Journal articles: 'Equality condition'

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Kronenberg, Clive W. "Equality, Solidarity, and the Human Condition." Latin American Perspectives 41, no. 4 (January 13, 2014): 28–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094582x13518751.

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Dahl, Robert A. "Political Equality, Then and Now." Tocqueville Review 27, no. 2 (January 2006): 461–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ttr.27.2.461.

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For this audience l hardly need to quote Tocqueville often-cited opening remarks in the first volume of his Democracy in America on “the general equality of conditions” that, he believed, prevailed among Americans in 1830. You are all familiar, too, with his observation that equality of condition had gradually spread in France since the eleventh century, and his conclusion that the gradual development of the equality of conditios is... a providential fact, and it possesses all the characteristics of a Divine decree: it is universal, it is durable, it constantly eludes all human interference, and all events ass well as all men contribute to its progress.

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Andreani, Roberto, Valeriano Antunes de Oliveira, Jamielli Tomaz Pereira, and Geraldo Nunes Silva. "A weak maximum principle for optimal control problems with mixed constraints under a constant rank condition." IMA Journal of Mathematical Control and Information 37, no. 3 (February 5, 2020): 1021–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/imamci/dnz036.

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Abstract Necessary optimality conditions for optimal control problems with mixed state-control equality constraints are obtained. The necessary conditions are given in the form of a weak maximum principle and are obtained under (i) a new regularity condition for problems with mixed linear equality constraints and (ii) a constant rank type condition for the general non-linear case. Some instances of problems with equality and inequality constraints are also covered. Illustrative examples are presented.

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Asmuss, Svetlana, and Natalia Budkina. "ON SMOOTHING PROBLEMS WITH ONE ADDITIONAL EQUALITY CONDITION." Mathematical Modelling and Analysis 14, no. 2 (June 30, 2009): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1392-6292.2009.14.159-168.

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Two problems of approximation in Hilbert spaces are considered with one additional equality condition: the smoothing problem with a weight and the smoothing problem with an obstacle. This condition is a generalization of the equality, which appears in the problem of approximation of a histogram in a natural way. We characterize the solutions of these smoothing problems and investigate the connection between them.

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Liu, Chang-Jiang. "Does Equality Contribute to Prosocial Behavior?" Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 37, no. 10 (November 1, 2009): 1369–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2009.37.10.1369.

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It is hypothesized that people who obtain their initial resources in an equal way will behave prosocially since they endorse equality. Using a one-factor (Allocation system: equality, equity, need, vs. individualism) between-participants design, in this study participants were presented with a policy scenario. Results showed that an equality-based policy was rated most satisfactory, whereas the mean of contribution amount under the equality condition was less than that of the average contribution amount under the other three conditions. This finding implies that equality undermines people's prosocial behavior, a finding worthy of further examination.

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Mckerlie, Dennis. "Dimensions of Equality." Utilitas 13, no. 3 (November 2001): 263–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953820800003186.

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The egalitarian values of equality and priority are standardly given maximal scope in that they are applied to the overall condition of peoples' lives and to temporally complete lifetimes. They are also standardly restricted to interpersonal choices. This paper argues that egalitarian values can also reasonably be applied to particular dimensions of lives, to people at particular times, and to choices made about one person's life. It contends that these special applications of egalitarianism are easier to defend in the case of priority than in the case of equality.

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Lynch, Kathleen, and John Baker. "Equality in education." Theory and Research in Education 3, no. 2 (July 2005): 131–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477878505053298.

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Transforming schools into truly egalitarian institutions requires a holistic and integrated approach. Using a robust conception of ‘equality of condition’, we examine key dimensions of equality that are central to both the purposes and processes of education: equality in educational and related resources; equality of respect and recognition; equality of power; and equality of love, care and solidarity. We indicate in each case some of the major changes that need to occur if we are to promote equality of condition. Starting with inequalities of resources, and in particular with inequalities tied to social class, we argue for abandoning rigid grouping policies, challenging the power of parents in relation to both selection and grouping, and changing curricula and assessment systems to make them more inclusive of the wide range of human intelligences. In relation to respect and recognition, we call for much more inclusive processes for respecting differences, not only in schools’ organizational cultures, but also in their curriculum, pedagogy and assessment systems. Regarding inequalities of power, we call for democratization of both teacher-student relationships and school and college organization. For promoting equality of love, care and solidarity, we argue that schools need to develop an appreciation of the intrinsic role that emotions play in the process of teaching and learning, to provide a space for students and teachers to talk about their feelings and concerns, and to devise educational experiences that will enable students to develop their emotional skills or personal intelligences as a discrete area of human capability.

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Matkowski, Janusz, and Jürg Rätz. "On the equality condition in Hölder's and Minkowski's inequalities." Aequationes Mathematicae 45, no. 2-3 (April 1993): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01855890.

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Kostina, T. O. "GENDER TOLERANCE AS A NECESSARY CONDITION FOR GENDER EQUALITY." Habitus 2, no. 13 (2020): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.32843/2663-5208.2020.13-2.10.

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Macleod, Colin. "Justice, Educational Equality, and Sufficiency." Canadian Journal of Philosophy Supplementary Volume 36 (2010): 151–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.2010.10717658.

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Among the novel objects that attracted my attention during my stay in the United States, nothing struck me more forcibly than the general equality of condition among the people. (de Tocqueville 1990, 7)There are significant inequalities in the lives of America's children, including inequalities in the education that these children receive. These educational inequalities include not only disparities in funding per pupil but also in class size, teacher qualification, and resources such as books, labs, libraries, computers, and curriculum, as well as the physical condition of the school and the safety of students within it. While not all schools attended by poor children are bad schools, and not all schools attended by well-off children are good schools, there are clear patterns. Poor children are more likely to attend crowded and poorly equipped schools with less qualified teachers than the children of more affluent families. They are less likely to have computers, books, and advanced placement academic courses. (Satz 2007, 623)

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TEMKIN, LARRY S. "EQUALITY, PRIORITY OR WHAT?" Economics and Philosophy 19, no. 1 (April 2003): 61–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266267103001020.

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This paper aims to illuminate some issues in the equality, priority, or what debate. I characterize egalitarianism and prioritarianism, respond to the view that we should care about sufficiency or compassion rather than equality or priority, discuss the levelling down objection, and illustrate the significance of the distinction between prioritarianism and egalitarianism, establishing that the former is no substitute for the latter. In addition, I respond to Bertil Tungodden's views regarding the Slogan, the levelling down objection, the Pareto Principle, leximin, the principle of personal good, strict moderate egalitarianism, the Hammond Equity Condition, the intersection approach, and non-aggregative reasoning.

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Izzo, Alexander J. "No topological condition implies equality of polynomial and rational hulls." Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 147, no. 12 (July 10, 2019): 5195–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/proc/14628.

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13

Elgueta, Raimon. "Freeness in classes without equality." Journal of Symbolic Logic 64, no. 3 (September 1999): 1159–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2586624.

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AbstractThis paper is a continuation of [27], where we provide the background and the basic tools for studying the structural properties of classes of models over languages without equality. In the context of such languages, it is natural to make distinction between two kinds of classes, the so-called abstruct classes, which correspond to those closed under isomorphic copies in the presence of equality, and the reduced classes, i.e., those obtained by factoring structures by their largest congruences. The generic problem described in [27] is to investigate under what conditions this reduction process does not alter the metatheory of a class.Here we focus our attention on a concrete aspect of this generic problem that we import from universal algebra, namely the existence and description of free models. As in [27], we can find here again the basic notion of protoalgebraicity, which was originally introduced in [7] as the weakest condition to guarantee that the reduction process behaves reasonably well from an algebraic point of view. Our concern, however, takes us to handle a further notion, that of semialgebraicity, which corresponds to the notion of equivalential logic of [18]; semialgebraicity turns out to be the property which ensures that freeness is fully preserved by the reduction process.

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14

Tsukerman, Emmanuel. "Equality of Dedekind sums mod ℤ, 2ℤ and 4ℤ." International Journal of Number Theory 11, no. 06 (August 26, 2015): 1735–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793042115500748.

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In [K. Girstmair, A criterion for the equality of Dedekind sums mod ℤ, Int. J. Number Theory10 (2014) 565–568], it was shown that the necessary condition b ∣ (a1a2- 1) × (a1- a2) for equality of two Dedekind sums s(a1, b) and s(a2, b) given in [S. Jabuka, S. Robins and X. Wang, When are two Dedekind sums equal? Int. J. Number Theory7 (2011) 2197–2202] is equivalent to 12s(a1, b) - 12s(a2, b) ∈ ℤ. In this paper, we give a new proof of this result and then find two additional necessary and sufficient conditions for 12s(a1, b) - 12s(a2, b) ∈ 2ℤ, 4ℤ. These give new necessary conditions on equality of Dedekind sums.

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Galeotti, Fabio, Maria Montero, and Anders Poulsen. "Efficiency Versus Equality in Bargaining." Journal of the European Economic Association 17, no. 6 (August 31, 2018): 1941–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvy030.

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Abstract We consider how the outcome of bargaining varies with changes in the trade-off between equality, efficiency, and total-earnings maximization. We observe that subjects avoid an equal-earning outcome if it is Pareto inefficient; a large proportion of bargaining pairs avoids an equal and Pareto efficient outcome in favor of one giving unequal and total-earnings maximizing payoffs, and this proportion increases when unequal outcomes imply larger earnings to one of the players, even though this also implies higher inequality; finally, we document a compromise effect that violates the independence of irrelevant alternatives condition.

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Palmira, Michele. "On the Necessity of the Evidential Equality Condition for Epistemic Peerage." Logos & Episteme 4, no. 1 (2013): 113–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/logos-episteme20134143.

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Takahasi, Sin-Ei, Takeshi Miura, and Takahiro Hayata. "An Equality Condition of Arhippainen-Müller's Estimate and its Related Problem." Taiwanese Journal of Mathematics 15, no. 1 (February 2011): 165–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.11650/twjm/1500406167.

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18

Li, Hanyu, and Shaoxin Wang. "Partial condition number for the equality constrained linear least squares problem." Calcolo 54, no. 4 (April 7, 2017): 1121–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10092-017-0221-8.

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Leditzky, Felix, Cambyse Rouzé, and Nilanjana Datta. "Data processing for the sandwiched Rényi divergence: a condition for equality." Letters in Mathematical Physics 107, no. 1 (November 15, 2016): 61–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11005-016-0896-9.

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Burachik, Regina S., Juan Enrique Martínez-Legaz, and Marco Rocco. "On a Sufficient Condition for Equality of Two Maximal Monotone Operators." Set-Valued and Variational Analysis 18, no. 3-4 (August 24, 2010): 327–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11228-010-0148-6.

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21

Monte, Moisés Rodrigues Cirilo, and Valeriano Antunes De Oliveira. "A Full Rank Condition for Continuous-Time Optimization Problems with Equality and Inequality Constraints." TEMA (São Carlos) 20, no. 1 (May 20, 2019): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5540/tema.2019.020.01.15.

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First and second order necessary optimality conditions of Karush-Kuhn-Tucker type are established for continuous-time optimization problems with equality and inequality constraints. A full rank type regularity condition along with an uniform implicit function theorem are used in order to achieve such necessary conditions.

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22

Petrenko, Sergiy, Andriy Kyrychenko, Dmytro Bilan, Anhelina Babyak, and Yuliya Kostyuk. "Gender equality as a value of law." Naukovyy Visnyk Dnipropetrovs'kogo Derzhavnogo Universytetu Vnutrishnikh Sprav 5, no. 5 (December 30, 2020): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31733/2078-3566-2020-5-73-79.

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The description of gender equality as the value of law in discourse of anthropological tendency is given in the article. Considered right to differences in the aspect of gender mainstreaming in law. The main components of gender equality are characterized. The article studies the regulatory foundation of the implementation and promotion of gender equality in Ukraine. Determination of the effectiveness of legal mechanisms aimed at its regulating, is based on the analysis of relevant legal acts. Based on the comparison of state programs, deficiencies and failures in this area, the direction of further improvement of legal regulation of gender equality in Ukraine, is determined. Awareness of the logical chain "human capital - human rights - gender equality - sustainable development - the progress and quality of life" dictates the importance of avoiding gender inequalities in the process of development. Gender equality is both the development objective and reasonable approach to economic politics, because development is seen as a process of expanding freedoms equally for every individual - for all women and men. The topicality of the question is primarily due to the fact that gender equality is important in itself, and also due to understanding that the emancipation of womens human development has a strong impact on work performance. That in its turn leads to increased economic efficiency, which is a condition for achieving other key development goals.

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Wang, Shaoxin, Hanyu Li, and Hu Yang. "On the Condition Number Theory of the Equality Constrained Indefinite Least Squares Problem." Electronic Journal of Linear Algebra 34 (February 21, 2018): 619–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/1081-3810.3819.

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In this paper, within a unified framework of the condition number theory, the explicit expression of the \emph{projected} condition number of the equality constrained indefinite least squares problem is presented. By setting specific norms and parameters, some widely used condition numbers, like the normwise, mixed and componentwise condition numbers follow as its special cases. Considering practical applications and computation, some new compact forms or upper bounds of the projected condition numbers are given to improve the computational efficiency. The new compact forms are of particular interest in calculating the exact value of the 2-norm projected condition numbers. When the equality constrained indefinite least squares problem degenerates into some specific least squares problems, our results give some new findings on the condition number theory of these specific least squares problems. Numerical experiments are given to illustrate our theoretical results.

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Chernysh, Mikhail F. "Conceptual Foundation of Social Policy: Dignity, Justice, Equality." Sociological Journal 26, no. 1 (2020): 8–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/socjour.2020.26.1.7051.

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Modern sociology places dignity and justice at the center of social debate. In estatebased societies only the aristocrats possessed the right to dignity and honor. The article analyzes these concepts as elements of the general structure of meaning underlying the institutions of modern societies. However, the progress of society conducive to their entry into the state of modernity the right to dignity kept extending towards an ever greater number of citizens. Dignity became an element of the policy of equality that tended to override the line of distinction charted by estates or other social subjects. In the early years of equalization policy, the struggle of dignity and equality assumed the form of recognition of the so-called natural rights of man, that constituted the essence of human condition. The idea of natural rights led to a debate and later to policy measures that resulted in the modern concept of citizenship. The latter asserted the right of every human being to dignity, equality before law and freedom to engage in productive, entrepreneurial activity without interference from other actors of political or economic life. The idea of equality, embedded in citizenship, came to be expressed in the policy of inclusion that overcame social prejudice and consequently in policies that extended political recognition to ever wider social groups. In the 20th century the egalitarian policy led to a wider scope of social rights that were regarded as a necessary condition of social justice and human independence. At present the principles of dignity and justice are implemented in social policy as acquired “capabilities” — a sum of life forces and means that allow citizens to uphold their citizenship regardless of the conditions in which they find themselves. Inclusion turns into the main vector of social policy, setting out to endow citizens with equal rights and resources that are necessary for their implementation.

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NNAKWE, M. O. "Solving split generalized mixed equality equilibrium problems and split equality fixed point problems for nonexpansive-type maps." Carpathian Journal of Mathematics 36, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.37193/cjm.2020.01.11.

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"Let X be a 2-uniformly convex and uniformly smooth real Banach space. In this paper, an iterative algorithmofKrasnosel’skii-typeis constructed and used to approximate a common solution ofsplit generalized mixed equalityequilibrium problems(SGMEEP)andsplit equality fixed point problems(SEFPP)forquasi-ψ-nonexpansive maps.A strong convergence theorem of the sequence generated by this algorithm is proved without imposing anycompactness-type condition on either the operators or the space considered. The theorem proved improves andcomplements important recent results in the literature. "

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Levy, Gilat, and Ronny Razin. "Preferences over Equality in the Presence of Costly Income Sorting." American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 7, no. 2 (May 1, 2015): 308–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.20130031.

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We analyze preferences over redistribution in societies with costly (positive) sorting according to income. We identify a new motivation for redistribution, where individuals support taxation in order to reduce the incentives to sort. We characterize a simple condition over income distributions which implies that even relatively rich voters—with income above the mean—will prefer full equality (and thus no sorting) to societies with costly sorting. We show that the condition is satisfied for relatively equal income distributions. We also relate the condition to several statistical properties which are satisfied by a large family of distribution functions. (JEL D31, D63, H23)

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Bai, Mudan, Jiong Sun, and Siqin Yao. "The Modified Parseval Equality of Sturm-Liouville Problems with Transmission Conditions." Journal of Applied Mathematics 2013 (2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/619358.

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We consider the Sturm-Liouville (S-L) problems with very general transmission conditions on a finite interval. Firstly, we obtain the sufficient and necessary condition forλbeing an eigenvalue of the S-L problems by constructing the fundamental solutions of the problems and prove that the eigenvalues of the S-L problems are bounded below and are countably infinite. Furthermore, the asymptotic formulas of the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the S-L problems are obtained. Finally, we derive the eigenfunction expansion for Green's function of the S-L problems with transmission conditions and establish the modified Parseval equality in the associated Hilbert space.

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MELNIKOV, BORIS F. "THE EQUALITY CONDITION FOR INFINITE CATENATIONS OF TWO SETS OF FINITE WORDS." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 04, no. 03 (September 1993): 267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054193000171.

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Some special sets of ω-words, namely, the sets that can be obtained by catenating nonempty finite sets of words, an infinite number of times, are considered. A condition for the equality of two such sets of ω-words is obtained.

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Brun, Henri, and André Binette. "L'interprétation judiciaire de la condition sociale, motif de discrimination prohibé par la Charte des droits du Québec." Les Cahiers de droit 22, no. 3-4 (April 12, 2005): 681–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/042463ar.

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The Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms, L.R.Q.. c. C-12, introduces a new concept among the reasons for which discrimination is forbidden : social condition. Nowhere else in Canada is there given this explicit meaning to the right to equality. Courts appear reluctant to give their proper signification to the words « social condition ». They prefer to rely on the better known expression of « social origin ». The authors of the following comments bel eve that social condition must mean something specific, situated somewhere between social origin and the general right to equality clause.

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Kondra, Mykhailo. "CONDITION OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCHES OF EQUALITY PRINCIPLE IN UKRAINE’S CRIMINAL LAW SCIENCE." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Law, no. 63 (November 22, 2016): 153–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vla.2016.63.5133.

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Mu, Dan, Jiong Sun, Ji-Jun Ao, and Jun ui Xie. "The modified Parseval equality of Sturm-Liouville problems with coupled boundary condition." Operators and Matrices, no. 3 (2018): 757–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.7153/oam-2018-12-44.

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Barratt, Carl, and Ramesh Sharma. "96.16 An inductive proof of the condition for the AM-GM equality." Mathematical Gazette 96, no. 535 (March 2012): 131–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025557200004162.

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Jojishvili, Ketevan. "Gender Equality Problems in Soviet Reality." International Journal of Social, Political and Economic Research 8, no. 2 (August 14, 2021): 303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.46291/ijospervol8iss2pp303-309.

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The Soviet Union was a totalitarian and strictly centralized state, which from the day of its foundation was intended to create a new human. The idea of formal equality written in its constitution and legislation was not a guarantee of real equality in the Soviet Union. The Communist Party deeply believed in the rise of its own tolerant policies, although the existing facts became a barometer of its failure. Despite the established way of life (education, work, etc.), women were neither represented in the ruling circle nor fully participated in the development and implementation of state policy. Thus, the Soviet Union with its paternalistic politics sought both to weaken the influence of men on women by improving the condition of women and to saturate deeply women's lives with Soviet pathos and communist beliefs.

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Weber, Michael. "Should Desert Replace Equality? Replies to Kagan." Journal of Ethics and Social Philosophy 4, no. 3 (June 5, 2017): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.26556/jesp.v4i3.45.

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Many people are moved by the thought that if A is worse off than B, then if we can improve the condition of one or the other but not both that it is better to improve the condition of A. Egalitarians are buoyed by the prevalence of such thoughts. But something other than egalitarianism could be driving these thoughts. In particular, such thoughts could be motivated, instead, by a combination of the belief that desert should determine how people fare and the belief that, for the most part, people are equally deserving. Shelly Kagan has pushed this line of argument, suggesting that desert should replace equality as a normative ideal. He argues that desert theory and egalitarianism often agree, and when they don’t intuition favors desert theory. A number of authors have offered responses to Kagan, including Serena Olsaretti, Fred Feldman, and Richard Arneson. However, I maintain that their responses are inadequate, primarily because they simply fail to capture the compelling intuitions that Kagan appeals to in making his case. There are other responses, however, and I consider three, each of which offers an egalitarian position that is compatible with Kagan’s most compelling intuitions. Thus, I maintain that Kagan has not sufficiently established that desert should replace equality as a normative ideal. There is still room for a genuinely egalitarian position, though Kagan’s reflections helpfully force egalitarians to further develop and refine their thinking.

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Patzi Aquino, Paola Geovanna, M. d. R. de Pinho, and Geraldo Nunes Silva. "Necessary optimality conditions for minimax optimal control problems with mixed constraints." ESAIM: Control, Optimisation and Calculus of Variations 27 (2021): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/cocv/2021069.

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A weak maximal principle for minimax optimal control problems with mixed state-control equality and inequality constraints is provided. In the formulation of the minimax control problem we allow for parameter uncertainties in all functions involved: in the cost function, in the dynamical control system and in the equality and inequality constraints. Then a new constraint qualification of Mangassarian-Fromovitz type is introduced which allowed us to prove the necessary conditions of optimality. We also derived the optimality conditions under a full rank conditions type and showed that it is, as usual, a particular case of the Mangassarian-Fromovitz type condition case. Illustrative examples are presented.

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Ellis, Richard J. "Rival Visions of Equality in American Political Culture." Review of Politics 54, no. 2 (1992): 253–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034670500017836.

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This article distinguishes between a competitive individualist process-oriented vision of equality and an egalitarian results-oriented vision of equality, and examines the changing relationship between these visions of equality in the American past. What is “exceptional” about the United States is not, as is often claimed, that it lacked a tradition of equal results but that those who favored equalizing results believed that equal process was a sufficient condition for realizing equal results. This study contends that these rival visions of equality, once believed to be mutually supportive, have become increasingly divorced in 20th century America.

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Cleary, John J. "Popper on Freedom and Equality in Plato." Polis: The Journal for Ancient Greek Political Thought 22, no. 1 (2005): 109–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/20512996-90000072.

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In the first part of this paper, it is argued that Poppers understanding of Platos notion of freedom is fundamentally flawed because he begins with the unexamined assumptions of modern liberalism. Subsequently, in the second section, it is shown through philological analysis that the ancient notion of freedom (eleutheria) must be understood primarily in terms of a social and political condition that is the opposite of slavery (douleia) or of living under a tyranny. Finally, the third section of the paper considers Platos criticism of the demotic notion of freedom, as well as the dialectical strategy through which he subsumes it under his aristocratic ideal of freedom as rational self-control.

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Jin, Zhong. "An Improved Nonmonotone Filter Trust Region Method for Equality Constrained Optimization." Abstract and Applied Analysis 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/163487.

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Motivated by the method of Su and Pu (2009), we present an improved nonmonotone filter trust region algorithm for solving nonlinear equality constrained optimization. In our algorithm a modified nonmonotone filter technique is proposed and the restoration phase is not needed. At every iteration, in common with the composite-step SQP methods, the step is viewed as the sum of two distinct components, a quasinormal step and a tangential step. A more relaxed accepted condition for trial step is given and a crucial criterion is weakened. Under some suitable conditions, the global convergence is established. In the end, numerical results show our method is effective.

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Hongli, Yang. "Study on Stochastic Linear Quadratic Optimal Control with Quadratic and Mixed Terminal State Constraints." Journal of Applied Mathematics 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/674327.

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This paper studies the indefinite stochastic LQ control problem with quadratic and mixed terminal state equality constraints, which can be transformed into a mathematical programming problem. By means of the Lagrangian multiplier theorem and Riesz representation theorem, the main result given in this paper is the necessary condition for indefinite stochastic LQ control with quadratic and mixed terminal equality constraints. The result shows that the different terminal state constraints will cause the endpoint condition of the differential Riccati equation to be changed. It coincides with the indefinite stochastic LQ problem with linear terminal state constraint, so the result given in this paper can be viewed as the extension of the indefinite stochastic LQ problem with the linear terminal state equality constraint. In order to guarantee the existence and the uniqueness of the linear feedback control, a sufficient condition is also presented in the paper. A numerical example is presented at the end of the paper.

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Ferdinand, Theodore N., and M. Joan McDermott. "Joining Punishment and Treatment in Substantive Equality." Criminal Justice Policy Review 13, no. 2 (June 2002): 87–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0887403402132001.

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How can justice and treatment be combined so that the rights of victims are upheld and offenders are rehabilitated? Substantive justice administers punishment proportionate both to the offense and the offender’s condition while also providing treatment according to the offender’s needs. Substantive justice means that similar offenders ought to experience not the same objective punishment but similar degrees of subjective pain. Judges already use distinctive standards in sentencing juveniles and women, and this practice should be extended to all offenders; that is, to men and white collar offenders, not simply with minor fines but with all forms of punishment and treatment. It should be codified in law so that our justice system can provide generally better protection to victims and better treatments to offenders.

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Yamazaki, Takeaki. "On upper and lower bounds of the numerical radius and an equality condition." Studia Mathematica 178, no. 1 (2007): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4064/sm178-1-5.

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Liu, Qiaohua, and Zhigang Jia. "On condition numbers of the total least squares problem with linear equality constraint." Numerical Algorithms 90, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 363–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11075-021-01191-w.

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Nikolay A., Peryazev, and Sharankhaev Ivan K. "On some Sufficient Condition for the Equality of Multi-clone and Super-clone." Journal of Siberian Federal University. Mathematics & Physics 11, no. 1 (March 2018): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.17516/1997-1397-2018-11-1-97-102.

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HARADA, TETSUO, and HIDEKI KOSAKI. "ON EQUALITY CONDITION FOR TRACE JENSEN INEQUALITY IN SEMI-FINITE VON NEUMANN ALGEBRAS." International Journal of Mathematics 19, no. 04 (April 2008): 481–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129167x08004753.

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Let τ be a faithful semi-finite normal trace on a semi-finite von Neumann algebra, and f(t) be a convex function with f(0) = 0. The trace Jensen inequality states τ(f(a* xa)) ≤ τ(a* f(x)a) for a contraction a and a self-adjoint operator x. Under certain strict convexity assumption on f(t), we will study when this inequality reduces to the equality.

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Mack, Eric. "EQUALITY, BENEVOLENCE, AND RESPONSIVENESS TO AGENT-RELATIVE VALUE." Social Philosophy and Policy 19, no. 1 (January 2002): 314–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052502191138.

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Do differences in income or wealth matter, morally speaking? This essay addresses a broader issue than this question seems to pose. But this broader issue is, I believe, the salient philosophical issue which this question actually poses. Let me explain. Narrowly read, the question at hand is concerned only with inequality of income or wealth. It asks us to consider whether inequality of income or wealth as such is morally problematic. On this construal, the question invites us to consider whether the bare fact that Joshua has a greater income or net worth than Rebekah is a morally defective social state of affairs. Is there at least a significant moral presumption on behalf of equality of income or wealth such that, if an inequality of income or wealth obtains vis-à-vis Joshua and Rebekah, that inequality ought to be nullified unless some impressive positive justification for the inequality can be provided? On this narrow reading, the salient issue is whether there exists in particular an egalitarian presumption with respect to income or wealth. But I believe that the genuinely salient issue here is whether there exists in general an egalitarian presumption with respect to whatever factual condition of individuals one is supposed to attend to when assessing social states of affairs. The crucial question is not whether income or wealth or utility or well-being is the condition the unequal distribution of which is as such morally problematic.

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Putry, Raihan. "MANIFESTASI KESETARAAN GENDER DI PERGURUAN TINGGI." JURNAL EDUKASI: Jurnal Bimbingan Konseling 2, no. 2 (December 2, 2016): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/je.v2i2.814.

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Following the flow of transformation and the times today, the discourse on women's leadership turned out to be growing and getting a response from the community, along with the growth and development of Scientific Management (Scientific). Leadership is no longer based on talent, heritage, experience and the male gender, but more than the physical and mental readiness of men and women in a planned towards professionalism. All the program is done through planning, analysis and development systematically to raise stamina leadership qualities in accordance with the spirit of the Shari'ah. This paper discusses the concept of gender equality in representation in college. First, gender equality is seen as a condition when women are placed on an equal footing and given the same rights and obligations as men. Secondly, gender equality is seen as a condition that is expected to bring about a change for a better life. Both representations of gender equality is highly influenced by the history, background, purpose, and vision and mission of the organization for women. Furthermore, the representation is then manifested in features of managerial college.

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Mandavkar, Dr Pavan. "Indian Dalit Literature Quest for Identity to Social Equality." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 3, no. 2 (March 16, 2016): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2015.321.

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India is one of the fastest growing countries in the world, yet, it is notorious for its rigid caste system. This paper examines the history of suppression, condition of the suppressed and origin of Dalit writings. It includes the study of movement and scope of Dalit literature. It is widely believed that all Dalit literary creations have their roots in the Ambedkarite thoughts. The paper also dissects the stark realities of Dalit and their commendable attempts to upraise socially. This literature shows dramatic accounts of socialpolitical experiences of Dalit community in the caste based society of India.It traces the conditions of the Indian social factors that surround the Dalits and their interactions with Dalits and non-Dalits. It explores how Dalit community struggled for equality and liberty. Due to strong Dalit movements as well as hammering on upper caste society through Dalit literature by writers and thinkers, and also by implementation of welfare schemes by Government, a positive approach toward equality is seen in social life of Dalit community nowadays. Discrimination on the basis of caste and gender are banned by law. This is a journey of oppressed from quest for identity to social equality through their literature.

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Omoro, Joseph, and Anthony Asekhauno. "TACKLING THE NATURAL AND CULTURAL BARRIERS TO FEMINISM & GENDER EQUALITY: A STUDY AMONG THE ETSAKO OF NIGERIA." International Journal of Development Strategies in Humanities, Management and Social Sciences 10, no. 2 (December 21, 2020): 78–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.48028/iiprds/ijdshmss.v10.i2.07.

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Recently, there has been an increase among gender sensitivists’ agitation for women equality with men—despite their obvious or obscure physical dissimilarities or uniqueness, natural/social-condition. So what is the basis of quest for gender equality? Is this possible or necessary? Although several plausible claims are made by the equalitarians, this paper explains the formidable and seemingly insurmountable barriers to an ‘impeccable’ level of women equality with men existing in their respective natural-condition (disabling or enabling), or other social/cultural-condition. Accordingly, it reviews the conception of women among the Etsako of Nigeria so as to be enabled to sift such culture-base barriers. Thus, it point out that though developments in science and technology have tended to develop some schemes and mechanisms to enhance women’s natural disablements to fit in social participation as man, custom, tradition and cultural accretions have tended to be formidable barriers. Affirming feminism, it concludes that the proper focus for women is simply to act their roles dictated by nature, and stipulated by culture, which men cannot.

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Mariani, Giulia. "Failed and successful attempts at institutional change: the battle for marriage equality in the United States." European Political Science Review 12, no. 2 (March 16, 2020): 255–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755773920000090.

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AbstractBy focusing on the legislative process underpinning marriage equality in the American states, this article identifies the combinations of conditions under which attempts at institutional displacement succeed or fail. Hitherto, few scholarly works have empirically examined displacement and whether, and how, actors can preserve institutional stability in the face of organized efforts to change institutions. Taking causal complexity into account, the analytical model factors in the resources of both change and status quo actors as well as the political context that enables or constrains their strategies. The results of the comparative analysis show that states have followed different paths to the displacement of heterosexual marriage in favor of marriage equality. Yet, most crucially, the findings pinpoint that the inclusion of religious exemption clauses is a condition sine qua non for marriage equality laws to be effectively passed, thus challenging the widely accepted notion that morality policies are foreign to compromise.

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Meester, Ronald. "Equality of critical densities in continuum percolation." Journal of Applied Probability 32, no. 1 (March 1995): 90–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3214923.

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Consider a homogeneous Poisson process inwith density ρ, and add the origin as an extra point. Now connect any two pointsxandyof the process with probabilityg(x − y), independently of the point process and all other pairs, wheregis a function which depends only on the Euclidean distance betweenxandy, and which is nonincreasing in the distance. We distinguish two critical densities in this model. The first is the infimum of all densities for which the cluster of the origin is infinite with positive probability, and the second is the infimum of all densities for which the expected size of the cluster of the origin is infinite. It is known that if, then the two critical densities are non-trivial, i.e. bounded away from 0 and ∞. It is also known that ifgis of the form, for somer > 0, then the two critical densities coincide. In this paper we generalize this result and show that under the integrability condition mentioned above the two critical densities are always equal.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Equality condition'

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