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Hutiv, Bohdan. "EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN ANCIENT GREECE." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Law 73, no. 73 (November 30, 2021): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vla.2021.73.028.
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The article analyzes the emergence and development of human rights in ancient Greece as a socio-historical phenomenon. The author finds that the term «human rights» originated relatively recently and finally became established after the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by the UN General Assembly on December 10, 1948, but the ideas of equality and justice were traced in such ancient collections as Hammurabi's Laws, Moses' Laws, Old Testament, Laws of Manu, etc. It is established that the protection of individual rights in ancient times became widespread in ancient Greece, where human rights became a natural consequence of the polis form of democracy and were associated mainly with the concept of citizenship, which provided the equality of all members of the policy in the exercise of rights and freedoms, especially political. Consequently, the existence of human rights, recognized by most ancient Greek thinkers, in particular the principles of equality, justice, freedom and protection of individual rights are traced in the works of Homer, Hesiod, Pythagoreans, Democritus, Sophists (especially Protagoras, Antiphon, Lycophron, Alcidamas of Elaea), Socrates, Plato, Aristotle and Epicurus. Certain human rights provisions were included in the Draconian laws, which restricted the over-interpretation of the law by the archons, as well as Solon's reforms, regarding to, inter alia, the cancellation of the debts of the poor and the granting them of certain rights, including political ones. For ancient Greece, the notion of natural law, founded by Hesiod as a law by nature (feses), is fundamental. The Pythagoreans formulated the concepts of «appropriate measure» and «proportionality» as justice in human relations, which played an important role in shaping the ideas of legal equality of people. Democritus first raised the problem of individual human freedom, arguing that wise and good people, because they are able to comprehend the laws of nature and the highest justice, must live freely. The Sophists established the postulate of the fundamentality of natural law, contrasting it with positive law. Protagoras formulated the maxim: «Man is the measure of all things», which is in fact decisive in the modern concept of human rights and freedoms, where man is proclaimed the highest value. Protagoras and Antiphon substantiated the idea of equality of all people by nature. Alcidamas of Elaea, and later the Stoics developed the idea of equality of all people, including slaves. Lycophron declared personal rights an inalienable natural right. Socrates recognized political freedom, in accordance with the requirements of reason and justice, a beautiful and majestic property for both man and the state. Plato, like Socrates, identified legality (law) and justice. He proclaimed the principle of equality of all before the state, regardless of origin and gender. Aristotle distinguished between distributive and equalizing justice, which is the basis of modern legal understanding. He argued that natural law personifies political justice, which is possible only between free and equal people. Epicurus believed that justice, which comes from nature, is also a socially contractual phenomenon. He substantiated the ethical autonomy of man.
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Kalampakou, Eleni. "Is There a Right to Choose a Religious Jurisdiction over the Civil Courts? The Application of Sharia Law in the Minority in Western Thrace, Greece." Religions 10, no. 4 (April 10, 2019): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel10040260.
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The minority in Western Thrace, Greece, has long enjoyed a special status where family and inheritance matters were subject to Sharia law and religious jurisdiction (Mufti). After judicial controversy for many years over the compulsory character of this “minority privilege”, the matter has been brought before the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). In view of the hearing of the case of Molla Sali v. Greece before the Grand Chamber, the Greek Parliament voted for the possibility for the members of this minority to choose either religious or civil law and jurisdiction—a right for them to exit the minority community. Although a step forward, this right raises a serious challenge to the rule of equality before the law and the right to a fair trial. Therefore, the paper seeks its possible legal foundations in the international obligations of the Greek state to protect religious freedom and the minority community and stresses the need to be accompanied by the “right to voice”, meaning a true reform of the procedure before the Mufti and an effective constitutionality control of his decisions.
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Т., Kotenko. "The formation of human rights and freedoms in the teachings of philosophers of ancient Greece and Rome." Almanac of law: The role of legal doctrine in ensuring of human rights 11, no. 11 (August 2020): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.33663/2524-017x-2020-11-23.
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The article deals with the historical stages of the creation, development, and formation of a human rights institute. The ideological and theoretical heritage of Ancient Greece and Rome, which is the basis for the study of ideas about justice, social equality, and human freedom, is analyzed based on the analysis of the fundamental ideas of the most famous thinkers of antiquity. It was the philosophers of antiquity who initiated the concept of "natural law", which was formed over the centuries by the desire of man to understand the world, determine his place in society and politics. From the time of antiquity, the concept of human rights gradually began to emerge; Subsequently, the concept of equality, freedom of person, person, and citizen were formed. Ancient philosophers came up with the idea of law in general and the idea of human rights under the requirements of their time and conditions of social development. Over time, the ancient perception of social equality, justice, dignity, independence, and freedom of man became the starting point and benchmark of European political culture. The early period of the development of political and legal doctrines in ancient Greece is associated with the time of the formation of ancient Greek statehood. It was at this time that an attempt was made to give rationalist ideas about ethical and legal order in human affairs and relations instead of mythological ones. It should be noted that ancient Greek views on human rights were formed in mythological ideas about the origin of policies and divine justice. That is why rights come from the divine order of justice, which became the basis for the category equality. Only what corresponded to the concept of equality (within the concept of justice) was understood as right. In ancient Greek politics, customs and mono-norms gradually transformed towards protecting the dignity of citizens. The polite democracy gave impetus to the emergence of freedom, which promoted the emergence of equal political rights among the citizens of this policy. In the Greek city-state, the law first emerged as a specific phenomenon, and the life of the policy began to be compulsory for everyone. Subsequently, the Pythagoreans (VI –V centuries BC) formulated an important role in shaping the idea of legal equality and justice, using numerical proportions, that is, the ratio of certain parameters. The provision that "fair is to pay another equal" essentially introduces the coupon principle. Subsequently, this reflected Solon (7th-6th centuries BC) in his reforms. It eliminated debt slavery and, as a result of the compromise between nobility and demos, introduced a moderate censorship democracy in Athens. All citizens of the policy should equally be protected by the law and obey its mandatory rules (1). Recognized the law as a requirement of legal equality of free citizens of the policy, slaves did not apply the legal rules. Equality was considered in two respects: equality in law and equality before the law. Developed by Roman lawyers provisions in which a person acts as a subject of law, determine the legal status of a person, establish the freedom and formal equality of people under natural law, define Roman citizenship as a special legal status of a person, the distribution of the right to private and public, etc. contributed to the awareness of legal the importance of human rights in the context of the systematic doctrine of the legal nature of the relationship between the individual and the state. Roman law, extending to a state which it regarded as the object of its study along with positive law, ensured a legal relationship between the state and the individual, which was crucial for the development of the institution of the protection of individual rights in the world at that time (14, p. 119). In relation to individuals, the state was not above the rule of law, but directly its component part, which has all the basic properties of a law. The basis of a just and legal relationship between the individual and the state recognized the law, not the state. The individual and the state must be law-abiding subjects of legal relations, that is, act according to the rules of law. Conclusion. To sum up, we can point out that the first theoretical developments and statutory provisions of the law go back to ancient times. The thinkers of Ancient Greece and Rome initiated the basic concepts of justice, equality, autonomy. It was then that ideas about political rights, lawmaking, democracy, and the personal responsibility of citizens were formed. However, freedom was not universal, it did not belong to slaves, and they were not the subjects of relations in the policy. The population of the policies was divided into different social and ethnic groups and accordingly had different legal status. Such inequality was the norm, so the priority was given to a policy or state that was enshrined in legislation. However, in Ancient Greece, there were also certain individual rights of citizens such as the right to speak; private property rights; the right to participate in government; the right to hold office; to participate in national meetings; the right to participate in the administration of justice; the right to appeal against illegal acts, etc. In Ancient Rome, this list was supplemented by the right to bargain, freedom of movement, the right of the people's tribune to veto, the ban on torture, the adversarial process of the lawsuit, etc. Keywords: Antiquity period, city-policies, human rights, legal equality, society, justice.
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Charalampidou, Natalia. "The Protection of Land in Greece – before and after the implementation of the Environmental Liability Directive." European Energy and Environmental Law Review 19, Issue 4 (August 1, 2010): 160–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr2010012.
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On September 29, 2009 the Presidential Decree on Environmental Liability that implements the Environmental Liability Directive came into force. Environmental protection was previously provided in legislative works as well, such as in the Constitution and in the Law on Environmental Protection, which are shortly portrayed. Though, through the Presidential Decree on Environmental Liability, long awaited land protection legislation in Greece finally came to pass. The definitions set out, the competent authorities, the preventive and remedial actions, as well as the offenders liable for the preventive and remedial costs are analysed. Equally the cases of multiple party causation foreseen, that include contributory negligence of operator, producer, importer, supplier and public authority, are set out. During this analysis, a comparative view of the final form of the Degree with the initial draft thereof is offered. Special mention is made of the polluter-pays principle in Greece that is compared with the ones in the United Kingdom and in Germany. Finally, some aspects that have not been regulated in the Presidential Decree, contrary to those in the United Kingdom, Germany and The Netherlands, are noted.
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Borbor, Dariush. "Iran's Contributions to Human Rights, the Rights of Women and Democracy." Iran and the Caucasus 12, no. 1 (2008): 101–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338408x326235.
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AbstractMost scholars generally pre-suppose that the concept of democracy is the exclusive creation of classical Greece and a token of the West to the rest of the world. This concept has originated mainly due to the fact that much of the ancient Iranian history was only known through classical Greek writings before the ever-increasing archaeological finds and decipherments of ancient Near Eastern primary sources, which have shed a very different light on the subject. This paper attempts to alleviate and restore a few of the more vital recurring misunderstandings, misinterpretations and misconceptions in this field, and endeavours to present them in a more realistic historic and historiographic perspective in the light of the latest available scholarship. Beginning in 2200 B.C. Old Elamite Kingdom, was the first manifestation in the world of a structured and, at times, democratically elected heads of state based on matriarchal right of descent. Beginning in Elam and continuing at least to the beginning of the Islamic period, no ancient peoples, including the Greeks and the Egyptians, have surpassed the practice of the rights of women, and the equality of men and women as in Iran. In early 7th century B.C. Iran, the pronouncement by Zoroaster, through Avestan literature, was the first manifestation of the rights of women and unequivocal equality of gender in all aspects and positions of society. In the second part of the 7th century B.C. Media, we encounter the ratification by popular vote of the first constitution for a democratically elected confederated empire, headed by Dioces, who was the first recorded popularly elected emperor. In 539 B.C., we come upon the declaration of the first generally accepted Charter of Rights of Nations by Cyrus the Great. In 522-486 B.C., in the reign of Darius the Great, appeared the first confirmation of a written entrenched democratic constitution. In the 4th century A.D. (or earlier) Sasanian Iran, the first appearance of an advanced system of Common Law based on well-documented jurisprudence was materialised. And finally, the confederated system of government in Iran, which survived the vicissitudes of history and changes of several dynasties, remained in force one way or the other to become the most enduring system of government in world history spanning a period of two-and-half millennia.
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Douzenis, A., C. Tsopelas, and L. Lykouras. "Mental health law in Greece." International Psychiatry 11, no. 1 (February 2014): 11–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s1749367600004203.
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Like all European countries, Greece has developed its national legislation based on the principles of equality and the right of representation, but there is no separate, specific mental health law in Greece. This paper describes the law for involuntary psychiatric admission. The law concerning criminal and civil responsibility and the law relating to individuals with addictions committing drug-related crimes are also outlined.
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Lucy, William. "EQUALITY UNDER AND BEFORE THE LAW." University of Toronto Law Journal 61, no. 3 (July 2011): 411–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/utlj.61.3.411.
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Miguel, Alfonso Ruiz. "Equality before the Law and Precedent." Ratio Juris 10, no. 4 (December 1997): 372–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9337.00067.
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Custred, Glynn. "Individual rights and equality before the law." Academic Questions 10, no. 2 (June 1997): 15–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12129-997-1061-9.
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Kyriazopoulos, Kyriakos N. "Proselytization in Greece: Criminal Offense vs. Religious Persuasion and Equality." Journal of Law and Religion 20, no. 1 (2004): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4144686.
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Alkiviadou, Natalie. "A critical assessment of the impact of the 2000 equality directives on Greece." International Journal of Discrimination and the Law 17, no. 4 (December 2017): 220–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1358229117745717.
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Greece transposed the 2000 equality directives through Law 3304/2005. This law sets out the definitions of direct and indirect discrimination, designates what conduct should be prohibited, outlines the sanctions that are to be imposed by the judiciary and mandates three equality bodies with the duty of upholding and promoting equal treatment. This article argues that notwithstanding the theoretical significance of this law given that it was the first tool specifically designed to grant legislative protection for the principle of equal treatment, its practical effects are limited.
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Anagnostou, Dia. "Gender Constitutional Reform and Feminist Mobilization in Greece and the EU: From Formal to Substantive Equality?" Canadian Journal of Law and Society / Revue Canadienne Droit et Société 28, no. 02 (June 20, 2013): 133–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cls.2013.18.
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Abstract Over the past fifteen years, substantive equality and the idea of positive measures to tackle the structural roots of gender inequality have increasingly gained currency in Europe. Focusing on the case of Greece, this article explores the factors that promote constitutional and statutory reforms to promote substantive equality, and examines the effect of such reforms on gender equality rights and policy. It argues that domestic legal and social mobilization by feminists, who participated in transnational networks, were instrumental in the diffusion of the relevant EU and international norms, leading to a shift in the courts’ jurisprudence and to a constitutional amendment recognizing substantive equality. At the same time, the paper also underscores the ambivalent and limited effects of constitutionalizing substantive equality and positive measures in the absence of ongoing actions aimed at raising awareness and pushing for effective implementation.
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K, Hamzah, Hamsah Hasan, and Amirullah Amirullah. "PENEGAKAN HUKUM TERHADAP PRINSIP PERSAMAAN KEDUDUKAN DI HADAPAN HUKUM (PERSFEKTIF HUKUM ISLAM)." Al-Amwal : Journal of Islamic Economic Law 4, no. 2 (September 17, 2019): 187–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.24256/alw.v4i2.1812.
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The research objective was to determine the principle of equality before the law, to see the principle of equality before the law in the perspective of Islamic law. This type of research is literature research, then this research uses a qualitative approach. The data technique in this research is to collect written works in the form of books and so on, then read and record the materials needed to obtain information related to the discussion. The data management steps taken were analysis and descriptive. The results of the research show that equality before the law or as equality before the law is a very important principle in law enforcement. Equality before the law is a means that must be lived and implemented to decide problems, especially in criminal law, so that discrimination does not occur. At the time of the Prophet Muhammad saw that equality before the law in Islam was applied by the existence of the Madina Charter, one of the principles in which a person must act fairly without differentiating between ordinary people and elite society.
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Rofingi, Rofingi, Umi Rozah, and Adifyan Rahmat Asga. "Problems of Law Enforcement in Realizing The Principle of Equality Before The Law in Indonesia." LAW REFORM 18, no. 2 (August 22, 2022): 222–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/lr.v18i2.47477.
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Indonesia is a state of law. The law stipulates the principle of equality before the law. There are various problems in law enforcement. These problems have led to the failure to observe the principle of equality before the law. Just as the persecution suffered by Sarpan, the police admitted that they were the perpetrators of the murder. This is different from the case of Napoleón Bonarparte and Prasetijo Utomo, the suspect of bribery to remove red notice warrant of Djoko Tjandra. In this case, Djoko Tjandra had lunch with the head of the prosecutor's office. This research is significant considering the widespread practice of law enforcement that underestimates the principle of equality before the law, so it will not discriminate against everyone when applying the law in the future. This study uses the non-doctrinal reaserch because it examines laws and regulations and their implementation to the people. From this research, it is found that due to the problems of laws and regulations that are unsuitable for the people, lacked of ethics, beliefs, resources, and transparency in the screening of order agents, the principle of equality before the law has not been implemented, and there is inconsistency in the application of the law Integration leading to the decline in public trust to the law . Therefore, these issues need to be improved to realize the principle of equality before the law in law enforcement.
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Thomsen, Frej Klem. "CONCEPT, PRINCIPLE, AND NORM—EQUALITY BEFORE THE LAW RECONSIDERED." Legal Theory 24, no. 2 (June 2018): 103–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352325218000071.
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ABSTRACTDespite the attention equality before the law has received, both laudatory and critical, peculiarly little has been done to precisely define it. The first ambition of this paper is to remedy this, by exploring the various ways in which a principle of equality before the law can be understood and suggest a concise definition. With a clearer understanding of the principle in hand we are better equipped to assess traditional critique of the principle. Doing so is the second ambition of this paper. I will argue that traditional criticisms are unpersuasive, but that there is a different, powerful argument against equality before the law. The third ambition of the paper is to argue that there is a sense, overlooked by both proponents and critics, in which the principle still captures something important, albeit at the cost of shifting from intrinsic to instrumental value.
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Bourque, Denis. "L'égalité selon la Cour suprême." L'égalité devant la loi 18, no. 4 (April 12, 2005): 691–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/042190ar.
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Clause 1(b) of the Canadian Bill of Rights specifies that every person has the right to equality before the law. The purpose of this article is to analyse, on the one hand, the meaning that the judges of the Supreme Court have given to this concept of equality before the law and, on the other hand, the way in which they have applied this aforementioned principle of Clause 1(b) of the Canadian Bill of Rights. Four judgements are the subject of Mr. Bourque's study. He concerns himself with the Drybones, Lavell, Burnshine and Canard judgements. In the course of analysing these cases, Mr. Bourque brings out the shilly-shallying of the judges in connection with their concept of equality before the law. In spite of this beating about the bush two concepts emerge at the level of the judges of the Supreme Court, namely an equalitarian concept of equality before the law, and a concept which makes equivalent equality before the law and the rule of law. According to Mr. Bourque, the analysis of these four judgements shows that it is the concept which makes equivalent equality before the law and the rule of law, which represents, the position of the Supreme Court, at the present time.
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Serdiuk, Valentyn, Valentyn Liubarskyi, and Ruslan Skrynkovskyy. "Guarantees of Ensuring Equality Before the Law and the Court in Ukraine." Path of Science 7, no. 6 (June 30, 2021): 1043–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22178/pos.71-7.
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The article provides a theoretical analysis of the implementation of the principle of equality before the law and the court as the main principle of justice. Next, the modern understanding of the principle of equality before the law and the court is studied. Finally, the inviolability of citizens and various officials to whom inviolability is granted for exercising their powers in terms of equality before the law and the court is analyzed.
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Angermeyer, Philipp Sebastian. "Beyond translation equivalence: Advocating pragmatic equality before the law." Journal of Pragmatics 174 (March 2021): 157–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2020.12.022.
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Kurnianto, Diska, Agna Susila, and Yulia Kurniaty. "PELAKSANAAN DEPONERING DALAM PERSPEKTIF ASAS EQUALITY BEFORE THE LAW." Varia Justicia 13, no. 1 (March 27, 2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31603/variajusticia.v13i1.1860.
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This study examines and analyzes related criminal cases abuse in the criminal justice system in Indonesia under Law No. 16 of 2004 on the Prosecutor of the Republic Indonesia by closing a criminal case under the Code of Criminal Procedure (Criminal Procedure Code). This research method using a normative juridical approach to law (Statute Approach). Primary legal materials, secondary, and tertiary obtained by the author will be analyzed using analytical techniques interpretation of the law, namely: Content Analysis, which is used as a reference in resolving legal issues that become the object of study.
From the research results to the above method, the authors obtain answers to existing problems that the implementation case abuse accordance with the principles of opportunity in Article 35 letter c of Law Number 16 of 2004 on the Prosecutor of the Republic of Indonesia is still relatively small only be carried out by the Attorney General as the head chief prosecutor Court of the Republic of Indonesia in excluding criminal cases, and the closure of the case can be implemented by all prosecutors as the public prosecutor (prosecutor) without a process of public interest but can only be enforced closure of the case in the interest of law-related problems that menyangkat communities concerned in criminal cases.
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., Supono. "IMPLEMENTASI ASAS EQUALITY BEFORE THE LAW DALAM PENYELESAIAN PERSELISIHAN HUBUNGAN INDUSTRIAL DI PENGADILAN HUBUNGAN INDUSTRIAL (PHI)." LAW REFORM 9, no. 1 (October 1, 2013): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/lr.v9i1.12440.
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Negara Indonesia adalah Negara hukum. Salah satu prinsip Negara hukum adalah adanya jaminan penyelenggaraan kekuasaan lembaga peradilan yang merdeka, bebas dari segala campur tangan pihak kekusaan ekstra yudisial.. Kekuasaan kehakiman sendiri merupakan kekuasaan yang merdeka, yang salah satunya melalui Asas Objektivitas yang menghendaki bahwa penyelesaian sengketa akan baik dan dapat diterima oleh semua pihak, jika dilakukan secara imparsial (tidak memihak), objektif dan adil. Harapan- harapan di atas, muncul dari adanya Asas Equality Before The Law yang merupakan salah satu dari tiga arti dari Rule of Law (Negara Hukium). Asas Equality Before The Law timbul dari sistem hukum modern yang diilhami oleh paradigma Positivisme yang beranggapan bahwa hukum itu harus objektif dan steril dari pengaruh apapun di luar hukum. Implementasi Asas Equality Before The Law dalam penyelesaian perselisihan hubungan industrial di PHI ini menarik untuk diteliti lebih lanjut, karena Pihak yang berselisih dalam hubungan industrial adalah pengusaha dan pekerja/buruh yang secara sosial maupun ekonomi jelaslah “tidak sederajat”. Metode Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode pendekatan Sosio-legal (Socio-legal approach), yaitu metode penelitian hukum yang disamping menganalisa implementasi asas Equality Before The Law dalam hukum normative yang diberlakukan yaitu UU.No. 2 tahun 2004. Melalui penelitian ini dapat menemukan konsep peradilan hubungan industrial yang mampu menerapkan asas Equality Before The Law yang ideal.Kata kunci: Hubungan industrial, Pengadlan Hubungan Industrial (PHI), asas Equality Before The Law.1 Mahasiswa
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Ginting, Jamin, and Axel Victor Christian. "Indonesian Military Court Law Absolute Competence through Equality before the Law Principle." International Journal of Criminology and Sociology 10 (October 28, 2021): 1422–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2021.10.163.
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Law Number 31 Year 1997 regulates the jurisdiction of the Indonesian Military Court to handle military members who commit a general crime and military crime based on the Indonesian Penal Code and Indonesian Military Code respectively. However, the General Court also retains jurisdiction over the military members who commit a general crime based on the Indonesian Penal Code. In comparison, Indonesian Civilians who commit a general crime based on the Indonesian Penal Code are only under the General Court. This condition is against the principle of equality before the law as stated in Article 28D.1 of the 1945 Constitution. Indonesia as a state of law must hold this principle. Authors use normative legal research to solve the law issues by reviewing the related laws and the law principles in Indonesia.
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Estrada Tanck, Dorothy. "El principio de igualdad ante la ley en el Derecho internacional = The principle of equality before the law in International Law." CUADERNOS DE DERECHO TRANSNACIONAL 11, no. 1 (March 11, 2019): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/cdt.2019.4622.
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Resumen: El principio de igualdad ante la ley es uno de los núcleos centrales del derecho internacional. Este estudio explora la evolución histórica de este principio y la interpretación de los derechos de igualdad ante la ley y de protección igualitaria de la ley, y su relación con la no discriminación, particularmente en el campo del derecho internacional de los derechos humanos. Se explora el trabajo, los avances jurídicos y la jurisprudencia paradigmática de Naciones Unidas y los órganos regionales de derechos humanos en el desarrollo del principio de igualdad ante la ley y sus derechos correlativos. Al mismo tiempo, se identifican ciertos desafíos a la igualdad ante la ley, tanto en su dimensión fáctica como jurídica, que permanecen en la realidad global contemporánea.Palabras clave: igualdad ante la ley, igual protección de la ley, no discriminación, derecho internacional, derechos humanosAbstract: The principle of equality before the law is one of the main cores of international law. This text explores the historical evolution of this principle and the interpretation of the rights of equality before the law and equal protection of the law, and their relation to non-discrimination, particularly in the field of international human rights law. The study explores the work, legal advancements and paradigmatic jurisprudence by UN and regional human rights bodies in the development of the principle of equality before the law and its correlated rights. At the same time, it reflects on certain challenges to equality before the law, both in its factual and its legal dimension, that remain in contemporary global reality.Keywords: equality before the law, equal protection of the law, non-discrimination, international law, human rights.
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Oktavriana, Diah Ratri, and Nasiri Nasiri. "PASAL 54 KITAB UNDANG-UNDANG HUKUM ACARA PIDANA DALAM ELABORASI HUKUM PIDANA ISLAM." Jurnal Keislaman 4, no. 1 (March 28, 2021): 48–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.54298/jk.v4i1.3285.
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This research is a normative research. One of the fulfillment of human rights is justice in equalizing the position of every citizen before the law, as stated in Article 27 paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. The right to equality before the law or what is commonly referred to as equality before the law is a principle that provides recognition and protection of human rights for every individual regardless of one's background. Therefore, it is true that Law Number 16 of 2011 concerning Legal Aid for People Who Are Less Capable to Guarantee Constitutional Rights of Citizens for Justice and Equality before the Law emerged. Legal aid is a legal service provided by advocates to the community seeking justice In the realm of criminal cases, the provision of legal assistance is described in Article 54 of the Criminal Procedure Code which explains that in the interests of defense, a suspect or defendant has the right to receive legal assistance from one or more legal advisers during the time and at each level of examination. The provision of legal assistance must be based on the principle of equality before the law as stated in the explanation of Law Number 8 of 1981 concerning Criminal Procedure Law. From the various analyzes that have been carried out, in the perspective of Islamic criminal law it can be concluded that the principle of equality before the law as described in Article 54 of the Criminal Procedure Code is equivalent to an order to provide legal aid which in Islamic criminal law is spelled out in Surah Al-Maidah verse 2 which states that as a fellow humans are ordered to help each other as a form of horizontal worship to fellow humans (habl minan-nas). In addition there are many more both in the Al Qur'an and the hadith of the prophet regarding the application of the principle of equality before the law.
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Papademetriou, Theresa. "Marriage and Marital Property under the New Greek Family Law." International Journal of Legal Information 13, no. 3-4 (August 1985): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500018709.
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The movement for a civil law reform in Greece that was initiated in 1975 with the constitutional guarantee of equal rights and obligations of the sexes led to the adoption of Law 1329/1983 on the Application of the Constitutional Principle of Equality of the Sexes in the Civil Code and Its Introductory Law, in Commercial Legislation, and in the Code of Civil Procedure, as well as to Partial Modernization of Certain Provisions of the Civil Code Regarding Family Law.
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Adystia Sunggara, Muhammad. "Sanksi Tindakan Kebiri Kimia Berdasarkan Asas Equality Before the Law." Jurnal Hukum Pidana dan Kriminologi 2, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 73–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.51370/jhpk.v2i1.12.
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Artikel ini menjelaskan adanya suatu anomali nilai antara asas persamaan di depan hukum dengan penerapan sanksi tindakan kebiri kimia terhadap pelaku tindak pidana kesusilaan atas anak sebagai korban, yang disinyalir terjadinya proses labelling, setelah menjalani masa hukuman. Oleh karena itu, tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengungkap pertentangan antara asas hukum tersebut dengan ketentuan normatif melalui rumusan masalah berupa “Bagaimanakah sanksi tindakan kebiri kimia terhadap pelaku tindak pidana seksual atas anak berdasarkan perspektif Asas Persamaan di Depan Hukum (equality before the law)?” Peenelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif dengan menggunakan data sekunder melalui pendekatan konseptual dan pendekatan filosofis. Adapun hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan adanya pelanggaran terhadap asas persamaan di depan hukum, sehingga mengakibatkan munculnya fenomena stigamtisasi (labelling) terhadap pelaku yang telah melaksanakan masa hukumannya
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Waliden, Ibnu Alwaton Surya, Selvia Fitri Maulida, and Mochammad Agus Rachmatulloh. "Tinjauan Asas Equalty Before the Law terhadap Penegakan Hukum di Indonesia." Verfassung: Jurnal Hukum Tata Negara 1, no. 2 (December 17, 2022): 123–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.30762/vjhtn.v1i2.186.
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Penegakan hukum merupakan upaya tegaknya serta berfungsinya nilai-nilai keadilan yang tertuang dalam aturan formal. Namun, yang kerap menjadi penghambat adalah tindakan oknum aparat penegak hukum yang bertentangan dengan prosedur yang ada. Artikel ini membahas penegakan hukum di Indonesia dalam perspektif konstitusi dan asas equality before the law dengan menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis-empiris melalui studi kepustakaan. Hasilnya, terjadinya beberapa penyimpangan dalam proses penegakan hukum yang menjadi hambatan dalam mewujudkan asas equality before the law. Penyebab yang paling mempengaruhi, salah satunya, moralitas dari aparat penegak hukum itu sendiri.
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Marimin, Marimin, Lazarus Tri Setyawan, and RB Sularto. "Punishment of Illegal Fishing Perpetrators in Indonesia in the Perspective of Equality before the Law." SASI 28, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.47268/sasi.v28i2.971.
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Introduction: Equality before the law is one of the important principles in the enforcement of criminal law in Indonesia, so it is important to pay attention to it. The punishment of illegal fishing perpetrators in ZEEI is not on the principle of equality before the law. Although the Fisheries Law adopted the 1982 UNCLOS, UNCLOS itself did not state the prohibition on the application of confinement instead of fines. Therefore, the application of fines for illegal fishing in ZEEI does not conflict with the 1982 Fisheries Law and UNCLOS. The fines of imprisonment are also applied to foreign nationals to ensure that the fines paid will be paid.Purposes of the Research: This study aims to analyze and explain the concept of equality before the law in criminal law enforcement and whether the punishment of illegal fishing perpetrators in Indonesia is following the principle of equality before the law, especially related to the application of confinement instead of fines for Indonesian citizens and foreign nationals.Methods of the Research: This research belongs to the type of normative legal research with a legal and conceptual approach. The research material used is secondary data derived from primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The research materials were collected using a literature study and then analyzed qualitatively and then conclusions were drawn using the deductive method.Results of the Research: Equality before the law is one of the important principles in the enforcement of criminal law in Indonesia, so it is important to pay attention to it. The punishment of illegal fishing perpetrators is not by the principle of equality before the law. Although the Fisheries Law adopted the 1982 UNCLOS, UNCLOS itself did not emphasize the prohibition on the application of confinement instead of fines. Therefore, the application of confinement in lieu of fines for perpetrators of illegal fishing in the ZEEI does not conflict with the 1982 Fisheries Law and UNCLOS. The penalty of confinement instead of an important fine is also applied to foreign nationals to ensure that the fines imposed will be paid.
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Rzepka, Michał. "Implementation of the rule of equality before the law in administrative proceedings." Roczniki Administracji i Prawa specjalny, no. XIX (December 30, 2019): 265–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.1032.
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The most important rules constituting good administrative practices have been selected from the general principles of administrative procedure. They were confronted with the resulting provisions from the European Code of Good Administrative Behavior, and then compiled with the constitutional rule of equality. As a result of the analyzes carried out, a framework for the application of the principle of equality before the law was resolved in the resolution of individual cases in administrative proceedings.
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Zaiets, Anatolii P., and Zoya O. Pohoryelova. "Formation of the Idea of Natural Law in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome." Journal of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine 28, no. 4 (December 23, 2021): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37635/jnalsu.28(4).2021.15-28.
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The article analyzes the formation of the idea of natural law, which has an important theoretical and applied significance, as it makes it possible to better understand the essence of law, its connection with egalitarian and humanistic teachings. The research is based on modern philosophical worldview approaches, such general scientific research methods as axiological, anthropological, phenomenological, comparative-historical, comparative-legal, system-structural, hermeneutical, functional, institutional, as well as formal-legal method are used. The article examines the works of representatives of the Milesian school founded by Thales in the first half of the 6th century BC, whose analysis of human consciousness, human ability to create, transform the world, formulate ideas and implement them led to the idea of a universal Logos, a universal divine Mind, and the Law of Nature. The article reveals the contribution of sophists to the development of the idea of the natural law who justified the differences between natural and human law, defended the idea of equality of all people, called for not discriminating against citizens, depending on their origin, and denied slavery. The role of representatives of the stoicism school in substantiating the idea of natural law based on awareness of the fundamental difference between human nature and nature, justifying the existence of the unchangeable law of nature (lex naturale) in the form of common sense, equality of all people, recognition of slavery contrary to human nature, the need for recognition of human rights by law to preserve human dignity is highlighted. The article examines the influence of the ideas of the philosophers of Ancient Greece on the development of Roman law, the role of the Scipio group in this influence, and the essence of the then rational understanding of natural law as a true law, namely, common sense, which, in accordance with nature, concerns all people, is unchangeable and eternal
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Cała-Wacinkiewicz, Ewelina. "The Principle of Equality before the Law vis-a-vis Social Exclusion." Teka Komisji Prawniczej PAN Oddział w Lublinie 15, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.32084/tkp.4783.
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The aim of this study, whose material scope will be determined by the Polish (constitutional), international (human rights-related) and EU legal order, is to refer the principle of equality before the law to the subject matter of social exclusion. The doubt whether this principle provides a normative anchoring for the protection of an individual against social exclusion and to what extent from the perspective of efficiency of this protection a possible reference to the principle of equality before the law is sufficient has been placed in the framework of a research hypothesis. It is because if we recognize, de lege lata, that the formulation (identification) of the right to protection against social exclusion is premature, we must ask a question about programme guarantees of protection against exclusion, and in consequence, whether the principle of equality before the law plays the function of such a guarantor. The settlement of this question was made the research purpose of this study and the author uses the analytical method and the method of interpretation of the law in force in the course of her research.
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Rehas, Abdul Mukmin. "KAJIAN HUKUM TERHADAP PERAN PEMERINTAH KOTA SAMARINDA DALAM PEMBERIAN BANTUAN HUKUM." Yuriska : Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum 9, no. 1 (October 16, 2017): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.24903/yrs.v9i1.42.
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Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia Year 1945 which is the country's constitution has given recognition, guarantees, protection and legal certainty as well as equal treatment of all citizens before the law (equality before the law). In fact, the application of the principle of Equality Before The Law in Indonesia is still lacking. In the Code of Criminal Procedure (Criminal Procedure Code) only for the granting of legal aid free of charge only if the crime committed is punishable by imprisonment of 5 years or more, while if it is less than 5 years, while if the penalties are less than 5 years then the public will not get legal aid free of charge. The enactment of Law No. 16 of 2011 on the Legal Aid eliminating restrictions as stipulated in the Criminal Code, so that people can obtain legal assistance free of charge to the entire process of both the Criminal and Civil law for the sake of the implementation of the principle of Equality Before The Law.
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Melnychuk, О. Р. "EQUALITY OF RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS BEFORE THE LAW: CONTENT AND LEGAL SUPPORT." Law Bulletin, no. 16 (2020): 334–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32850/lb2414-4207.2020.16.43.
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Arief, Supriyadi A. "Dekonstruksi Hak Imunitas Anggota DPR Dalam Perspektif Equality Before The Law." Jambura Law Review 1, no. 1 (January 30, 2019): 22–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.33756/jalrev.v1i1.2016.
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AbstractThe birth of the Constitutional Court Verdict No.16 / PUU-XVI / 2018 has implications for the authority of the Council of Honors (MKD) of the House Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia (DPR-RI) which was previously regulated in Article 2 of Act Number 2 of 2018 concerning the Second Amendment to Act Number 17 of 2018 concerning the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR), House of Representatives (DPR-RI), Regional Representative Council (DPRD), and Regional House of Representatives (DPD) (UU MD3). The problem in this study is First, how is the position of the right to immunity of members of the house of representatives in the perspective of equality before the law?. Second, how is the implication of the Constitutional Court No.16/PUU-XVI/2018 releated to the MKD (Council Honorary Court)?. This research is a normative study using a legislative approach, a historical apporach, and a case approach. The results of the study show that right of immunity of the DPR members not contradicting the principle of equality before the law as long as the meaning of the right of immunity does not cover the total immunity of the members of the DPR as citizens in general. In addition, the right of immunity only relates to the functions and authority and duties of the DPR. The verdict of the Constitutional Court No.16/PUU-XVI/2018 has implications on two things, the abolition of MKD authority in giving preliminary considerations before the Presidents written permission is born, as well as an agreement to call and request information from DPR Members in relations to criminal acts only through the Presidents permission.Keywords: House of Representatives, Constitutional Court, Equality Before The Law, RightOf Immunity.
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Johnson, John W. "Equal Before the Law: How Iowa Led Americans to Marriage Equality." Annals of Iowa 75, no. 1 (January 2016): 98–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0003-4827.12276.
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Kinanty, Dhea, Pramestia Andini Putri, and Fauziah Lubis. "Peranan Advokat Dalam Pemberian Bantuan Hukum kepada Orang yang Tidak Mampu Berdasarkan UU No 16 Tahun 2011 tentang Bantuan Hukum." As-Syar'i: Jurnal Bimbingan & Konseling Keluarga 5, no. 2 (January 7, 2023): 451–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.47467/as.v5i2.2695.
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Free legal assistance is one of an Advocate's most important responsibilities. Every Advocate is required by Clause 56 of the Criminal Law Procedures section to provide low-income clients with free legal representation. The fundamental obligation to provide free legal assistance is Equality Before the Law. "Advocates are obliged to provide free legal assistance to those who are poor and seek justice," states Article 1 Clause 22 of Law Number 18 of 2003 concerning Advocates.
Keywords: free legal aid, advocates, equality before the law.
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Santoso, Andi Muhammad, Supriyanta Supriyanta, and Esti Aryani. "THE IMPLEMENTATION OF FREE LEGAL AID (PRO BONO) AS ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN CRIMINAL CASES IS REVIEWED BASED ON LAW NUMBER 16 YEAR 2011 ON LEGAL AID (Study at LBH Solo Raya Office)." Wacana Hukum 27, no. 2 (August 30, 2021): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.33061/1.wh.2021.27.2.5343.
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Indonesia is a country based on law (rechtsstaat), and is not based on mere power (machtsstaat) where guaranteeing respect for the right to justice and equality before the law is an obligation of the state. However, in practice, access to justice and equality in the face of the law is not evenly distributed to all groups, especially for the poor or poor. Often, when dealing with the law, the rights of suspects / defenders are not able to be fulfilled properly, especially the right to obtain free legal assistance (pro bono). Based on this, Law No. 16 of 2011 on Legal Aid was born to guarantee the exercise of the right to legal aid and is arranged in an orderly order so that it is expected to realize justice and equality of standing before the law for the poor.
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-, Setyo Rahmat Ramadhan. "Rekonstruksi Asas Equality Before The Law Dalam Pemberian Bantuan Hukum Bagi Masyarakat Miskin." Fundamental: Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum 10, no. 2 (November 13, 2021): 131–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.34304/jf.v10i2.53.
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Dalam mewujudkan asas persamaan di hadapan hukum (equality before the law) dan pemberian jasa hukum serta pembelaan bagi semua orang dalam kerangka keadilan untuk semua orang. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui bentuk pemberian bantuan hukum terhadap masyarakat miskin berdasarkan asas equality before the law dalam mewujudkan keadilan sosial. Dengan jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normative dengan Pendekatan peraturan perundang-udangan, Konseptual (conceptual approach) dan sosiologi. Sedangkan Analisis data yang dilakukan sebagai bahan hukum adalah merupakan dengan cara mengumpulkan seluruh bahan-bahan hukum. Hasil Penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa asas (equality before the law dalam bantuan hukum diperlukan diberikan kepada masyarakat miskin, hal ini berdasarkan pada Pasal 28D ayat (1) Undang-Undang Dasar 1945, yaitu bahwa setiap orang berhak atas pengakuan, jaminan, perlindungan, dan kepastian hukum yang adil serta perlakuan yang sama di hadapan hukum. Undang-undang Nomor 16 Tahun 2011 tentang Bantuan Hukum, yaitu bantuan hukum adalah jasa hukum yang diberikan oleh lembaga bantuan hukum atau organisasi kemasyarakatan yang memberi layanan bantuan hukum kepada orang miskin. Kemudian Seorang advokat tetap wajib memberikan bantuan hukum cuma-cuma kepada pencari keadilan yang tidak mampu sesuai dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 18 Tahun 2003 tentang Advokat.
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Numhauser-Henning, A. "European development. Swedish sex equality law before the European Court of Justice." Industrial Law Journal 30, no. 1 (March 1, 2001): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ilj/30.1.121.
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O'Hare, Ursula. "Equality and Affirmative Action in International Human Rights Law and its Relevance to the European Union." International Journal of Discrimination and the Law 4, no. 1 (March 2000): 3–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135822910000400102.
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Human rights norms have played an increasingly important role in recent equality cases before the European Court of Justice, including the Marschall case on positive action. This paper aims to contribute to the positive action debate in Community law by exploring the meaning of the equality principle in human rights law and outlining the potential relevance of the human rights approach to affirmative action for the development of the equality principle in Community law. The paper suggests that the equality principle in human rights law, not only permits, but arguably may, in certain circumstances, require states to adopt affirmative action in fulfilment of their obligations to respect the equality principle. Human rights law thus represents a valuable resource upon which the Court could draw in developing the equality principle in Community law. Should the Court have regard to human rights law in framing the future scope of the equality principle in Community law this may result in a bolder approach to positive action in Community law than hitherto adopted by the Court. The paper, however, also recognises the limits of human rights law and concludes with an assessment of those steps which the international community may need to take if the Court is to be expected to draw upon human rights norms in informing its interpretation of Community equality law.
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Feliks, Danggur, Muhadar Muhadar, and Otto Yudianto. "The Standard Concept of the Advocate Profession in Implementing Professional Advocate." International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 8, no. 1 (January 3, 2021): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v8i1.2302.
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The law stipulates what should or should be done and what is prohibited. The principle of a rule of law requires, among other things, the guarantee of equality for everyone before the law (equality before the law). Therefore, the Constitution also stipulates that everyone has the right to recognition, guarantee, protection, and legal certainty that is just equal treatment before the law. From a philosophical point of view, the Legis standard ratio of the advocate profession is to guarantee the protection of human rights by the conceptual objectives of the state of law. Meanwhile, the legal reason is to guarantee legal protection. both for the benefit of the client and the benefit of the advocate himself, so that disputes between advocates and clients can be avoided which are built based on trust.
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Signori, Gabriela. "Similitude, Equality, and Reciprocity." Annales (English ed.) 67, no. 03 (September 2012): 481–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2398568200000510.
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Unlike in the Mediterranean world, marriage in cisalpine urban societies was dominated by representations of equality and reciprocity, both in social practice and in theological and didactic discourse. This article first examines the conception of heavenly marriage as developed in late antiquity and elaborated in theological discourse before providing an in-depth analysis of various marriage contracts, particularly those held in the municipal archives of Strasbourg. Analysis of these contracts reveals the strong ties between social practice and didactic discourse, demonstrating that the representations of equality and reciprocity they conveyed were rooted in inheritance law, which treated both male and female children equally.
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Zabaniotou, Anastasia, Anastasia Pritsa, and E.-A. Kyriakou. "Observational Evidence of the Need for Gender-Sensitive Approaches to Wildfires Locally and Globally: Case Study of 2018 Wildfire in Mati, Greece." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (February 2, 2021): 1556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031556.
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The study takes an equality justice perspective to compare resilience against the controlled management of wildfires, for an effective preparedness, which is a prerequisite for equitable mitigation. The objectives were (a) conceptualizing wildfire mitigation by exploring the ties with gender equality to wildfire hazards, (b) taking the case of wildfire 2018 in Mati, Greece, to contribute reducing the country’s gender inequality, and (c) increasing resilience to climate change hazards by considering lessons learnt. The authors underscore the benefits of a workshop-based and instrumental case study methodology for unravelling evidence on the need for gender-sensitive approaches and tools for future planning at local, regional, and global scales. The case study unravels women’s lack of preparedness to wildfires in Greece, their absence in decision-making for fire management, and the need for capacity building to transform communities’ resilience. The literature research and the specific interviews conducted helped bring awareness to the wildfire’s dynamics, in alignment with the fundamental aspect of gender equality, and to ground recommendations for socio-ecological resilience transition and gender-sensitive approaches in fire management, from reactive fire-fighting to proactive integration. Although in the geographical-context, the study can bring widespread geographical awareness, bringing insights for relevance to similar areas worldwide.
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Edwar, Edwar, Faisal A. Rani, and Dahlan Ali. "KEDUDUKAN NOTARIS SEBAGAI PEJABAT UMUM DITINJAU DARI KONSEP EQUALITY BEFORE THE LAW." Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan 49, no. 1 (April 4, 2019): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.21143/jhp.vol49.no1.1916.
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Akbar, Khairil, Nyak Fadhlullah, and Zahlul Pasha Karim. "Challenging The Principle of Equality Before the Law in Qanun Jinayat Aceh." Media Syari'ah : Wahana Kajian Hukum Islam dan Pranata Sosial 24, no. 1 (June 29, 2022): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/jms.v24i1.9236.
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Eseva, E. Yu. "THe Constitution and the Employers: the Principle of Equality Before the Law." Russian Journal of Legal Studies 3, no. 4 (December 15, 2016): 96–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/rjls18206.
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The problem of the lack of the Basic Law of the RF the rights of employers in the workplace. Analyzes the current russian legislation, in particular the provisions of the Labour Code of the RF and the provisions of the Code of Administrative Offences of the RF. There is debate about whether the constitutional rights of employers, in which the author comes to a positive conclusion based on the principle of equality before the law. In conclusion, given the necessary changes in labor and administrative law, as well as the Constitution.
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Edwar, Edwar, Faisal A.Rani, and Dahlan Ali. "Kedudukan Notaris Sebagai Pejabat Umum Ditinjau Dari Konsep Equality Before The Law." Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law Journal) 8, no. 2 (July 31, 2019): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jmhu.2019.v08.i02.p05.
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Notary has the authority to make authentic deeds and has authority in making, agreements and stipulations that are required for those concerned to be stated in an authentic deed that if legal problems occur by a notary then the inspection must be obtained from the Honorary Board of Notary. which resulted in the examination contradicting principle equality before the law. After the issuance of Act No. 2 of 2014 Notary Position, notary publication by law enforcers must obtain permission from MKN which creates legal discrimination. The problem examined is how the position of the notary as a witness is related to the deed or letter under the hand made by him to the judicial process. The aim is finding out how the position of the Notary a witness is related to the deed or letter under his hand made against the judicial process. The results his research were the position of the notary a witness related to the deed he made based on the Notary Position Law resulting in legal proceedings being hampered due to waiting for permission from the Honorary Board of Notaries. In connection with the above procedure, it is indicated that the calling of a notary by law enforcers must be licensed by the Honorary Board of Notaries not in accordance with the concept of equality before the law.
Notaris memiliki suatu kewenangan dalam membuat akta otentik serta memiliki wewenang dalam pembuatan, perjanjian serta penetapan yang diwajibkan bagi yang berkepentingan yang dinyatakan dalam akta otentik yang apabila terjadi permasalahan hukum yang dilakukan oleh notaris maka untuk pemeriksaannya harus izin dari Majelis Kehormatan Notaris. yang mengakibatkan pemeriksaan tersebut tidak sesuai dengan equality before the law. Setelah keluarnya Undang-Undang Jabatan Notaris Nomor 2 Tahun 2014 , pemanggilan notaris oleh aparat hukum ada izin dari MKN yang menimbulkan diskriminasi hukum. Permasalahannya yang dikaji adalah Bagaimanakah kedudukan notaris sebagai saksi terkait dengan akta atau surat dibawah tangan yang dibuatnya terhadap proses peradilan. Tujuannya adalah Untuk mengetahui bagaimana kedudukan Notaris sebagai saksi terkait dengan akta atau surat dibawah tangan yang dibuatnya terhadap proses peradilan. Hasil penelitiannya adalah kedudukan notaries sebagai saksi terkait dengan akta yang dibuatnya berdasarkan Undang-Undan Jabatan Notaris mengakibatkan proses hukum terhambat akibat menunggu izin dari Majelis Kehormatan Notaris. Sehubungan dengan prosedur tersebut diatas menunjukkan bahwa pemanggilan notaris oleh penegak hukum harus izin dari Majelis Kehormatan Notaris tidak sesuai dengan Konsep equality before the law.
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Koldinská, Kristina. "Case law of the European Court of Justice on sex discrimination 2006-2011." Common Market Law Review 48, Issue 5 (October 1, 2011): 1599–638. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/cola2011062.
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This article aims to point out some important cases recently presented before the ECJ which show that the area of gender equality is still a very dynamic and vital field in EU law, and that thanks to its long-lasting tradition it provides a very important source for legal argumentation and reflection. The article covers the period from 2006 to May 2011. It discusses firstly the enforcement of EU equality law connected with the issue of horizontal direct effect of the directives reflected in the sex equality case law, which might be further strengthened by the entry into force of the Charter of Fundamental Rights in EU. Special attention is paid to the discourse on retirement pension ages, with an analysis of the Kleist case. Further sections reflect some typical issues, which always return to the ECJ, such as equal pay, pregnancy and parental leave, since in the period covered by this contribution so many cases on pregnancy appeared. The topics which were new before the ECJ, like the multidimensional discrimination are also taken into consideration. Last but not least, attention is paid to the issue of gender equality in access to and supply of goods and services. In this connection, the Lindorfer and Test-Achats cases are discussed in more detail.
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Milova, T. "CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL ASPECT OF THE PRINCIPLE OF EQUALITY AS GUARANTEES OF THE RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS OF MAN AND CITIZEN IN UKRAINE." Scientific Notes Series Law 1, no. 12 (October 2022): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.36550/2522-9230-2022-12-14-18.
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The article is devoted to the coverage of the concept and content of the constitutional principle of equality as a guarantee of the realization of human and civil rights and freedoms in Ukraine. Different approaches of scientists to the definition of the concept and structure of this principle are analyzed. Definitions such as "equality", "equality" or "equality", their content, relationship and meaning are highlighted. These concepts are considered from the point of view of constitutional law, in particular: equality implies equal legal status of man and citizen before the law, in other words equality of the whole spectrum of rights and responsibilities of all persons, while equality means only equality of human rights and freedoms. It is emphasized that the principle of equality in its content is a broader concept, revealing the indisputable unity of rights, freedoms and responsibilities of man and citizen. It is determined that the constitutional principle of equality belongs to the group of legal normative-legal guarantees of human and civil rights and freedoms, in particular, to the so-called norms-principles. The enshrinement of this principle in the Constitution of Ukraine is aimed at ensuring the rights and freedoms of man and citizen by guaranteeing equal opportunities for all persons to exercise their constitutional rights and freedoms, as well as ensuring equality before the law and the courts. Particular attention was paid to ensuring the equality of constitutional rights and freedoms of internally displaced persons. The issue of equality depending on regional affiliation is raised, along with racial, national, religious beliefs, disability and other grounds. Regional affiliation means the affiliation of a person by birth or residence to a region - part of the territory of Ukraine or the territory of compact settlement of Ukrainians outside the territory of Ukraine - which differs from other territories in a number of historical, geographical, linguistic and other features. Features of gender equality are described. Some aspects of ensuring the principle of equality in the realization of certain human and civil rights and freedoms in Ukraine are revealed.
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Korže, Branko, and Ivana Tucak. "Justification of the Citizens’ Right of Access to Public Passenger Transport Services by the Human Rights to Mobility and Equality Before the Law." Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 19, no. 1 (January 27, 2021): 149174. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/19.1.149-174(2021).
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As opposed to authors who strive to justify the right of access to public passenger transport services of citizens predominantly on the principles of justice deriving from social ethics, the authors of this article justify the right of such access on the human rights to mobility and equality before the law, as the rights based on international legal acts, whereas the principles of fairness are used to upgrade the human right to equality and prohibition of discrimination. Based on the rights to mobility and equality before the law, the authors justify an obligation of democratic states to introduce a law to provide for people an adequate access to public passenger transport services at the interurban and urban level. The theoretical findings established herein will serve as a basis to evaluate legal regulations in the selected states (the Republic of Slovenia and the Republic of Croatia), and create proposals to change the same.
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Kantzara, Vasiliki. "Education in Conditions of Crisis in Greece: An Empirical Exploration (2000-2013)." Social Cohesion and Development 11, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/scad.10854.
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<p>The article aims at exploring the ramification of the crisis on education in terms of access to education, educational attainment of the population, funding, schools, teachers and students. These and other aspects of education are examined on basis of statistical data that has been collected and published by international agencies and Greek sources. In order to analyse fluctuations and trends, the data examined covers a period before and after the onset of the crisis (in 2009), namely from 2000 to 2013. In addition, socio-political developments and educational policy are taken into consideration, for they form the context in which education operates.The concept guiding this endeavour is equity; it is defined normatively as equality of opportunity and meritocracy, the two principles upon which social institutions function in a democratic society.The results point to differences in the ways education has been affected by the crisis: at micro and meso level, for example, the funding, the school units and the education personnel have been reduced; at macro level, access to education and education attainment continues to rise, but to a lesser degree than before the onset of the crisis. </p>