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1
Illuzzi, Jennifer. "Continuities and Discontinuities: Antiziganism in Germany and Italy (1900-1938)." Sociología Histórica, no. 10 (October 19, 2020): 51–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/sh.451181.
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In both Germany and Italy before WWI, populations labelled as Gypsies found themselves in a “state of exception” which aimed at their elimination from the nation-state by targeting them with policies emanating from the executive. Both states adhered to the liberal idea of equality before the law, but used the flexibility provided by executive authority to pressure Gypsies to leave the state.
After WWI, both Germany and Italy were forced to retain “Gypsies” inside the state as a result of changing geopolitical circumstances. However, in fascist Italy before WWII, executive authorities continued to operate in a “state of exception” and ceased adhering to the rule of law, interning Gypsies in concentration camps and seeking to eliminate them through forced assimilation. In Weimar Germany, legislative policies sought to eliminate Gypsies through bringing them inside of the law. The contradiction between increasingly racialized notion of Gypsy inassimilability and forced assimilation’s inevitable failures certainly laid the groundwork for extreme measures in both places during WWII.
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Bottoni, Rossella, and Cristiana Cianitto. "The Legal Treatment of Religious Dissent in Western Europe: A Comparative View." Ecclesiastical Law Journal 24, no. 1 (January 2022): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956618x21000636.
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This article examines the legal treatment of religious dissent from a comparative perspective, by focusing on the legal evolution from intolerance to toleration, and from toleration to emancipation in France, Italy, Norway and the United Kingdom. Historically, in Europe, only people professing the official religion were regarded as full members of the political community. Those who professed another religion were expelled, persecuted, discriminated or – in the best cases – merely tolerated. Over the course of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, in different degrees and forms according to the country concerned, European states started separating citizenship from religious belonging – a fundamental step in the process of secularisation of law in Europe. This development led to the emancipation of religious dissenters through the recognition of both the principle of equality of all citizens before the law, regardless of one's religion or belief, and the individual right to freedom of religion and belief.
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Pastore, Patrizia, and Silvia Tommaso. "Women on corporate boards. The case of ’gender quotas’ in Italy." Corporate Ownership and Control 13, no. 4 (2016): 132–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv13i4p13.
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This paper investigates whether gender quotas have had success so far in their primary goal of reducing gender disparities in Italian corporate boards. Debate about gender equality on boards gained momentum and global prominence over the last years attracting attention of both researchers and practitioners worldwide. Despite a remarkable progress in education and their participation in the labor market, women still face large barriers to advance into upper management and boardrooms and gaps remain. Women are still under-represented in senior executive and board positions worldwide even if there is wide variation across countries. The present is a qualitative study that aims to contribute to the ongoing international debate about gender diversity on corporate boards (or lack thereof), providing current evidence from Italy, four years after the entry into force of Law 120/2011, establishing legislated quotas in order to ensure gender-balanced corporate boards. Using the samples of Italian listed companies and government-controlled companies tracked by Consob and Cerved respectively, findings show a substantial progress of female representation in Italian corporate boards (including governing and auditing boards) over the period 2008-2015 and reflect the extent to which women are shattering the glass ceiling, right before and after the implementation of the new (although controversial) gender quotas regulation. However, even though the number of women who sit on corporate boards has increased, it is necessary to ensure that the appointment of women is a board’s genuine intention to become gender diverse and more effectiveness rather than evidence of a result driven by tokenism, designed to enhance corporate reputation and image.
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Alicino, Francesco. "The Legal Treatment of Muslims in Italy in the Age of Fear and Insecurity." Journal of Law and Religion 37, no. 3 (September 2022): 478–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jlr.2022.42.
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AbstractAlthough diverging influences have always characterized the relation between religion and democracy, in Italy, tensions arising from these divergences are especially exacerbated by the country’s current religious diversity and plurality, and they are magnified when combined with chronic emergencies such as immigration and international terrorism. These critical factors complicate the application of freedom of religion and the supreme principle of secularism (principio supremo di laicità), which are essential parts of the Italian legal system. This article analyzes these aspects of the law by considering the relation between Islamic communities and the state. In particular, the article focuses on both endogenous influences (Italy’s traditional system of state-church relationship) and exogenous influences (immigration and international terrorism). These factors muddle the interpretation of constitutional rights, including the right of Muslims and Islamic groups to be equal and equally free before the law.
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Czapliński, Władysław. "Palestine v. US before the International Court of Justice?" Polish Review of International and European Law 8, no. 2 (August 20, 2020): 47–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/priel.2019.8.2.02.
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In December 2017, the administration of President D. Trump decided to move the US embassy in Israel from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem. On 28.09.2018, Palestine initiated proceedings against the US in connection with the said transfer. According to the ICJ Statute, only the parties of concern can take part in the case before the Court. However, it does open the way for non-member countries that had presented a declaration of submission to the Court’s jurisdiction, to observe. If there are any doubts as to the validity or effects of the declarations, they are decided by the ICJ. In the present case, doubts are connected, in particular, with the status of Palestine as a State, with the status of Jerusalem and with the participation in the proceedings of all interested parties. It is unclear whether Palestine meets the criteria of statehood under international law,and the nation is far from being universally recognized. Nor may the GA Resolution 67/19 be viewed as sufficient collective recognition. Furthermore, we do have reasonable doubt as to whether this is sufficient collective recognition to be essentially constitutive of Palestine’s statehood. This situation is not changed by the acceptance by Palestine of the jurisdiction of the ICC nor accession to UNESCO and to a number of international treaties. On the other hand, the jurisdiction of Israel with respect to East Jerusalem is also disputed. Certain international bodies, including the UNSC, have expressed doubts equally regarding the incorporation of Jerusalem into Israel or that Palestine has claim to the city. The mere submission of a claim by Palestine does not prejudge the existence of a legal title to Jerusalem. The legitimation of Palestine to bring to international court a claim is thus disputable under the law on state responsibility. It is probable that the ICJ would avoid rendering a decision on merits of the dispute, doing so by referring to the principle of Monetary Gold that was formulated by the ICJ in a judgment on 15.06.1954 in a dispute between Italy, on the one hand, and Great Britain, France and the US, on the other. The subject of the dispute was the fate of gold owned by the National Bank of Albania, plundered by Germany in Rome in 1943.In accordance with an arrangement concluded at the Paris Conference on German reparations (14.01.1946), all gold found in Germany that was known to have been plundered was to be returned in proportional shares to the States concerned. In the case of Albania, however, difficulties appeared in connection with two issues: claims by some States (in particular Italy) resulting from nationalisation of the National Bank of Albania, and compensation in favour of the UK due to the ICJ judgement in the Corfu Channel. It was disputable whether the gold belonging formerly to Albania could be redistributed among the unsatisfied claimants without the consent of the Albanian State. The Tribunal avoided the problem and decided that it lacked jurisdiction. It refused to render judgment in a situation in which Albania did not participate in the trial; on the other hand, the ICJ has indicated on what terms Albania could join the proceedings. Albania did not meet the conditions, and the Court decided that it was unable to continue the proceeding.
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Palla, Luciana. "Dimensioni e dinamiche dei flussi migratori da Livinallongo/Fodom e da Colle Santa Lucia/Col nel corso del Novecento." Ladinia 45 (2021): 21–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.54218/ladinia.45.21-47.
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This essay compares the migration from Livinallongo/Fodom and Colle Santa Lucia/Col, which were Ladin villages belonging to Austria until World War I, with the migration from the villages situated in the Alto Agordino, which be-longed to the neighbouring Kingdom of Italy. The research goes on until the 1980s, highlighting similarities and differences between the two areas, which have not only a different political history but also a dissimilar socio-economic and identity history. An element that has greatly influenced both, the quantity and type of emigration, is the model of inheritance of ownership that charac-terised the two areas, and which was very important before the tourism boom. In Fodom and Col there was the custom of undivided ownership according to Germanic law, while in the villages which had belonged to the Venetian Republic there was in force the Latin inheritance law, according to which the ownership was divided equally between the heirs, but did not allow any of them to live on the sole income from land ownership; this generated a temporary or permanent mass departure from the mountains. In Col and Fodom the departure of adults was more limited, however the emigration of minors was extremely widespread, especially towards Val Pusteria and Val Gardena, a sad phenomenon documen-ted through life testimonies.
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Lucy, William. "EQUALITY UNDER AND BEFORE THE LAW." University of Toronto Law Journal 61, no. 3 (July 2011): 411–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/utlj.61.3.411.
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Miguel, Alfonso Ruiz. "Equality before the Law and Precedent." Ratio Juris 10, no. 4 (December 1997): 372–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9337.00067.
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Custred, Glynn. "Individual rights and equality before the law." Academic Questions 10, no. 2 (June 1997): 15–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12129-997-1061-9.
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K, Hamzah, Hamsah Hasan, and Amirullah Amirullah. "PENEGAKAN HUKUM TERHADAP PRINSIP PERSAMAAN KEDUDUKAN DI HADAPAN HUKUM (PERSFEKTIF HUKUM ISLAM)." Al-Amwal : Journal of Islamic Economic Law 4, no. 2 (September 17, 2019): 187–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.24256/alw.v4i2.1812.
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The research objective was to determine the principle of equality before the law, to see the principle of equality before the law in the perspective of Islamic law. This type of research is literature research, then this research uses a qualitative approach. The data technique in this research is to collect written works in the form of books and so on, then read and record the materials needed to obtain information related to the discussion. The data management steps taken were analysis and descriptive. The results of the research show that equality before the law or as equality before the law is a very important principle in law enforcement. Equality before the law is a means that must be lived and implemented to decide problems, especially in criminal law, so that discrimination does not occur. At the time of the Prophet Muhammad saw that equality before the law in Islam was applied by the existence of the Madina Charter, one of the principles in which a person must act fairly without differentiating between ordinary people and elite society.
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Rofingi, Rofingi, Umi Rozah, and Adifyan Rahmat Asga. "Problems of Law Enforcement in Realizing The Principle of Equality Before The Law in Indonesia." LAW REFORM 18, no. 2 (August 22, 2022): 222–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/lr.v18i2.47477.
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Indonesia is a state of law. The law stipulates the principle of equality before the law. There are various problems in law enforcement. These problems have led to the failure to observe the principle of equality before the law. Just as the persecution suffered by Sarpan, the police admitted that they were the perpetrators of the murder. This is different from the case of Napoleón Bonarparte and Prasetijo Utomo, the suspect of bribery to remove red notice warrant of Djoko Tjandra. In this case, Djoko Tjandra had lunch with the head of the prosecutor's office. This research is significant considering the widespread practice of law enforcement that underestimates the principle of equality before the law, so it will not discriminate against everyone when applying the law in the future. This study uses the non-doctrinal reaserch because it examines laws and regulations and their implementation to the people. From this research, it is found that due to the problems of laws and regulations that are unsuitable for the people, lacked of ethics, beliefs, resources, and transparency in the screening of order agents, the principle of equality before the law has not been implemented, and there is inconsistency in the application of the law Integration leading to the decline in public trust to the law . Therefore, these issues need to be improved to realize the principle of equality before the law in law enforcement.
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Thomsen, Frej Klem. "CONCEPT, PRINCIPLE, AND NORM—EQUALITY BEFORE THE LAW RECONSIDERED." Legal Theory 24, no. 2 (June 2018): 103–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352325218000071.
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ABSTRACTDespite the attention equality before the law has received, both laudatory and critical, peculiarly little has been done to precisely define it. The first ambition of this paper is to remedy this, by exploring the various ways in which a principle of equality before the law can be understood and suggest a concise definition. With a clearer understanding of the principle in hand we are better equipped to assess traditional critique of the principle. Doing so is the second ambition of this paper. I will argue that traditional criticisms are unpersuasive, but that there is a different, powerful argument against equality before the law. The third ambition of the paper is to argue that there is a sense, overlooked by both proponents and critics, in which the principle still captures something important, albeit at the cost of shifting from intrinsic to instrumental value.
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Bourque, Denis. "L'égalité selon la Cour suprême." L'égalité devant la loi 18, no. 4 (April 12, 2005): 691–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/042190ar.
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Clause 1(b) of the Canadian Bill of Rights specifies that every person has the right to equality before the law. The purpose of this article is to analyse, on the one hand, the meaning that the judges of the Supreme Court have given to this concept of equality before the law and, on the other hand, the way in which they have applied this aforementioned principle of Clause 1(b) of the Canadian Bill of Rights. Four judgements are the subject of Mr. Bourque's study. He concerns himself with the Drybones, Lavell, Burnshine and Canard judgements. In the course of analysing these cases, Mr. Bourque brings out the shilly-shallying of the judges in connection with their concept of equality before the law. In spite of this beating about the bush two concepts emerge at the level of the judges of the Supreme Court, namely an equalitarian concept of equality before the law, and a concept which makes equivalent equality before the law and the rule of law. According to Mr. Bourque, the analysis of these four judgements shows that it is the concept which makes equivalent equality before the law and the rule of law, which represents, the position of the Supreme Court, at the present time.
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Serdiuk, Valentyn, Valentyn Liubarskyi, and Ruslan Skrynkovskyy. "Guarantees of Ensuring Equality Before the Law and the Court in Ukraine." Path of Science 7, no. 6 (June 30, 2021): 1043–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22178/pos.71-7.
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The article provides a theoretical analysis of the implementation of the principle of equality before the law and the court as the main principle of justice. Next, the modern understanding of the principle of equality before the law and the court is studied. Finally, the inviolability of citizens and various officials to whom inviolability is granted for exercising their powers in terms of equality before the law and the court is analyzed.
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Angermeyer, Philipp Sebastian. "Beyond translation equivalence: Advocating pragmatic equality before the law." Journal of Pragmatics 174 (March 2021): 157–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2020.12.022.
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Kurnianto, Diska, Agna Susila, and Yulia Kurniaty. "PELAKSANAAN DEPONERING DALAM PERSPEKTIF ASAS EQUALITY BEFORE THE LAW." Varia Justicia 13, no. 1 (March 27, 2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31603/variajusticia.v13i1.1860.
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This study examines and analyzes related criminal cases abuse in the criminal justice system in Indonesia under Law No. 16 of 2004 on the Prosecutor of the Republic Indonesia by closing a criminal case under the Code of Criminal Procedure (Criminal Procedure Code). This research method using a normative juridical approach to law (Statute Approach). Primary legal materials, secondary, and tertiary obtained by the author will be analyzed using analytical techniques interpretation of the law, namely: Content Analysis, which is used as a reference in resolving legal issues that become the object of study.
From the research results to the above method, the authors obtain answers to existing problems that the implementation case abuse accordance with the principles of opportunity in Article 35 letter c of Law Number 16 of 2004 on the Prosecutor of the Republic of Indonesia is still relatively small only be carried out by the Attorney General as the head chief prosecutor Court of the Republic of Indonesia in excluding criminal cases, and the closure of the case can be implemented by all prosecutors as the public prosecutor (prosecutor) without a process of public interest but can only be enforced closure of the case in the interest of law-related problems that menyangkat communities concerned in criminal cases.
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., Supono. "IMPLEMENTASI ASAS EQUALITY BEFORE THE LAW DALAM PENYELESAIAN PERSELISIHAN HUBUNGAN INDUSTRIAL DI PENGADILAN HUBUNGAN INDUSTRIAL (PHI)." LAW REFORM 9, no. 1 (October 1, 2013): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/lr.v9i1.12440.
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Negara Indonesia adalah Negara hukum. Salah satu prinsip Negara hukum adalah adanya jaminan penyelenggaraan kekuasaan lembaga peradilan yang merdeka, bebas dari segala campur tangan pihak kekusaan ekstra yudisial.. Kekuasaan kehakiman sendiri merupakan kekuasaan yang merdeka, yang salah satunya melalui Asas Objektivitas yang menghendaki bahwa penyelesaian sengketa akan baik dan dapat diterima oleh semua pihak, jika dilakukan secara imparsial (tidak memihak), objektif dan adil. Harapan- harapan di atas, muncul dari adanya Asas Equality Before The Law yang merupakan salah satu dari tiga arti dari Rule of Law (Negara Hukium). Asas Equality Before The Law timbul dari sistem hukum modern yang diilhami oleh paradigma Positivisme yang beranggapan bahwa hukum itu harus objektif dan steril dari pengaruh apapun di luar hukum. Implementasi Asas Equality Before The Law dalam penyelesaian perselisihan hubungan industrial di PHI ini menarik untuk diteliti lebih lanjut, karena Pihak yang berselisih dalam hubungan industrial adalah pengusaha dan pekerja/buruh yang secara sosial maupun ekonomi jelaslah “tidak sederajat”. Metode Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode pendekatan Sosio-legal (Socio-legal approach), yaitu metode penelitian hukum yang disamping menganalisa implementasi asas Equality Before The Law dalam hukum normative yang diberlakukan yaitu UU.No. 2 tahun 2004. Melalui penelitian ini dapat menemukan konsep peradilan hubungan industrial yang mampu menerapkan asas Equality Before The Law yang ideal.Kata kunci: Hubungan industrial, Pengadlan Hubungan Industrial (PHI), asas Equality Before The Law.1 Mahasiswa
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Ginting, Jamin, and Axel Victor Christian. "Indonesian Military Court Law Absolute Competence through Equality before the Law Principle." International Journal of Criminology and Sociology 10 (October 28, 2021): 1422–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2021.10.163.
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Law Number 31 Year 1997 regulates the jurisdiction of the Indonesian Military Court to handle military members who commit a general crime and military crime based on the Indonesian Penal Code and Indonesian Military Code respectively. However, the General Court also retains jurisdiction over the military members who commit a general crime based on the Indonesian Penal Code. In comparison, Indonesian Civilians who commit a general crime based on the Indonesian Penal Code are only under the General Court. This condition is against the principle of equality before the law as stated in Article 28D.1 of the 1945 Constitution. Indonesia as a state of law must hold this principle. Authors use normative legal research to solve the law issues by reviewing the related laws and the law principles in Indonesia.
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Estrada Tanck, Dorothy. "El principio de igualdad ante la ley en el Derecho internacional = The principle of equality before the law in International Law." CUADERNOS DE DERECHO TRANSNACIONAL 11, no. 1 (March 11, 2019): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/cdt.2019.4622.
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Resumen: El principio de igualdad ante la ley es uno de los núcleos centrales del derecho internacional. Este estudio explora la evolución histórica de este principio y la interpretación de los derechos de igualdad ante la ley y de protección igualitaria de la ley, y su relación con la no discriminación, particularmente en el campo del derecho internacional de los derechos humanos. Se explora el trabajo, los avances jurídicos y la jurisprudencia paradigmática de Naciones Unidas y los órganos regionales de derechos humanos en el desarrollo del principio de igualdad ante la ley y sus derechos correlativos. Al mismo tiempo, se identifican ciertos desafíos a la igualdad ante la ley, tanto en su dimensión fáctica como jurídica, que permanecen en la realidad global contemporánea.Palabras clave: igualdad ante la ley, igual protección de la ley, no discriminación, derecho internacional, derechos humanosAbstract: The principle of equality before the law is one of the main cores of international law. This text explores the historical evolution of this principle and the interpretation of the rights of equality before the law and equal protection of the law, and their relation to non-discrimination, particularly in the field of international human rights law. The study explores the work, legal advancements and paradigmatic jurisprudence by UN and regional human rights bodies in the development of the principle of equality before the law and its correlated rights. At the same time, it reflects on certain challenges to equality before the law, both in its factual and its legal dimension, that remain in contemporary global reality.Keywords: equality before the law, equal protection of the law, non-discrimination, international law, human rights.
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Oktavriana, Diah Ratri, and Nasiri Nasiri. "PASAL 54 KITAB UNDANG-UNDANG HUKUM ACARA PIDANA DALAM ELABORASI HUKUM PIDANA ISLAM." Jurnal Keislaman 4, no. 1 (March 28, 2021): 48–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.54298/jk.v4i1.3285.
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This research is a normative research. One of the fulfillment of human rights is justice in equalizing the position of every citizen before the law, as stated in Article 27 paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. The right to equality before the law or what is commonly referred to as equality before the law is a principle that provides recognition and protection of human rights for every individual regardless of one's background. Therefore, it is true that Law Number 16 of 2011 concerning Legal Aid for People Who Are Less Capable to Guarantee Constitutional Rights of Citizens for Justice and Equality before the Law emerged. Legal aid is a legal service provided by advocates to the community seeking justice In the realm of criminal cases, the provision of legal assistance is described in Article 54 of the Criminal Procedure Code which explains that in the interests of defense, a suspect or defendant has the right to receive legal assistance from one or more legal advisers during the time and at each level of examination. The provision of legal assistance must be based on the principle of equality before the law as stated in the explanation of Law Number 8 of 1981 concerning Criminal Procedure Law. From the various analyzes that have been carried out, in the perspective of Islamic criminal law it can be concluded that the principle of equality before the law as described in Article 54 of the Criminal Procedure Code is equivalent to an order to provide legal aid which in Islamic criminal law is spelled out in Surah Al-Maidah verse 2 which states that as a fellow humans are ordered to help each other as a form of horizontal worship to fellow humans (habl minan-nas). In addition there are many more both in the Al Qur'an and the hadith of the prophet regarding the application of the principle of equality before the law.
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Adystia Sunggara, Muhammad. "Sanksi Tindakan Kebiri Kimia Berdasarkan Asas Equality Before the Law." Jurnal Hukum Pidana dan Kriminologi 2, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 73–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.51370/jhpk.v2i1.12.
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Artikel ini menjelaskan adanya suatu anomali nilai antara asas persamaan di depan hukum dengan penerapan sanksi tindakan kebiri kimia terhadap pelaku tindak pidana kesusilaan atas anak sebagai korban, yang disinyalir terjadinya proses labelling, setelah menjalani masa hukuman. Oleh karena itu, tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengungkap pertentangan antara asas hukum tersebut dengan ketentuan normatif melalui rumusan masalah berupa “Bagaimanakah sanksi tindakan kebiri kimia terhadap pelaku tindak pidana seksual atas anak berdasarkan perspektif Asas Persamaan di Depan Hukum (equality before the law)?” Peenelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif dengan menggunakan data sekunder melalui pendekatan konseptual dan pendekatan filosofis. Adapun hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan adanya pelanggaran terhadap asas persamaan di depan hukum, sehingga mengakibatkan munculnya fenomena stigamtisasi (labelling) terhadap pelaku yang telah melaksanakan masa hukumannya
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Waliden, Ibnu Alwaton Surya, Selvia Fitri Maulida, and Mochammad Agus Rachmatulloh. "Tinjauan Asas Equalty Before the Law terhadap Penegakan Hukum di Indonesia." Verfassung: Jurnal Hukum Tata Negara 1, no. 2 (December 17, 2022): 123–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.30762/vjhtn.v1i2.186.
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Penegakan hukum merupakan upaya tegaknya serta berfungsinya nilai-nilai keadilan yang tertuang dalam aturan formal. Namun, yang kerap menjadi penghambat adalah tindakan oknum aparat penegak hukum yang bertentangan dengan prosedur yang ada. Artikel ini membahas penegakan hukum di Indonesia dalam perspektif konstitusi dan asas equality before the law dengan menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis-empiris melalui studi kepustakaan. Hasilnya, terjadinya beberapa penyimpangan dalam proses penegakan hukum yang menjadi hambatan dalam mewujudkan asas equality before the law. Penyebab yang paling mempengaruhi, salah satunya, moralitas dari aparat penegak hukum itu sendiri.
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Marimin, Marimin, Lazarus Tri Setyawan, and RB Sularto. "Punishment of Illegal Fishing Perpetrators in Indonesia in the Perspective of Equality before the Law." SASI 28, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.47268/sasi.v28i2.971.
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Introduction: Equality before the law is one of the important principles in the enforcement of criminal law in Indonesia, so it is important to pay attention to it. The punishment of illegal fishing perpetrators in ZEEI is not on the principle of equality before the law. Although the Fisheries Law adopted the 1982 UNCLOS, UNCLOS itself did not state the prohibition on the application of confinement instead of fines. Therefore, the application of fines for illegal fishing in ZEEI does not conflict with the 1982 Fisheries Law and UNCLOS. The fines of imprisonment are also applied to foreign nationals to ensure that the fines paid will be paid.Purposes of the Research: This study aims to analyze and explain the concept of equality before the law in criminal law enforcement and whether the punishment of illegal fishing perpetrators in Indonesia is following the principle of equality before the law, especially related to the application of confinement instead of fines for Indonesian citizens and foreign nationals.Methods of the Research: This research belongs to the type of normative legal research with a legal and conceptual approach. The research material used is secondary data derived from primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The research materials were collected using a literature study and then analyzed qualitatively and then conclusions were drawn using the deductive method.Results of the Research: Equality before the law is one of the important principles in the enforcement of criminal law in Indonesia, so it is important to pay attention to it. The punishment of illegal fishing perpetrators is not by the principle of equality before the law. Although the Fisheries Law adopted the 1982 UNCLOS, UNCLOS itself did not emphasize the prohibition on the application of confinement instead of fines. Therefore, the application of confinement in lieu of fines for perpetrators of illegal fishing in the ZEEI does not conflict with the 1982 Fisheries Law and UNCLOS. The penalty of confinement instead of an important fine is also applied to foreign nationals to ensure that the fines imposed will be paid.
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Rzepka, Michał. "Implementation of the rule of equality before the law in administrative proceedings." Roczniki Administracji i Prawa specjalny, no. XIX (December 30, 2019): 265–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.1032.
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The most important rules constituting good administrative practices have been selected from the general principles of administrative procedure. They were confronted with the resulting provisions from the European Code of Good Administrative Behavior, and then compiled with the constitutional rule of equality. As a result of the analyzes carried out, a framework for the application of the principle of equality before the law was resolved in the resolution of individual cases in administrative proceedings.
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Peruginelli, Ginevra. "Legal Information on the Web: the Case of Italy." International Journal of Legal Information 34, no. 2 (2006): 327–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500001505.
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Accessing legal information is a primary requirement for a variety of communities: ordinary citizens, scholars, and professionals. The dissemination of legal information contributes to the rule of law and to the overall ideals of democracy in a number of ways. Many are the benefits of accessing legal information, such as the awareness of the applicable rule of law, the creation of conditions necessary to the equality and fairness of a legal system, while improving the functioning of democratic institutions, the development and improvement of social and economic conditions.
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Faraguna, Pietro. "Regulating Religion in Italy." Journal of Law, Religion and State 7, no. 1 (February 7, 2019): 31–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22124810-00701003.
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This article focuses on state-church relations and on the peculiar implementation of the “idea of secularism” in Italy. First, it explores the formal provisions of the 1848 Constitution. Next, it investigates constitutional provisions that came into force in 1948. Finally, it examines how the actors of the living constitution (legislators, the government, judges, and the Constitutional Court in particular) tried to balance and develop the potentially conflicting principles included in the 1948 Constitution in the area of religious freedom, equality, and state-church relations. The article explores three particularly controversial examples: the teaching of religion in state schools; the display of the crucifix in classrooms; and state funding mechanisms of religious denominations. The main claim of the article is that, with regard to the regulation of religion in Italy, the transformation of the constitutional position of religion did not occur within the formal constitution, but in the “living constitution.”
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Cała-Wacinkiewicz, Ewelina. "The Principle of Equality before the Law vis-a-vis Social Exclusion." Teka Komisji Prawniczej PAN Oddział w Lublinie 15, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.32084/tkp.4783.
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The aim of this study, whose material scope will be determined by the Polish (constitutional), international (human rights-related) and EU legal order, is to refer the principle of equality before the law to the subject matter of social exclusion. The doubt whether this principle provides a normative anchoring for the protection of an individual against social exclusion and to what extent from the perspective of efficiency of this protection a possible reference to the principle of equality before the law is sufficient has been placed in the framework of a research hypothesis. It is because if we recognize, de lege lata, that the formulation (identification) of the right to protection against social exclusion is premature, we must ask a question about programme guarantees of protection against exclusion, and in consequence, whether the principle of equality before the law plays the function of such a guarantor. The settlement of this question was made the research purpose of this study and the author uses the analytical method and the method of interpretation of the law in force in the course of her research.
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Rehas, Abdul Mukmin. "KAJIAN HUKUM TERHADAP PERAN PEMERINTAH KOTA SAMARINDA DALAM PEMBERIAN BANTUAN HUKUM." Yuriska : Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum 9, no. 1 (October 16, 2017): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.24903/yrs.v9i1.42.
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Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia Year 1945 which is the country's constitution has given recognition, guarantees, protection and legal certainty as well as equal treatment of all citizens before the law (equality before the law). In fact, the application of the principle of Equality Before The Law in Indonesia is still lacking. In the Code of Criminal Procedure (Criminal Procedure Code) only for the granting of legal aid free of charge only if the crime committed is punishable by imprisonment of 5 years or more, while if it is less than 5 years, while if the penalties are less than 5 years then the public will not get legal aid free of charge. The enactment of Law No. 16 of 2011 on the Legal Aid eliminating restrictions as stipulated in the Criminal Code, so that people can obtain legal assistance free of charge to the entire process of both the Criminal and Civil law for the sake of the implementation of the principle of Equality Before The Law.
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Melnychuk, О. Р. "EQUALITY OF RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS BEFORE THE LAW: CONTENT AND LEGAL SUPPORT." Law Bulletin, no. 16 (2020): 334–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32850/lb2414-4207.2020.16.43.
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Arief, Supriyadi A. "Dekonstruksi Hak Imunitas Anggota DPR Dalam Perspektif Equality Before The Law." Jambura Law Review 1, no. 1 (January 30, 2019): 22–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.33756/jalrev.v1i1.2016.
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AbstractThe birth of the Constitutional Court Verdict No.16 / PUU-XVI / 2018 has implications for the authority of the Council of Honors (MKD) of the House Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia (DPR-RI) which was previously regulated in Article 2 of Act Number 2 of 2018 concerning the Second Amendment to Act Number 17 of 2018 concerning the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR), House of Representatives (DPR-RI), Regional Representative Council (DPRD), and Regional House of Representatives (DPD) (UU MD3). The problem in this study is First, how is the position of the right to immunity of members of the house of representatives in the perspective of equality before the law?. Second, how is the implication of the Constitutional Court No.16/PUU-XVI/2018 releated to the MKD (Council Honorary Court)?. This research is a normative study using a legislative approach, a historical apporach, and a case approach. The results of the study show that right of immunity of the DPR members not contradicting the principle of equality before the law as long as the meaning of the right of immunity does not cover the total immunity of the members of the DPR as citizens in general. In addition, the right of immunity only relates to the functions and authority and duties of the DPR. The verdict of the Constitutional Court No.16/PUU-XVI/2018 has implications on two things, the abolition of MKD authority in giving preliminary considerations before the Presidents written permission is born, as well as an agreement to call and request information from DPR Members in relations to criminal acts only through the Presidents permission.Keywords: House of Representatives, Constitutional Court, Equality Before The Law, RightOf Immunity.
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Johnson, John W. "Equal Before the Law: How Iowa Led Americans to Marriage Equality." Annals of Iowa 75, no. 1 (January 2016): 98–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0003-4827.12276.
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Kinanty, Dhea, Pramestia Andini Putri, and Fauziah Lubis. "Peranan Advokat Dalam Pemberian Bantuan Hukum kepada Orang yang Tidak Mampu Berdasarkan UU No 16 Tahun 2011 tentang Bantuan Hukum." As-Syar'i: Jurnal Bimbingan & Konseling Keluarga 5, no. 2 (January 7, 2023): 451–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.47467/as.v5i2.2695.
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Free legal assistance is one of an Advocate's most important responsibilities. Every Advocate is required by Clause 56 of the Criminal Law Procedures section to provide low-income clients with free legal representation. The fundamental obligation to provide free legal assistance is Equality Before the Law. "Advocates are obliged to provide free legal assistance to those who are poor and seek justice," states Article 1 Clause 22 of Law Number 18 of 2003 concerning Advocates.
Keywords: free legal aid, advocates, equality before the law.
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Consigli, José Alejandro. "The Priebke Extradition Case before the Argentine Supreme Court." Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law 1 (December 1998): 341–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1389135900000210.
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In early 1995, Italy ordered the extradition from Argentina to Italy of Erich Priebke. The request was made on the basis of an arrest petition against Priebke issued by the Judge in charge of the preliminary investigation before the Military Justice of Rome. Priebke was accused of ‘having been a member of the German Army, an enemy of the Italian State, in cooperation with … odier German soldiers, widi … executive action of … criminal design and acting with cruelty on people … causing the death of 335 people most of them Italian citizens, military men and civilian people who were not taking part in military operations, and premeditated shooting some shots against them, in “Cave Ardeatine”, Rome, on 24 March 1944 during the time of the war between Italy and Germany.’
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Santoso, Andi Muhammad, Supriyanta Supriyanta, and Esti Aryani. "THE IMPLEMENTATION OF FREE LEGAL AID (PRO BONO) AS ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN CRIMINAL CASES IS REVIEWED BASED ON LAW NUMBER 16 YEAR 2011 ON LEGAL AID (Study at LBH Solo Raya Office)." Wacana Hukum 27, no. 2 (August 30, 2021): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.33061/1.wh.2021.27.2.5343.
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Indonesia is a country based on law (rechtsstaat), and is not based on mere power (machtsstaat) where guaranteeing respect for the right to justice and equality before the law is an obligation of the state. However, in practice, access to justice and equality in the face of the law is not evenly distributed to all groups, especially for the poor or poor. Often, when dealing with the law, the rights of suspects / defenders are not able to be fulfilled properly, especially the right to obtain free legal assistance (pro bono). Based on this, Law No. 16 of 2011 on Legal Aid was born to guarantee the exercise of the right to legal aid and is arranged in an orderly order so that it is expected to realize justice and equality of standing before the law for the poor.
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-, Setyo Rahmat Ramadhan. "Rekonstruksi Asas Equality Before The Law Dalam Pemberian Bantuan Hukum Bagi Masyarakat Miskin." Fundamental: Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum 10, no. 2 (November 13, 2021): 131–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.34304/jf.v10i2.53.
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Dalam mewujudkan asas persamaan di hadapan hukum (equality before the law) dan pemberian jasa hukum serta pembelaan bagi semua orang dalam kerangka keadilan untuk semua orang. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui bentuk pemberian bantuan hukum terhadap masyarakat miskin berdasarkan asas equality before the law dalam mewujudkan keadilan sosial. Dengan jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normative dengan Pendekatan peraturan perundang-udangan, Konseptual (conceptual approach) dan sosiologi. Sedangkan Analisis data yang dilakukan sebagai bahan hukum adalah merupakan dengan cara mengumpulkan seluruh bahan-bahan hukum. Hasil Penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa asas (equality before the law dalam bantuan hukum diperlukan diberikan kepada masyarakat miskin, hal ini berdasarkan pada Pasal 28D ayat (1) Undang-Undang Dasar 1945, yaitu bahwa setiap orang berhak atas pengakuan, jaminan, perlindungan, dan kepastian hukum yang adil serta perlakuan yang sama di hadapan hukum. Undang-undang Nomor 16 Tahun 2011 tentang Bantuan Hukum, yaitu bantuan hukum adalah jasa hukum yang diberikan oleh lembaga bantuan hukum atau organisasi kemasyarakatan yang memberi layanan bantuan hukum kepada orang miskin. Kemudian Seorang advokat tetap wajib memberikan bantuan hukum cuma-cuma kepada pencari keadilan yang tidak mampu sesuai dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 18 Tahun 2003 tentang Advokat.
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Numhauser-Henning, A. "European development. Swedish sex equality law before the European Court of Justice." Industrial Law Journal 30, no. 1 (March 1, 2001): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ilj/30.1.121.
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O'Hare, Ursula. "Equality and Affirmative Action in International Human Rights Law and its Relevance to the European Union." International Journal of Discrimination and the Law 4, no. 1 (March 2000): 3–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135822910000400102.
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Human rights norms have played an increasingly important role in recent equality cases before the European Court of Justice, including the Marschall case on positive action. This paper aims to contribute to the positive action debate in Community law by exploring the meaning of the equality principle in human rights law and outlining the potential relevance of the human rights approach to affirmative action for the development of the equality principle in Community law. The paper suggests that the equality principle in human rights law, not only permits, but arguably may, in certain circumstances, require states to adopt affirmative action in fulfilment of their obligations to respect the equality principle. Human rights law thus represents a valuable resource upon which the Court could draw in developing the equality principle in Community law. Should the Court have regard to human rights law in framing the future scope of the equality principle in Community law this may result in a bolder approach to positive action in Community law than hitherto adopted by the Court. The paper, however, also recognises the limits of human rights law and concludes with an assessment of those steps which the international community may need to take if the Court is to be expected to draw upon human rights norms in informing its interpretation of Community equality law.
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Feliks, Danggur, Muhadar Muhadar, and Otto Yudianto. "The Standard Concept of the Advocate Profession in Implementing Professional Advocate." International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 8, no. 1 (January 3, 2021): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v8i1.2302.
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The law stipulates what should or should be done and what is prohibited. The principle of a rule of law requires, among other things, the guarantee of equality for everyone before the law (equality before the law). Therefore, the Constitution also stipulates that everyone has the right to recognition, guarantee, protection, and legal certainty that is just equal treatment before the law. From a philosophical point of view, the Legis standard ratio of the advocate profession is to guarantee the protection of human rights by the conceptual objectives of the state of law. Meanwhile, the legal reason is to guarantee legal protection. both for the benefit of the client and the benefit of the advocate himself, so that disputes between advocates and clients can be avoided which are built based on trust.
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Lasio, Diego, and Francesco Serri. "The Italian public debate on same-sex civil unions and gay and lesbian parenting." Sexualities 22, no. 4 (December 11, 2017): 691–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1363460717713386.
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After many years of heated debate, in 2016 the Italian parliament approved a law to regulate same-sex civil unions. Although this can be considered a significant step towards the equality of lesbian and gay couples, the law preserves legal differences between heterosexual marriage and homosexual union and does not guarantee the rights of lesbian and gay parents and their children. In this article, we analyze the public debate on same-sex couples and gay and lesbian parenting that occurred in Italy while the parliament was discussing the law. Findings highlight that the ‘natural order’ argument and the irreducible differences between heterosexual marriage and same-sex union are the bedrock of the current expression of heteronormativity in Italy.
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Signori, Gabriela. "Similitude, Equality, and Reciprocity." Annales (English ed.) 67, no. 03 (September 2012): 481–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2398568200000510.
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Unlike in the Mediterranean world, marriage in cisalpine urban societies was dominated by representations of equality and reciprocity, both in social practice and in theological and didactic discourse. This article first examines the conception of heavenly marriage as developed in late antiquity and elaborated in theological discourse before providing an in-depth analysis of various marriage contracts, particularly those held in the municipal archives of Strasbourg. Analysis of these contracts reveals the strong ties between social practice and didactic discourse, demonstrating that the representations of equality and reciprocity they conveyed were rooted in inheritance law, which treated both male and female children equally.
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Edwar, Edwar, Faisal A. Rani, and Dahlan Ali. "KEDUDUKAN NOTARIS SEBAGAI PEJABAT UMUM DITINJAU DARI KONSEP EQUALITY BEFORE THE LAW." Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan 49, no. 1 (April 4, 2019): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.21143/jhp.vol49.no1.1916.
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Akbar, Khairil, Nyak Fadhlullah, and Zahlul Pasha Karim. "Challenging The Principle of Equality Before the Law in Qanun Jinayat Aceh." Media Syari'ah : Wahana Kajian Hukum Islam dan Pranata Sosial 24, no. 1 (June 29, 2022): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/jms.v24i1.9236.
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Eseva, E. Yu. "THe Constitution and the Employers: the Principle of Equality Before the Law." Russian Journal of Legal Studies 3, no. 4 (December 15, 2016): 96–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/rjls18206.
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The problem of the lack of the Basic Law of the RF the rights of employers in the workplace. Analyzes the current russian legislation, in particular the provisions of the Labour Code of the RF and the provisions of the Code of Administrative Offences of the RF. There is debate about whether the constitutional rights of employers, in which the author comes to a positive conclusion based on the principle of equality before the law. In conclusion, given the necessary changes in labor and administrative law, as well as the Constitution.
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Edwar, Edwar, Faisal A.Rani, and Dahlan Ali. "Kedudukan Notaris Sebagai Pejabat Umum Ditinjau Dari Konsep Equality Before The Law." Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law Journal) 8, no. 2 (July 31, 2019): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jmhu.2019.v08.i02.p05.
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Notary has the authority to make authentic deeds and has authority in making, agreements and stipulations that are required for those concerned to be stated in an authentic deed that if legal problems occur by a notary then the inspection must be obtained from the Honorary Board of Notary. which resulted in the examination contradicting principle equality before the law. After the issuance of Act No. 2 of 2014 Notary Position, notary publication by law enforcers must obtain permission from MKN which creates legal discrimination. The problem examined is how the position of the notary as a witness is related to the deed or letter under the hand made by him to the judicial process. The aim is finding out how the position of the Notary a witness is related to the deed or letter under his hand made against the judicial process. The results his research were the position of the notary a witness related to the deed he made based on the Notary Position Law resulting in legal proceedings being hampered due to waiting for permission from the Honorary Board of Notaries. In connection with the above procedure, it is indicated that the calling of a notary by law enforcers must be licensed by the Honorary Board of Notaries not in accordance with the concept of equality before the law.
Notaris memiliki suatu kewenangan dalam membuat akta otentik serta memiliki wewenang dalam pembuatan, perjanjian serta penetapan yang diwajibkan bagi yang berkepentingan yang dinyatakan dalam akta otentik yang apabila terjadi permasalahan hukum yang dilakukan oleh notaris maka untuk pemeriksaannya harus izin dari Majelis Kehormatan Notaris. yang mengakibatkan pemeriksaan tersebut tidak sesuai dengan equality before the law. Setelah keluarnya Undang-Undang Jabatan Notaris Nomor 2 Tahun 2014 , pemanggilan notaris oleh aparat hukum ada izin dari MKN yang menimbulkan diskriminasi hukum. Permasalahannya yang dikaji adalah Bagaimanakah kedudukan notaris sebagai saksi terkait dengan akta atau surat dibawah tangan yang dibuatnya terhadap proses peradilan. Tujuannya adalah Untuk mengetahui bagaimana kedudukan Notaris sebagai saksi terkait dengan akta atau surat dibawah tangan yang dibuatnya terhadap proses peradilan. Hasil penelitiannya adalah kedudukan notaries sebagai saksi terkait dengan akta yang dibuatnya berdasarkan Undang-Undan Jabatan Notaris mengakibatkan proses hukum terhambat akibat menunggu izin dari Majelis Kehormatan Notaris. Sehubungan dengan prosedur tersebut diatas menunjukkan bahwa pemanggilan notaris oleh penegak hukum harus izin dari Majelis Kehormatan Notaris tidak sesuai dengan Konsep equality before the law.
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Koldinská, Kristina. "Case law of the European Court of Justice on sex discrimination 2006-2011." Common Market Law Review 48, Issue 5 (October 1, 2011): 1599–638. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/cola2011062.
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This article aims to point out some important cases recently presented before the ECJ which show that the area of gender equality is still a very dynamic and vital field in EU law, and that thanks to its long-lasting tradition it provides a very important source for legal argumentation and reflection. The article covers the period from 2006 to May 2011. It discusses firstly the enforcement of EU equality law connected with the issue of horizontal direct effect of the directives reflected in the sex equality case law, which might be further strengthened by the entry into force of the Charter of Fundamental Rights in EU. Special attention is paid to the discourse on retirement pension ages, with an analysis of the Kleist case. Further sections reflect some typical issues, which always return to the ECJ, such as equal pay, pregnancy and parental leave, since in the period covered by this contribution so many cases on pregnancy appeared. The topics which were new before the ECJ, like the multidimensional discrimination are also taken into consideration. Last but not least, attention is paid to the issue of gender equality in access to and supply of goods and services. In this connection, the Lindorfer and Test-Achats cases are discussed in more detail.
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Milova, T. "CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL ASPECT OF THE PRINCIPLE OF EQUALITY AS GUARANTEES OF THE RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS OF MAN AND CITIZEN IN UKRAINE." Scientific Notes Series Law 1, no. 12 (October 2022): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.36550/2522-9230-2022-12-14-18.
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The article is devoted to the coverage of the concept and content of the constitutional principle of equality as a guarantee of the realization of human and civil rights and freedoms in Ukraine. Different approaches of scientists to the definition of the concept and structure of this principle are analyzed. Definitions such as "equality", "equality" or "equality", their content, relationship and meaning are highlighted. These concepts are considered from the point of view of constitutional law, in particular: equality implies equal legal status of man and citizen before the law, in other words equality of the whole spectrum of rights and responsibilities of all persons, while equality means only equality of human rights and freedoms. It is emphasized that the principle of equality in its content is a broader concept, revealing the indisputable unity of rights, freedoms and responsibilities of man and citizen. It is determined that the constitutional principle of equality belongs to the group of legal normative-legal guarantees of human and civil rights and freedoms, in particular, to the so-called norms-principles. The enshrinement of this principle in the Constitution of Ukraine is aimed at ensuring the rights and freedoms of man and citizen by guaranteeing equal opportunities for all persons to exercise their constitutional rights and freedoms, as well as ensuring equality before the law and the courts. Particular attention was paid to ensuring the equality of constitutional rights and freedoms of internally displaced persons. The issue of equality depending on regional affiliation is raised, along with racial, national, religious beliefs, disability and other grounds. Regional affiliation means the affiliation of a person by birth or residence to a region - part of the territory of Ukraine or the territory of compact settlement of Ukrainians outside the territory of Ukraine - which differs from other territories in a number of historical, geographical, linguistic and other features. Features of gender equality are described. Some aspects of ensuring the principle of equality in the realization of certain human and civil rights and freedoms in Ukraine are revealed.
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Grebieniow, Aleksander. "Remedies for Inequality in Exchange. Comparative Perspectives for the Evolution of the Law in the 21st Century." European Review of Private Law 27, Issue 1 (January 1, 2019): 3–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2019002.
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Equality in exchange has long been a popular topic for comparative legal studies. The following article examines the legal remedies provided by Private Law for the instances of contractual imbalance in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Until recently, most studies on this topic were limited to the French, German and English legal systems. The present article looks instead at the so-called ‘derived legal systems’: specifically, those of Switzerland, Poland, Italy and the Netherlands. Each of these systems marks a new stage in legal evolution, distinguished by a constant striving for greater flexibility and certainty within the field of contractual relations.
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Alpa, Guido. "Arbitration and ADR Reforms in Italy." European Business Law Review 29, Issue 2 (April 1, 2018): 313–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eulr2018011.
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The administration of Justice in Italy has raised difficult problems, due to the high number of judicial proceedings pending before judges. Usually it takes three years for the first degree, other three years for the appeal, two years for the Cassation. Among other devices, the Minister of Justice has improved any kind of ADR. Arbitration is the most important because is a (private) proceeding equaled to a judicial one (see Order of Cassation, October 25,2013,n. 24153). The Minister has created a Commission for studying and proposing means of expansion of ADR in order to reduce the charge of judges. Mediation, conciliation, settlement agreements (particularly in family matters) are already very frequent, but the situation should be improved. The proposals suggested to the Minister (and to the Parliament) by the Commission concerning arbitration were: introducing arbitration in labor litigation; possibility of immediate appeal before the Court of Cassation on the grounds of invalidity of the award; including into the Code of Civil Procedure the rules concerning arbitration for disputes between shareholders; extending arbitration for settlement of disputes between private subjects and public Administration are only some of the devices for reaching a speed and technically reliable solution of the conflicts.
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Korže, Branko, and Ivana Tucak. "Justification of the Citizens’ Right of Access to Public Passenger Transport Services by the Human Rights to Mobility and Equality Before the Law." Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 19, no. 1 (January 27, 2021): 149174. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/19.1.149-174(2021).
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As opposed to authors who strive to justify the right of access to public passenger transport services of citizens predominantly on the principles of justice deriving from social ethics, the authors of this article justify the right of such access on the human rights to mobility and equality before the law, as the rights based on international legal acts, whereas the principles of fairness are used to upgrade the human right to equality and prohibition of discrimination. Based on the rights to mobility and equality before the law, the authors justify an obligation of democratic states to introduce a law to provide for people an adequate access to public passenger transport services at the interurban and urban level. The theoretical findings established herein will serve as a basis to evaluate legal regulations in the selected states (the Republic of Slovenia and the Republic of Croatia), and create proposals to change the same.
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Dementyev, O. M. "Collisions of Some Criminal Law Clauses with the Constitutional Provisions on Equality before Law and Court." Voprosy sovremennoj nauki i praktiki. Universitet imeni V.I. Vernedskogo, no. 1(55) (2015): 145–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17277/voprosy.2015.01.pp.145-149.
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