Relevant bibliographies by topics / Equality condition

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
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Academic literature on the topic 'Equality condition'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Equality condition"

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Kronenberg, Clive W. "Equality, Solidarity, and the Human Condition." Latin American Perspectives 41, no. 4 (January 13, 2014): 28–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094582x13518751.

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Dahl, Robert A. "Political Equality, Then and Now." Tocqueville Review 27, no. 2 (January 2006): 461–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ttr.27.2.461.

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For this audience l hardly need to quote Tocqueville often-cited opening remarks in the first volume of his Democracy in America on “the general equality of conditions” that, he believed, prevailed among Americans in 1830. You are all familiar, too, with his observation that equality of condition had gradually spread in France since the eleventh century, and his conclusion that the gradual development of the equality of conditios is... a providential fact, and it possesses all the characteristics of a Divine decree: it is universal, it is durable, it constantly eludes all human interference, and all events ass well as all men contribute to its progress.
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Andreani, Roberto, Valeriano Antunes de Oliveira, Jamielli Tomaz Pereira, and Geraldo Nunes Silva. "A weak maximum principle for optimal control problems with mixed constraints under a constant rank condition." IMA Journal of Mathematical Control and Information 37, no. 3 (February 5, 2020): 1021–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/imamci/dnz036.

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Abstract Necessary optimality conditions for optimal control problems with mixed state-control equality constraints are obtained. The necessary conditions are given in the form of a weak maximum principle and are obtained under (i) a new regularity condition for problems with mixed linear equality constraints and (ii) a constant rank type condition for the general non-linear case. Some instances of problems with equality and inequality constraints are also covered. Illustrative examples are presented.
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Asmuss, Svetlana, and Natalia Budkina. "ON SMOOTHING PROBLEMS WITH ONE ADDITIONAL EQUALITY CONDITION." Mathematical Modelling and Analysis 14, no. 2 (June 30, 2009): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1392-6292.2009.14.159-168.

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Two problems of approximation in Hilbert spaces are considered with one additional equality condition: the smoothing problem with a weight and the smoothing problem with an obstacle. This condition is a generalization of the equality, which appears in the problem of approximation of a histogram in a natural way. We characterize the solutions of these smoothing problems and investigate the connection between them.
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Liu, Chang-Jiang. "Does Equality Contribute to Prosocial Behavior?" Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 37, no. 10 (November 1, 2009): 1369–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2009.37.10.1369.

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It is hypothesized that people who obtain their initial resources in an equal way will behave prosocially since they endorse equality. Using a one-factor (Allocation system: equality, equity, need, vs. individualism) between-participants design, in this study participants were presented with a policy scenario. Results showed that an equality-based policy was rated most satisfactory, whereas the mean of contribution amount under the equality condition was less than that of the average contribution amount under the other three conditions. This finding implies that equality undermines people's prosocial behavior, a finding worthy of further examination.
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Mckerlie, Dennis. "Dimensions of Equality." Utilitas 13, no. 3 (November 2001): 263–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953820800003186.

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The egalitarian values of equality and priority are standardly given maximal scope in that they are applied to the overall condition of peoples' lives and to temporally complete lifetimes. They are also standardly restricted to interpersonal choices. This paper argues that egalitarian values can also reasonably be applied to particular dimensions of lives, to people at particular times, and to choices made about one person's life. It contends that these special applications of egalitarianism are easier to defend in the case of priority than in the case of equality.
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Lynch, Kathleen, and John Baker. "Equality in education." Theory and Research in Education 3, no. 2 (July 2005): 131–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477878505053298.

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Transforming schools into truly egalitarian institutions requires a holistic and integrated approach. Using a robust conception of ‘equality of condition’, we examine key dimensions of equality that are central to both the purposes and processes of education: equality in educational and related resources; equality of respect and recognition; equality of power; and equality of love, care and solidarity. We indicate in each case some of the major changes that need to occur if we are to promote equality of condition. Starting with inequalities of resources, and in particular with inequalities tied to social class, we argue for abandoning rigid grouping policies, challenging the power of parents in relation to both selection and grouping, and changing curricula and assessment systems to make them more inclusive of the wide range of human intelligences. In relation to respect and recognition, we call for much more inclusive processes for respecting differences, not only in schools’ organizational cultures, but also in their curriculum, pedagogy and assessment systems. Regarding inequalities of power, we call for democratization of both teacher-student relationships and school and college organization. For promoting equality of love, care and solidarity, we argue that schools need to develop an appreciation of the intrinsic role that emotions play in the process of teaching and learning, to provide a space for students and teachers to talk about their feelings and concerns, and to devise educational experiences that will enable students to develop their emotional skills or personal intelligences as a discrete area of human capability.
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Matkowski, Janusz, and Jürg Rätz. "On the equality condition in Hölder's and Minkowski's inequalities." Aequationes Mathematicae 45, no. 2-3 (April 1993): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01855890.

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Kostina, T. O. "GENDER TOLERANCE AS A NECESSARY CONDITION FOR GENDER EQUALITY." Habitus 2, no. 13 (2020): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.32843/2663-5208.2020.13-2.10.

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Macleod, Colin. "Justice, Educational Equality, and Sufficiency." Canadian Journal of Philosophy Supplementary Volume 36 (2010): 151–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.2010.10717658.

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Among the novel objects that attracted my attention during my stay in the United States, nothing struck me more forcibly than the general equality of condition among the people. (de Tocqueville 1990, 7)There are significant inequalities in the lives of America's children, including inequalities in the education that these children receive. These educational inequalities include not only disparities in funding per pupil but also in class size, teacher qualification, and resources such as books, labs, libraries, computers, and curriculum, as well as the physical condition of the school and the safety of students within it. While not all schools attended by poor children are bad schools, and not all schools attended by well-off children are good schools, there are clear patterns. Poor children are more likely to attend crowded and poorly equipped schools with less qualified teachers than the children of more affluent families. They are less likely to have computers, books, and advanced placement academic courses. (Satz 2007, 623)
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Equality condition"

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Abdo, Dina Taha Hussien. "Effects of IMF Conditional Loans on Gender Equality." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu162086139444451.

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Wang, Xue. "Women and equality in the People's Republic of China : workplace, culture and social system." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 1998. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27679.

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Jafferali, Rafaël. "La rétroactivité dans le contrat: étude d'une notion fonctionnelle à la lumière du principe constitutionnel d'égalité." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209347.

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La thèse prend pour objet d'étude les institutions du droit des contrats dotées d'un effet rétroactif (nullité, résolution pour inexécution, condition suspensive ou résolutoire, ratification, etc.). Bien que menée en droit belge, la recherche s'appuie également sur des éléments de droit comparé empruntés principalement aux droits allemand, français et néerlandais. Elle vise à démontrer deux hypothèses.

Premièrement, elle tend à montrer que la rétroactivité n'est pas une notion conceptuelle, dont la signification serait donnée a priori en sorte qu'elle pourrait être déduite sur un mode purement logique de sa définition, mais bien une notion fonctionnelle dont la portée dépend du but en vue duquel elle est utilisée. La portée de l'effet rétroactif varie donc toujours selon l'institution examinée.

Deuxièmement, la thèse vise à établir que le principe constitutionnel d'égalité constitue un instrument efficace permettant de corriger certaines divergences de régime entre les institutions rétroactives, sans pour autant abolir toute différence entre elles.
Doctorat en Sciences juridiques
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Briggs, Catherine. "Fighting for women's equality, the federal Women's Bureau, 1945-1967 : an example of early state feminism in Canada." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ60524.pdf.

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VIRKOLA, Tuomo. "Essays in applied economics." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/1814/69755.

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Defence date: 29 January 2021
Examining Board: Professor Andrea Ichino (European University Insitute); Professor Matteo Cervellati (University of Bologna); Professor Dominik Sachs (University of Munich); Professor Roope Uusitalo (University of Helsinki)
This thesis consists of three articles in applied economics. In the first essay, I consider the extent to which informational frictions between workers and jobs can be alleviated with short-term contracts in the early career. I leverage a program at a Finnish university which gave out randomly selected students an internship subsidy for a three-month paid internship. I match these students to administrative data to track their transition to labor markets in the years around the program and find evidence that the program significantly improved early labor market success. In the second essay, I study the effect of social sorting on family formation and inequality across households. I leverage the institutional features of Finnish high-school assignments to evaluate how exposure to high- skilled, high-socioeconomic -status peers affect the quality of social ties individuals form. I find that while high schools are an important meeting place for future spouses, but that exposure to higher quality peers will not affect the eventual partner characteristics. This suggests that policies aiming to mix individuals from various backgrounds may not always work anticipated. In the third essay, I study with two co-authors the causes and consequences of broadly defined inequality and democratization using Finland as a natural experiment. We find evidence that the 19th famine affected inequality and labour coercion and thus the balance of political power. On the other hand, we find that these developments were critical in explaining both the increasing threat of revolution and participation in the Finnish civil war in the early 20th century and a subsequent shift to democratization. Areas that initially experienced higher growth in inequality, also experienced the most significant shift to redistribution in the aftermath of the war.
-- Part 1. Abstract -- Part 2. Internships and the Allocation of Talent -- Part 3. Social Sorting, Family Formation and Inequality -- Part 4. The Violent Origins of Finnish Equality
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Gqomo, Nomaxabiso. "Putting the millenium development goal no 3- gender equality and women empowerment into practice: a case study of a semi-urban village in the Eastern Cape." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1010079.

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Gender inequality and women empowerment constitute one of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) agreed to, by United Nations in 2000. The South African 2010 country report on MDGs shows an increase in the share that women have in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector. It further states that in the Eastern Cape Province, women accounted for more than half of employees in the non-agricultural sector. This study conducted evaluated gender differences in terms of wage employment in a semi-urban village in the Eastern Cape. Findings show that gender differences in wage employment still exist, in favour of males.
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Pradhan, Uma. "Ethnicity, equality, and education : a study of multilingual education in Nepal." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:e51ff352-41ff-456f-90dc-533e745fdab2.

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This thesis explores the issue of ethno-linguistic identity through an examination of everyday practices in two mother-tongue schools in Nepal. While language and ethnicity have remained highly politicised subject in Nepal, the everyday cultural politics of language use inside minority language school has received very limited academic attention. In this thesis, I focus on the ways in which different people understand, experience, and interpret mother-tongue education in their everyday life. Drawing on Bourdieu's notion of social field, I argue that mother-tongue instruction not only concerns the introduction of minority languages in education, but also constitutes an 'arena of struggle', where the idea of an 'educated person' is (re)imagined, and the social positions of ethno-linguistic groups are negotiated. To explain this further, I show that minority language education function as a subfield within the larger social field of national education. On the one hand, everyday language practices in the schools display inward-looking characteristics through the everyday use of mother tongue and the construction of unified ethnic identity within the subfield of minority language education. On the other hand, there were outward-looking dynamics of actively engaging with the national education system. The salience of these processes is the simultaneous membership to multiple groups, claims over public spaces and in the spaces of nationalism, hitherto associated with Nepali. Using the idea of 'simultaneity', I show that social actors in minority language education might not necessarily select between subfield and social field, but instead thrive in their tense intersection. In this process, ethno-linguistic groups are able to construct their own subjectivities by negotiating what it means to be educated in a minority language. This emerging narrative of minority language education may help us to understand the issues of language and ethnicity in a more open-ended way and appreciate the multiple scales in which identities are expressed.
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Derayeh, Minoo. "High hopes and broken promises : common and diverse concerns of Iranian women for gender equality in education and employment." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=38478.

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The changes that affected Iranian women's lives after the coming of Islam in the seventh century were similar to the changes that occurred in their lives after the Islamic Revolution of 1979. In both cases these changes were largely wrought by men.
Iranian women have been actively involved and have participated fully in diverse religious, political, and social contexts since the eighteenth century, but frequently without due acknowledgment. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries the belief that education was a pillar of freedom began to gain popularity among Iranian women. The efforts of women to secure an equal place with men in the nation's educational institutions received support from a number of women writers and poets in the form of protests and petitions. It was through this process that Iranian women learned the importance of education in freeing them from patriarchal bondage. The twentieth century, however, witnessed the destruction of most of Iranian women's hopes and quests. Different Iranian governments enacted a series of important laws and regulations touching on "women's issues." Most of the time, however, these governments failed to consider the voices, positions and demands of women concerning these "issues."
In the last two decades, under the Islamic Republic, male authority figures continue to determine women's rights, identity, education, employment, and so on. Changes which affected the status of Iranian women came in the form of different religious decrees and laws that were justified by the argument that they all complied with the Quran and the hadiths.
Iranian women have refused to abandon their quests for an improved or even equal status. Among these women, there are those who still believe that equality can be achieved under the Islamic Republic. Women such as Rahnavard and Gorgi are relying on a "dynamic jurisprudence" that would lead to "Islamic justice." There are also other women who argue that in order to bring about true social justice, women's oppression and subordination in any form must be eliminated. They find such injustice ingrained in the existing culture. Women such as Kaar and Ebadi are making women and those in power aware of the need to achieve a "civil society," based on "social justice" through the process of "revealing the law." This group is hoping that a gradual cultural revolution brought about by women will lead to the establishment of "such justice."
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Short, Patricia Margaret. "Association, reciprocity, sharing and dependency : conditions of access and forms of inequality beyond the market state /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2005. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18178.pdf.

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Lingayah, Sanjiv. "Between the lines : contours of nation, multiculture and race equality in policy discourse in the New Labour period." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2013. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/932/.

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This thesis examines how New Labour policymakers and Black and Minority Ethnic (BME)-led race equality organisations articulated and connected themes of nation, multiculture and ‘race’ equality in policy discourse and discussions over the New Labour period. My study extends previous accounts of New Labour and multicultural discourses by incorporating the significant, but not always influential, role of BME civil society actors in such policy discussions. My research draws on documents and archival material from and interviews with policymakers and race equality actors. I analyse this data using a qualitative thematic approach to discern changing policy discourses and claims about the state of the multicultural nation and the place of race equality within it. In the study I suggest that, after a promising start, New Labour policymakers came to understand the relationship between nation, multiculture and race equality as a troubled and troubling one. At the same time, the three BME-led race equality organisations that I focus on in my research struggled to counter government discourses of parallel lives, community cohesion and Britishness that were detrimental to efforts to combat race inequality. Policy and policy discursive interventions of BME-led race equality organisations were thrown off course not only by New Labour but also by ‘new ethnicities’, and the idea of complex and diverse BMEness’. BME-led organisations have struggled to engage with this latter destabilisation, let alone develop a politics capable of overcoming such issues. I therefore end my thesis by suggesting that, if BME-led race equality organisations are to shape policy debates on race equality, there is much hard labour and re-thinking about BMEness and re-organising for them still to do.
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Books on the topic "Equality condition"

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L'égalité sans condition: Osons nous imaginer et être semblables. Paris: Rue de l'échiquier, 2019.

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Wildavsky, Aaron B. Should equality of condition be the sole value in appraising poverty? Chicago: Dept.of Political Science, Loyola Univ. of Chicago, 1985.

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On social constraints and the great longing: An essay on the human condition. Delhi: Aakar Books, 2014.

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L'égalité sous conditions: Genre, parité, diversité. Paris: Sciences Po Les Presses, 2015.

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1957-, Zawilski Valerie Sarah-Elizabeth, and Levine-Rasky Cynthia, eds. Inequality in Canada: A reader on the intersections of gender, race, and class. Don Mills, Ont: Oxford University Press, 2005.

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LGBT equality. Cambridge: Independence, 2012.

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Canada. Parliament. House of Commons. Standing Committee on the Status of Women. The Standing Committee on the Status of Women, first report: Increasing funding to equality-seeking organizatons = Le Comité permanent de la condition féminine, premier rapport [ressource électronique] : augmentation du financement des organismes revendiquant l'égalité. Ottawa, Ont: Standing Committee on the Status of Women = Comité permanent de la condition féminine, 2005.

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Gender equality. Cambridge: Independence, 2008.

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Canada. Status of Women Canada. and Ministers Responsible for the Status of Women (Canada), eds. Economic gender equality indicators. Ottawa: Status of Women Canada, 1997.

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Mason, Mary Ann. The equality trap. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Equality condition"

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Murray, Colette. "What’s Wrong with Equality? Developing a Critical Conceptual Understanding of Equality of Condition in Early Childhood Care and Education." In Feminism(s) in Early Childhood, 89–104. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3057-4_8.

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Dewandre, Nicole. "Transformative Literacy as the Ability to Look Forward from Within." In Transformation Literacy, 61–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93254-1_5.

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AbstractAcquiring transformative literacies calls for a critical review of our underlying conceptual assumptions, in order to bring new light to old words, such as human, equality, freedom and power. Indeed, the transition towards sustainability requires leaving behind the modern paradigm, and embracing a conceptual framework proposed by Hannah Arendt, notably in the Human Condition. With her reconceptualisation of humanness, focused on relationality instead of rationality, she creates the conditions for cherishing and honouring interdependence, from each other, from artefacts and from nature. With this renewed understanding of what it means to be human and how it entails to rely on nature, Arendt offers a new framework that dissolves misleading beliefs and activates alternative ways to look and engage with reality in a meaningful way. And so she does, by keeping fear and rage away, but instead mobilising trust and …love of the world, as difficult it may be.
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Nynäs, Peter, Eetu Kejonen, and Pieter Vullers. "The Changing Relation Between Sexual and Gender Minorities and Religion in Finland: Some Observations in the Light of Postsecularity." In Public Discourses About Homosexuality and Religion in Europe and Beyond, 171–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56326-4_8.

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AbstractThis chapter addresses some relevant issues regarding religion and sexual and gender diversity in Finland. Starting from the notion of a postsecular condition and making use of three complementary lenses, the chapter first provides an overview of recent developments in both legislative equality and changing attitudes in Finland. Second, it provides additional depth with an interview study including professionals from organizations working with issues of relevance to sexual and gender minorities. The chapter identifies some remaining challenges in the nexus of religion and gender and/or sexual diversity in Finland, an aspect that is emphasized when the chapter finally turns to public discussions in the media where different positions and views tend to clash today. The discussion in this chapter exemplifies the need to critically account for recent changes in the religious landscape.
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Su, Zhendong, and Alexander Aiken. "Entailment with Conditional Equality Constraints." In Programming Languages and Systems, 170–89. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45309-1_12.

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Jaffee, Laura J. "Disabling Learning Conditions." In Equality, Education, and Human Rights in the United States, 193–217. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003150671-8.

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Friðriksdóttir, Bjarney. "(In)equality in wages and working conditions." In Global Labour and the Migrant Premium, 36–42. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. | Series: Routledge studies in liberty and security: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429467387-5.

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Snyder, Wayne, and Christopher Lynch. "An inference system for horn clause logic with equality." In Conditional and Typed Rewriting Systems, 454–61. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-54317-1_114.

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Bachmair, Leo, and Harald Ganzinger. "Completion of first-order clauses with equality by strict superposition." In Conditional and Typed Rewriting Systems, 162–80. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-54317-1_89.

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Wang, Tie Cheng. "ECR: An equality conditional resolution proof procedure." In 8th International Conference on Automated Deduction, 254–71. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-16780-3_95.

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Stichweh, Rudolf. "Hierarchies and Universal Inclusion in Scientific Communities." In Peer review in an Era of Evaluation, 37–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75263-7_2.

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AbstractThis chapter explains the genesis of inequalities and hierarchies in modern science. It studies the forms and mechanisms of scientific communication on the basis of which the social structures of science are built: publications, authorship, co- and multiple authorship, citations as units of information and as social rewards, peer review as evaluation of publications (and of projects and careers). This is a network of institutions that seems to guarantee universal access to participation in science to all those who fulfill basic conditions. But the chapter demonstrates how in all these institutional dimensions differences arise between successful and not equally successful participations. Success generates influence and social attractiveness (e.g. as a co-author). Influential and attractive participants are recruited into positions where they assess the achievements of others and thereby limit and control inclusion in publications, funding and careers. Equality at the start is transformed into hierarchies of control. Finally, the chapter asks for potential alternative control structures that transform a conservative hierarchy into decentralized ‘market’ controls that involve everyone in a more dynamic production and evaluation of scientific achievements.
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Conference papers on the topic "Equality condition"

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Dytso, Alex, Ronit Bustin, H. Vincent Poor, and Shlomo Shamai Shitz. "On the equality condition for the I-MMSE proof of the entropy power inequality." In 2017 55th Annual Allerton Conference on Communication, Control, and Computing (Allerton). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/allerton.2017.8262851.

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Widmann, James M., and Sheri D. Sheppard. "Intrinsic Geometry for Shape Optimal Design With Analysis Model Compatibility." In ASME 1994 Design Technical Conferences collocated with the ASME 1994 International Computers in Engineering Conference and Exhibition and the ASME 1994 8th Annual Database Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1994-0137.

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Abstract This paper presents a comparison of geometric modeling techniques and their applicability to structural shape optimization. A method of shape definition based on intrinsic geometric quantities is then outlined. Explicit knowledge of curvature and arc length allow for a quantitative assessment of the compatibility of analysis model with the design model when using finite elements to determine structural response quantities. The compatibility condition is formalized by controlling finite element idealization error and is incorporated into the shape optimization model as simple bounds on the curvature design variables. Several examples of shape optimization problems are solved using sequential quadratic programming which proves to be an effective tool for maintaining the geometric equality constraints that arise from intrinsically defined curves.
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Diels, Jean-Claude, Nooshin Jamasbi, and Laurent Sarger. "Design of a 50 fsec Linear Laser, and Analysis of the Colliding Pulse Effect." In International Conference on Ultrafast Phenomena. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/up.1986.tud6.

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An antiresonant (AR) ring has been proposed by Siegman1 to obtain standing wave saturation in a linear mode-locked dye laser. This laser configuration is equivalent to that of a mode-locked ring laser if the saturable absorber is located at equal optical distance from the beam splitter (Fig. 1). Two technical problems seem to make this configuration impractical: a) The requirement of tight focusing in the absorber2,3 implies a large beam size through the beam splitter, hence a large angle of the AR triangle, and a large astigmatism impeding the tight focusing. b) It seems impractical to fulfill the "colliding pulse" condition for femtosecond pulses, since it requires to maintain equality of the two arms of the AR ring with an accuracy of 10 microns.
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Tsafoulia, Loukia, and Severino Alfonso. "Transient Spaces: Building Community in Crisis Contexts." In 2018 ACSA International Conference. ACSA Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.intl.2018.1.

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Transiency no longer appears as a condition of exception, but rather as the predominant mode of existence in many parts of the world. The increased tension across and beyond national borders and territorial divisions has drawn the attention of designers across the globe and densified our reflections on questions of identity, equality, politics and economic exchange, expanding the reach of design from the realm of physical forms, into modes of interaction in social spaces. Planners and architects are being challenged to create infrastructural systems and new spatial structures of unparalleled resilience and elasticity. The paper presents part our research on the refugee crisis in the context of Greece, intertwined with the process and the experience gained as part of an advanced design studio Loukia Tsafoulia developed and taught during spring 2017 at the City College of New York. After its conclusion, the studio triggered an international call for contributions and it is currently under development for a book publication titled Transient Spaces, that explores conditions of impermanence and aims to stimulate conversations on issues of belonging and displacement.
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Tsafoulia, Loukia. "Transient Spaces: Building Community in Crisis Contexts Project." In 2018 ACSA International Conference. ACSA Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.intl.2018.2.

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Transiency no longer appears as a condition of exception, but rather as the predominant mode of existence. The increased tension across and beyond national borders and territorial divisions has drawn the attention of designers across the globe and densified our reflections on questions of identity, equality, politics and economic exchange, expanding the reach of design from the realm of physical forms, into modes of interaction in social spaces. The project presents design outcomes from the research conducted and methods employed during the advanced architectural design studio I developed and taught at the CCNY during 2017. The studio triggered an international call for contributions and it is currently under development for a book publication that explores the concept of impermanence in global contemporary society and aims to stimulate conversations about the potential of a new public realm.
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Palazzo, Pierfrancesco. "An Extended Formulation of Physical Exergy." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-37824.

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The mechanical aspect of entropy-exergy relationship, together with the thermal aspect usually considered, leads to an extended formulation of physical exergy based on both maximum useful work and maximum useful heat that are the outcome of available energy of a thermodynamic system. This approach suggests that a mechanical entropy can be studied, in addition to the already used thermal entropy, with respect to work interaction due to volume variation. The mechanical entropy is related to energy transfer by means of work and it is complementary to the thermal entropy that accounts energy transfer by means of heat. Furthermore, the paper proposes a definition of exergy based on Carnot cycle that is reconsidered in the case the inverse cycle is adopted and, as a consequence, the concept that work depends on pressure similarly as heat depends on temperature, is pointed out. Then, the logical sequence to get mechanical exergy expression to evaluate work withdrawn from available energy is demonstrated. Based on mechanical exergy expression, the mechanical entropy set forth is deduced in a general form valid for any process. Finally, the extended formulation of physical exergy is proposed, that summarizes the contribution of either heat and work and related thermal exergy as well as mechanical exergy that both result as the outcome from the available energy of the system interacting with an external reference environment (reservoir). The extended formulation contains an additional term that takes into account the volume, and consequently the pressure, that allows to evaluate exergy with respect to the reservoir characterized by constant pressure other than constant temperature. The conclusion is that the extended physical exergy takes into account the equality of pressure, other than equality of temperature, as a further condition of mutual stable equilibrium state between system and reservoir.
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Rinkenauer, Gerhard, Jai Prakash Kushvah, and Marc Grosjean. "Psychophysics and user experience: Perceptual differences in the effort required to operate virtual push-buttons." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002143.

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Perceptual physical aspects of controls, such as interaction forces during operation, are important for ergonomic design. However, controls with equivalent physical properties may be perceived as functioning differently depending on their visual or acoustic appearance. To address this issue, the present study investigated how the size, brightness and loudness of pushbutton switches affect the perceived operating force. Two simple pushbuttons (standard and test) were presented side by side in a virtual environment and actuated with a 3D haptic device. The simulated mechanical properties of the pushbuttons (force-displacement characteristics) corresponded to those of real switch buttons. Three experiments were conducted with different groups of subjects. Physical characteristics of the standard button were kept constant and physical size, brightness and loudness of the test button were systematically varied respectively in all 3 experiments. Participants were instructed to press the standard and the test push-button one by one and to judge the perceived force for test push-button compared to the standard one in a 2-alternative-forced-choice task. Based on these judgments, the required operating force of the test key was adjusted using a simplified adaptive staircase procedure until the force of the test key varied by the point of subjective equality. Based on the subjective equality, the perceived operating force for the experimental condition was calculated. The results showed main effects of key size, brightness and loudness on perceived operating force. Consistent with findings from basic research (size-weight illusion), perceived operating force was higher for smaller keys. Additionally, perceived operating force was reported higher for higher brightness or higher loudness. Overall, the results suggest that psychophysical methods are suitable for objectively measuring the user experience of interacting with controls in application contexts.
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Rastgoftar, Hossein, Jean-Baptiste Jeannin, and Ella Atkins. "An Integrative Behavioral-Based Physics-Inspired Approach to Traffic Congestion Control." In ASME 2020 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2020-3330.

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Abstract This paper offers an integrative behavioral-based physics-inspired approach to model and control traffic congestion in an efficient manner While existing physics-based approaches commonly assign density and traffic flow states with the Fundamental Diagram, this paper specifies the flow-density relation using past traffic behavior (intent) recorded over a time sliding window with constant horizon length. With this approach, traffic coordination trends can be consistently learned and incorporated into traffic planning. This is integrated with mass conservation law (continuity) to model traffic coordination as a probabilistic process and obtain traffic feasibility conditions using linear temporal logic. By spatial discretization of a network of inter-connected roads (NOIR), the NOIR is represented by a graph with inlet boundary nodes, outlet boundary nodes, and interior nodes. The paper offers a boundary control approach to manage congestion through the inlet boundary nodes. More specifically, model predictive control (MPC) is applied to control traffic congestion through the boundary of the traffic network. Therefore, the optimal boundary in flow is assigned as the solution of a constrained quadratic programming problem with equality and inequality constrained. The simulation results shows that the proposed MPC boundary controller can successfully control the traffic through the inlet boundary nodes where traffic reaches the steady state condition.
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Bashash, Saeid. "Energy Cost Optimization of HVAC Loads Under Time-Varying Electricity Price Signals." In ASME 2016 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2016-9800.

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This paper presents a dynamic programming approach to optimize energy cost of multiple interacting household appliances such as air conditioning systems and refrigerators with temperature flexibility, under time varying electricity price signals. We adopt a first order differential equation model with a binary (ON-OFF) switching control function for each load. An energy cost minimization problem is then formulated with a pair of constraints on the temperature lower and upper bounds, as well as an equality condition on the initial and final temperature states. We use dynamic programming to compute cost-optimal control inputs and temperature trajectories for a given electricity price profile and ambient temperature condition. To account for temperature deviation from its desired setpoint, a quadratic temperature deviation penalty is added to the cost function. Moreover, to minimize the control input chattering for equipment protection, the cost function is expanded to also minimize the number of on-off switching events. Results for the different weighting combinations of the optimization objectives provide useful insights on the optimal operation of individual and multiple interacting HVAC loads. In particular, we observe that the loads are desynchronized under the cost-optimal operation, in the presence of local (renewable) power generation. The presented optimization algorithm and observed results can lead to the development of novel model predictive and rule-based feedback control policies for optimal energy management in households.
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Tikhonov, Vadim S., Dmitry V. Surkov, Alexander I. Safronov, and Michael Ya Gelfgat. "Interaction Between Drillstring and Ice-Protection Pipe While Drilling Deepwater Wells in Water Basins With Ice Sheets." In ASME 2002 21st International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2002-28628.

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While drilling deepwater stratigraphic wells in the water basins with ice sheets, drillers usually encounter the problem of a drillstring protecting from ice loads. One of the methods of the drillstring protection from ice impact provides for clearance installation of an ice pipe in the drilling vessel unit moonpool with the pipe bottom several meters below the keel. The paper suggests the numerical-analytical method of the stress-deformated state calculation for the drillstring and the ice-protection pipe with allowance for contact interaction between the drillstring, the ice protection pipe and the moonpool wall. The ice load value is determined based on the condition of equality between the kinetic energy of a moved ice floe and the elastic energy of the “drillstring – ice-protection pipe” system. The principle of the minimum potential elastic energy is used for calculating the system equilibrium configuration, with account to constraints of the system element displacement. The method of coordinate-by-coordinate descent is used to find a solution for the conditional minimization problem. The developed method is employed to evaluate the efficiency of the ice pipe design to be used while drilling deepwater stratigraphic wells from the Botnica multi-function icebreaker in the Arctic region under the International Ocean Drilling Program (IODP). The study showed that the suggested ice pipe design was capable of withstanding impacts of ice floes moving at 1.5 m/sec with thickness of 1 m and with diameter up to 3.5 m.
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Reports on the topic "Equality condition"

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Lazonick, William, Philip Moss, and Joshua Weitz. Equality Denied: Tech and African Americans. Institute for New Economic Thinking, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp177.

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Thus far in reporting the findings of our project “Fifty Years After: Black Employment in the United States Under the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission,” our analysis of what has happened to African American employment over the past half century has documented the importance of manufacturing employment to the upward socioeconomic mobility of Blacks in the 1960s and 1970s and the devastating impact of rationalization—the permanent elimination of blue-collar employment—on their socioeconomic mobility in the 1980s and beyond. The upward mobility of Blacks in the earlier decades was based on the Old Economy business model (OEBM) with its characteristic “career-with-one-company” (CWOC) employment relations. At its launching in 1965, the policy approach of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission assumed the existence of CWOC, providing corporate employees, Blacks included, with a potential path for upward socioeconomic mobility over the course of their working lives by gaining access to productive opportunities and higher pay through stable employment within companies. It was through these internal employment structures that Blacks could potentially overcome barriers to the long legacy of job and pay discrimination. In the 1960s and 1970s, the generally growing availability of unionized semiskilled jobs gave working people, including Blacks, the large measure of employment stability as well as rising wages and benefits characteristic of the lower levels of the middle class. The next stage in this process of upward socioeconomic mobility should have been—and in a nation as prosperous as the United States could have been—the entry of the offspring of the new Black blue-collar middle class into white-collar occupations requiring higher educations. Despite progress in the attainment of college degrees, however, Blacks have had very limited access to the best employment opportunities as professional, technical, and administrative personnel at U.S. technology companies. Since the 1980s, the barriers to African American upward socioeconomic mobility have occurred within the context of the marketization (the end of CWOC) and globalization (accessibility to transnational labor supplies) of high-tech employment relations in the United States. These new employment relations, which stress interfirm labor mobility instead of intrafirm employment structures in the building of careers, are characteristic of the rise of the New Economy business model (NEBM), as scrutinized in William Lazonick’s 2009 book, Sustainable Prosperity in the New Economy? Business Organization and High-Tech Employment in the United States (Upjohn Institute). In this paper, we analyze the exclusion of Blacks from STEM (science, technology, engineering, math) occupations, using EEO-1 employment data made public, voluntarily and exceptionally, for various years between 2014 and 2020 by major tech companies, including Alphabet (Google), Amazon, Apple, Cisco, Facebook (now Meta), Hewlett Packard Enterprise, HP Inc., Intel, Microsoft, PayPal, Salesforce, and Uber. These data document the vast over-representation of Asian Americans and vast under-representation of African Americans at these tech companies in recent years. The data also shine a light on the racial, ethnic, and gender composition of large masses of lower-paid labor in the United States at leading U.S. tech companies, including tens of thousands of sales workers at Apple and hundreds of thousands of laborers & helpers at Amazon. In the cases of Hewlett-Packard, IBM, and Intel, we have access to EEO-1 data from earlier decades that permit in-depth accounts of the employment transitions that characterized the demise of OEBM and the rise of NEBM. Given our findings from the EEO-1 data analysis, our paper then seeks to explain the enormous presence of Asian Americans and the glaring absence of African Americans in well-paid employment under NEBM. A cogent answer to this question requires an understanding of the institutional conditions that have determined the availability of qualified Asians and Blacks to fill these employment opportunities as well as the access of qualified people by race, ethnicity, and gender to the employment opportunities that are available. Our analysis of the racial/ethnic determinants of STEM employment focuses on a) stark differences among racial and ethnic groups in educational attainment and performance relevant to accessing STEM occupations, b) the decline in the implementation of affirmative-action legislation from the early 1980s, c) changes in U.S. immigration policy that favored the entry of well-educated Asians, especially with the passage of the Immigration Act of 1990, and d) consequent social barriers that qualified Blacks have faced relative to Asians and whites in accessing tech employment as a result of a combination of statistical discrimination against African Americans and their exclusion from effective social networks.
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Doorley, Karina, and Mark Regan. The impact of Irish budgetary policy by disability status. ESRI, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26504/bp202301.

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Existing research has shown that disability is costly and can result in an increased risk of living in poverty and a decrease in living standards. In this paper, we expand a framework of equality budgeting, previously applied from a gender perspective, to the population of households affected by disability. Using a microsimulation model linked to data from the EU Survey of Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC), we show how tax-benefit policy and other market income changes between 2007 and 2019 impacted households affected by disability and households not affected by disability. We find that disposable (or post-tax and transfer) income grew for both types of households but at a faster rate for households affected by disability than households not affected by disability. This income growth was driven by two counteracting forces. On the one hand, tax and welfare policy failed to keep pace with market income growth, reducing the living standards of households affected by disability by more than households not affected by disability. On the other hand, despite having lower average wage levels, wage growth for workers affected by disability outpaced wage growth for workers not affected by disability, while the labour supply of households affected by disability also increased. Future attempts to equality-proof budgetary policy should consider that changes to welfare disproportionally affect households with disabilities.
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Rut Sigurjónsdóttir, Hjördís, Sandra Oliveira e Costa, and Åsa Ström Hildestrand. Who is left behind? The impact of place on the ability to follow Covid-19 restrictions. Nordregio, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/wp2021:2.1403-2511.

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While the Nordic countries have long been champions of equality, the Covid-19 pandemic has put a new light on structural injustices inherent in our societies. In Copenhagen, Oslo, Helsinki, Stockholm, and Malmö, districts with a high share of residents with an immigrant background and a low socio-economic status stand out with high infection and mortality rates of Covid-19. The pandemic thus reveals and reminds us about the serious effects of segregation and unequal living conditions on citizens’ health status and ability to cope with and survive a pandemic. This Extended summary is based on a quantitative and qualitative study aiming to identify structural barriers impacting residents’ ability to follow Covid-19 recommendations and guidelines, especially in low-income areas in major Nordic cities. Learning about these barriers - and effective measures taken to mitigate them - will help Nordic authorities and communities be better prepared for future challenges and crises.
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Hendricks, Stefanie, Iryna Dykun, Bastian Balcer, Matthias Totzeck, Tienush Rassaf, and Amir A. Mahabadi. Higher BNP/NT-pro BNP levels stratify prognosis equally well in patients with and without heart failure – a meta-analysis with more than 89,000 patients. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.4.0175.

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Review question / Objective: We performed a meta-analysis to investigate, whether the value of BNP/NT-proBNP as predictors of long-term prognosis differentiates in cohorts with and without heart failure. Condition being studied: The standardised cut-off levels for BNP and NT-proBNP that are currently used in clinical practice are based on the stratification of patients with heart failure. In patients without heart failure, however, relatively lower values are observed. This leads to the assumption that the prognosis for patients with BNP/NT-proBNP levels at the upper limit of the normal range might be worse than the prognosis for patients with BNP/NT-proBNP levels lower in the range, even if both are determined to be within the normal boundaries. However, a specific cut-off level of BNP/NT-proBNP for the prediction of prognosis in patients without heart failure has not yet been determined. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis of existing studies investigating the value of BNP/NT-proBNP as a predictor of long-term prognosis in patients with heart failure and the general population.
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Astafieva, Mariia M., Oleksii B. Zhyltsov, and Volodymyr V. Proshkin. E-learning as a mean of forming students' mathematical competence in a research-oriented educational process. [б. в.], July 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/3896.

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The article is devoted to the substantiation of approaches to the effective use of advantages and minimization of disadvantages and losses of e-learning as a mean of forming mathematical competence of students in the conditions of research-oriented educational process. As a result of the ascertaining experiment, e-learning has certain disadvantages besides its obvious advantages (adaptability, possibility of individualization, absence of geographical barriers, ensuring social equality, unlimited number of listeners, etc.). However, the nature of these drawbacks lies not as much in the plane of opportunity itself as in the ability to use them effectively. On the example of the e-learning course (ELC) “Mathematical Analysis” (Calculus) of Borys Grinchenko Kyiv University, which is developed on the basis of the Moodle platform, didactic and methodical approaches to content preparation and organization of activities in the ELC in mathematics are offered. Given the specifics of mathematics as a discipline, the possibility of using ELCs to support the traditional learning process with full-time learning is revealed, introducing a partially mixed (combined) model. It is emphasized that effective formation of mathematical competence of students by means of e-learning is possible only in the conditions of research-oriented educational environment with active and concerned participation of students and partnership interaction. The prospect of further research in the analysis of e-learning opportunities for the formation of students’ mathematical competence, in particular, research and investigation tools, and the development of recommendations for the advanced training programs of teachers of mathematical disciplines of universities are outlined.
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Zhang, Mingzhu, Wujisiguleng Bao, Luying Sun, Zhi Yao, and Xiyao Li. Efficacy and safety of finerenone in chronic kidney disease associated with type 2 diabetes: meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.3.0020.

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Review question / Objective: To assess the beneficial effect and safety of finerenone for patients with chronic kidney disease associated with type 2 diabetes. Condition being studied: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality from non-communicable diseases, affecting almost 700 million people worldwide. Approximately 40% of patients with diabetes have CKD, which exposes them to a 3-fold higher risk of cardiovascular death versus those with T2D alone. Strategies to protect the kidneys of patients with CKD and T2D may reduce their risk of cardiovascular events. Finerenone, a nonsteroidal, selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, reduced composite kidney and cardiovascular outcome in trials involving patients with chronic kidney disease. Recently, quite a few clinical studies have been conducted to compare finerenone and placebo. Our meta-analysis aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of finerenone in chronic kidney disease associated with T2D. 1st author* - Mingzhu Zhang and Wujisiguleng Bao contributed equally to this study.
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Ostaszewska, Aneta, Magdalena Szafranek, Marta Jadwiga Pietrusińska, and Karolina Ligna-Paczocha. Kobiety na uniwersytetach i pandemia Covid-19. Badania porównawcze na temat pracy kobiet. Wydział Stosowanych Nauk Społecznych i Resocjalizacji, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55226/uw.nawa2021.2022.

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Women at universities and the Covid-19 pandemic. Comparative research on women’s work The presented publication is a summary of the project “Women at universities and the Covid-19 pandemic. Comparative research on women’s work”. The project was carried out at the University of Warsaw in partnership with the University of Milan from September 2021 to August 2022. The research study is based on purposive sampling. It fits into a rather bleak and pessimistic picture of the modern university as an institution “in crisis”. The pandemic exacerbated the state of instability by revealing the tensions between the pursuit of progress and constraints, if only financial, and the strong habit to the traditional model of work. The university is not only a place to study, but also to work. And this aspect, more specifically, women’s work, was the focus of our research. We talked about women’s work at the university not only with female academics, but also with administrative, technical and IT support staff. We wanted to find out more about the experience of working under pandemic conditions and the challenges of post-pandemic reality. We believe that the women’s needs recognized in the course of the study and the proposed solutions (recommendations) can provide practical inspiration for change at universities that aim to improve gender equality and build more equal workplaces.
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Ostaszewska, Aneta, Magdalena Szafranek, Marta Jadwiga Pietrusińska, and Karolina Ligna-Paczocha. Women at universities and the Covid-19 pandemic. Comparative research on women’s work. Wydział Stosowanych Nauk Społecznych i Resocjalizacji, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55226/uw.nawa2021.2022.1.

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Women at universities and the Covid-19 pandemic. Comparative research on women’s work The presented publication is a summary of the project “Women at universities and the Covid-19 pandemic. Comparative research on women’s work”. The project was carried out at the University of Warsaw in partnership with the University of Milan from September 2021 to August 2022. The research study is based on purposive sampling. It fits into a rather bleak and pessimistic picture of the modern university as an institution “in crisis”. The pandemic exacerbated the state of instability by revealing the tensions between the pursuit of progress and constraints, if only financial, and the strong habit to the traditional model of work. The university is not only a place to study, but also to work. And this aspect, more specifically, women’s work, was the focus of our research. We talked about women’s work at the university not only with female academics, but also with administrative, technical and IT support staff. We wanted to find out more about the experience of working under pandemic conditions and the challenges of post-pandemic reality. We believe that the women’s needs recognized in the course of the study and the proposed solutions (recommendations) can provide practical inspiration for change at universities that aim to improve gender equality and build more equal workplaces.
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Tetzlaff, Sasha, Jinelle Sperry, and Brett DeGregorio. You can go your own way : no evidence for social behavior based on kinship or familiarity in captive juvenile box turtles. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/44923.

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Behavioral interactions between conspecific animals can be influenced by relatedness and familiarity. To test how kinship and familiarity influenced social behavior in juvenile Eastern Box Turtles (Terrapene carolina), 16 captive-born individuals were reared under semi-natural conditions in four equally sized groups, where each group comprised pairs of siblings and non-siblings. Using separation distance between pairs of turtles in rearing enclosures as a measure of gregariousness, we found no evidence suggesting siblings more frequently interacted with one another compared to non-relatives over the first five months of life. Average pair separation distance decreased during this time but may have been due to turtles aggregating around resources like heat and moist retreat areas as colder temperatures approached. At eight months old, we again measured repeated separation distances between unique pair combinations and similarly found no support for associations being influenced by kinship. Agonistic interactions between individuals were never observed. Based on our results, group housing and rearing of juvenile box turtles did not appear to negatively impact their welfare. Unlike findings for other taxa, our results suggest strategically housing groups of juvenile T. carolina to maintain social stability may not be an important husbandry consideration when planning releases of captive-reared individuals for conservation purposes.
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Gordon, Eleanor, and Briony Jones. Building Success in Development and Peacebuilding by Caring for Carers: A Guide to Research, Policy and Practice to Ensure Effective, Inclusive and Responsive Interventions. University of Warwick Press, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31273/978-1-911675-00-6.

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The experiences and marginalisation of international organisation employees with caring responsibilities has a direct negative impact on the type of security and justice being built in conflict-affected environments. This is in large part because international organisations fail to respond to the needs of those with caring responsibilities, which leads to their early departure from the field, and negatively affects their work while in post. In this toolkit we describe this problem, the exacerbating factors, and challenges to overcoming it. We offer a theory of change demonstrating how caring for carers can both improve the working conditions of employees of international organisations as well as the effectiveness, inclusivity and responsiveness of peace and justice interventions. This is important because it raises awareness among employers in the sector of the severity of the problem and its consequences. We also offer a guide for employers for how to take the caring responsibilities of their employees into account when developing human resource policies and practices, designing working conditions and planning interventions. Finally, we underscore the importance of conducting research on the gendered impacts of the marginalisation of employees with caring responsibilities, not least because of the breadth and depth of resultant individual, organisational and sectoral harms. In this regard, we also draw attention to the way in which gender stereotypes and gender biases not only inform and undermine peacebuilding efforts, but also permeate research in this field. Our toolkit is aimed at international organisation employees, employers and human resources personnel, as well as students and scholars of peacebuilding and international development. We see these communities of knowledge and action as overlapping, with insights to be brought to bear as well as challenges to be overcome in this area. The content of the toolkit is equally relevant across these knowledge communities as well as between different specialisms and disciplines. Peacebuilding and development draw in experts from economics, politics, anthropology, sociology and law, to name but a few. The authors of this toolkit have come together from gender studies, political science, and development studies to develop a theory of change informed by interdisciplinary insights. We hope, therefore, that this toolkit will be useful to an inclusive and interdisciplinary set of knowledge communities. Our core argument - that caring for carers benefits the individual, the sectors, and the intended beneficiaries of interventions - is relevant for students, researchers, policy makers and practitioners alike.
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