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Journal articles on the topic 'Epoxy-vitrimer'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 May 2024

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1

Feng, Yang, Zhuguang Nie, Panhong Deng, Liping Luo, Xingman Hu, Jie Su, Haiming Li, Xiaodong Fan, and Shuhua Qi. "An Effective Approach to Improve the Thermal Conductivity, Strength, and Stress Relaxation of Carbon Nanotubes/Epoxy Composites Based on Vitrimer Chemistry." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 16 (August 9, 2022): 8833. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23168833.

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An effective method was developed to improve the interfacial interaction between Mutiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and epoxy matrix. The performance of thermal conductivity and strength of the epoxy vitrimer were enhanced by polydopamine (PDA) coating. Polydopamine is a commonly used photothermal agent, which of course, was effective in modifying MWCNTs used in photoresponsive epoxy resin. The surface temperature of the epoxy composite with 3% MWCNTs@PDA fillers added increased from room temperature to 215 °C in 48 s. The metal–catechol coordination interactions formed between the catechol groups of PDA and Zn2+ accelerated the stress relaxation of epoxy vitrimer. Moreover, the shape memory, repairing, and recycling of epoxy vitrimer were investigated. Therefore, dopamine coating is a multifunctional approach to enhance the performance of epoxy vitrimer.

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2

Bai, Heshan, Tianyu Zhao, Ruixiang Bai, Zhenkun Lei, and Chen Liu. "Evaluation interfacial properties of resin with bond exchange reaction / T700 carbon fiber by micro-drop test and FEM." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2361, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2361/1/012006.

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Vitrimer epoxy resin is a newly developed resin with bond exchange reaction, which has potential applications in the field of recyclable fiber composites. The force-displacement curve of T700 carbon fiber monofilament pulled out from Vitrimer epoxy microdroplet was obtained by the microdrop test, and the interfacial shear strength of the composite system was obtained. Based on the cohesive contact theory, the finite element model (FEM) of the micro-drop test was set up. The calculated force-displacement curve is consistent with experimental data. The fracture strength and parameter characterization of the interface between Vitrimer epoxy and carbon fiber composites are further discussed.

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3

Legrand, Aurélie, and Corinne Soulié-Ziakovic. "Silica–Epoxy Vitrimer Nanocomposites." Macromolecules 49, no. 16 (August 5, 2016): 5893–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00826.

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4

Ran, Yin, Ling-Ji Zheng, and Jian-Bing Zeng. "Dynamic Crosslinking: An Efficient Approach to Fabricate Epoxy Vitrimer." Materials 14, no. 4 (February 15, 2021): 919. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14040919.

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Epoxy vitrimers with reprocessability, recyclability, and a self-healing performance have attracted increasingly attention, but are usually fabricated through static curing procedures with a low production efficiency. Herein, we report a new approach to fabricate an epoxy vitrimer by dynamic crosslinking in a torque rheometer, using diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A and sebacic acid as the epoxy resin and curing agent, respectively, in the presence of zinc acetylacetonate as the transesterification catalyst. The optimal condition for fabricating the epoxy vitrimer (EVD) was dynamic crosslinking at 180 °C for ~11 min. A control epoxy vitrimer (EVS) was prepared by static curing at 180 °C for ~11 min. The structure, properties, and stress relaxation of the EVD and EVS were comparatively investigated in detail. The EVS did not cure completely during static curing, as evidenced by the continuously increasing gel fraction when subjected to compression molding. The gel fraction of the EVD did not change with compression molding at the same condition. The physical, mechanical, and stress relaxation properties of the EVD prepared by dynamic crosslinking were comparable to those of the EVS fabricated by static curing, despite small differences in the specific property parameters. This study demonstrated that dynamic crosslinking provides a new technique to efficiently fabricate an epoxy vitrimer.

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5

Jing, Fan, Ruikang Zhao, Chenxuan Li, Zhonghua Xi, Qingjun Wang, and Hongfeng Xie. "Influence of the Epoxy/Acid Stoichiometry on the Cure Behavior and Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Vitrimers." Molecules 27, no. 19 (September 26, 2022): 6335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196335.

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Bisphenol A epoxy resin cured with a mixture of dimerized and trimerized fatty acids is the first epoxy vitrimer and has been extensively studied. However, the cure behavior and thermal and mechanical properties of this epoxy vitrimer depend on the epoxy/acid stoichiometry. To address these issues, epoxy vitrimers with three epoxy/acid stoichiometries (9:11, 1:1 and 11:9) were prepared and recycled four times. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to study the cure behavior of the original epoxy vitrimers. The dynamic mechanical properties and mechanical performance of the original and recycled epoxy vitrimers were investigated by using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and a universal testing machine. Furthermore, the reaction mechanism of epoxy vitrimer with different epoxy/acid stoichiometry was interpreted. With an increase in the epoxy/acid ratio, the reaction rate, swelling ratio, glass transition temperature and mechanical properties of the original epoxy vitrimers decreased, whereas the gel content increased. The recycling decreased the swelling ratio and elongation at break of the original epoxy vitrimers. Moreover, the elongation at break of the recycled epoxy vitrimers decreased with the epoxy/acid ratio at the same recycling time. However, the gel content, tensile strength and toughness of the original epoxy vitrimers increased after the recycling. The mechanical properties of epoxy vitrimers can be tuned with the variation in the epoxy/acid stoichiometry.

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6

Ruiz de Luzuriaga, Alaitz, Nerea Markaide, Asier M. Salaberria, Itxaso Azcune, Alaitz Rekondo, and Hans Jürgen Grande. "Aero Grade Epoxy Vitrimer towards Commercialization." Polymers 14, no. 15 (August 4, 2022): 3180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14153180.

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Traditional crosslinked aero grade epoxy resins have excellent thermal-mechanical properties and solvent resistance, but they cannot be remolded, recycled, or repaired. Vitrimers can be topologically rearranged via an associative exchange mechanism, endowing them with thermoplasticity. Introducing dynamic bonds into crosslinked networks to obtain more sustainable thermosets is currently an interesting research topic. While recent research into vitrimers has indicated many advantages over traditional thermosets, an important shortcoming has been identified: susceptibility to creep at service temperature due to the dynamic bonds present in the network. In addition, designing aero grade epoxy vitrimers (similar to RTM6 resin) still remains a challenge. Herein, low creep aero grade epoxy vitrimer with thermal and mechanical properties similar to those of aero grade epoxy resins and with the ability to be recyclable, repairable, and reprocessable, has been prepared. In this manuscript, we demonstrate that aero grade epoxy vitrimer with reduced creep can be easily designed by the introduction of a certain fraction of permanent crosslinks, without having a negative effect on the stress relaxation of the material. Subsequently, the mechanical and relaxation properties were investigated and compared with those of classical aero grade epoxy resin. A high Tg (175 °C) epoxy vitrimer was obtained which fulfilled all mechanical and thermal specifications of the aero sector. This work provides a simple network design to obtain aero grade epoxy resins with excellent creep resistance at elevated temperatures while being sustainable.

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7

Zeng, Yanning, Jiawei Li, Shuxin Liu, and Bin Yang. "Rosin-Based Epoxy Vitrimers with Dynamic Boronic Ester Bonds." Polymers 13, no. 19 (October 1, 2021): 3386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13193386.

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Rosin is an abundantly available natural product. In this paper, for the first time, a rosin derivative is employed as the main monomer for preparation of epoxy vitrimers to improve the mechanical properties of vitrimers. Novel epoxy vitrimer networks with dynamic reversible covalent boronic ester bonds are constructed by a reaction between thiols in 2,2′–(1,4–phenylene)–bis (4–mercaptan–1,3,2–dioxaborolane) (BDB) as a curing agent and epoxy groups in the rosin derivative. The rosin-based epoxy vitrimer networks are fully characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), an equilibrium swelling experiment, and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The obtained rosin-based epoxy vitrimers possess superior thermostability and good mechanical properties. Due to transesterification of boronic ester bonds, rosin epoxy vitrimer network topologies can be altered, giving welding, recycle, self-healing, and shape memory abilities to the fabricated polymer. Besides, the effects of treating time and temperature on welding capability is investigated, and it is found that the welding efficiency of the 20% C-FPAE sample is >93% after treatment for 12 h at 160 °C. Moreover, through a hot press, the pulverized samples of 20% C-FPAE can be reshaped several times and most mechanical properties are restored after reprocessing at 200 °C for 60 min. Finally, chemical degradation is researched for the rosin-based epoxy vitrimers.

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8

Lian, Weiqiang, Huipeng Han, Xiaoxin Zhang, Guirong Peng, Zhaojing Jia, and Zhenlin Zhang. "Polyurethane modified epoxy vitrimer and its stress relaxation behavior." Journal of Polymer Engineering 41, no. 5 (April 5, 2021): 365–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2020-0328.

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Abstract Anhydride cured epoxy vitrimers usually exhibit desired mechanical strength but poor toughness and slow transesterification rate. Therefore, the repairing property of the material was restricted. In this paper, polyurethane modified epoxy vitrimer (PU-Epv) was prepared. PU was introduced into the vitrimer system of tetrahydrophthalic anhydride cured epoxy to improve the toughness of the material. Meanwhile, because of the presence of amino ester, the transesterification reaction was promoted and the activation energy of the transesterification was only 33.59 kJ/mol. In the thermal welding experiment, the material could be welded at least five times, and scratches on the surface of the samples could be efficiently repaired within 30 min. The toughness of the material was improved without damaging the strength. Meanwhile, the hard thermosetting epoxy was endowed with excellent repairing properties to increase the service life of the material.

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9

Shi, Qian, Kai Yu, Xiao Kuang, Xiaoming Mu, Conner K. Dunn, Martin L. Dunn, Tiejun Wang, and H. Jerry Qi. "Recyclable 3D printing of vitrimer epoxy." Materials Horizons 4, no. 4 (2017): 598–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7mh00043j.

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10

Han, Haiping, and Xuecheng Xu. "Poly(methyl methacrylate)-epoxy vitrimer composites." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 135, no. 22 (February 13, 2018): 46307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.46307.

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11

Chabert, Erwan, Jérôme Vial, Jean-Pierre Cauchois, Marius Mihaluta, and François Tournilhac. "Multiple welding of long fiber epoxy vitrimer composites." Soft Matter 12, no. 21 (2016): 4838–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6sm00257a.

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12

Messmer, Leon L., Ali Kandemir, Burak Ogun Yavuz, Marco L. Longana, and Ian Hamerton. "Mechanical Behaviour of As-Manufactured and Repaired Aligned Discontinuous Basalt Fibre-Reinforced Vitrimer Composites." Polymers 16, no. 8 (April 13, 2024): 1089. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16081089.

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The aim of this research is to investigate basalt as a natural mineral-based fibre together with a vitrimeric resin as a sustainable alternative to standard composite materials. Vitrimers combine the properties of thermoset and thermoplastic polymers, enabling the repair of specimens and hence prolonging the lifetime of the composite material. The micro-mechanical characteristics between the basalt fibres and the vitrimer resin are reported and shown to match those of a standard Skyflex K51 epoxy resin. Discontinuous (4 mm) basalt fibres were employed to produce aligned discontinuous fibre-reinforced composites (ADFRCs) using the high-performance discontinuous fibre (HiPerDiF) technology. The mechanical characteristics of the laminates were investigated through tensile testing and the fracture zones were analysed under a scanning electron microscope. By normalising the results by their respective fibre volume fraction, it was discovered that the vitrimer–basalt ADFRCs exhibited, on average, a 4% higher strength and a 25% higher stiffness compared to their basalt epoxy counterparts. The repair potential of the vitrimer ADFRC specimens was explored during low-temperature compression repair. Two approaches were tested using double-sided local- and full-patch repair. Both successfully recovered a significant amount of their prime strength. In conclusion, the potential of the sustainable vitrimer–basalt composite is shown by its competitive mechanical performance. Combining this with the manufacturing flexibility, repair potential, and recyclability of the material, the vitrimer–basalt composite seems to be a competitive alternative to standard glass epoxies.

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13

Wang, Sheng, Songqi Ma, Qiong Li, Xiwei Xu, Binbo Wang, Wangchao Yuan, Shenghua Zhou, Shusen You, and Jin Zhu. "Facile in situ preparation of high-performance epoxy vitrimer from renewable resources and its application in nondestructive recyclable carbon fiber composite." Green Chemistry 21, no. 6 (2019): 1484–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8gc03477j.

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14

Kaiser, Simon, Julius Jandl, Patrick Novak, and Sandra Schlögl. "Design and characterisation of vitrimer-like elastomeric composites from HXNBR rubber." Soft Matter 16, no. 37 (2020): 8577–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0sm00362j.

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15

Yang, Yang, Zhiqiang Pei, Xiqi Zhang, Lei Tao, Yen Wei, and Yan Ji. "Correction: Carbon nanotube–vitrimer composite for facile and efficient photo-welding of epoxy." Chemical Science 8, no. 3 (2017): 2464. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6sc90083f.

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16

Builes Cárdenas, Cristian, Vincent Gayraud, Maria Eugenia Rodriguez, Josep Costa, Asier M. Salaberria, Alaitz Ruiz de Luzuriaga, Nerea Markaide, Priya Dasan Keeryadath, and Diego Calderón Zapatería. "Study into the Mechanical Properties of a New Aeronautic-Grade Epoxy-Based Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Vitrimer." Polymers 14, no. 6 (March 17, 2022): 1223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14061223.

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The current drive for sustainability demands recyclable matrices for composite materials. Vitrimers combine thermoset properties with reprocessability, but their mechanical performance in highly loaded applications, for instance, composites for aeronautics, is still to be demonstrated. This work presents the complete mechanical characterization of a new vitrimer reinforced with carbon fiber. This vitrimer formulation consists of functional epoxy groups and a new dynamic disulfide crosslinks-based hardener. The testing campaign for the vitrimer composites encompassed tension, compression, interlaminar shear strength (ILSS), in-plane shear (IPS), open-hole tension (OHT) and compression (OHC), filled-hole compression (FHC) and interlaminar fracture toughness tests under mode I and II. Test conditions included room temperature and high temperature of 70 °C and 120 °C, respectively, after moisture saturation. Tension and flexural tests also were applied on the neat vitrimer resin. The results compared well with those obtained for current aeronautic materials manufactured by Resin Transfer Molding (RTM). The lower values observed in compression and ILSS derived from the thermoplastic veils included as a toughening material. This work demonstrates that the vitrimer formulation presented meets the requirements of current matrices for aeronautic-grade carbon-reinforced composites.

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17

Van Lijsebetten, Filip, Stéphanie Engelen, Erwin Bauters, Wim Van Vooren, Maarten M. J. Smulders, and Filip E. Du Prez. "Recyclable vitrimer epoxy coatings for durable protection." European Polymer Journal 176 (August 2022): 111426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111426.

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18

Li, Honggeng, Biao Zhang, Kai Yu, Chao Yuan, Cong Zhou, Martin L. Dunn, H. Jerry Qi, et al. "Influence of treating parameters on thermomechanical properties of recycled epoxy-acid vitrimers." Soft Matter 16, no. 6 (2020): 1668–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9sm02220a.

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The effects of particle size, temperature, time, and pressure on the mechanical properties of regenerated epoxy-acid vitrimers were investigated, which helped to refine the vitrimer reprocessing condition parameter toolbox.

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19

Byrne Prudente, Tomás E., Diandra Mauro, Julieta Puig, Facundo I. Altuna, Tatiana Da Ros, and Cristina E. Hoppe. "Synthesis and Processing of Near Infrared—Activated Vitrimer Nanocomposite Films Modified with β-Hydroxyester-Functionalized Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes." C 9, no. 4 (December 8, 2023): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/c9040119.

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Films of a vitrimer based on the reaction between diglycidylether of bisphenol A and glutaric acid in the presence of 1-methylimidazole were processed using a solvent-based technique. The curing schedule was divided into two steps: first, a soluble linear polymer was formed through the reaction of the diacid and the diepoxide, and then the crosslinking was induced at a higher temperature via transesterification reactions. This epoxy–acid vitrimer was modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) functionalized with β-hydroxyesters, produced by a robust and straightforward strategy based on a two-phase reaction between oxidized MWCNTs and phenylglycidylether. Nanocomposite vitrimer films were obtained by drop casting a dispersion of the functionalized MWCNTs in the linear polymer/cyclohexanone solution, followed by a thermal treatment. A high degree of dispersion of the carbon nanostructures was attained thanks to the β-hydroxyester functionalization when compared with oxidized MWCNTs. Nanocomposite films showed a significant photothermal effect (reaching 200 °C or above in 30 s) upon NIR light irradiation (850 nm) from a single LED (500 mW/cm2). The released heat was used to activate the shape memory effect and weld and heal the vitrimer matrix, proving the success of this easy strategy for the generation of remotely activated carbon-based vitrimer nanocomposites.

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20

An, Le, and Wenzhe Zhao. "Facile Surface Depolymerization Promotes the Welding of Hard Epoxy Vitrimer." Materials 15, no. 13 (June 25, 2022): 4488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15134488.

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Welding via bond exchange reactions has provided advances in obtaining high-quality joining performance. However, the reported welding method requires a relatively high press force, and challenges are still encountered in welding hard vitrimer. In this work, a facile surface depolymerization strategy was introduced to weld high-performance epoxy vitrimer. The vitrimers were firstly dissolved into ethylene glycol for depolymerization based on the solvent-assisted bond exchange reactions. Then, the depolymerized vitrimers were welded under heat and press force. The effect of the depolymerizing time, welding pressure, welding temperature and welding time on the welding strength were further investigated. It was found that there were optimal values for the depolymerizing time, welding pressure, and welding temperature, respectively, for the welding strength, while the welding strength increased with increasing welding time. Through facile surface degradation, the welding pressure was highly reduced, while the welding strength was increased. With surface depolymerization, the welding strength was 1.55-times higher, but the magnitude of press force was 1/1000-times than that with no surface depolymerization. It is elucidative that surface depolymerization can be used to weld hard vitrimer composites alongside reducing the press force effectively.

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21

Palmieri, Barbara, Fabrizia Cilento, Eugenio Amendola, Teodoro Valente, Stefania Dello Iacono, Michele Giordano, and Alfonso Martone. "An Investigation of the Healing Efficiency of Epoxy Vitrimer Composites Based on Zn2+ Catalyst." Polymers 15, no. 17 (August 31, 2023): 3611. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15173611.

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The need to recycle carbon-fibre-reinforced composite polymers (CFRP) has grown significantly to reduce the environmental impact generated by their production. To meet this need, thermoreversible epoxy matrices have been developed in recent years. This study investigates the performance of an epoxy vitrimer made by introducing a metal catalyst (Zn2+) and its carbon fibre composites, focusing on the healing capability of the system. The dynamic crosslinking networks endow vitrimers with interesting rheological behaviour; the capability of the formulated resin (AV-5) has been assessed by creep tests. The analysis showed increased molecular mobility above a topology freezing temperature (Tv). However, the reinforcement phase inhibits the flow capability, reducing the flow. The fracture behaviour of CFRP made with the vitrimeric resin has been investigated by Mode I and Mode II tests and compared with the conventional system. The repairability of the vitrimeric CFRP has been investigated by attempting to recover the delaminated samples, which yielded unsatisfactory results. Moreover, the healing efficiency of the modified epoxy composites has been assessed using the vitrimer as an adhesive layer. The joints were able to recover about 84% of the lap shear strength of the pristine system.

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22

Ravindran, Bharath, Timotheos Agathocleous, Beate Oswald-Tranta, Ewald Fauster, and Michael Feuchter. "Impact Characteristics and Repair Approaches of Distinct Bio-Based Matrix Composites: A Comparative Analysis." Journal of Composites Science 8, no. 4 (March 29, 2024): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs8040126.

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Increasing global concerns regarding environmental issues have driven significant advancements in the development of bio-based fiber reinforced polymer composites. Despite extensive research on bio-composites, there remains a noticeable gap in studies specifically addressing the challenges of repairing bio-composites for circular economy adoption. Traditional repair techniques for impacted composites, such as patching or scarf methods, are not only time-consuming but also require highly skilled personnel. This paper aims to highlight cost-effective repair strategies for the restoration of damaged composites, featuring flax fiber as the primary reinforcement material and distinct matrix systems, namely bio-based epoxy and bio-based vitrimer matrix. Glass fiber was used as a secondary material to validate the bio-based vitrimer matrix. The damage caused specifically by low impact is detrimental to the structural integrity of the composites. Therefore, the impact resistance of the two composite materials is evaluated using instrumented drop tower tests at various energy levels, while thermography observations are employed to assess damage evolution. Two distinct repair approaches were studied: the resin infiltration repair method, employing bio-based epoxy, and the reconsolidation (self-healing) repair method, utilizing the bio-based vitrimer matrix. The efficiency of these repair methods was assessed through active thermography and compression after impact tests. The repair outcomes demonstrate successful restoration and the maintenance of ultimate strength at an efficiency of 90% for the re-infiltration repair method and 92% for the reconsolidation repair method.

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23

Rajendran, Krishna Moorthy, Bhawna Yadav Lamba, and Deepak Kumar. "Self-Healing and Thermomechanical Properties of Activated Carbon Pyrochar Derived from Municipal Mixed Plastic Waste Pyrolysis with Self-Healing Epoxy Vitrimer Composites." Nature Environment and Pollution Technology 22, no. 1 (March 2, 2023): 397–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.46488/nept.2023.v22i01.038.

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An ecological vitrimer is being developed using activated carbon pyrochar from municipal mixed plastic waste pyrolysis into an epoxy composite. Durable vitrimeric materials may be created by adding pyrochar to polymeric composites. Due to their ductility, reusability, and recyclability, vitrimeric materials have become popular and reliable materials. As a result, the self-healing temperature of composite vitrimers is lower via disulfide exchanges than that of virgin epoxy vitrimers. Additionally, compressive studies have been used to study self-healing capacities, and modulus variations have been used to highlight changes in the healing efficiency of the materials.

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24

Shao, Wenlong, Tongbing Li, Fei Xiao, Fubin Luo, Yong Qiu, Yanyan Liu, Bihe Yuan, and Kaiyuan Li. "Exploration of the Fire-Retardant Potential of Microencapsulated Ammonium Polyphosphate in Epoxy Vitrimer Containing Dynamic Disulfide Bonds." Polymers 15, no. 13 (June 27, 2023): 2839. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15132839.

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Epoxy vitrimers appear as a promising alternative to common epoxy thermoset composites. Nevertheless, the possibilities of applying these materials are limited due to their high flammability which may cause high fire risks. To date, the flame-retardant epoxy vitrimer systems reported in the literature almost all rely on intrinsic flame retardancy to achieve high fire safety; however, the complex and expensive synthesis process hinders their large-scale application. In this work, disulfide-based epoxy vitrimer (EPV) was fabricated with 4, 4′-dithiodianiline as the curing agent, and microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate (MFAPP) was employed as a potential additive flame retardant to improve their fire retardancy. As a comparative study, common epoxy (EP) composites were also prepared using 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane as the curing agent. The results showed that the introduction of dynamic disulfide bonds led to a reduction in the initial thermal decomposition temperature of EPV by around 70 °C compared to EP. Moreover, the addition of 7.5 wt.% of MFAPP endowed EP with excellent fire performance: the LOI value was as high as 29.9% and the V-0 rating was achieved in the UL-94 test (3.2 mm). However, under the same loading, although EPV/MFAPP7.5% showed obvious anti-dripping performance, it did not reach any rating in the UL-94 test. The flame-retardant mechanisms in the condensed phase were evaluated using SEM-EDS, XPS, and Raman spectroscopy. The results showed that the residue of EPV/MFAPP7.5% presented numerous holes during burning, which failed to form a continuous and dense char layer as a physical barrier resulting in relatively poor flame retardancy compared to EP/MFAPP7.5%.

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25

Weidmann, Stefan, Petra Volk, Peter Mitschang, and Nerea Markaide. "Investigations on thermoforming of carbon fiber reinforced epoxy vitrimer composites." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 154 (March 2022): 106791. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2021.106791.

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26

Ruiz de Luzuriaga, Alaitz, Jon M. Matxain, Fernando Ruipérez, Roberto Martin, José M. Asua, Germán Cabañero, and Ibon Odriozola. "Transient mechanochromism in epoxy vitrimer composites containing aromatic disulfide crosslinks." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 4, no. 26 (2016): 6220–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6tc02383e.

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27

Fang, Huagao, Wujin Ye, Yunsheng Ding, and H. Henning Winter. "Rheology of the Critical Transition State of an Epoxy Vitrimer." Macromolecules 53, no. 12 (June 12, 2020): 4855–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00843.

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28

Niu, Xiling, Fenfen Wang, Xiaohui Li, Rongchun Zhang, Qiang Wu, and Pingchuan Sun. "Using Zn2+ Ionomer To Catalyze Transesterification Reaction in Epoxy Vitrimer." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 58, no. 14 (March 22, 2019): 5698–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.9b00090.

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29

Liu, Tuan, Shuai Zhang, Cheng Hao, Christina Verdi, Wangcheng Liu, Hang Liu, and Jinwen Zhang. "Glycerol Induced Catalyst‐Free Curing of Epoxy and Vitrimer Preparation." Macromolecular Rapid Communications 40, no. 7 (February 5, 2019): 1800889. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/marc.201800889.

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30

Bergoglio, Matteo, David Reisinger, Sandra Schlögl, Thomas Griesser, and Marco Sangermano. "Sustainable Bio-Based UV-Cured Epoxy Vitrimer from Castor Oil." Polymers 15, no. 4 (February 18, 2023): 1024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15041024.

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Vitrimers brought new properties in thermosets by allowing their reshaping, self-healing, reprocessing, and network rearrangement without changing structural integrity. In this study, epoxidized castor oil (ECO) was successfully used for the straightforward synthesis of a bio-based solvent-free vitrimer. The synthesis was based on a UV-curing process, which proceeded at low temperatures in the absence of any solvents, and within a short time. Real time Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy and photo-DSC were exploited to monitor the cationic photocurable process. The UV-cured polymer networks were able to efficiently undergo thermo-activated bond exchange reactions due to the presence of dibutyl phosphate as a transesterification catalyst. Mechanical properties, thermal resistance, glass transition temperature, and stress relaxation were investigated as a function of the amount of transesterification catalyst. Mechanical properties were determined by both DMTA and tensile tests. Glass transition temperature (Tg) was evaluated by DMTA. Thermal stability was assessed by thermogravimetric analysis, whilst vitrimeric properties were studied by stress relaxation experiments. Overall, the ECO-based vitrimer showed high thermal resistance (up to 200 °C) and good mechanical properties (elastic modulus of about 10 MPa) and can therefore be considered as a promising starting point for obtaining more sustainable vitrimers.

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31

Palmieri, Barbara, Fabrizia Cilento, Eugenio Amendola, Teodoro Valente, Stefania Dello Iacono, Michele Giordano, and Alfonso Martone. "Influence of Catalyst Content and Epoxy/Carboxylate Ratio on Isothermal Creep of Epoxy Vitrimers." Polymers 15, no. 18 (September 21, 2023): 3845. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15183845.

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In the present work, a commercial epoxy based on epoxy anhydride and tertiary amine was modified by a metallic catalyst (Zn2+) to induce vitrimeric behavior by promoting the transesterification reaction. The effect of two different epoxy/acid ratios (1 and 0.6) at two different zinc acetate amounts (Zn(Ac)2) on the thermomechanical and viscoelastic performances of the epoxy vitrimers were investigated. Creep experiments showed an increase in molecular mobility above the critical “Vitrimeric” temperature (Tv) of 170 °C proportionally to the amount of Zn(Ac)2. A procedure based on Burger’s model was set up to investigate the effect of catalyst content on the vitrimer ability to flow as the effect of the dynamic exchange reaction. The analysis showed that in the case of a balanced epoxy/acid formulation, the amount of catalyst needed for promoting molecular mobility is 5%. This system showed a value of elastic modulus and dynamic viscosity at 170 °C of 9.50 MPa and 2.23 GPas, respectively. The material was easily thermoformed in compression molding, paving the way for the recyclability and weldability of the thermoset system.

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32

Krishnakumar, Balaji, Debajyoti Bose, Manjeet Singh, R. V. Siva Prasanna Sanka, Velidi V. S. S. Gurunadh, Shailey Singhal, Vijay Parthasarthy, et al. "Sugarcane Bagasse-Derived Activated Carbon- (AC-) Epoxy Vitrimer Biocomposite: Thermomechanical and Self-Healing Performance." International Journal of Polymer Science 2021 (June 14, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5561755.

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Vitrimeric materials have emerged as fascinating and sustainable materials owing to their malleability, reprocessability, and recyclability. Sustainable vitrimeric materials can be prepared by reinforcing polymeric matrix with bioderived fillers. In the current work, a sustainable vitrimer is prepared by incorporating biomass-derived activated carbon (AC) filler into the epoxy matrix to achieve enhanced thermal and mechanical properties. Thus, prepared biocomposite vitrimers demonstrate a lower-temperature self-healing (70°C for 5 min) via disulfide exchanges, compared to the pristine epoxy vitrimers (80°C for 5 min). Significantly, the self-healing performances have been studied extensively with the flexural studies; and changes in material healing efficiency have been demonstrated based on the observed changes in modulus.

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33

Azcune, Itxaso, Edurne Elorza, Alaitz Ruiz de Luzuriaga, Arrate Huegun, Alaitz Rekondo, and Hans-Jürgen Grande. "Analysis of the Effect of Network Structure and Disulfide Concentration on Vitrimer Properties." Polymers 15, no. 20 (October 17, 2023): 4123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15204123.

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A set of five vitrimers with glass transition temperatures in the range of 80–90 °C were designed to assess the effect of the network structure and disulfide concentration on their dynamic and mechanical properties, and to find the best performing system overall compared to the commercial Araldite LY1564/Aradur 3486 commercial thermoset system. Vitrimer networks were prepared by incorporating mono- and bifunctional epoxy reactive diluents and an amine chain extender into the Araldite LY1564/4-aminophenyldisulfide system.

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34

Ran, Yin, Yi-Dong Li, and Jian-Bing Zeng. "Dynamic crosslinking towards well-dispersed cellulose nanofiber reinforced epoxy vitrimer composites." Composites Communications 33 (August 2022): 101228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coco.2022.101228.

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35

Aranberri, Ibon, Maite Landa, Edurne Elorza, Asier M. Salaberria, and Alaitz Rekondo. "Thermoformable and recyclable CFRP pultruded profile manufactured from an epoxy vitrimer." Polymer Testing 93 (January 2021): 106931. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2020.106931.

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36

Han, Jiarui, Tuan Liu, Cheng Hao, Shuai Zhang, Baohua Guo, and Jinwen Zhang. "A Catalyst-Free Epoxy Vitrimer System Based on Multifunctional Hyperbranched Polymer." Macromolecules 51, no. 17 (August 24, 2018): 6789–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01424.

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37

Memon, Hafeezullah, Haiyang Liu, Muhammad A. Rashid, Li Chen, Qiuran Jiang, Liying Zhang, Yi Wei, Wanshuang Liu, and Yiping Qiu. "Vanillin-Based Epoxy Vitrimer with High Performance and Closed-Loop Recyclability." Macromolecules 53, no. 2 (January 15, 2020): 621–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02006.

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38

Mao, Hsu-I., Jun-Yuan Hu, Jia-Wei Shiu, Syang-Peng Rwei, and Chin-Wen Chen. "Sustainability and repeatedly recycled epoxy-based vitrimer electromagnetic shielding composite material." Polymer Testing 127 (October 2023): 108200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2023.108200.

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39

Kosarli, Maria, Georgios Foteinidis, Kyriaki Tsirka, Nerea Markaide, Alaitz Ruiz de Luzuriaga, Diego Calderón Zapatería, Stefan Weidmann, and Alkiviadis S. Paipetis. "3R Composites: Knockdown Effect Assessment and Repair Efficiency via Mechanical and NDE Testing." Applied Sciences 12, no. 14 (July 19, 2022): 7269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12147269.

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In this study, the mechanical properties of purposefully synthesized vitrimer repairable epoxy composites were investigated and compared to conventional, commercial systems. The purpose was to assess the knockdown effect, or the relative property deterioration, from the use of the vitrimer in several testing configurations. Mechanical tests were performed using ILSS, low-velocity impact, and compression after impact configurations. At modeled structure level, the lap strap geometry that can simulate the stiffening of a composite panel was tested. Several non-destructive evaluation techniques were utilized simultaneously with the mechanical testing in order to evaluate (i) the production quality, (ii) the damage during or after mechanical testing, and (iii) the repair efficiency. Results indicated that the new repairable composites had the same mechanical properties as the conventional aerospace-grade RTM6 composites. The electrical resistance change method proved to be a valuable technique for monitoring deformations before the initiation of the debonding and the progress of the damage with consistency and high sensitivity in real time. In terms of repair efficiency, the values ranged from 70% to 100%.

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40

Veloso-Fernández, Antonio, Leire Ruiz-Rubio, Imanol Yugueros, M. Isabel Moreno-Benítez, José Manuel Laza, and José Luis Vilas-Vilela. "Improving the Recyclability of an Epoxy Resin through the Addition of New Biobased Vitrimer." Polymers 15, no. 18 (September 12, 2023): 3737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15183737.

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In recent decades, the use of thermoset epoxy resins (ER) has spread to countless applications due to their mechanical properties, heat resistance and stability. However, these ERs are neither biodegradable nor recyclable due to their permanent crosslinked networks and usually, they are synthesized from fossil and toxic precursors. Therefore, reducing its consumption is of vital importance to the environment. On the one hand, the solution to the recyclability problems of epoxy resins can be achieved through the use of vitrimers, which have thermoset properties and can be recycled as thermoplastic materials. On the other hand, vitrimers can be made from natural sources, reducing their toxicity. In this work, a sustainable epoxy vitrimer has been efficiently synthesized, VESOV, by curing epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) with a new vanillin-derived Schiff base (VSB) dynamic hardener, aliphatic diamine (1,4-butanediamine, BDA) and using 1,2-dimethylimidazole (DMI) as an accelerator. Likewise, using the same synthesized VSB agent, a commercial epoxy resin has also been cured and characterized as ESO. Finally, different percentages (30, 50 and 70 wt%) of the same ER have been included in the formulation of VESOV, demonstrating that only including 30 wt% of ER in the formulation is able to improve the thermo-mechanical properties, maintaining the VESOV’s inherent reprocessability or recyclability. In short, this is the first approach to achieve a new material that can be postulated in the future as a replacement for current commercial epoxy resins, although it still requires a minimum percentage of RE in the formulation, it makes it possible to recycle the material while maintaining good mechanical properties.

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Tang, Rui, Bailiang Xue, Jiaojun Tan, Ying Guan, Jialong Wen, Xinping Li, and Wei Zhao. "Regulating Lignin-Based Epoxy Vitrimer Performance by Fine-Tuning the Lignin Structure." ACS Applied Polymer Materials 4, no. 2 (January 18, 2022): 1117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.1c01541.

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42

Yang, Yang, Zhiqiang Pei, Xiqi Zhang, Lei Tao, Yen Wei, and Yan Ji. "Carbon nanotube–vitrimer composite for facile and efficient photo-welding of epoxy." Chem. Sci. 5, no. 9 (2014): 3486–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4sc00543k.

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43

Zhou, Lisheng, Guangcheng Zhang, Yunjie Feng, Hongming Zhang, Jiantong Li, and Xuetao Shi. "Design of a self-healing and flame-retardant cyclotriphosphazene-based epoxy vitrimer." Journal of Materials Science 53, no. 9 (January 22, 2018): 7030–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-018-2015-z.

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44

Bohra, Bhashkar Singh, Poonam Singh, Anita Rana, Harsh Sharma, Tanuja Arya, Mayank Pathak, Alok Chaurasia, Sravendra Rana, and Nanda Gopal Sahoo. "Specific functionalized graphene oxide-based vitrimer epoxy nanocomposites for self-healing applications." Composites Science and Technology 241 (August 2023): 110143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2023.110143.

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45

Lu, Jia-Hui, Zhen Li, Jia-Hui Chen, Shu-Liang Li, Jie-Hao He, Song Gu, Bo-Wen Liu, Li Chen, and Yu-Zhong Wang. "Adaptable Phosphate Networks towards Robust, Reprocessable, Weldable, and Alertable-Yet-Extinguishable Epoxy Vitrimer." Research 2022 (October 6, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2022/9846940.

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Covalent adaptable networks (CANs) combine the uniqueness of thermoplastics and thermosets to allow for reprocessability while being covalently crosslinked. However, it is highly desirable but rarely achieved for CANs to simultaneously demonstrate reversibility and mechanical robustness. Herein, we report a feasible strategy to develop a novel epoxy vitrimer (EV) composed of adaptable phosphate networks (APNs), by which the EVs exhibit promising mechanical properties (tensile strength of 62.5 ~ 87.8 MPa and tensile modulus of 1360.1 ~ 2975.3 MPa) under ambient conditions. At elevated temperatures, the topology rearrangement occurs relied on phosphate transesterification, which contributes to the shape memory performance, self-healing, reprocessing, and welding behaviors. Moreover, the incorporation of APNs allows for improvements in anti-ignition and also the inhibition of both heat release and smoke generation to avoid empyrosis, asphyxiation, and toxication during burning, showing expected intrinsic fire safety. Thermal, mechanical properties, and flame retardancy of the reprocessed EVs after hot pressing are very close to those of the original EVs, which is attributed to the sufficient reversibility of APNs. Accordingly, combining the aforementioned features, EVs are manufactured as flame-triggered switches for fire alarms, which symbolizes the innovative development of high-performance covalent adaptable polymeric materials.

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46

Han, Jiarui, Tuan Liu, Cheng Hao, Shuai Zhang, Baohua Guo, and Jinwen Zhang. "Correction to A Catalyst-Free Epoxy Vitrimer System Based on Multifunctional Hyperbranched Polymer." Macromolecules 51, no. 20 (October 2, 2018): 8330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01968.

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47

Jouyandeh, Maryam, Farimah Tikhani, Norbert Hampp, Donya Akbarzadeh Yazdi, Payam Zarrintaj, Mohammad Reza Ganjali, and Mohammad Reza Saeb. "Highly curable self-healing vitrimer-like cellulose-modified halloysite nanotube/epoxy nanocomposite coatings." Chemical Engineering Journal 396 (September 2020): 125196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.125196.

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48

Capannelli, Jerome M., Sara Dalle Vacche, Alessandra Vitale, Khaoula Bouzidi, Davide Beneventi, and Roberta Bongiovanni. "A biobased epoxy vitrimer/cellulose composite for 3D printing by Liquid Deposition Modelling." Polymer Testing 127 (October 2023): 108172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2023.108172.

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49

Liu, Yu-Yao, Gan-Lin Liu, Yi-Dong Li, Yunxuan Weng, and Jian-Bing Zeng. "Biobased High-Performance Epoxy Vitrimer with UV Shielding for Recyclable Carbon Fiber Reinforced Composites." ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 9, no. 12 (March 17, 2021): 4638–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c00231.

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50

Cong, Chang, Jixiao Wang, Zhan Wang, Guangyu Xing, and Zhi Wang. "Photothermal healing performance of oxidized carbon black/epoxy vitrimer composite coating for metal protection." Progress in Organic Coatings 179 (June 2023): 107484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2023.107484.

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