well as a number of studies in both developed and developing countries, finding higher benefits for disadvantaged children. Despite the tradition of analysing welfare provision from an equality perspective, the shift towards early childhood education as an equality policy has not yet fully been analysed. We critically examine the consensus advocated by international organisations regarding Early Childhood Care and Education as key to ‘levelling the playing field’ and suggest that the first claim (early childhood as greatest equaliser) should be considered with caution. We also argue that the alleged consensus on this claim may lead to a depoliticisation of social policy.
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Aninze, Festus, Hatem El-Gohary, and Javed Hussain. "The Role of Microfinance to Empower Women." International Journal of Customer Relationship Marketing and Management 9, no. 1 (January 2018): 54–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcrmm.2018010104.
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This article reviews, discusses and provides a critical analysis relating to the role of microfinance on issues linking to poverty, gender equality, and women empowerment with particular emphasis on developing economies. In addition, this article provides an overview of the opportunities and criticisms of microfinance which examines the contemporary issues on poverty reduction, entrepreneurial development and the family wellbeing. The article adds to the limited research examining the role of microfinance to empower women in developing countries.
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Delliswararao, Konduru. "Anthropological Perspective on Gender Disparities in India." International Journal of Social Sciences and Management 8, no. 3 (July 29, 2021): 416–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijssm.v8i3.36526.
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Gender is a social term; it is using for both male and female. But due to the inequality and discrimination, the gender term is more adopted only to female or women discrimination. In developing countries like India, gender inequality, discrimination is very high due to so many factors, such as economical factors, cultural factors and others. India is 140th Rank, out of 156 countries in world's gender gap index. It is showing that India's performance in gender equality. Not only a govt, every individual in the society are responsible for the gender inequality in India. When comparing with other nations, India’s ranking is lower than African countries. The main objective of the present paper explains the socio-cultural, economical, and other factors in various sectors in Pondicherry related to gender equality. Another aim of the study is to understanding the women development in a holistic manner. The methodology of the paper is Mixed Method of research. Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 8, Issue-3: 416-425.
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Unterhalter, Elaine. "A Review of public private partnerships around girls' education in developing countries: flicking gender equality on and off." Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy 33, no. 2 (June 2017): 181–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21699763.2017.1328612.
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AbstractThe article reviews the literature on Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) and policy on girls’ schooling in developing countries. It considers the ways in which aims around gender equality and women's rights are positioned in policy texts concerned with girls’ education PPPs. The argument made is that these documents exemplify an oscillation, using a multipolar register, between pragmatic initiatives that recognise existing sites of power, and attempts to develop a political project that dissolves differences between public and private constituencies, who share an interest in getting girls into school. The potential and limits of this approach to support integrated policy around rights and equalities is considered using the case of DFID'sGirls’ Education Challenge. An analytical framework is sketched that maps a political and epistemological process termed dispersal, which is used to consider some ways to investigate the effects of PPPs as a mechanism to address intersecting inequalities.
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Ntini Kasoko, Eric. "International Taxation of Offshore Indirect Transfers of Mineral Assets: Legal Analysis Considering the Principle of Fairness and Sustainable Development." Intertax 50, Issue 2 (February 1, 2022): 126–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi2022013.
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This article evaluates the current international tax regime that is applicable to gains on offshore indirect transfers (OITs) in the mineral industries against the concepts of fairness and sustainable development. It is first argued from a legal perspective that these two concepts encompass the principles of equality and legal certainty. Article 13(4) of the OECD (Organization for Co-operation and Development) and UN Model Tax Treaties and Article 9 of the Base Erosion and Profit Shift (BEPS) Multilateral Instrument for tax treaties are subsequently analysed to determine to what extent these provisions contribute to supporting tax equality among businesses and between countries as well as promoting legal certainty for both the taxpayers and tax authorities. It was determined that the structuration of mining operations in the form of joint ventures may pose particular challenges, including difficulties in valuing mineral assets or determining the sources from which interests derive value. In this respect, the inclusion of certain exceptions in Article 13(4) of tax treaties is proposed. One such instance could be the exclusion of the scope of the provision of gains made by alienators that hold a certain level of participation. The authors conclude that each country should determine whether to tax such capital gains, taking into account its own specificities and examining the tax system in its entirely. However, the current tax regime is a positive step forward towards fairer taxation and contributes to the fulfilment of specific sustainable development goals (SDGs), at least from the perspective of developing countries. Fairness, legal certainty, tax equality, offshore indirect transfer, sustainable development, tax avoidance, mineral industries, developing countries
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HÖGSTRÖM, JOHN. "Do Development and Democracy Positively Affect Gender Equality in Cabinets?" Japanese Journal of Political Science 16, no. 3 (August 5, 2015): 332–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1468109915000225.
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AbstractIt has been argued that economic development and democracy create new opportunities and resources for women to access political power, which should increase gender equality in politics. However, empirical evidence from previous research that supports this argument is mixed. The contribution of this study is to expand the research on gender equality in politics through an in-depth examination of the effect of development and democracy on gender equality in cabinets. This has been completed through separate analyses that include most of the countries in the world across three levels of development (least-developed, developing, and developed) and across different types of political regimes (democracies, royal dictatorships, military dictatorships, and civilian dictatorships). The results demonstrate that economic development and democracy only affect gender equality in cabinets positively in a few environments. Accordingly, the context is important and there seem to be thresholds before development and democracy have any effect. Development has a positive effect in developed countries and in democracies, but it has a negative effect in dictatorships, and the negative effect is strongest in military dictatorships. The level of democracy has a positive effect mainly in dictatorships, and the strongest effect is in civilian dictatorships. The article demonstrates the importance of dividing samples into subsets to increase understanding of what affects women's representation in cabinets in different environments, and I ask scholars to subset samples and run separate analyses more often in comparative studies.
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Jiang, Xinyan. "Kang Youwei on the Subjection of Women." Journal of Chinese Philosophy 49, no. 3 (October 11, 2022): 227–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15406253-12340066.
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Abstract This paper examines Kang Youwei’s view of sexual equality based on the study of his The Book of the Great Unity (Da Tong Shu 《大同書》). The paper shows that Kang’s critique of the subjection of women is the most systematic, profound, and fierce in the history of modern Chinese philosophy. Although his theory of the oppression of women and sexual equality is essentially the combination of liberalism, utilitarianism, and socialism, his work on the subject should be given a special place in modern feminist philosophy. Unlike Western feminist thinkers, Kang understood the suffering of oppressed women in non-Western countries, especially in China, and spoke out for them in a way that no one did before. The volume on women’s oppression and liberation in The Book of the Great Unity could be regarded as a book on the subjection of women in developing countries crossing cultures and religions.
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Mohiuddln, Yasmeen. "Country Rankings of Women's Status: An Alternative Index." Pakistan Development Review 34, no. 4III (December 1, 1995): 1025–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v34i4iiipp.1025-1039.
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The purpose of the present paper is to formulate a composite index of the status of women and to rank both developed and developing countries on the basis of that index. This index is presented as an alternative or complement to the current status of women index, published by the Population Crisis Committee (PCC) and used by the World Bank and the United Nations, which focuses on indicators measuring health, education, employment, marriage and childbearing, and social equality. The paper argues that these indicators have a poverty-bias and measure women's status in terms of structural change rather than in terms of their welfare vis-ii-vis men. The PCC index is also based on the implicit assumption that women's status in developing countries ought to be defined in a similar way as in developed countries, thus including primarily only those indicators which are more relevant for developed countries. To remedy these defects, the paper presents an alternative composite index, hereafter labelled the Alternative Composite (AC) index, based on many more indicators reflecting women's issues in both developed and developing countries. The results of the statistical analysis show that the ranking of countries based on the AC index is significantly different from the PCC index.