Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Equality condition'
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Abdo, Dina Taha Hussien. "Effects of IMF Conditional Loans on Gender Equality." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu162086139444451.
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Wang, Xue. "Women and equality in the People's Republic of China : workplace, culture and social system." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 1998. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27679.
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Jafferali, Rafaël. "La rétroactivité dans le contrat: étude d'une notion fonctionnelle à la lumière du principe constitutionnel d'égalité." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209347.
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La thèse prend pour objet d'étude les institutions du droit des contrats dotées d'un effet rétroactif (nullité, résolution pour inexécution, condition suspensive ou résolutoire, ratification, etc.). Bien que menée en droit belge, la recherche s'appuie également sur des éléments de droit comparé empruntés principalement aux droits allemand, français et néerlandais. Elle vise à démontrer deux hypothèses.Premièrement, elle tend à montrer que la rétroactivité n'est pas une notion conceptuelle, dont la signification serait donnée a priori en sorte qu'elle pourrait être déduite sur un mode purement logique de sa définition, mais bien une notion fonctionnelle dont la portée dépend du but en vue duquel elle est utilisée. La portée de l'effet rétroactif varie donc toujours selon l'institution examinée.
Deuxièmement, la thèse vise à établir que le principe constitutionnel d'égalité constitue un instrument efficace permettant de corriger certaines divergences de régime entre les institutions rétroactives, sans pour autant abolir toute différence entre elles.
Doctorat en Sciences juridiques
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Briggs, Catherine. "Fighting for women's equality, the federal Women's Bureau, 1945-1967 : an example of early state feminism in Canada." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ60524.pdf.
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VIRKOLA, Tuomo. "Essays in applied economics." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/1814/69755.
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Defence date: 29 January 2021Examining Board: Professor Andrea Ichino (European University Insitute); Professor Matteo Cervellati (University of Bologna); Professor Dominik Sachs (University of Munich); Professor Roope Uusitalo (University of Helsinki)
This thesis consists of three articles in applied economics. In the first essay, I consider the extent to which informational frictions between workers and jobs can be alleviated with short-term contracts in the early career. I leverage a program at a Finnish university which gave out randomly selected students an internship subsidy for a three-month paid internship. I match these students to administrative data to track their transition to labor markets in the years around the program and find evidence that the program significantly improved early labor market success. In the second essay, I study the effect of social sorting on family formation and inequality across households. I leverage the institutional features of Finnish high-school assignments to evaluate how exposure to high- skilled, high-socioeconomic -status peers affect the quality of social ties individuals form. I find that while high schools are an important meeting place for future spouses, but that exposure to higher quality peers will not affect the eventual partner characteristics. This suggests that policies aiming to mix individuals from various backgrounds may not always work anticipated. In the third essay, I study with two co-authors the causes and consequences of broadly defined inequality and democratization using Finland as a natural experiment. We find evidence that the 19th famine affected inequality and labour coercion and thus the balance of political power. On the other hand, we find that these developments were critical in explaining both the increasing threat of revolution and participation in the Finnish civil war in the early 20th century and a subsequent shift to democratization. Areas that initially experienced higher growth in inequality, also experienced the most significant shift to redistribution in the aftermath of the war.
-- Part 1. Abstract -- Part 2. Internships and the Allocation of Talent -- Part 3. Social Sorting, Family Formation and Inequality -- Part 4. The Violent Origins of Finnish Equality
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Gqomo, Nomaxabiso. "Putting the millenium development goal no 3- gender equality and women empowerment into practice: a case study of a semi-urban village in the Eastern Cape." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1010079.
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Gender inequality and women empowerment constitute one of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) agreed to, by United Nations in 2000. The South African 2010 country report on MDGs shows an increase in the share that women have in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector. It further states that in the Eastern Cape Province, women accounted for more than half of employees in the non-agricultural sector. This study conducted evaluated gender differences in terms of wage employment in a semi-urban village in the Eastern Cape. Findings show that gender differences in wage employment still exist, in favour of males.
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Pradhan, Uma. "Ethnicity, equality, and education : a study of multilingual education in Nepal." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:e51ff352-41ff-456f-90dc-533e745fdab2.
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This thesis explores the issue of ethno-linguistic identity through an examination of everyday practices in two mother-tongue schools in Nepal. While language and ethnicity have remained highly politicised subject in Nepal, the everyday cultural politics of language use inside minority language school has received very limited academic attention. In this thesis, I focus on the ways in which different people understand, experience, and interpret mother-tongue education in their everyday life. Drawing on Bourdieu's notion of social field, I argue that mother-tongue instruction not only concerns the introduction of minority languages in education, but also constitutes an 'arena of struggle', where the idea of an 'educated person' is (re)imagined, and the social positions of ethno-linguistic groups are negotiated. To explain this further, I show that minority language education function as a subfield within the larger social field of national education. On the one hand, everyday language practices in the schools display inward-looking characteristics through the everyday use of mother tongue and the construction of unified ethnic identity within the subfield of minority language education. On the other hand, there were outward-looking dynamics of actively engaging with the national education system. The salience of these processes is the simultaneous membership to multiple groups, claims over public spaces and in the spaces of nationalism, hitherto associated with Nepali. Using the idea of 'simultaneity', I show that social actors in minority language education might not necessarily select between subfield and social field, but instead thrive in their tense intersection. In this process, ethno-linguistic groups are able to construct their own subjectivities by negotiating what it means to be educated in a minority language. This emerging narrative of minority language education may help us to understand the issues of language and ethnicity in a more open-ended way and appreciate the multiple scales in which identities are expressed.
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Derayeh, Minoo. "High hopes and broken promises : common and diverse concerns of Iranian women for gender equality in education and employment." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=38478.
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The changes that affected Iranian women's lives after the coming of Islam in the seventh century were similar to the changes that occurred in their lives after the Islamic Revolution of 1979. In both cases these changes were largely wrought by men.Iranian women have been actively involved and have participated fully in diverse religious, political, and social contexts since the eighteenth century, but frequently without due acknowledgment. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries the belief that education was a pillar of freedom began to gain popularity among Iranian women. The efforts of women to secure an equal place with men in the nation's educational institutions received support from a number of women writers and poets in the form of protests and petitions. It was through this process that Iranian women learned the importance of education in freeing them from patriarchal bondage. The twentieth century, however, witnessed the destruction of most of Iranian women's hopes and quests. Different Iranian governments enacted a series of important laws and regulations touching on "women's issues." Most of the time, however, these governments failed to consider the voices, positions and demands of women concerning these "issues."
In the last two decades, under the Islamic Republic, male authority figures continue to determine women's rights, identity, education, employment, and so on. Changes which affected the status of Iranian women came in the form of different religious decrees and laws that were justified by the argument that they all complied with the Quran and the hadiths.
Iranian women have refused to abandon their quests for an improved or even equal status. Among these women, there are those who still believe that equality can be achieved under the Islamic Republic. Women such as Rahnavard and Gorgi are relying on a "dynamic jurisprudence" that would lead to "Islamic justice." There are also other women who argue that in order to bring about true social justice, women's oppression and subordination in any form must be eliminated. They find such injustice ingrained in the existing culture. Women such as Kaar and Ebadi are making women and those in power aware of the need to achieve a "civil society," based on "social justice" through the process of "revealing the law." This group is hoping that a gradual cultural revolution brought about by women will lead to the establishment of "such justice."
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Short, Patricia Margaret. "Association, reciprocity, sharing and dependency : conditions of access and forms of inequality beyond the market state /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2005. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18178.pdf.
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Lingayah, Sanjiv. "Between the lines : contours of nation, multiculture and race equality in policy discourse in the New Labour period." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2013. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/932/.
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This thesis examines how New Labour policymakers and Black and Minority Ethnic (BME)-led race equality organisations articulated and connected themes of nation, multiculture and ‘race’ equality in policy discourse and discussions over the New Labour period. My study extends previous accounts of New Labour and multicultural discourses by incorporating the significant, but not always influential, role of BME civil society actors in such policy discussions. My research draws on documents and archival material from and interviews with policymakers and race equality actors. I analyse this data using a qualitative thematic approach to discern changing policy discourses and claims about the state of the multicultural nation and the place of race equality within it. In the study I suggest that, after a promising start, New Labour policymakers came to understand the relationship between nation, multiculture and race equality as a troubled and troubling one. At the same time, the three BME-led race equality organisations that I focus on in my research struggled to counter government discourses of parallel lives, community cohesion and Britishness that were detrimental to efforts to combat race inequality. Policy and policy discursive interventions of BME-led race equality organisations were thrown off course not only by New Labour but also by ‘new ethnicities’, and the idea of complex and diverse BMEness’. BME-led organisations have struggled to engage with this latter destabilisation, let alone develop a politics capable of overcoming such issues. I therefore end my thesis by suggesting that, if BME-led race equality organisations are to shape policy debates on race equality, there is much hard labour and re-thinking about BMEness and re-organising for them still to do.
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Harding, Sandra B. "Planning for social equality in the urban environment : a case study of planning for elderly women in Brisbane." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1992.
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Rust, Urszula Anna. "Principles for mainstreaming gender equality in the South African rural water services sector." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2007. https://etd.sun.ac.za/jspui/handle/10019/706.
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Cronholt, Karin. "Kvinnliga fotografer : förutsättningar i Göteborg för ett professionellt yrkesliv år 1900." Thesis, Högskolan på Gotland, Institutionen för humaniora och samhällsvetenskap, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hgo:diva-1026.
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The purpose of this essay is to investigate the working conditions of professional photographers at the start of the 20th century. The aim of this essay is to provide a glimpse into this specific time-period with the main question: How were the working conditions for professional photographers? More specifically, this essay will provide a detailed picture that focuses on the difficulties women encountered, when attempting to make photography a legitimate professional career and combined with the traditions as wife and woman.The essay is divided into three main parts. By looking at statistical databases such as Swedish National Archive’s and other recourses, the first part establishes what Swedish society was like after the reforms that had taken place by the end of the 19th Century. Once the working conditions, and life in-general for women, are set, the second section of the essay examines the lives of specific photographers through the analyses of different categories and relevant statistics. Finally, the third part discusses the reasons why there were, at times, similar working conditions for women, and at other times, the working conditions were not equal. The analysis of the material supports a conclusion that suggests that, although there was a great deal of progress toward equality, working conditions of women professional photographers differed because of the rights married and unmarried women had in 1900.
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Larsson, Jenny. "Understanding state repression in the light of gender equality : Exploring under which conditions states use violent repression toward violent and nonviolent dissent." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för freds- och konfliktforskning, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-353498.
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States respond to dissent with repressive means to stay in power. However, there are observed variations in how violently this repressive behavior actually is. Drawing on theories using gender inequality as one of the main, but often dismissed, determinants of violence and armed conflict, the thesis hypothesizes that attitudes to gender equality can help explain the variations in state repression. The theoretical argument is grounded in how gender norms characterized by militarized masculinities shape conflict norms since it is related to how ‘others’ in general are treated in society. By employing regression analysis, and testing the relationship between gender equality, operationalized through the Women’s Political Empowerment Index, and state repression in relation to a maximalist campaign, I found statistical support for the hypothesis that at higher levels of gender equality, repression is less likely to be extreme. The results also suggest that previous repressive behavior matters and that the severity of repression depends on the primary method of resistance within the campaign as well. The thesis thus further reinforces the importance of incorporating gender equality when attempting to explain collective violence.
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Milićević, Zorana. "Children and the benefits of gender equality : negotiating traditional and modern gender expectations in a Mexican village." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2014. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/887/.
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The transformation of traditional gender ideology has been actively promoted in Mexican society over recent decades. While adults’ renegotiations of traditional ideals and their efforts to forge modern relations have received significant ethnographic attention, little is known about how children in Mexico engage with the contradictions inherent in the coexistence of old and new expectations. This thesis, based on twelve months of ethnographic fieldwork, explores children’s readiness to resist gender divisions and embrace gender equality in the Mexican village of Metztitlán in the state of Hidalgo. The research focused on the, often contradictory, information that was made available to children at home, in the neighbourhood and in the school setting and on how children, aged between six and eleven, negotiated expectations that concerned aggressive behaviour, toy use and the division of labour. The thesis asks whether children regarded gender divisions as problematic and, if they did, whether this translated into readiness to resist traditional expectations through everyday interactions. It pays particular attention to how different kinds of audiences both influenced and were influenced by children’s resistance to gender divisions. The finding is that in domains, such as toy use or the division of labour, in which egalitarian alternatives to traditional expectations were available (e.g. through schooling), most girls and boys, in conversations with the anthropologist, expressed their allegiance to gender equality. However, children did not put these attitudes to work through interactions with peers and adults unless they found personally meaningful advantages in egalitarian arrangements. When they recognised tangible benefits of equality, they not only showed readiness to resist traditional divisions themselves but also to encourage adults to do the same.
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KRÖGER, Lea Katharina. "Family matters : a sibling similarity approach to the study of intergenerational inequality in Germany." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/1814/70865.
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Defence date: 13 April 2021Examining Board: Professor Fabrizio Bernardi (European University Institute); Professor Juho Härkönen (European University Institute); Professor Anette Eva Fasang (Humboldt University Berlin); Professor Markus Jäntti (Stockholm University)
The intergenerational transmission of inequality is a research field that has sub-strands in several disciplines with findings that have consequences for the way we see and evaluate our society. Therefore, it is crucial to continuously update how we address questions in such an important research area. In this thesis, I study the importance of the family of origin for different areas of social inequality using a sibling design. I estimate the influence of the family on labor market success, partnership union formation, and occupational gender stratification in Germany using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel. The results show that the family plays a crucial role in the generations of social inequality over the life course. It affects the labor market attainment for different social origin groups and over and above a person's education, and it influences the timing of marriage, cohabitation, and living-apart-together unions. In addition, the gender composition of the sibling group creates inequality regarding occupational attainment within families. Thus, this thesis provides a comprehensive view of how the family of origin is relevant to several areas of social and economic life in Germany. It discusses the implications of using a comprehensive approach to the family for further research and policy.
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Högsborn, Erica. "De leende kvinnorna : en jämställdhetsutredning av en mandominerad arbetsplats." Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Gender, Culture and History, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-600.
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This essay is part of a project between Södertörn University College and Stockholm Academic Forum. The focus of the project is gender equality in small- and medium sized companies. I have worked with a construction company called Activa . The majority of the employees at the company were male and I was interested in the consequences of gender construction in such an environment. I think that the basic condition for equality work is an understanding of gender and the male norm. The purpose was to investigate how these things worked out in the Activa organisation. I wanted to investigate the consequences of gender and illustrate how discrimination can work. The conclusions are supposed to be a base for the company’s future equality opportunities.
The methodology for this investigation were interviews. I have interviewed six persons, whom all worked at the company-office. The interviews were informal conversations based on a semi-structured methodology. The information I got was interpret by the hermeneutic tradition and analysed by gender theories.
The conclusions of this study are that gender indeed affected the organisation structure. The male and female employees experienced different working conditions. The male norm were in fact setting the agenda in the organisation. The male employees had better possibilities to affect the working conditions compared to the women. Both men and women maintained this structure. They were all acting in order of their expectations. The consequence of these structures, and the behaviour of both men and women at the company, creates an conception of the male norm as natural.
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Katiyatiya, Luyando Martha. "Substantive equality, affirmative action and the alleviation of poverty in South Africa : a socio-legal inquiry." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86607.
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Thesis (LLD)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Substantive equality is a constitutional imperative, hence the need for strategies that attempt to realise it for the sake of genuine social reconstruction. The principle of equality runs through all other rights in the South African Constitution. Be that as it may, equality is an elusive concept, which makes its achievement an ambitious task. Nonetheless, there are strategies that attempt to bring to the fore the ‘substance’ of the concept in order to ensure the actual realisation of socio-economic benefits. Such strategies include, among others: social security, education, economic empowerment, skills development and affirmative action. This study will focus on the latter of these strategies, namely affirmative action. Although affirmative action is practised around the world, one of the (many) criticisms of the policy is that it fails to bring about substantive or structural change. In other words, it may change the racial and gender composition of the classroom or the workplace, but does not address the challenges that cause the disadvantages of marginalised groups in the first place. It is arguable that affirmative action has increased inequality in South Africa by benefiting the apex of the class structure and not the majority of the population living in abject poverty. This study develops a theoretical analysis of the link between status (race, sex and ethnicity) and socio-economic disadvantage, and the central question that the study addresses is the following: How can the policy of affirmative action be redesigned to ensure that it benefits the socio-economically disadvantaged? A secondary question that is investigated is whether affirmative action can contribute to the development of human capacities in the context of poverty alleviation. It is arguable that substantive equality facilitates the adoption of strategies (such as affirmative action) to address socio-economic inequality, poverty and social exclusion. The research suggests that a paradigm shift is necessary in order to reconceive of affirmative action as a policy that does not only focus on ensuring ‘equitable representation’ of disadvantaged groups in the workforce or the classroom, but also provides for the development of human capacities. This can be achieved if one adopts an expansive view of affirmative action and if one utilises class as one of the numerous criteria for determining the beneficiaries of the policy.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Substantiewe gelykheid is ′n grondwetlike vereiste, vandaar die behoefte om strategieë te ontwikkel wat poog om dit te realiser in die belang van daadwerklike sosiale rekonstruksie. Die beginsel van gelykheid is vervleg met alle ander regte in die Suid-Afrikaanse Grondwet. Gelykheid is nietemin ′n ontwykende konsep, en dit maak die bereiking daarvan ′n ambisieuse taak. Daar is egter strategieë wat gemik is daarop om sosio-ekonomiese voordele te bereik. Voorbeelde van sodanige strategieë sluit in sosiale sekuriteit, opvoeding, ekonomiese bemagtiging, die ontwikkeling van vaardighede, en regstellende aksie. Hierdie studie fokus op laasgenoemde strategie, naamlik regstellende aksie. Ten spyte van die feit dat regstellende aksie regoor die wêreld toegepas word, word die beleid nietmin gekritiseer as sou dit nie werklik wesenlike of strukturele verandering teweeg bring nie. Met ander woorde, dit bring moontlik ‘n verandering teweeg in die rasse-en geslagsamestelling van die klaskamer of die werkplek, maar spreek nie die uitdagings aan wat in die eerste plek lei tot die posisie van relatiewe benadeling waarin gemarginaliseerde groepe hulself bevind nie. Sommige argumenteer dat regstellende aksie bydra tot ongelykheid in Suid-Afrika deur voordele te beperk tot diegene wat hulself aan die toppunt van die klasstruktuur bevind terwyl dit die meerderheid van die bevolking wat in armoede leef ignoreer. Hierdie studie ontwikkel ′n teoretiese ontleding van die verband tussen status (ras, geslag en etnisiteit) en sosio-ekonomiese benadeling. Die sentrale vraag van die studie is die volgende: Hoe kan die beleid van regstellende aksie herontwerp word om te verseker dat dit lei tot die bevoordeling van die sosio-ekonomiese benadeeldes? ’n Sekondêre vraag wat in die studie onder die loep kom is of regstellende aksie ’n bydrae kan maak tot die ontwikkeling van menslike vermoë in die konteks van armoedeverligting. Daar kan geragumenteer word dat die strewe na substantiewe gelykheid strategieë (soos regstellende aksie) na vore bring om sosio-ekonomiese ongelykheid, armoede en sosiale uitsluiting aan te spreek. Die navorsing dui daarop dat ′n paradigmaskuif nodig is om regstellende aksie te herkonseptualiseer as ′n beleid wat nie net fokus op die bereiking van ‘billike verteenwoordiging’ van benadeelde groepe in die werkplek of klaskamer nie, maar ook voorsiening maak vir die ontwikkeling van menslike vermoë. Dit kan bereik word deur die aanvaarding van ’n uitgebreide siening van regstellende aksie en deur die benutting van klas as een van menige faktore wat in ag geneem word om die bevoordeeldes van die beleid te identifiseer.
Stellenbosch University, Faculty of Law
National Research Fund
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Boissieu, Corinne de. "Le genre scolaire : un effet aveugle de l'acculturation à l'école maternelle? : etude anthropo-didactique des conditions de son émergence." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR21680/document.
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L'égalité entre filles et garçons est aujourd'hui au cœur de nombre de textes et politiques éducatives, et les recherches montrent qu'il existe toujours des différences importantes entre filles et garçons à l'école (résultats, orientation…). Le genre scolaire, en tant que concept, doit servir à contribuer à la réflexion sur ces questions. L'étude porte sur cinq classes de maternelle. Une analyse des interactions verbales et des positions des enfants et des professeurs dans le champ discursif lors des rituels montre que le genre scolaire n'est pas une simple reproduction du genre à l'école. Cette analyse permet de définir le genre scolaire, en tant que construction, comme une différenciation sexuée des positions des filles et des garçons dans le champ interactif. C'est une construction de genre particulière, qui se réalise au sein de la culture scolaire, et aboutit à la distinction de catégories de sexe : les élèves-garçons et les élèves filles. Considérant à la fois la socialisation familiale des enfants, leur sexe, l'acculturation à la culture scolaire à laquelle ils sont soumis et leur positionnements au sein du champ interactif, la thèse ouvre une nouvelle piste pour l'appréhension du genre scolaire : il apparaîtrait comme un effet aveugle de l'acculturation qui, façonnant des habitus familiaux, viendrait renforcer, ou permettre l'émergence, d'habitus sexuésGender equality is a central issue in current memoranda and education policies, and studies shows that the gap still prévails between schoolboys and schoolgirls (in terms of results, orientation, etc.). School gender, as a concept, should help contribute to the discussions on the topic. The study involved children in five pre-school classes (école maternelle) ; it investigates their verbal interactions. Analysing these interactions as well as the positions of children and teachers in the conversational space, these research provides évidence that school gender involves more than merely reproducing gender differences at school. It allows the scholl gender - as a construction - to be defined as a gender-based difference in the position of schoolboys and schoolgirls in the conversational space. It is a specific gender construction, which is achieved within the school culture and leads to distinguishing the categories of male pupils and female pupils. As it examines the aspects of family socialisation, sex, school integration and position whithin the interactive space, the dissertation opens up a new path to be looked into : school gender appears as a result of school integration, which, as it shapes the family habitus, would reinforce or help generating gendered habitus
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McLennan, David. "The lived experience of inequality in post-apartheid South Africa : measuring exposure to socio-economic inequality at small area level." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:eede1ec4-62d2-4dd3-8175-29c81cb301ca.
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South Africa has undergone a remarkable political transformation since the birth of democracy in 1994, yet it remains plagued by extremely high levels of socio-economic inequality, violent crime and social unrest. Although inequality is often regarded as a major driver of many social problems, the evidence base concerning inequality in South Africa is relatively limited, consisting primarily of national level Gini coefficients or General Entropy measures based upon household income, expenditure or consumption data. In this thesis I argue that these broad national level measures say little about people's actual day-to-day lived experiences of inequality and how these individual experiences of inequality may be shaped by the local geographical areas in which people live and go about their daily lives. I construct a series of empirical measures of exposure to socio-economic inequality which reflect the socio-spatial environments in which people live. I argue that these new measures can be used as explanatory factors in the study of other social outcomes, both at an individual level (for example, individuals' attitudes) and at an area level (for example, rates of violent crime). Exposure to inequality is measured both from the perspective of the 'poor' population and the perspective of the 'non-poor' population and the measures are constructed and presented at small area level using the Datazone statistical geography. I analyse the spatial distribution of exposure to inequality and find that exposure to inequality is typically highest in urban neighbourhoods, particularly in the major metropolitan areas. I develop a measure of intensity of exposure in order to highlight areas with both high exposure and high levels of deprivation. I also present one example of how my new measures can be used to explore associations with other outcomes, specifically looking at the relationship between people's lived experience of inequality and their attitudes towards inequality and redress.
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Roberts, Benjamin J. "Charting freedom: inequality beliefs, preferences for redistribution, and distributive social policy in contemporary South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/64999.
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While the transition to democracy in South Africa extended civil and political rights and freedoms to all South Africans, there has been disagreement over the preferred nature and scope of social rights within post-apartheid society, reflecting debates over the trajectory of economic policy. Appreciable developmental gains have been made by the state over the last quarter-century, yet the challenges of poverty, unemployment and inequality persist, coupled with mounting popular discontent with the pace of transformation and political accountability. This has led to fundamental questions about social justice, restitution, and the kind of society we wish to promote. Appeals for a more inclusive, transformative social policy have also emerged, arguing that a wider vision of society is required involving multiple government responsibilities and informed by an ethic of equality and social solidarity. Against this background, in this thesis I study the views of the South African public towards economic inequality, general preferences for government-led redistribution, as well as support for social policies intended to promote racial and economic transformation. The research has been guided by several overarching questions: To what extent do South Africans share common general beliefs about material inequality? Does the public exhibit a preference for government redistribution in principle? And how unified or polarised are South Africans in their support for specific redress policies in the country? Responding to these questions has been achieved by drawing on unique, nationally representative data from the South African Social Attitudes Survey (SASAS), which has enabled me to chart social attitudes over a period of almost fifteen years between late 2003 and early 2017. Use has also been made of social citizenship as a guiding conceptual framework to understanding social policy predispositions and analysing attitudinal change. The results demonstrate that the public is united in its awareness of and deep concern about economic inequality. Since the early 2000s, a significant majority has consistently expressed the view that the income gap in the country is too large, articulated a strong preference for a more equitable social structure, and acknowledged the class and social tensions that economic inequality has produced. There is also a preference for a narrowing of earnings disparities, a more generous minimum wage, and regulatory limits on executive pay. While this suggests a desire for fair and legitimate remuneration, the analysis also reveals that South Africans are willing to tolerate fairly high levels of inequality. Nonetheless, these beliefs are generally interpreted as a desire for a more equitable and fair society. This preference for change is reflected in a fairly strong belief that government should assume responsibility for reducing material disparities. One’s social position, mobility history, awareness of inequality, political leaning and racial attitudes all have a bearing on how weak and strong this predisposition is, but the normative demand for political redistribution remains fairly widely shared irrespective of these individual traits. Greater polarisation is however evident with respect to redistributive social policy, especially measures designed to overcome historical racial injustice (affirmative action, sports quotas, and land reform). These intergroup differences converge considerably when referring to class-based policy measures. One surprising finding is the evidence that South Africa’s youngest generation, the so-called ‘Born Frees’, tend to adopt a similar predisposition to redress policy as older generations, thus confounding expectations of a post-apartheid value change. I conclude by arguing that there seems to be a firmer basis for a social compact about preferences for interventions designed to produce a more just society than is typically assumed. Intractably high levels of economic inequality during the country’s first quarter-century of democracy is resulting in a growing recognition of the need for a stronger policy emphasis on economic inequality in South Africa over coming decades if the vision enshrined in the Freedom Charter and the Constitution is to be realised. South Africans may not be able to fully agree about the specific elements that constitute a socially just response to economic inequality. Yet, the common identification of and concern with redressable injustice, coupled with a broad-based commitment to government redistribution and classbased social policies, could serve as a foundation on which to rekindle the solidaristic spirit of 1994 and forge progress towards a more equitable society.
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Theodore, Rachel. "L'inégalité des conditions et le mythe des élites. Réflexion sur les imaginaires sociaux du Chili contemporain." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEH172.
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Cette réflexion est une étude des imaginaires sociaux des sociétés modernes. En repartant de l’idéal égalitaire qui a engendré les sociétés d’Europe et d’Amérique du Nord, nous analysons le cas de l’Amérique latine et en particulier du Chili. Nous proposons une définition du concept de Tocqueville, « l’égalité des conditions », théorisée comme l’imaginaire social structurant des sociétés du nord. Par effet de miroir, nous démontrons que le principe qui a structuré les sociétés d’Amérique latine est, à l’inverse, un imaginaire d’« inégalité des conditions ». Cet imaginaire puise ses racines dans l’inégalité de considération entre les hommes, générant et reproduisant des pratiques sociales et des institutions inégales, notamment à partir d’un facteur racial originel. En analysant ces imaginaires sociaux de façon empirique, nous reconstituons ces deux imaginaires au sein de la société chilienne contemporaine. La recherche a mis en évidence que la matérialisation de l’imaginaire inégalitaire au sein du social se traduit principalement par le classisme et le mythe des élites, une idée partagée par toutes les classes sociales sur la supériorité des élites. Cependant, cet imaginaire central est aujourd’hui remis question par l’avènement d’un imaginaire périphérique, l’imaginaire égalitaire-individualiste, qui remet en question les structures hiérarchiques et verticales au niveau des interactions microsociales, des relations entre groupes sociaux ainsi que les institutions centralesThis study is a reflection on the social imaginaries which characterize modern societies. Beginning with the principal ideals which generated European and North American societies, we will then analyze the Latin American case, particularly in respect to Chile. We will explore the concept of De Tocqueville’s “equality of condition” proposed as the main and structuring social imaginary of Northern Hemisphere societies. Reflecting on this concept, we show that Latin America’s structuring principle is, on the contrary, an imaginary of “inequality of conditions.” This imaginary is derived from a fundamental inequality of consideration among men and women, generating and reproducing unequal social practices and institutions, all of which originated mainly due to racial factors. By analyzing these social imaginaries empirically, we can reconstitute these two imaginaries in contemporary Chilean society. This study shows that the imaginary of inequality has produced two fundamental elements: classism and the “myth of the elite”, an idea shared by all social classes concerning the elite’s superiority. Currently however, this central imaginary is contested by the emergence of another peripheral imaginary, the egalitarian-individualist, which questions the hierarchical and vertical structures in microsocial interactions, social relations and central institutions
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Monyai, Priscilla B. "Social policy and the state in South Africa: pathways for human capability development." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1007230.
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The main focus of this thesis is the challenges that are facing social policy development and implementation in South Africa in relation to the enhancement of human capability. The study adopted a historical approach to assess the model of social policy in South Africa and identified that social relations of domination inherited from the apartheid era continuing to produce inequalities in opportunities. Social policy under the democratic government has not managed to address social inequalities and the main drivers of poverty in the form of income poverty, asset poverty and capability poverty which are the underlying factors reproducing deprivation and destitution of the majority of the population Although South Africa prides itself of a stable democracy, social inequalities continue to undermine the benefits of social citizenship because political participation in the midst of unequal access to economic and social resources undermine the value of citizenship. Also, inequalities in the distribution of income and wealth, and in the control of economic production undermine political equality which is an ethic upon which social rights are predicated. As a result, state interventions are lacking inherent potential to build human capability for people to live the life that they have reason to value. The paradox of social policy in South Africa is that the majority of those who are marginalised are those who were excluded by the apartheid regime even though state intervention is claimed to be targeting them. This points to the failure of incremental equalisation of opportunities within a context of stark social inequities. It is also an indication that the economic growth path delivered by the political transition is working to reinforce the inherited legacy of deprivation and it is avoiding questions related to the structural nature of poverty and inequalities. Therefore, a transformative social policy is an imperative for South Africa. Such a framework of social policy should be premised upon a notion of human security in order to built human capability. Human security focuses on the security of individuals and communities to strengthen human development. It emphasises on civil, political and socioeconomic rights for individual citizens to participate fully in the process of governance. Although this thesis is a case study of social policy in South Africa, it can be used to appreciate the role of social policy in other developing countries, particularly the impact of political decision making on social distribution. Poverty and social inequalities are growing problems in developing countries and so is the importance of putting these problems under the spotlight for political attention.
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Alishahi, Michele. ""For Peace and Civic Righteousness": Blanche Armwood and the Struggle for Freedom and Racial Equality in Tampa, Florida, 1890-1939." [Tampa, Fla. : s.n.], 2003. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0000077.
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Stowell, Nicholas Paul. "Democratization, Political Performance, and Income Distribution in Argentina and Brazil." PDXScholar, 2016. http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3157.
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This research examines the effects of democratization and political performance on the functional distribution of income in Argentina and Brazil from the end of their authoritarian periods to the present. The existing literature tends to focus on the impacts of democratization and political performance on the economic growth of the country as a whole or on changes to per capita income. This analysis focuses on the equality of economic development in less developed countries because growth is not necessarily distributed equally and poverty and inequality are both endemic to many less developed countries and also negatively impact development as a whole as well as the consolidation of democracy. To examine the effects of democratization and political performance on the shape of economic development, this thesis utilizes the Polity IV index as a measure of democracy, Relative Political Extraction as a proxy for political performance, and labor's share of national income as a measure of income inequality.
Theoretically, a more democratic regime should enact policies that allow for a more equitable distribution of income because democratization increases popular representation and makes the provision of public goods preferable to the provision of private goods. Similarly, a regime with higher political capacity should be better equipped to enact whatever policies and development strategies it chooses, thereby reducing income inequality if the regime deems equitable development a priority.
The main finding of this research is that political performance has had a significant impact on the shape of economic development in Argentina and Brazil, whereas the effect of democratization on the shape of development is less clear. A stronger, more effectively performing government will be better able to deliver equitable development regardless of its level of democracy than will a poorly performing government of any type.
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Norén, Fanny, and Hanne Wallengren. "Possibilities and Challenges for Female PhD Students in Tanzania : A field study covering current conditions for Tanzanian women undertaking their PhD degree at the Department of Mathematics, University of Dar es Salaam." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-388305.
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At the largest university in Tanzania, University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM), the gender distribution is unequal. At the University’s Department of Mathematics (DoM), the number of women ranges between 20-30 %. As a PhD degree can pose an important bridge into higher academic positions, the purpose of this study is to discern the current prerequisites for women to complete a doctoral degree at UDSM, compared to their male colleagues. The thesis is based on a field study carried out at DoM, in the spring of 2018. As such, both the formal and the perceived conditions could be examined. During the field study, both focus groups and individual interviews were held. By means of Grounded Theory, a mainly inductive method, the empirical framework obtained from the field research has guided the study and recurrent observations from the local context analysis have shaped the results. As the methodological outset for the study also draws on abductive reasoning, it results in that the analysis is concurrently theoretically guided and based on obtained data. The conclusions from the field research show that the conditions for female and male PhD students at UDSM are not equal. There are policies, quotas and other initiatives introduced in an attempt to level the playfield, however, other policies and social norms that create challenges for women in their strive for an academic career are still in motion. Among other things, as women are expected to be the primary caretaker and there are no support systems in place, the decision to start a family affects women’s studies more than men’s.
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Frappier, Mathilde. "L’exigence du traitement national en droit international économique." Thesis, Paris 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA020073.
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Le traitement national renvoie à l’octroi au profit d’un étranger d’un traitement égal à celui du national. Il s’agit d’une norme d’égalité de traitement. En tant que tel, il est formulé de manière abstraite et s’adapte aux situations de fait visées et aux valeurs poursuivies par son auteur. Cette étude porte spécifiquement sur l’énonciation conventionnelle, sous la forme du traitement non moins favorable, le champ d’application et la mise en œuvre du traitement national au sein du droit international économique. D’une part, elle s’intéresse à ce que le droit international économique apporte à la compréhension de l’égalité de traitement entre nationaux et étrangers, dès lors qu’il s’agit d’un droit dont l’inspiration économique libérale est bien établie et qui est juridictionnalisé. D’autre part, elle conduit à identifier ce que le traitement national dit du droit international économique, de sa culture normative et juridictionnelle. Cette étude fait apparaitre l’emprise considérable de la norme du traitement national sur le droit interne des parties contractantes. Elle montre que le traitement national prescrit une égalité de type matériel et non formel. Elle permet aussi de souligner le rôle déterminant des juridictions internationales économiques et de relativiser l’autonomie du droit international économique au sein du droit international publicNational treatment implies that a foreigner is treated equally to the national. As an equal treatment or non discrimination norm, the national treatment is expressed abstractly and is adaptable to both the factual situations it applies to and the values pursued by its author. This study intends specifically to discern national treatment in international economic law through its treaty enunciations, to define its scope and to fathom the way it is implemented by WTO and investment judges. On the one hand, this research focuses on what international economic law brings to the understanding of equal treatment between nationals and foreigners inasmuch it is a field of law inspired by liberal economic theories and in which disputes are adjudicated by international tribunals. On the other hand, this study aims at identifying what the national treatment says about international economic law, especially of its normative and adjudicative culture. This research shows the significant hold that national treatment has on the domestic law of the contracting parties. It also demonstrates that national treatment prescribes material and not simply formal equality. Finally, this study shows the predominant role played by international economic adjudications, and put in perspective the autonomy of international economic law within international law
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Kearsey, Stuart James. "A study of democratic consolidation in South Africa : what progress to date?" Thesis, Link to the online version, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/742.
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Du, Toit Frouwien Reina. "Neo-liberalisme, ekonomiese groei, ongelykheid en armoedeverligting in Suid-Afrika : 'n evaluering." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53756.
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Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The goal of this thesis was to evaluate the success of neo-liberalism in South Africa, with specific reference to the capacity of the policy to eradicate poverty and reduce inequality. The dispute about the aptness of nee-liberalism in South Africa also relates to the broader debate concerning the success of neo-liberalism in creating economic growth to the benefit of all members of society. A qualitative analysis of the research and diverging opinions with regards to neo-liberalism was used to derive an objective framework for the evaluation of economic policy. This framework was then used as the basis of an evaluation of the success of neo-liberalism in South Africa. It was found that neo-liberalism is generally successful in the generation of economic growth with the capacity to address poverty, and that the implementation of neo-liberal policies does not necessarily lead to an increase in inequality. It was, however, also proven that there are specific cases in which neo-liberalism is not successful. It was therefore argued that the continuation of neo-liberal policies in South Africa cannot be justified on the grounds of the success of the policy in the global context. Seeing as the success of the policy seems to be context specific, it was argued that evaluations of the policy should have the same context specific basis. Since South Africa's political transition ID 1994, neo-liberalism has gradually been established as the foundation of economic policy. The success of neo-liberalism in South Africa was therefore evaluated through an analysis of the changes in the levels of poverty and inequality in the country since this transition. It was found that very little progress has been made in the reduction of inequality, that poverty has increased and that South Africa's Human Development Index (as an indication of the success of development policy) has decreased since 1994. It was therefore concluded that neo-liberalism in South-Africa is not successful, and that it is thus necessary to identify an alternative framework for the eradication of poverty and reduction of inequality in the country.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie tesis was om die sukses van neo-liberalisme in die verligting van armoede en vermindering van ongelykheid in Suid-Afrika te bepaal. Die debat oor die wenslikheid van neo-liberalisme in Suid-Afrika skakelook in by die breër debat rakende die sukses van neo-liberalisme in die generering van ekonomiese groei tot voordeel van alle lede van die samelewing. Daar is daarom gepoog om deur 'n kwalitatiewe analise van die navorsing en verskillende standpunte oor die onderwerp 'n objektiewe raamwerk vir die evaluering van ekonomiese beleid af te lei. Hierdie raamwerk is gebruik as basis vir 'n evaluering van neo-liberalisme in Suid-Afrika. Daar is bevind dat neo-liberalisme oor die algemeen suksesvol is in die generering van ekonomiese groei ter verligting van armoede, en dat die implementering van neo-liberale ekonomiese beleidsmaatreëls nie noodwendig gepaard gaan met groter ongelykheid nie. Daar is egter ook bewys gelewer van spesifieke gevalle waar neo-liberalisme onsuksesvol is. Daarom word daar geredeneer dat die voortsetting van neo-liberalisme in Suid-Afrika nie op grond van die sukses van die beleid in die globale konteks gemotiveer kan word nie. Die sukses van die beleid blyk konteks-spesifiek te wees, en die evaluering daarvan behoort dus dieselfde konteks-spesifieke basis te hê. Neo-liberalisme is sedert die politieke oorgang in Suid-Afrika in 1994 geleidelik gevestig as die basis van ekonomiese beleid. Die sukses van neo-liberalisme in Suid-Afrika is dus geëvalueer deur 'n analise van die veranderinge in vlakke van armoede en ongelykheid sedert hierdie oorgang. Daar is bevind dat daar min vordering gemaak is met die vermindering van ongelykheid, dat vlakke van armoede verhoog het, en dat Suid-Afrika se Menslike Ontwikkelingsindeks (as aanduiding van sukses van ontwikkelingsbeleid) sedert 1994 afgeneem het. Daar is dus tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat neo-liberalisme in Suid-Afrika rue suksesvol is nie, en dat dit nodig is om 'n alternatiewe raamwerk vir die verligting van armoede en vermindering van ongelykheid in die land te identifiseer.
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Sivakul, Aganitpol. "Essays in applied microeconomics." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:617fabeb-e47b-4194-bfab-a7601c0edce1.
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This thesis is a collection of three independent essays that applies microeconometrics techniques to empirically study topics in development and labour economics. The first chapter uses evidence from a natural experiment in Bangladesh, where households were treated to different types of transfer, food grains and cash, at different periods in time, to test the effect of these transfers on household consumption behaviour. Using the fixed effect instrumental variable model, the estimation results show that though in-kind transfers did cause households to consume more grain than they would have chosen under equal-value cash transfers, the impact on calorie consumption and children health status is minimal. Households that received cash were able to reallocate their funds more effectively, and chose to spend their extra income on clothing and children's non-food consumption, while at the same time spending no more on vices. The second chapter investigates the dynamics of living standards in Thailand. Income and earnings processes are first modelled after the statistical Galton-Markov process before being extended to follow a more structural permanent earnings model. Empirical estimations of income and earnings persistence in Thailand employ both constructed pseudo-panel data from Thailand's Labour Force Surveys and the Townsend Thai panel data. Galton-Markov estimates found conditional persistence to be low in Thailand. However, quantile regression estimates find that persistence is low at the bottom of the distribution but high at the top, indicating a divergence in earnings as time passes. A study of the covariance structure of earnings finds that total variation in the earnings process is predominantly driven by moderately persistent transitory components following the AR(1) process. The third chapter attempts to empirically fit the power-law distribution and study the dynamics of inequality, especially at the upper end, of the income and consumption distribution in Thailand. We find that using the popular but incorrect method based on the linear regression approach will lead to researchers drawing a wrong conclusion. Regression estimates of the power-law exponent, a, provide strong evidence of power-law fit in Thailand. However, from the implementation of the superior Clauset et al. method, the evidence in support of the power-law fit is much weaker. Estimates of a for both income and consumption suggest that there is low inequality at the top in Thailand but further inspection finds that there is a high level of persistent between-group inequality between the top and bottom ends of the distribution. In addition, following Battistin et al. (2009), we find weak support for Gibrat's law of proportional random growth as the income-generating process in Thailand.
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Nunes, Diana. "Le sexe, un élément d'identification des personnes en droit : étude menée à partir de la transidentité et de l'intersexuation." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE2060.
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N droit, le sexe procède de l’organisation des personnes en deux catégories, le sexe féminin et le sexe masculin. L’identification juridique des personnes échappe traditionnellement à la volonté individuelle. Le sexe comme élément de l’état des personnes est immuable et binaire. Cependant aujourd’hui ce modèle d’assignation subit des remises en question.D’une part, les revendications transidentitaires ont permis de voir émerger une conception de l’identité en termes de droits fondamentaux et non plus seulement en termes d’identification stable, imposée par l’Etat. D’autre part, l’invisibilisation des personnes intersexes en droit et la contrainte de la fiction instituée de la binarité des sexes sur leurs corps, conduisent à interroger la légitimité de la bicatégorisation et son caractère obligatoire. Finalement, l’effondrement des bases naturalistes de la différenciation des sexes et l’indifférenciation des normes au regard du sexe conduisent à interroger l’utilité de la catégorie. Néanmoins, comme les inégalités de faitspersistent malgré l’égalité formelle, le sexe, dans sa dimension protectrice peut justifier d’une nouvelle pertinenceIn law, sex proceeds from the organization of persons into two categories: female and male. Identifying legally people escapes traditionally the individual will. Sex as an element of the state of people is immutable and binary. However, this assignment model leads today to be questioned. On the one hand, transidentitary demands have allowed emerging a concept of identity in terms of fundamental rights and not only in terms of stable identification, imposed by the State. On the other hand, the invisibilization of the intersex people in law and the constraint of the instituted fiction of the binarity of the sexes on their bodies lead to question the legitimacy of the bicategorization and its obligatory character. Finally, the collapse of the naturalist bases of the differentiation of the sexes and the lack of differentiation of norms with respect to sex lead to question the usefulness of the category. Nevertheless, since facts inequalities persist despite the formal equality, gender in its protective dimension may justify a new relevance
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Miguda, Edith Atieno. "International catalyst and women's parliamentary recruitment : a comparative study of Kenya and Australia 1963-2002 /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 2004. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phm6362.pdf.
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Borglin, John. "Makt och maktlöshet i Onåd : En studie om hur J.M. Coetzees roman Onåd kan användas i svenskundervisningens jämställdhetsarbete." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för film och litteratur (IFL), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-92790.
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Denna studies syfte och forskningsfråga är att undersöka och besvara hur J.M. Coetzees roman Onåd kan förstås med utgångspunkt i de intersektionella kategorierna kön, ras och klass samt hur man som pedagog kan tillämpa romanen i den svenska gymnasieskolan för att diskutera och undervisa om jämställdhet och människors lika värde. För att nå syftet och frågeställningen undersöks kritiska delar av romanen med hjälp av diskursanalys. Tidigare forskning används också för att undersöka romanen. Metoden är utvald för att synliggöra de strukturer som omger karaktärerna i romanen och handlingsutrymmet de får. Romanen undersöks sedan intersektionellt för att påvisa hur kön, ras och klass påverkar människors livsvillkor. Analysen bedrivs med målet att påvisa hur romanen kan användas för undervisning om människors lika värde och jämställdhet. Resultatet visar att diskursanalysen är ett bra sätt att närma sig romanen genom, för att undervisa om jämställdhet och människors lika värde. Om läraren undervisar med hjälp av diskursanalys lyfts diskussionen om romanen till att handla om hur uttryck och handlingar påverkar och fastställer människors handlingsutrymmen. Det ger även en förståelse för hur människor positioneras i en diskurs. Eleverna får genom detta en möjlighet att se och förstå hur uttryck och handlingar placerar människor i olika makthierarkiska positioner, och att detta inte behöver spegla människans faktiska kvalitéer eller kunskaper. Så småningom kan denna förståelse användas för atti frågasätta stereotyper och normer som förtrycker människor. Genom Skolverkets ämnesspecifika formulering som handlar om att förstå människors livsvillkor med hjälp av litteratur kan läraren nå den ämnesövergripande formuleringen som handlar om att främja jämställdhet och människans lika värde.
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Du, Plessis Ulandi. "Explaining the endurance of poverty and inequality : social policy and the social division of welfare in the South African health system." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002002.
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This thesis examines the structure and flow of public funding between the public and private sectors in the South African health system and the consequences thereof for the achievement of equity. The conceptual framework used to undertake the analysis derives from Richard Titmuss’ core theoretical framework, the Social Division of Welfare. The application of the Social Division of Welfare applied to the South African health care context demonstrates how state resources end up benefitting the non-poor and, as a result, reproduce inequality. Those who access public institutions such as public health care are assumed to be ‘dependent’ on the state, whilst those who access private health facilities claim to be ‘independent’ of the state. However, this thesis shows that these assumptions are flawed. Access to the formal labour market, and subsequently the paying of taxes, authorises one to access state subsidies not available to those who do not. The application of the Social Division of Welfare shows that tax-paying private health care patients benefit considerably from state resources. This thesis argues that due to cost escalation in the private health sector, a consequence of the commodification of health care, these private health care ‘consumers’ as well as the private health industry in general are dependent upon state resources. This thesis analyses the role played by the profit motive present in the private health industry and the consequences for equity, quality, access and efficiency in health care provision
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Cunha, Marcelle Figueiredo da. "O desafio das políticas de redistribuição à luz do continuum clientelismo-cidadania: alguns parâmetros para um equilíbrio entre direitos sociais e direitos políticos." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2013. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=7483.
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O ideal de efetivação da Constituição Federal nos tempos atuais é a concretização dos direitos sociais nela estampados. No entanto, garantir direitos sociais, essenciais para a consolidação de uma igualdade material, capaz de diminuir as discrepâncias sociais, pode corroborar para uma política de troca de favores e aprofundar as raízes clientelistas do voto, dependendo da forma como as políticas públicas são colocadas em prática. O presente estudo visa a analisar a relação entre a implementação de direitos sociais e o exercício de direitos políticos, considerando as políticas de redistribuição de renda desenvolvidas nos últimos governos, principalmente o Programa Bolsa Família. O objetivo é verificar se há algum clientelismo por parte dos governantes ao estabelecer tais políticas, uma vez que podem eles se valer da desigualdade econômica, da vulnerabilidade cívica e da fragilidade das instituições democráticas do país como instrumentos para forjar sua imagem à semelhança de um pai, protetor de uma sociedade carecedora de direitos básicos. E isso pode acabar por institucionalizar um modelo sutil de clientelismo que descaracteriza os indivíduos como atores capazes de escolher as políticas que melhor implementam seus interesses, impedindo o livre exercício do direito ao voto. Por isso, mesmo a concretização de direitos sociais também deve levar em conta que um modelo de democracia inclui ainda a viabilização de um autogoverno dos cidadãos, razão pela qual parece fundamental que, ao gozar de direitos sociais, os sujeitos percebam a sua participação e ingerência na escolha das políticas públicas. O desafio proposto é utilizar o referencial teórico-metodológico do continuum para, ao longo do espectro formado entre o clientelismo e a cidadania, tentar propor alguns parâmetros para aproximar ao máximo as políticas públicas de concretização de direitos sociais de um ideal de cidadania.The ideal of effectiveness of the Brazilian Federal Constitution nowadays is the assurance of the social rights it frames. However, in order to ensure social rights that are essential to the consolidation of material equality, capable of reducing social discrepancies, it may corroborate a policy of exchange of favors and deepen the roots of vote clientelism, depending on how public policies are put into practice. The present study aims at analyzing the relationship between the implementation of social rights and the exercise of political rights, considering conditional cash transfer programs developed in recent government mandates, specifically the Bolsa Família. The aim is to verify whether there are any clientelistic relationships by governors when setting up said policies, since they can benefit from economic inequality, civic vulnerability and of the fragility of the democratic institutions of the country as instruments to forge their image as the image of a father, protector of society lacking basic rights. This may end up institutionalizing a subtle model of pervasive patronage that decharacterize individuals as players capable of choosing policies that best implement their interests by preventing the free exercise voting rights. Thus, even the solidification of social rights shall acknowledge that the ideal concept of democracy also includes the furtherance of self-government by citizens, which is why it seems essential that they perceive their participation and interference in the choice of social public policies. The challenge proposed is to use the theoretical and methodological framework of the continuum between clientelism and citizenship to try to propose certain parameters to approximate, to the maximum extent possible, public policies for social rights awareness of an ideal of citizenship.
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Font-Casaseca, Núria. "La cartografía y el estudio de las desigualdades socio-espaciales urbanas." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/664347.
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El objetivo principal de esta tesis es analizar de manera crítica la relación entre los mapas y las desigualdades socio-espaciales urbanas. Para ello se han identificado un conjunto de limitaciones, problemas y posibilidades respecto a las prácticas cartográficas urbanas que ofrecen una visión más compleja del papel de los mapas en relación a la justicia urbana. La investigación se organiza entorno a tres cuestiones. En primer lugar, señalar los problemas derivados de una visión limitada sobre qué es y cómo deben estudiarse las desigualdades sociales en el contexto urbano e identificar algunas propuestas teóricas para repensar su estudio. En segundo lugar, caracterizar las distintas posiciones adoptadas respecto a los mapas urbanos y señalar los principales retos conceptuales y metodológicos al utilizar los mapas como herramienta de investigación ante los problemas sociales urbanos. Finalmente, identificar un conjunto de aportaciones y estrategias cartográficas que configuran una actitud crítica, reflexiva y propositiva hacia los mapas.
Los cambios que han experimentado las prácticas cartográficas en las últimas décadas, tanto conceptuales como tecnológicos, han situado a los mapas en una posición crucial respecto a las desigualdades urbanas que puede entenderse de cuatro maneras relacionadas. Por un lado, los mapas representan el espacio urbano a través de un complejo proceso de abstracción que simplifica la complejidad social de la vida urbana y condiciona la utilidad y efectividad de las medidas públicas, que utilizan la mirada cartográfica sin cuestionar los causas que producen las desigualdades. Por otro lado, las prácticas cartográficas tienen un papel dual respecto al espacio urbano, ya que ofrecen una mirada útil y estratégica sobre la ciudad que puede llegar a ser una fuente de injusticias urbanas. Por esta razón es importante entender los mapas como artefactos visuales complejos y problemáticos, situados en contextos sociales particulares que utilizan su poder para sus intereses. Sin embargo, las prácticas cartográficas actuales también aportan una perspectiva útil para estudiar y combatir las desigualdades de manera más efectiva y equitativa. Para ello es necesario ampliar nuestras ideas sobre qué son los mapas urbanos, recuperar e incorporar otro tipo de experiencias, metodologías y representaciones cartográficas alternativas, establecer un diálogo entre todas aquellas personas que están actualmente utilizando los mapas en la ciudad y aquellas que están pensando en la cartografía, el espacio urbano y la justicia de manera crítica y finalmente desarrollar nuevos modos cartográficos que permitan dar voz a aquellos colectivos vulnerables y oprimidos e imaginar otros futuros urbanos.L'objectiu principal d'aquesta tesi és analitzar d'una manera crítica la relació entre els mapes i les desigualtats socioespacials urbanes. Per a assolir-lo s'han identificat un conjunt de limitacions, problemes i possibilitats respecte a les pràctiques cartogràfiques urbanes que ofereixen una visió més complexa del paper dels mapes en relació a la justícia urbana. La investigació s'organitza al voltant de tres qüestions. En primer lloc, assenyalar els problemes d'una visió limitada sobre què és i com s'han d'estudiar les desigualtats socials en el context urbà i identificar algunes propostes teòriques per a repensar el seu estudi. En segon lloc, caracteritzar les diferents posicions adoptades respecte als mapes com a eina de recerca davant els problemes socials urbans. Finalment, identificar un conjunt d'aportacions i estratègies cartogràfiques que configuren una actitud crítica, reflexiva i propositiva cap als mapes. Els canvis que han experimentat les pràctiques cartogràfiques en les darreres dècades, tant conceptuals com tecnològiques, han situat als mapes en una posició crucial respecte a les desigualtats urbanes que es pot entendre de quatre maneres relacionades. Per una banda, els mapes representen l'espai urbà a través d'un complex procés d'abstracció que simplifica la complexitat social de la vida urbana i condiciona la utilitat i efectivitat de les mesures públiques, que utilitzen la mirada cartogràfica sense posar en qüestió les causes que produeixen les desigualtats. D'una altra banda, les pràctiques cartogràfiques tenen un paper dual respecte l'espai urbà, ja que ofereixen una mirada útil i estratègica sobre la ciutat que pot arribar a ser una font d'injustícies urbanes. Per aquesta raó és important entendre els mapes com a artefactes visuals complexes i problemàtics, situats en contextos particulars que utilitzen el seu poder per als seus interessos. Tanmateix, les pràctiques cartogràfiques actuals també ofereixen una perspectiva útil per a estudiar i combatre les desigualtats de manera més efectiva i equitativa. En relació a això és necessari ampliar les nostres idees sobre què són els mapes urbans per a recuperar, incorporar altres experiències, metodologies i representacions cartogràfiques alternatives, establir un diàleg entre aquelles persones que estan actualment utilitzant els mapes a la ciutat i aquelles que estan pensant en la cartografia, l'espai urbà i la justícia de manera crítica i finalment desenvolupar nous modes cartogràfics que permetin donar veu a aquells col·lectius vulnerables i oprimits, així com imaginar altres futurs urbans.
The main aim of this thesis is to analyse critically the relationship between maps and urban socio-spatial inequalities. We do so by identifying a set of limitations, problems and openings in urban mapping practices that offer a more complex view of the role maps play in relation with urban justice. The research is organized around three issues. First, to point out the problems of derived from a limited vision about what urban inequalities are and how they should be understood within the urban context and to identify some theoretical proposals to rethink their study. Secondly, to characterize the different positions adopted regarding urban maps and to point out the main conceptual and methodological challenges when using maps as a research tool for understanding urban social problems. Lastly, to identify a set of contributions and cartographic strategies which shape a critical, reflexive and propositional attitude towards maps. The conceptual and technological changes that cartographic practices have undergone over the last decades have placed maps in a crucial position regarding urban inequalities that can be understood in four related ways. On the one hand, maps represent urban reality through a complex process of abstraction, which simplifies the social complexity of urban life and conditions the usefulness and effectiveness of public measures, which use the cartographic gaze without questioning the causes that produce inequalities. On the other hand, maps play a dual role with respect to the urban space, since they offer a useful and strategic view of the city that can become in some moments a source of urban injustices. For this reason it is important to understand maps as complex and problematic visual devices, embedded in particular social contexts that use their power to their own interests. However, current cartographic practices also provide a useful perspective to studying and combating urban injustices in more fair and productive ways. To do this, it is necessary to expand our ideas on what urban maps are; to recover and incorporate other alternative experiences, methodologies and cartographic representations; establish a dialogue between all those people who are currently using maps in the city and those thinking critically about cartography, urban space and justice and finally to develop new urban cartographic modes to give voice to those vulnerable and oppressed groups, as well as to imagine other urban futures.
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Tomek, Peter. "Approximation of Terrain Data Utilizing Splines." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta informačních technologií, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-236488.
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Pro optimalizaci letových trajektorií ve velmi malé nadmorské výšce, terenní vlastnosti musí být zahrnuty velice přesne. Proto rychlá a efektivní evaluace terenních dat je velice důležitá vzhledem nato, že čas potrebný pro optimalizaci musí být co nejkratší. Navyše, na optimalizaci letové trajektorie se využívájí metody založené na výpočtu gradientu. Proto musí být aproximační funkce terenních dat spojitá do určitého stupne derivace. Velice nádejná metoda na aproximaci terenních dat je aplikace víceroměrných simplex polynomů. Cílem této práce je implementovat funkci, která vyhodnotí dané terenní data na určitých bodech spolu s gradientem pomocí vícerozměrných splajnů. Program by měl vyčíslit více bodů najednou a měl by pracovat v $n$-dimensionálním prostoru.
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Lomander, Johanna, and Ellen Samuelsson. "Att arbeta med social hållbarhet i kommunen : En kvalitativ studie om den sociala hållbarhetsstrategens perspektiv på socialt hållbarhetsarbete och dess påverkan på invånares livsvillkor i Halland." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för hälsa och välfärd, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-37370.
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Intresset för social hållbarhet har vuxit globalt det senaste decenniet och är idag ett fokus i såvälden privata som offentliga sektorn. Det finns en kunskapslucka i hur det strategiska arbetet medsocial hållbarhet utförs i svenska kommuner, vilket uppsatsen önskar bidra till. Länsstyrelsen iHalland gav oss i uppdrag att öka förståelsen för det kommunala arbetet med social hållbarheti Halland. Strävan är att skapa en förståelse för motivet bakom de strategier som uppdagats ochanalysera utvecklingsmöjligheter. Med utgångspunkt i begreppen välfärd, jämlikhet, tillit ochrättvisa har fem av Hallands sex kommuners sociala hållbarhetsarbete undersökts genomintervjuer som tolkats genom teorier från Jämlikhetsanden, The Just City och Feminism sombyråkrati. Uppsatsen redogör också för hur social hållbarhet tolkas och implementeras avrespektive kommun samt hur det sociala hållbarhetsarbetet påverkar invånarnas livsvillkor.Resultatet av studien var att samtliga kommuner nyligen påbörjat arbetet med social hållbarhetoch att det som prioriteras i nuläget framför allt är integration, ungas hälsa, segregation, tillitoch ANDTS. Studiens teoretiska referensram visar att implementering och konkretisering avsocial hållbarhet är viktigt för ett fortsatt godartat arbete med social hållbarhet.The interest for social sustainability has grown global the last decade and is today a focus forthe private and the public sector. There is a knowledge gap in how the strategic work with socialsustainability is done in Swedish municipalities, which the essay wishes to contribute to.Hallands county government assigned us their wish to increase the understanding for themunicipal work done with social sustainability in Halland. The ambition is to create anunderstanding for the motives behind the discovered strategies and analyze opportunities fordevelopment. Based on terms such as welfare, equality, trust and justice the work with socialsustainability made by five of Hallands six municipalities was studied through interviews andinterpreted through the theoretical approach by The Spirit Level, The Just City and Feminismas bureaucracy. The essay also describes how social sustainability is interpreted andimplemented by each municipality and how the work with social sustainability has effect onthe living conditions of the inhabitants. The result show that all municipalities recently begantheir work with social sustainability and that the current priorities are integration, the health ofyoung people, trust and dependency issues. The theoretical reference frame which the study isbased on show that implementation and concreteization of social sustainability is essential fora continued well made work with social sustainability.
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Archambeaud, Gait. "L'Afghanistan et le langage de l'égalité : une approche poïétique du contrat social sur une zone de fracture du système-monde." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00984980.
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Engagée en Afghanistan depuis plus de dix ans, l'intervention internationale a fondé son argumentaire sur la reconstruction d'institutions à modèle démocratique, selon des concepts généralisés en Occident depuis le 18ème siècle et parmi eux le principe d'égalité. Ce modèle avait présidé aux évolutions socio-politiques voulues par les Emirs tout au long du 20ème siècle, mais abouti au chaos dans trois décennies d'un conflit en cours depuis les années 1970 avec des adversaires toujours renouvelés. Tribalisme et modernité - en tant qu'idéologie, dans leurs manifestations en Afghanistan, mettent en oeuvre la prévalence d'un mode social d'opposition, dont la domination sur une société provoque la parcellisation ou la destruction et répond aux revendications d'égalité par l'honneur des groupes. Leur conséquence est le traditionalisme prégnant dans les communautés, contraintes par le sentiment d'insécurité à l'uniformisation dans l'égale insignifiance de l'individu. Cependant, l'hospitalité et la recherche de réparation sont des normes sociales visant au dépassement du sentiment d'insécurité ; elles sont la réponse afghane à la recherche d'égale dignité au bénéfice de tous. Pour peu que les conditions de sécurité en permettent la primauté comme mode social dominant, l'honneur d'être humain est le composant fondamental d'une société ouverte et évolutive. L'emphase sécuritaire et dogmatique des programmes internationaux tend néanmoins à conforter les réflexes tribalo-traditionalistes, dans un engrenage de violence qui recherche un équilibre des groupes plutôt que l'expression d'initiatives créatives et originales - comme la mise en place de systèmes de solidarité universels qui libèreraient les individus de leurs allégeances aux groupes. Seuls de tels maximins pourraient dépasser les blocages inégalitaires inscrits dans la position géo-stratégique du pays sur une faille du système-monde.
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Ozcakal, Akile. "Les représentations sociales d'étudiantes feministes en Turquie vis-à-vis de la domination masculine et de l' égalité des sexes : entre laïcité, tradition et religion." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAG017.
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La recherche que nous menons tend à interroger la domination masculine et l’égalité des sexes en tant que sujets conflictuels au sein de la société turque. Cette domination soumet la femme au père puis au mari, ainsi qu’à tous les hommes de son entourage. Les étudiantes féministes laïques et kémalistes considèrent que cette domination trouve ses origines dans le Coran qui encouragerait la soumission des femmes. Les étudiantes féministes islamiques stipulent que c’est la tradition et les multiples interprétations du Coran qui expliquent la domination masculine. De plus, la laïcité est également en tension chez ces groupes d’étudiantes. Les étudiantes laïques et kémalistes craignent de voir disparaitre le principe de la neutralité inscrit dans la laïcité, au détriment d’une Turquie devenant de plus en plus religieuse. Les étudiantes islamiques, quant à elles, critiquent ouvertement la laïcité qui serait source de discrimination et surtout responsable de l’inégalité entre les sexes. Les deux groupes d’étudiantes féministes ont vécu des expériences qui influencent leurs représentations sociales et leurs comportements, qui seront analysés à travers ce travail de rechercheIn our research, we aim at understanding the reasons of male dominance and gender inequality; a conflictive topic within Turkish society. This dominance imposes the women to obey firstly to their father and then to their husband, as well as all the men around her. Feminist students that also define themselves as secular and “Kemalist” consider that this dominance find their roots in the Quran, which would encourage female submission. As to the Islamic feminist students, they point out that tradition and various interpretations of the Quran may explain this male dominance. Moreover, secularism is also a cause of tension between Kemalist and Islamic students. The Kemalist students are afraid that the principle of neutrality that is a part of secularism will disappear, at the expense of a more religious Turkey. On the other side, Islamic students criticize secularism, as the origin of women segregation and responsible of the inequalities between genders. Indeed, both feminist students groups have distinct experiences that influence their social perceptions and behaviours, which will be analysed through this research work
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Court, Claire. "La mezcla social: su orígen, el debate actual y su eficiencia económica, social y cultural." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/398539.
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La mezcla social es el concepto estudiado en la presente Tesis. La mezcla social es la convivencia, en el mismo territorio, de población de diversos grupos étnicos, de diversas clases sociales y de diferentes generaciones. La mezcla social es un concepto relacionado con los conceptos de vecindad, comunidad, interculturalidad, segregación, gentrificación y exclusión. Expertos en arquitectura, urbanismo, economía, geografía, sociología y antropología elaboraron diversos análisis sobre el tema. Actualmente, la mezcla social es un concepto utilizado en políticas para justificar operaciones de mejora urbana. Surge como respuesta a los problemas relacionados con la segregación en las ciudades: pobreza, exclusión social y delincuencia. Pero los gobiernos de numerosos países utilizaron la mezcla social en planes de regeneración urbana para aumentar la rentabilidad del suelo a través su gentrificación. No era el objetivo perseguido por los precursores de la mezcla social. En efecto, apareció en el siglo XIX, como solución a los problemas de salud y de falta de viviendas de la población obrera. Las reformas higienistas, las iniciativas de socialistas utópicos, como C. Fourier, el movimiento de Ciudad Jardín, que creó H. Ebenezer, introdujeron la mezcla social. En el siglo XX, después de un urbanismo particularmente segregacionista y de la construcción de barrios obreros, se iniciaron políticas de desegregación. A finales del siglo XX y en el siglo XXI, el término de mezcla social apareció en la legislatura de numerosos países, empezando por Francia, en un contexto de regeneración urbana.
El estudio de caso de mezcla social de la presente Tesis se ubica en los barrios del Poblenou, en el distrito de Sant Martí, en Barcelona. En el siglo XIX, la industrialización de esta antigua zona agrícola modificó profundamente su trama urbana y su población. Se convirtió en el Manchester Catalán. En 1976, se aprobó el Plan General Metropolitano (PGM) de Barcelona. Tres modificaciones del PGM marcaron profundamente la morfología de los barrios del Poblenou: los MPGM Vila Olímpica, el Front Marítim del Poblenou y el 22@. Las transformaciones urbanísticas provocaron la llegada de una población más diversa étnicamente, más joven, con más estudios que la población local, de otras Categorías Socio Profesionales y con Rentas Familiares Disponibles más altas. En 2011, la diversidad social y la diversidad residencial de los barrios del Poblenou, demuestran la existencia de mezcla social. Es eficiente económicamente porque dinamiza el sector económico. Su eficiencia social es más cuestionable porque por una parte mejora el bienestar de la población en su conjunto pero por otra parte, en algunos casos, puede tener un aspecto revanchista hacia las clases bajas de la población. Es decir, la mezcla social es eficiente socialmente pero no equitativa. Culturalmente, es eficiente porque permite mejorar los equipamientos municipales, ampliar y diversificar el tejido cultural, asociativo y artístico.Social mix is the central concept of this Thesis. Social mix is the coexistence, in the same territory, of ethnically, socially and generationally diverse populations. Social mix is a concept related to other concepts of neighbourhood, community, interculturality, segregation, gentrification and exclusion. Experts in architecture, urbanism, economy, geography, sociology and anthropology analysed the social mix. Currently, social mix is a concept in use in politics to justify gentrification. This is quite different from the goal of social mix at the origin of the concept. Effectively, social mix in hygienists’ reforms, utopic socialists’ initiatives and the Garden City pursued goals of social justice. In the twentieth century, the consequences of segregationist urbanism brought social mix in political discourses, particularly in Australia, the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and in France. In the 1990’s, social mix appeared in the French law. In Spain, in Cataluña, social mix was defined like a goal of urbanism in the 2000’s. My study case of social mix is the neighbourhoods of Poblenou, the Catalan Manchester, in Barcelona. In 1976, when the General Metropolitan Plan was adopted, the transformation of this area of the city began. Three modifications affect it particularly: MPGM Vila Olímpica, MPGM Front Marítim and MPGM 22@. Urbanistic transformations attracted a new population, ethnically more diverse, younger, with higher level of studies and incomes. In 2011, the neighbourhoods of Poblenou appeared socially and residentially diverse. Social mix seems efficient economically because it boosts economic sector, efficient socially because improves the well-being of the population and efficient culturally because induces more municipal facilities, more associations and more artists.
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Kardimis, Théofanis. "La chambre criminelle de la Cour de cassation face à l’article 6 de la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme : étude juridictionnelle comparée (France-Grèce)." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE3004.
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La première partie de l’étude est consacrée à l’invocation, intra et extra muros, du droit à un procès équitable. Sont analysés ainsi, dans un premier temps, l’applicabilité directe de l’article 6 et la subsidiarité de la Convention par rapport au droit national et de la Cour Européenne des Droits de l’Homme par rapport aux juridictions nationales. Le droit à un procès équitable étant un droit jurisprudentiel, l’étude se focalise, dans un second temps, sur l’invocabilité des arrêts de la Cour Européenne et plus précisément sur l’invocabilité directe de l’arrêt qui constate une violation du droit à un procès équitable dans une affaire mettant en cause l’Etat et l’invocabilité de l’interprétation conforme à l’arrêt qui interprète l’article 6 dans une affaire mettant en cause un Etat tiers. L’introduction dans l’ordre juridique français et hellénique de la possibilité de réexamen de la décision pénale définitive rendue en violation de la Convention a fait naitre un nouveau droit d’accès à la Cour de cassation lequel trouve son terrain de prédilection aux violations de l’article 6 et constitue peut-être le pas le plus important pour le respect du droit à un procès équitable après l’acceptation (par la France et la Grèce) du droit de recours individuel. Quant au faible fondement de l’autorité de la chose interprétée par la Cour Européenne, qui est d’ailleurs un concept d’origine communautaire, cela explique pourquoi un dialogue indirect entre la Cour Européenne et la Cour de cassation est possible sans pour autant changer en rien l’invocabilité de l’interprétation conforme et le fait que l’existence d’un précédent oblige la Cour de cassation à motiver l’interprétation divergente qu’elle a adoptée.La seconde partie de l’étude, qui est plus volumineuse, est consacrée aux garanties de bonne administration de la justice (article 6§1), à la présomption d’innocence (article 6§2), aux droits qui trouvent leur fondement conventionnel dans l’article 6§1 mais leur fondement logique dans la présomption d’innocence et aux droits de la défense (article 6§3). Sont ainsi analysés le droit à un tribunal indépendant, impartial et établi par la loi, le délai raisonnable, le principe de l’égalité des armes, le droit à une procédure contradictoire, le droit de la défense d’avoir la parole en dernier, la publicité de l’audience et du prononcé des jugements et arrêts, l’obligation de motivation des décisions, la présomption d’innocence, dans sa dimension procédurale et personnelle, le « droit au mensonge », le droit de l’accusé de se taire et de ne pas contribuer à son auto-incrimination, son droit d’être informé de la nature et de la cause de l’accusation et de la requalification envisagée des faits, son droit au temps et aux facilités nécessaires à la préparation de la défense, y compris notamment la confidentialité de ses communications avec son avocat et le droit d’accès au dossier, son droit de comparaître en personne au procès, le droit de la défense avec ou sans l’assistance d’un avocat, le droit de l’accusé d’être représenté en son absence par son avocat, le droit à l’assistance gratuite d’un avocat lorsque la situation économique de l’accusé ne permet pas le recours à l’assistance d’un avocat mais les intérêts de la justice l’exigent, le droit d’interroger ou faire interroger les témoins à charge et d’obtenir la convocation et l’interrogation des témoins à décharge dans les mêmes conditions que les témoins à charge et le droit à l’interprétation et à la traduction des pièces essentielles du dossier. L’analyse est basée sur la jurisprudence strasbourgeoise et centrée sur la position qu’adoptent la Cour de cassation française et l’AréopageThe first party of the study is dedicated to the invocation of the right to a fair trial intra and extra muros and, on this basis, it focuses on the direct applicability of Article 6 and the subsidiarity of the Convention and of the European Court of Human Rights. Because of the fact that the right to a fair trial is a ‘‘judge-made law’’, the study also focuses on the invocability of the judgments of the European Court and more precisely on the direct invocability of the European Court’s judgment finding that there has been a violation of the Convention and on the request for an interpretation in accordance with the European Court’s decisions. The possibility of reviewing the criminal judgment made in violation of the Convention has generated a new right of access to the Court of cassation which particularly concerns the violations of the right to a fair trial and is probably the most important step for the respect of the right to a fair trial after enabling the right of individual petition. As for the weak conventional basis of the authority of res interpretata (“autorité de la chose interprétée”), this fact explains why an indirect dialogue between the ECHR and the Court of cassation is possible but doesn’t affect the applicant’s right to request an interpretation in accordance with the Court’s decisions and the duty of the Court of cassation to explain why it has decided to depart from the (non-binding) precedent.The second party of the study is bigger than the first one and is dedicated to the guarantees of the proper administration of justice (Article 6§1), the presumption of innocence (Article 6§2), the rights which find their conventional basis on the Article 6§1 but their logical explanation to the presumption of innocence and the rights of defence (Article 6§3). More precisely, the second party of the study is analyzing the right to an independent and impartial tribunal established by law, the right to a hearing within a reasonable time, the principle of equality of arms, the right to adversarial proceedings, the right of the defence to the last word, the right to a public hearing and a public pronouncement of the judgement, the judge’s duty to state the reasons for his decision, the presumption of innocence, in both its procedural and personal dimensions, the accused’s right to lie, his right to remain silent, his right against self-incrimination, his right to be informed of the nature and the cause of the accusation and the potential re-characterisation of the facts, his right to have adequate time and facilities for the preparation of the defence, including in particular the access to the case-file and the free and confidential communication with his lawyer, his right to appear in person at the trial, his right to defend either in person or through legal assistance, his right to be represented by his counsel, his right to free legal aid if he hasn’t sufficient means to pay for legal assistance but the interests of justice so require, his right to examine or have examined witnesses against him and to obtain the attendance and examination of witnesses on his behalf under the same conditions as witnesses against him and his right to the free assistance of an interpreter and to the translation of the key documents. The analysis is based on the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights and focuses on the position taken by the French and the Greek Court of Cassation (Areopagus) on each one of the above mentioned rights
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Ferrari, Brendan Michael. "Equality of condition and assessment in the secondary school choral classroom." Thesis, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/41234.
Full textAbstract:
Equality of condition (Lynch & Baker, 2005) is “the belief that people should be as equal as possible in relation to the central conditions of their lives” (p. 132). Those who strive for equality of condition aim to equalize people’s options in a given situation. In education, inequality may result when teachers assess their students without considering equality of condition's five dimensions: resources; respect and recognition; love, care and solidarity; power; and working and learning. The purpose of this study was to examine how five secondary school chorus teachers create and implement assessments (musically or participatory) for their students, and if/how their views of assessment evolve as a result of their collective understanding of the five dimensions of equality of condition. The following questions guided the study:
1. How did the participants assess students at the beginning of the study?
2. Did participants’ perceptions of student assessment evolve over the course of the study, and if so, how?
3. Did participants modify their student assessments to align with the dimensions of equality of condition over the study’s duration? If so, how?
Participants met in a collaborative teacher study group; data sources included meeting transcripts, journal entries, and sample assessments. The data were analyzed using descriptive coding (Saldaña, 2016) and axial coding (Merriam, 2009) to address the research questions. In total, four themes emerged from the data as being central to views on assessment and equality of condition: teaching philosophy, student relationships, democracy, and motivation. Four participants reported their philosophies had changed and two reported they adjusted assessments as a result of this study. Participants indicated barriers were time needed to plan and modify assessments, isolation as a result of being the only or one of only a few music educators in their buildings, and sharing control in a democratic classroom environment. The implications for these findings suggest that teachers are implementing formal assessments inconsistently; therefore, inequality of condition in the classroom regarding assessment may be present.
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Indrawatie, Biseswar. "The role of educated/ intellectual women in Ethiopia in the process of change and transformation towards gender equality 1974-2005." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/5538.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis is a critical review of educated women’s leadership in their emancipation in
Ethiopia. Did they provide leadership and to what extent? It is to be noted that educated
women’s leadership has been of great importance to women’s emancipation worldwide.
Strong leadership was also the driving force behind women’s movements and feminism
everywhere. However, the role of educated women in Ethiopia is hard to discern and their
leadership efforts are largely invisible. On the other hand, many among the educated also lack
the passion and desire to commit themselves in the fight for women’s emancipation.
In this thesis I researched the settings and frameworks of women’s leadership and discussed
the factors that function as limitations and/or opportunities. Overall there were more
limitations than opportunities. These limitations are often historically rooted in the country’s
religious, cultural, economic, political and traditional systems. And, as much as history and
religion can be a source of strength and pride for many, they can also be a serious obstacle.
The political regime of the Derg also scarred an entire population to the extent that despite
the currently proclaimed ‘freedom’ of the EPRDF ruling party, women remain reluctant to
step forward and claim their rights.
The ruling party appears to appropriate women’s emancipation as a “private” interest and to
use it for political gain, in the same manner as the Derg regime had done before it. Nowhere
is there any sign of genuine freedom and equality for women in practice. Rhetoric reigns
supreme through laws and policy documents, but they are not matched by genuine actions
and concrete strategies. The traditional religious base of society is also making it more
difficult to challenge autocratic tendencies of the ruling elite. The effect is that civil society is
slowly being pushed to extinction, leaving the ruling party in charge as the main actor in all
public services. This has serious consequences for the genuine emancipation of women in the
country.
The thesis finds that women’s leadership is not a luxury or personal demand, but a crucial
step for the development of the country at large. It is encouraging to note that there are
different sections of active women in the country waiting for strong leadership, leadership
that can unite them into a movement and guide them on their unique emancipation paths.
After all, it is only women themselves who, with their existing epistemic advantage, can
transform their situation and change their status.Sociology
D.Litt. et Phil. (Sociology)
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Cai, Xueya. "Generalized linear model approach for estimating and testing equality of conditional correlations." 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1594480521&sid=14&Fmt=2&clientId=39334&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph.D.)--State University of New York at Buffalo, 2008.Title from PDF title page (viewed on Jan. 15, 2009) Available through UMI ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Thesis adviser: Wilding, Gregory E., Hutson, Alan Includes bibliographical references.
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Rossi, Andrea. "Borell-Brascamp-Lieb inequalities: rigidity and stability." Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/1125503.
Full textAbstract:
La tesi è dedicata allo studio delle cosiddette disuguaglianze di Borell-Brascamp-Lieb, note in letteratura come forme funzionali della disuguaglianza di Brunn-Minkowski. L'intento della tesi è duplice: da una parte si prefigge come manuale dettagliato delle disuguaglianze di Borell-Brascamp-Lieb, affrontando varie estensioni e proprietà più o meno note in letteratura; in secondo luogo si concentra sulla questione della stabilità di tali disuguaglianze, citando i risultati più significativi ed esibendo i contributi originali ottenuti, tratti dagli articoli:
1) A. Rossi, P. Salani, Stability for Borell-Brascamp-Lieb inequalities,
Geometric Aspects of Functional Analysis - Israel Seminar (GAFA) 2014-2016 (B. Klartag and E. Milman Eds), Springer Lecture Notes in Mathematics 2169 (2017);
2) A. Rossi, P. Salani, Stability for a strengthened one-dimensional Borell-Brascamp-Lieb inequality, Applicable Analysis (2018). All the Borell-Brascamp-Lieb inequalities can be read as the functional counterparts of the celebrated Brunn-Minkowski inequality, and they have been widely studied in the last decades.
The thesis focuses on two main targets. The first is to produce a complete and detailed overview on the results (old and new) on the Borell-Brascamp-Lieb inequalities, the second is to investigate some open questions on the quantitative version of such inequalities. The thesis is divided in 7 chapters. The first five contain the overview on the state of the art, classical and alternative proofs of both Borell-Brascamp-Lieb and Brunn-Minkowski inequalities, theequality cases and some stability results.
Chapter 6 and Chapter 7 are devoted to describe the original contributions of the author in the field. Precisely in Chapter 6 a strengthened version of the one dimensional Borell-Brascamp-Liebinequality is proved, while in Chapter 7 the goal is to prove a general quantitative versions of the Borell-Brascamp-Lieb inequalities without concavity assumptions on the involved function.
The original results are contained in the following two papers:
• A. Rossi, P. Salani, Stability for Borell-Brascamp-Lieb inequalities, Geometric Aspects of Functional Analysis - Israel Seminar (GAFA) 2014-2016 (B. Klartag - E. Milman Eds), Springer Lecture Notes in Mathematics 2169 (2017);
• A. Rossi, P. Salani, Stability for a strengthened one-dimensional Borell-Brascamp- Lieb inequality, Applicable Analysis (2018).
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HSIAO, CHE-YUAN, and 蕭哲沅. "Reflections on Gender Equality with the Concepts of Conditioned Co-arising and Emptiness in Buddhism." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/4a42az.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
哲學研究所
105
The research mainly utilizes the conditioned co-arising of Buddhism and empti-ness as perspective and targets the notions of gender equality to conduct philosophical reflection. Important tasks involved in philosophical reflection include definition and clarification of key concepts, proposal of problematic, engagement in reasoning, inter-pretation, criticisms as well as the investigation targeting the reality of research sub-jects. The study’s discussion framework is constructed by the following seven chap-ters. Chapter one “Introduction” discusses the study’s research topic, approach and methodology, literature basis, research background and literature review, research problems, importance and discussion framework. Chapter two “Notions of Gender Equality” begins with a definition of “gender” and “equality”. The chapter also uses metaphysics to look at both the basic metaphysical concept involved and gender as reality implied in the notions of gender equality. The chapter serves as the forerunning section before the main part of the research. Chapter three “Use of Results of Inten-tional Actions and Causes and Conditions to Observe Neither Men or Women in Men and Women” uses the phenomenon of men and women in society as the investigation setup, with results of intentional actions and causes and conditions as perspective to explain the birth of men and women in the world as well as the idea that sentient be-ings are born into the world as men and women driven by their results from intentional acts as well as causes and conditions. In terms of Ontology, sentient beings can change into different genders or even have no gender whatsoever for generations, and they do not exist as men or women or any other gender on fixed basis. Thus, men and women are neither men nor women. In terms of epistemology, no gender exists as fixed, gender is recognized as non-reality. Chapter four “Use Changing of the Female Sex to Observe All Things Neither Men nor Women” uses all things as the investiga-tion setup, and changing of the female sex as investigation perspective. This brings out the cause for changing of the female sex is to manifest that all things are neither men nor women, loosening sentient beings’ conceptualization of gender and subsequently acknowledge that gender is not reality. It also explains that the underlying principle of changing of the female sex means that all things are neither men nor women in terms of Ontology. Chapter five: “Use Conditioned Co-Arising and Emptiness to Explain that Investigated Dharmatā is Neither Men Nor Women”, with dharmatā as the inves-tigation setup, conditioned co-arising and emptiness as research investigation perspec-tive, the reality of gender is explained in Ontological terms as dharmatā. Such dhar-matā is neither men nor women. Thus, gender is no reality. Chapter six: “From Gender Equality to Dharmatā Equality” discusses equality as a metaphysical concept different from the equality debated in chapter two as an assertive concept. It then further di-rects and recognizes the dharmatā equality in terms of reality. Chapter seven “Conclu-sion” summarizes research results and meaning. Distinguishing from Buddhist feminism’s assumption of Buddhism’s claim of gender equality followed by the strengthening of the conceptualization of gender, re-sults from this research indicate that Buddhism can consider gender as non-reality while also lay no claim to gender equality. The research managed to pull the investiga-tion setup to reality whether it’s investigating genders or gender equality with empha-sis on the dharmatā of neither men nor women and dharmatā equality. This discussion is not intended to “give rise to new meanings with baseless claims” nor oppose gender equality, feminism, Buddhist feminism but to passively loosen the conceptualization of gender. The discussion does not believe gender as reality but sees only gender iden-tity, gender differences, gender discrimination and oppression, which lead to negative consciousness and emotions. This subsequently causes one loose himself in the pursuit of gender equality and miss out many aspects outside of gender worthy of care, ob-servation, efforts, transformation and improvement. Positively speaking, it is clearly recognized that the foundation of gender is established on dharmatā. Thus, may as well look to dharmatā for self-identity and walk towards a higher path in life.
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Fan, Lei-Jung, and 范磊嶸. "Gender equality in the air: The working conditions and career development between male and female flight attendants." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/5uakbd.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中山大學
公共事務管理研究所
107
According to the Gender Equality Committee of the Executive Yuan, while the number of female flight attendants has reached 7,422, the total number of male flight attendants has exceeded 500 up to 2017. Take Taiwan’s national airlines for example, male flight attendants only account for 6%in total. Obviously, it is still a challenge for men to enter the flight attendant profession. The traditional "feminine" characteristics for flight attendants ,for instance, gentle, dignified, comely, are still deeply rooted in the society. However, in this case such social expectations may require male flight attendants to adapt to the female-based organizational culture ? The intention of this research is to explore the gendered division of labor, career development, and the gender equality situation in the flight attendant profession. This research uses in-depth interviews in the field of qualitative research with the international departure flight attendants of China Airlines and Evergreen Airlines to understand their work experiences as flight attendants and depict the full picture of the flight attendant''s work. It explores the differences between male and female flight attendants in job assignment, promotion path, career development and analyzing the factors that cause these differences, and discusses the social context behind them. Finally, this research also provides suggestions for airline management based on the views of flight attendants. The research found that, first of all, the management model of the airline is androcentric. male and female flight attendants still have gendered expectations in job division and the strict organizational atmosphere, but also let the flight attendants must bear a high degree of pressure, resulting in a high turnover rate of flight attendants. Furthermore, the research found that the "glass escalator" for male flight attendants does exist, but there are at least three factors behind it. First, the patriarchal dividend formed by male preference within the organization, second, the high willingness of male flight attendants to promotion, and the flexible strategies of different situations. finally, the social expectation of the gender role of caring duty is also a factor to help men fully engage in work. Therefore, from a management perspective, the research suggests that airlines should adopt diversity management to avoid gendered recruitment, division of labor and management models. Second, Airline managers must re-examine the assessment and promotion system, create more clear career paths, in order to truly bulid a gender equality workplace, and also fortified the job retention the flight attendants.
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BRENDLER, Pavel. "Essays on income inequality, political inequality and income redistribution in the U.S." Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/41624.
Full textAbstract:
Defence date: 2 June 2016Examining Board: Professor Andrea Mattozzi, EUI, Supervisor; Professor Árpád Ábrahám, EUI; Professor Dean Corbae, Wisconsin School of Business; Professor Hamish Low, University of Cambridge.
2016 recipient of Vilfredo Pareto Prize for the best Thesis in Economics.
The first chapter, entitled "Life-time earnings inequality and income redistribution through social security in the U.S.", is devoted to social security, which is the public pension system in the U.S. In 2015, the Social Security Advisory Board proposed to the Congress to change the parameters of the pension benefit formula, which have been constant since 1977. This change implies a fall in statutory replacement rates for individuals with high lifetime earnings. I construct a model, which accounts for a significant portion of the proposed change. Counterfactual experiments suggest that increased uncertainty in the labor productivity process and the upward shift in the college premium explain most of the change in the parameters of the pension benefit formula. The second chapter, "Income inequality and political inequality in the U.S.", is devoted to the median voter theorem, which is one of the most celebrated results in the public choice theory. Existing structural models predict too high income redistribution for the U.S. economy if the tax rate is chosen by the median voter. One potential explanation is that the political process in the U.S. is biased towards richer agents. In this case, the decisive agent is richer than the standard median voter and therefore prefers lower redistribution consistent with the data. I introduce wealth-weighted majoritarian voting over progressive income taxation into a heterogeneous agent model with idiosyncratic risk. I show that the model can significantly better explain the dynamics of income redistribution in the U.S. since 1980s than a model with a standard median voter. In the third chapter of my dissertation, entitled "Voter mobilization and electoral competition", which is a joint work with Ilya Archakov, we analyze the impact of voter abstention on electoral competition in the U.S. We present a novel game theoretic approach to study the competition between two candidates for a seat in a legislature, when candidates can spend money both on advertising to gain a larger share of potential supporters and on voter mobilization to bring the supporters to the voting poll. We show that the results of our model are consistent with the campaign expenditure data by the Federal Election Commission for the 2010 and 2012 House of Representative election cycles.
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Harris-Van, Keuren Christine. "Looking for Matthew: The Effects of Private Tutoring on the Educational Outcomes of Fourth Grade Public School Students in Cambodia." Thesis, 2016. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8BV7GGG.
Full textAbstract:
Using the World Bank Public Expenditure Tracking Survey (PETS) 2004 data, propensity score matching is utilized to infer a causal impact of private tutoring on the numeracy, literacy, and total outcomes for fourth grade public school students. This research finds that students who self-report that they participate in private tutoring everyday as compared to their peers who never participate in private tutoring scored higher in literacy, numeracy, and total scores. A small Matthew Effect was found as the statistically significant variables used as predictors aligned with socio-economic status. This alignment depicts that the rich become academically richer while the poor become academically poorer. The hybrid public-private education system in Cambodia may be exacerbating inequity for the most marginalized populations.