Journal articles: 'Epoxy based intumescent'

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Vakhitova, Lyubov, Nadiya Taran, Konstantin Kalafat, Volodymyr Bessarabov, Viktor Shologon, and Svitlana Pridatko. "FIRE PROTECTIVE EFFICIENCY OF INTUMESCENT TYPE EPOXIDE COATING." JOURNAL of Donetsk mining institute, no. 1 (2021): 143–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31474/1999-981x-2021-1-143-153.

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Purpose. The purpose of this work is to study the thermal degradation of epoxy polymers and nanocomposites based on them in a fire retardant intumescent coating having a composition – ammonium polyphosphate / melamine / pentaerythritol. Methods. Thermogravimetric studies have been performed on the device “Thermoscan-2”, fire tests were performed by the method of “Bunsen burner”. Results. The influence of the structure of epoxy resin as a polymer component of the intumescent system on oxidative thermal destruction and fire retardant efficiency of reactive coating has been researched. The obtained results allow us to state that the best result has been demonstrated by Araldite GY 783 – epoxy resin of bisphenols A/F with a reactive solvent. The thermal properties of various epoxy resins and nanocomposites based on them with organomodified montmorillonite have been studied. It was found that montmorillonite in the nanocomposite increases the decomposition temperature of epoxy resin. Scientific novelty. It has been shown that the variation of the polymer component of the intumescent coating has little effect on the swelling rate, but the fire retardant efficiency of the intumescent composition containing epoxy resin of bisphenols A/F is higher than the same characteristic for the composition based on epoxy resin of bisphenol A. It has been established that the exclusion of pentaerythritol from the formulation of the epoxy intumescent system causes the formation of a more regular and durable char insulation layer. It has been proved that the use of additional, including nanostructured flame retardants, namely, modified montmorillonite, can increase the fire retardant efficiency of the coating. Practical significance. The obtained results are of practical importance for the development of new scientific approaches to the design of fire-fighting materials with improved performance characteristics through the use of polymers that provide the construction of a thermostable thermal insulation char layer. Through a series of systematic tests, it has been demonstrated that the use of nanoclay and nanocomposites based on epoxy resins allows to improve the formulations of intumescent coatings with high performance with the help of budget nanotechnologies.

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Hryhorenko, Oleksandr, and Yevheniia Zolkina. "Development and optimization of fire-protective coating composition based on epoxypolymers." Technology audit and production reserves 4, no. 3(60) (July 31, 2021): 18–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2706-5448.2021.237982.

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The object of research is intumescent fire retardant coatings based on epoxy resins. The research is aimed at the development of mathematical models of the dependence of the swelling rate of intumescent fire retardant coatings on their composition. Considering the complexity of the processes during the formation of a protective carbon layer, it is advisable to select the optimal ratio of the components of an intumescent fire retardant coating experimentally, followed by the construction of mathematical dependences of the swelling ratio on the coating composition. Therefore, experimental studies aimed at developing and optimizing the composition of an intumescent fire retardant coating based on epoxy polymers are an important task. The studies were carried out in accordance with the theory of planning experiments with the construction of an orthogonal compositional plan of the second order. A linear swelling factor was chosen as the response function. Compositions based on the ED-20 epoxy oligomer, cured with polyethylene polyamine and filled with ammonium polyphosphate, aluminum hydroxide, and graphite additive were used for the study. Based on the results of processing the experimental results, a regression equation was obtained and response surfaces were constructed that describe the dependence of the linear swelling coefficient Cs of an intumescent composition based on an epoxy oligomer on the content of ammonium polyphosphate, aluminum hydroxide and graphite additive. A complex relationship is shown between the content of components and the linear swelling coefficient Cs with different ratios of the components. The optimum by the linear swelling coefficient (Cs=68.1) content of the components in the epoxy polymer was determined, amounting to 20 wt. including for ammonium polyphosphate, 15 mass parts including for aluminum hydroxide and 3 mass parts for the graphite additive. However, with such a ratio, the «self-extinguishing» condition is not met (Cs=27 %). Filling the composition with ammonium polyphosphate in an amount of 26.3 mass parts including, aluminum hydroxide 25 mass parts and 3.5 mass parts including graphite additives allows to get an intumescent fire retardant coating with a swelling ratio Cs over 63 and a reduced level of flammability (Ci=31 %)

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Hryhorenko, Oleksandr, Yevheniia Zolkina, Natalia Vyacheslavovna Saienko, and Yuri Viktorovich Popov. "Investigation of the Effect of Fillers on the Properties of the Expanded Coke Layer of Epoxyamine Compositions." Materials Science Forum 1038 (July 13, 2021): 539–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1038.539.

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Intumescent fire-retardant coatings based on epoxy resins, compared to traditional fire-retardant compositions, have improved performance properties – high strength, chemical and atmospheric resistance, adhesion to many materials. However, unmodified epoxy polymers are combustible and to obtain IFR based on them, flame retardants and mineral fillers are added to their composition. Intumescent systems for flame retardant coatings based on epoxy oligomers (non-halogen-containing) usually consist of ammonium or ammophos polyphosphate as an acidic agent and a wide range of fillers, both inert and gaseous, or which are an additional source of carbon. Each component of the fire-retardant intimate coating in different ways affects the processes of coke formation, which determines the requirements for their choice. Thus, the aim of this work is to conduct experimental studies of the dependence of the characteristics of the expanded coke layer on the composition of the intumescent epoxyamine composition. The results of experimental studies of the effect of ammonium polyphosphate and binary mixtures of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) with aluminum hydroxide (AH), sodium tetraborate decahydrate (STD), titanium oxide TiO2 (TO), pentaerythritol (P), aerosil (A) and expandable graphite are presented (EG) on the multiplicity of expanding and weight loss of epoxy compositions at study temperatures of 350, 400 and 450°C. Studies have shown that the production of intumescent flame retardant coatings based on epoxy oligomers is possible provided they are filled with ammonium polyphosphate in an amount of more than 20 mass parts. The most effective in terms of expanding are additives titanium oxide and aluminum hydroxide in an amount of 20 mass parts, which allows to obtain intumescent fire-retardant coatings with a linear coefficient of expanding 30-32 and 24-27, respectively, throughout the range of temperatures. The obtained data are useful in the development of fire-retardant coatings based on epoxy oligomers.

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Đỗ, Trung. "Development of an epoxy-based intumescent retardant coatings comprising of different fillers for steel structure." Journal of Military Science and Technology 87 (May 25, 2023): 70–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.54939/1859-1043.j.mst.87.2023.70-77.

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Intumescent coating is one of the useful methods to protect steel structures under fire conditions. In this study, the influence of single and hybrid two or three flame-retardant fillers among TiO2, Al(OH)3, and Mg(OH)2 on paints containing ammonium polyphosphate (APP), melamine (MEL), pentaerythritol (PER) based on the epoxy resin was investigated to improve the fire protection performance of the intumescent coatings. The performances of the intumescent coatings were determined by a fire test at 950oC for 1 hour. The coating degradation was characterized by Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The morphology and composition of the char after the fire test were studied by Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectra (EDS). The results revealed that Al(OH)3 or combination of Al(OH)3 and TiO2 are the effective solution to increase fire protective performances of the epoxy-based intumescent coatings.

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Amir, Norlaili, Faiz Ahmad, and Puteri S. M. Megat Yusoff. "Char Strength of Wool Fibre Reinforced Epoxy-Based Intumescent Coatings (FRIC)." Advanced Materials Research 626 (December 2012): 504–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.626.504.

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Fire protective intumescent coating cannot insulate a base material effectively if its char lacks mechanical strength. This research therefore, studied the effects of fibre reinforcement to epoxy-based intumescent coatings char strength. The fibres used include glass wool fibre, Rockwool fibre and ceramic wool fibre of 10mm length. The three formulations mechanical performances were compared to both, a famous commercial intumescent coating and a control formulation without fibre. These coatings were fire tested up to 800°C in an electric furnace for an hour. Their chars mechanical properties were evaluated for char resistance test using predetermined weight loads. In the test, masses from 100g to 3600g were loaded continuously on top of the chars where the fibre reinforced intumescent coating (FRIC) has shown better strength and resistance to deformation. As a result, they produced lower percentage of height reduction i.e. 34% - 83% different when compared to unreinforced coating. Control char also ruptured at as low as 4N load. It was deduced that fire insulative wool fibres are effective reinforcement for improved char strength of the FRIC.

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Gillani, Qandeel Fatima, Faiz Ahmad, Mohamed Ibrahim Abdul Mutalib, and Ezza Syahera. "Thermal Degradation and Char Morphology of HNTs Reinforced Epoxy Based Intumescent Fire Retardant Coatings." Key Engineering Materials 701 (July 2016): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.701.83.

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This study investigates the effectiveness of halloysite nanotube as filler on improvement in thermal performance of epoxy based intumescent fire retardant coating. Several intumescent fire retardant formulations were developed with and without halloysite nanotube. The thermal performance and char morphology of Intumescent fire retardant formulations was studied. Bunsen burner (ASTM E-119) test revealed that incorporation of HNTs (1.5 wt. %) improved flame retardancy by reducing the temperature of steel substrate up to 99 °C when exposed to fire for 1 hour. This study also revealed the physical and chemical mechanisms of action of HNTs in the intumescent systems. Results showed that halloysite improved the growth of the intumescent shield and give better quality of char. HNT formed aluminosilicate network for the phosphocarbonaceous structure by chemical contacts with ammonium polyphosphate. These new chemical species enhanced thermal stabilization of the char at high temperature and offered good structural properties on micro and macro scale. This increased the mechanical strength of the shielding layer during burning and also enhanced the residual weight percentage after thermal degradation as shown in thermal gravimetrical curves.

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Cheng, Chen, Yi Wang, Yanling Lu, Shaojie Li, Hua Li, Jun Yan, and Shiguo Du. "Bio-based arginine surface-modified ammonium polyphosphate: an efficient intumescent flame retardant for epoxy resin." RSC Advances 12, no. 15 (2022): 9223–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ra09459a.

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Luo, Qinqin, Yanchao Yuan, Chunlei Dong, Shumei Liu, and Jiangqing Zhao. "Intumescent flame retardancy of a DGEBA epoxy resin based on 5,10-dihydro-phenophosphazine-10-oxide." RSC Advances 5, no. 84 (2015): 68476–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra11847f.

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Pestereva, L., N. Shakirov, and Оlga G. Shakirova. "Intumescent Type Fire Retardant Epoxy Coating." Materials Science Forum 992 (May 2020): 605–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.992.605.

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This article discusses one of the methods of fire protection, namely, the coating of metal structures with fire retardant paints. Intumescent coatings are currently the most widely used. Fire retardant coatings based on epoxy paints have high performance characteristics and are promising. As the foaming component, the system of ammonium polyphosphate - pentaerythritol - melamine (in a ratio of 2: 1: 1) was selected. The fire retardant properties of the developed material were investigated. Coatings on the base of the developed fire retardant paint allow us to increase own level of fire resistance of metal constructions up to three (90 minutes).

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Salasinska, Kamila, Maciej Celiński, Paweł Kozikowski, Michał K. Leszczyński, Monika Borucka, and Agnieszka Gajek. "Influence of the Developed Flame Retardant System Based on Renewable Raw Materials on Epoxy Resin Fire Behavior." Materials Science Forum 995 (June 2020): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.995.37.

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A novel intumescent flame retardant system based on shell (S) and histidine diphosphate (HF) was developed and introduced into the epoxy resin in order to verify its effectiveness in the inhibition of the burning process. To confirm the structure of HF, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used. The influence of the flame retardant system on the burning and smoke emission of the resin was assessed based on cone calorimeter (CC) measurements. Moreover, structural evaluation of polymeric materials was carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was found that the incorporation of the developed flame retardant system caused the formation of a protective layer in the form of char, which reduced burning process and smoke emission of the epoxy resin. The obtained results were better than those generated by commercial intumescent fire retardant.

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Evstigneev, Alexandr, Vladimir Smirnov, and Vitaliy Gladkikh. "Structure of intumescent epoxy composites with expandable graphite." E3S Web of Conferences 91 (2019): 07015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199107015.

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Currently, thermoset-based polymer matrix composites are widely used for production of fire protective coatings. Intumescent properties of such coatings are highly dependent on composition. Expandable graphite is a prospective intumescent admixture; unfortunately, admixture of expandable graphite alone can lower the integrity of char residue down to unacceptable levels. The objective of the present work is to present the method that can be used for elimination of the mentioned drawback. The limiting values of expandable graphite in composite with two different admixtures - ammonium polyphosphate and ceramic cenospheres - were determined by means of study the structure of both intumescent epoxy composites and char residues of such composites. It was revealed that admixture of ceramic cenospheres leads to notable improvement of integrity of char residue. This improvement is mostly due to features of heat transfer in material with cenospheres which are characterized by low particle size and, at the same time, low heat conductance.

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Huang, Ya Wen, Jia Jun Ma, and Jun Xiao Yang. "Intumescent Flame Retardant Epoxy Resins Based on Condensation Polymers of P-Phenylenediamine and Bispirocyclic Pentaerythritol Diphosphate." Advanced Materials Research 482-484 (February 2012): 1863–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.482-484.1863.

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Copolymer of p-phenylenediamine and bispirocyclic pentaerythritol diphosphate was synthesized and characterized by FTIR and 1H NMR. This polymer was used to prepare epoxy resin/SPDA composites. Thermal stability of SPDA and epoxy/SPDA composites were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and their flammability were investigated by the LOI test. TGA results showed that the addition of SPDA improved the char residue of epoxy resin. SEM investigation showed that the residual chars have a honeycomb-like structure, indicating an intumescent ﬂame retarding effect of SPDA in composites. In addition, all of above results confirmed that accelerate carbonization play a key role in improving flame retardancy of epoxy resin.

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Wu, Zhi Ping, Yun Chu Hu, and Mei Qin Chen. "The Effect of Intumescent Flame Retardant Contained Microencapsulated Red Phosphorus on the Flame Retardance and Thermal Degradation Behaviour of Epoxy Resin." Advanced Materials Research 197-198 (February 2011): 1167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.197-198.1167.

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The effect of intumescent flame retardant (IFR) contained microencapsulated red phosphorus on the flame retardance of E-44 epoxy resin (EP) was studied. The test results indicated that good flame retardancy can be realized when epoxy resin treated with 30% IFR. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the charring amount at high temperature of EP can increase substantially when IFR was incorporated. In order to further explain this phenomenon, Dolye integration method of thermal degradation dynamics was employed to study the thermal degradation process of EP treated with IFR based on the microencapsulated red phosphrous according to the thermal gravimetry analysis results.The activation energy and reactor order of different thermal degradation stages were obtained. The results of thermal degradation dynamics implied the intumescent flame retardants can improve the flame retardance of the epoxy resin through decrease the degradation speed and increase the activation energy of the second thermal degradation stage.

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Smirnov, Vladimir, and Evgeniy Korolev. "Water absorption by multifunctional protective epoxy composites." MATEC Web of Conferences 193 (2018): 03028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819303028.

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Currently, thermoset-based polymer matrix composites are widely used in many areas of construction industry. Such composites demonstrate high compressive and flexural strength and are often characterized by high chemical stability under severe environmental conditions. One of the new promising areas of application of thermoset-based polymer matrix composites is the intumescent protective coating for metals; in normal conditions, such coatings can prevent the corrosion of metal constructions; during fire, expanded layer can prolong the time before critical failure. Water absorption is one of the primary characteristics of corrosion-protective materials; however, till now, there is only limited information about water absorption of multifunctional protective thermoset-based polymer matrix composites for intumescent coatings. In the present work, asymptotic values of water absorption of epoxy composites with polysiloxanes and fluorine-chlorine liquids are examined. The boundaries of control variables, within which the materials with required properties can be made, are determined. Silica, intercalated (expandable) graphite, and asbestos are used as fillers. Experiments were carried out in accordance with central composite experimental designs for full second-order regression models. It is shown that some admixtures can lead to notable decrease of water absorption.

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Amir, Norlaili, Faiz Ahmad, Muhammad Hazwan Abdul Halim, Qandeel Fatima Gillani, Puteri S. M. Megat Yusoff, Hammad Aziz, and Rafiq Ahmad. "Synergistic Effects of Titanium Dioxide and Zinc Borate on Thermal Degradation and Water Resistance of Epoxy Based Intumescent Fire Retardant Coatings." Key Engineering Materials 740 (June 2017): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.740.41.

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Abstract. This studies discuss the synergistic effects of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc borate on thermal stability and water resistance of intumescent fire retardant coatings. TiO2 in association with a traditional intumescent flame retardant system which contains ammonium polyphosphate/expandable graphite/melamine/ zinc borate (APP–EG–MEL-ZB) was introduced to epoxy based coatings to improve the fire resistance. The influences of TiO2 on the properties of the coatings were investigated in detail by using Bunsen burner fire test, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and water immersion test. Bunsen burner test revealed that incorporation of titanium dioxide in intumescent formulation reduced the steel substrate temperature from 240 °C to 116 °C. The TGA results proved that addition of TiO2 could enhance the anti-oxidation of the char layers and increase the residue weights of the coatings. The FESEM images demonstrated that addition of TiO2 could improve the foam structure of the char residue. Sea water resistance test demonstrated that the optimum mass % age of TiO2 (6%) exhibited great synergism with natural anti-corrosion agent, zinc borate, and improved corrosion resistance performance of intumescent coating formulations.

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Popugaev, A. I., G. I. Yakovlev, A. F. Gordina, D. R. Khazeev, and T. A. Plekhanova. "Development of Organic-Mineral Fireproofing Composition Based on Liquid Glass and Epoxy Resin." Vestnik IzhGTU imeni M.T. Kalashnikova 27, no. 1 (March 30, 2024): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.22213/2413-1172-2024-1-36-43.

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The problem of metal and wooden structure protection is one of the priority areas in fire safety. One of the most effective and affordable ways to make various materials fire-resistant is painting them with flame retardant paint and varnish materials. In this regard, in this area, the development of flame-retardant compositions and coatings with reduced flammability is underway. The most promising are flame retardant paint and varnish materials forming intumescent type coatings. These paint and varnish materials form a foam coated layer on the protected surface. This work is devoted to the research aimed at the development of new intumescent coatings based on organic-mineral matrix, characterized by low cost, comparable with analogues operational parameters and having a flame-retardant effect in the protection of wood and metal structures in case of fire. The paper considers the main components of flame-retardant intumescent coatings. The flame-retardant composition including organic and mineral components is selected. The technology of manufacturing samples with the necessary component mass fraction ratios in the mixture is considered. The research with the help of thermal analysis methods (differential-thermal and thermogravimetric) of the experimental sample with the following composition: epoxy resin ED-20 - 58.82 mass %, ammonium polyphosphate - 17.65 mass %, chrysotile asbestos - 11.76 mass %, dry potassium glass - 5.88 mass %, hardener polyethylene polyamine (PEPA) - 5.88 mass % has been carried out. The effect of flame-retardant composition components on the process of coke formation, degree of combustibility and smoke emission has been determined. The results of physical and chemical studies of the flame-retardant composite material are given. Ways of further flame-retardant composition improvement are determined.

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Lee, Y. X., F. Ahmad, S. Kakooei, Y. Azmi, and S. Kabir. "Fire-Resistant Properties of Modified Epoxy Based Intumescent Fire-Retardant Coating: Hybridizing of Oyster Shell Powder with Glass Frit." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1176, no. 1 (August 1, 2021): 012025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1176/1/012025.

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Abstract Fire retardant coatings play vital role in safety of construction nowadays, to delay the fire propagation and provide more time for evacuation. The current research work aimed to study the use of modified siloxane epoxy binder to develop intumescent coating. Polyamide amine was used as a hardener. Three different sets of formulations were developed by using three different fillers, namely the oyster shell powder (OSP), glass frit (GF) and combination of both oyster shell powder and glass frit (OG). All three set of formulation also includes the basic ingredients of intumescent coating. These samples were used to study the synergistic effects of fillers on thermal performance of the coating as well tested for char expansion, heat shielding, char morphology and composition. Fire resistant testing was conducted by using a Bunsen Burner and GF samples had found to have minimum substrate temperature of 175.3°C. The char morphology was analysed via Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) which confirmed the adhesion between the matrix with fillers. Furnace test was carried out to investigate the char expansion of OSP/GF/OG with the modified siloxane epoxy composition and the maximum expansion was OSP 1% with intumescent factor of 7.78. XRD was conducted to evaluate the residual compounds in the char and FTIR was utilized to analyse the functional group where O-H, C-N, O=C=O and C=C bonds were found in the degradation compounds in the char residual of the coatings.

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Riyazuddin, Samrin Bano, Fohad Mabood Husain, Jamal Akhter Siddique, Khadijah H. Alharbi, Rais Ahmad Khan, and Ali Alsalme. "Role of Copper Oxide on Epoxy Coatings with New Intumescent Polymer-Based Fire Retardant." Molecules 25, no. 24 (December 17, 2020): 5978. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25245978.

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Epoxy resins (EP) have been used as a thermos-setting material in the field of coating, casting, bonding agent, and laminating. However, a major drawback associated with its use is the lack of good flaming properties, and it is responsible for heavy smoke along with hazardous gases considerably limiting its uses in various fields. In this study, N-ethanolamine triazine-piperizine, a melamine polymer (ETPMP), was established as a new charring-foaming agent and was successfully synthesized with ethanolamine, piperizine, cyanuric chloride, and melamine as precursor molecules via the nucleophilic substitution reaction method. Elemental analysis and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis were applied to approve the synthesis of ETPMP and confirmation of its structure and characterization. The epoxy coating of intumescent flame retardant (IFR) was equipped by introducing ETPMP, ammonium polyphosphate (APP), and copper oxide (CuO) in multiple composition ratios. CuO was loaded at various amounts into the IFR-coating system as a synergistic agent. The synergistic action of CuO on IFR coatings was scientifically examined by using different analytical tests such as vertical burning test (UL-94V), limited oxygen index (LOI), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), cone calorimeter, and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that small changes in the amount of CuO expressively amplified the LOI results and enhanced the V-0 ratings in the UL-94V test. The TGA data clearly demonstrate that the inclusion of CuO can transform the thermal deprivation behavior of coatings with a growing char slag proportion with elevated temperatures. Information from cone calorimeter data affirmed that CuO can decrease the burning factors by total heat release (THR) together with peak heat release rate (PHRR). The SEM images indicated that CuO can enrich the power and compression of the intumescent char that restricts the movement of heat and oxygen. Our results demonstrate a positive influence of CuO on the epoxy-headed intumescent flame retardant coatings.

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Ullah, Sami, and Faiz Ahmad. "Enhancing the Char Resistant of Expandable Graphite Based Intumescent Fire Retardant Coatings by Using Multi-Wall Carbon Nano Tubes for Structural Steel." Solid State Phenomena 185 (February 2012): 90–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.185.90.

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In the intumescent fire retardant (IFR) coating char thickness and its strength play a vital role to protect the base steel structure from the fire. The IFR coating contains expandable graphite (EG), ammonium polyphosphate (APP), melamine, boric acid, bisphenol, epoxy resin BE-188 (BPA) which is used as a binder with ACR hardener H-2310 polyamide amine and multi wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). A range of different formations were prepared to study the heat shielding effect and char expansion after fire test. The intumescent coating was tested at 800°C for one hour in the furnace and found to be very stable and well bonded with the steel substrate. The characterization was done by using Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) after fire test. The results confirmed that MWCNTs enhanced the char resistant of IFR coating on steel substrate after fire test. Keywords: Intumescent fire retardant coating, Expandable Graphite, Multiwall Carbonnano tubes, FESEM and TGA.

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Price, Erik J., James Covello, Andrew Tuchler, and Gary E. Wnek. "Intumescent, Epoxy-Based Flame-Retardant Coatings Based on Poly(acrylic acid) Compositions." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 12, no. 16 (March 31, 2020): 18997–9005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c00567.

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Pöhler, Christoph M., Marwa Hamza, Torsten Kolb, Erik V. Bachtiar, Libo Yan, and Bohumil Kasal. "Design of Experiments-Based Fire Performance Optimization of Epoxy and Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Polymer Composites." Polymers 15, no. 20 (October 16, 2023): 4096. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15204096.

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The fire performance of epoxy and carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites with and without fire retardants (FR) (i.e., ammonium polyphosphate (APP), aluminum trihydroxide (ATH), melamine (MEL), expandable graphite (EG)) was investigated. A design of experiment (DoE) approach was applied to study the single- and multifactorial effects of FR. The fire performance of epoxy and CFRP was evaluated by limiting the oxygen index (LOI) and heat release, which were obtained by limiting the oxygen index test and cone calorimetry. It was found that mixtures of 70 wt.-% epoxy, 24.6 wt.-% of APP, and 5.4 wt.-% MEL resulted in the highest LOI level of 45 within tested groups for epoxy resin and also for CFRP specimens (LOI level of 39). This mixture also resulted in the lowest average heat release rate (HRR180s) of 104 kW·m−2 and a spec. total heat release (THR600s) of 1.14 MJ·m−2·g−1, indicating the importance of balancing spumific and charring agents in intumescent systems and synergy thereof.

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Wang, Hao, Yinjie Wang, Yan Su, Chuang Yu, Jia Han, and Jiping Liu. "Preparation of a Polymeric Phosphoramide Flame-Retardant and Its Effect on the Flame-Retardant Properties of Epoxy Resin." Polymers 16, no. 9 (April 27, 2024): 1224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16091224.

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The flammability of epoxy resins and knowing how to achieve curing are particularly important factors during use. A novel approach for enhancing the fire resistance and reducing the smoke emission of epoxy resin during the curing process is suggested, which involves the utilization of a three-source integrated polymerization intumescent flame-retardant. In this study, the synthesis of poly 4,4-diaminodiphenylsulfone spirocyclic pentaerythritol bisphosphonate (PCS) is achieved through using solution polymerization, utilizing 4,4′-diaminodiphenylsulfone (DDS) and spirocyclic pentaerythritol bisphosphorate disphosphoryl chloride (SPDPC) as initial components. Following that, the EP underwent the inclusion of PCS to examine its resistance to heat, its ability to prevent flames, its effectiveness in reducing smoke and its curing effect. Compared to the unmodified epoxy resin, the addition of PCS can not only cure the epoxy resin, but also decompose before the epoxy resin and has a good carbonization effect. With the addition of 7 wt.% PCS, the LOI value can achieve 31.2% and successfully pass the UL-94 test with a V-0 rating. Moreover, the cone calorimeter experiment demonstrated a noteworthy decline of 59.7% in the maximum heat release rate (pHRR), 63.7% in overall heat release (THR), and 42.3% in total smoke generation (TSP). Based on the examination of TG-FTIR and SEM findings, there is ample evidence to suggest that PCS, functioning as a phosphorus-nitrogen intumescent flame-retardant that combines three origins, has the potential to exhibit a favorable flame-retardant impact in both its gas and condensed phases.

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Shuklin, Sergey G., Lyudmila Makarova, and Marina Eremina. "Epoxy Compositions Modified with Ammonium Polyphosphate and Boric Acid." Key Engineering Materials 909 (February 4, 2022): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-n42c64.

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In this work, we investigated polymer compositions based on epoxy resin cured with polyethylene polyamine and containing ammonium polyphosphate and boric acid as a blowing agent and carbonization stimulator. The UL 94 method was used to determine the ability of a material to burn or extinguish after flame treatment. We determined the ability of the material to burn or extinguish when exposed to a gas burner. Weight loss at characteristic temperatures was determined using a Perkin Elmer STA8000 synchronous DTA / TGA analyzer. The dependence of heat capacity on temperature was determined (calorimeter ITS-400). It has been shown that in modified compositions containing ammonium polyphosphate and boric acid, the heat capacity changes without significant jumps, which is due to a quieter flow of gas formation. The structure of intumescent coatings was studied using atomic force microscopy. The study was carried out on a P4-Solver device NT-MTD. Tests of the samples have shown that the addition of boric acid makes it possible to obtain a more ordered structure of the coke foam, an increase in the heat capacity of intumescent coatings.

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Riyazuddin, Riyazuddin, Samrin Bano, Fohad Mabood Husain, Rais Ahmad Khan, Ali Alsalme, and Jamal Akhter Siddique. "Influence of Antimony Oxide on Epoxy Based Intumescent Flame Retardation Coating System." Polymers 12, no. 11 (November 17, 2020): 2721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12112721.

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Ethylenediamine modified Ammonium polyphosphate (EDA-MAPP), and Charring-Foaming Agents (CFA) was prepared via a simple chemical approach and further utilizes for the preparation of Epoxy resin based intumescent flame retardation coatings. The ratio belongs to MAPP and CFA was fixed at 2:1 ratio. Comparative thermo gravimetric analysis TGA study of Modified Ammonium polyphosphate (MAPP) and Ammonium polyphosphate (APP) investigated. Sb2O3 was introduced into flame retardation coating formulation at various amounts to evaluate the synergistic action of Sb2O3 along with flame retardant coating system. The synergistic action of Sb2O3 on flame retardation coating formulation was studied by vertical burning test (UL-94V), thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), Limited Oxygen Index (LOI), and Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy (FTIR). The UL-94V results indicated that adding Sb2O3 effectively increased flame retardancy and meets V-0 ratings at each concentration. The TGA results revealed that the amalgamation of Sb2O3 at each concentration effectively increased the thermal stability of the flame retardant coating system. Cone-calorimeter study results that Sb2O3 successfully minimized the combustion parameters like, Peak Heat Release Rate (PHRR), and Total Heat Release (THR). The FTIR result shows that Sb2O3 can react with MAPP and generates the dense-charred layer which prevents the transfer of heat and oxygen.

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Jimenez, Maude, Sophie Duquesne, and Serge Bourbigot. "Kinetic analysis of the thermal degradation of an epoxy-based intumescent coating." Polymer Degradation and Stability 94, no. 3 (March 2009): 404–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2008.11.021.

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Banijamali, Masoumeh Sadat, Amir Masoud Arabi, Ali Jannesari, and Pooria Pasbakhsh. "Synthesis and characterization of an intumescent halloysite based fire-retardant epoxy system." Applied Clay Science 241 (September 2023): 106995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2023.106995.

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Yakovlev, Grigory, Vadim Khozin, Lyaila Abdrakhmanova, Natalia Maisuradze, Vladislav Medvedev, Pavel Grechkin, Irina Polyanskikh, Anastasiya Gordina, Ali Elsaed Mohamed Mohamed Elrefai, and M. F. Zakirov. "Sustainable Ways and Methods of Recycling Epoxy Fiberglass Waste." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1203, no. 3 (November 1, 2021): 032024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1203/3/032024.

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Abstract This article presents two technological ways of recycling the wastes of the production and application of products made of highly oriented fiberglass bound by the epoxy matrix. The first technology is aimed at shredding the epoxy-based products obtained by pultrusion to create fine and ultrafine powders (up to 2-10 microns) used as fillers in various composites. The second technology offers a way to obtain coarse powders with a particle size of up to 100 microns, used in the composition of heat-insulating materials and fire-retardant intumescent coatings. Proposed is the mechanical grinding of fiberglass to a finely dispersed state with subsequent heating to a temperature of 400 °C in the presence of a foaming coke and liquid glass. This technology allows the full utilization of waste from the production and application of epoxy fiberglass, such as windmill blades and parts of molded products, leading to the creation of an environmentally friendly fire-resistant and heat-insulating material in the form of plates, blocks and other products with operation temperature up to 400C, as well as fire retardant coatings for building materials and structures. By varying the content of the foaming agent and soluble glass in the composition of the intumescent mixture, one can regulate the average density, thermal conductivity and strength of the material within significant limits, achieving characteristics that exceed those of traditional heat-insulating materials. The proposed material based on recycled epoxy fiberglass is inflammable and resistant to unfavorable environmental impacts; it has high biostability and provides heat and mass transfer during the operation in buildings and structures.

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Salasinska, Kamila, Agnieszka Gajek, Maciej Celiński, Kamila Mizera, Monika Borucka, and Katarzyna Duszak. "Thermal Stability of Epoxy Resin Modified with Developed Flame Retardant System Based on Renewable Raw Materials." Materials Science Forum 995 (June 2020): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.995.43.

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A novel flame retardant system, embraced shell (S) and histidine diphosphate (H) as intumescent flame retardant developed in the Department of Chemical, Biological and Aerosol Hazards laboratory, was added to the epoxy resin and examined. The influence of flame retardant system on the thermal stability was assessed based on thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Moreover, the flame retardant components were characterized by grain size distribution. It was found that the incorporation of the developed flame retardant system caused the formation of thermal stable char, which may inhibit the burning process.

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Mansurov, Z. A., B. Ya Kolesnikov, and V. L. Efremov. "The Role of Carbonized Layers for Fire Protection of Polymer Materials." Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 20, no. 1 (March 31, 2018): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj709.

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The present work studies the processes occurring in pre-flame zone in the form of «candle-like flame» which is spread over the surface of epoxy polymer. As exemplified by epoxy polymer, it can be seen that the dominating mechanism of heat transfer from flame to pre-flame zone of carbonized polymers is a thermal conductivity by condensed phase (to phase). The mechanism of gasification processes in pre-flame zone is proposed. Gasification of the material in front of the flame edge is a controlling process, and when selecting flame retardants, it is necessary to register their ability to influence on kinetics and mechanism of gasification. The flame leading edge is bordered with the surface of polymer, which largely determines the nature of heat transfer in pre-flame region. Due to investigations of gas-phase composition at «candle-like» combustion of epoxy polymer it has been detected a considerable amount of oxygen (up to 10‒12%) near burning surface. Its presence facilitates the thermal oxidation of polymer, moreover the rate of thermal oxidation can significantly exceed the thermal decomposition rate of the polymer. The possibility to form the heat-insulating intumescent layer during decomposition of carbonizable polymers was used at development of flame retardant coatings ‒ complex multicomponent systems. Which in turns forms the intumescent carbonized layer with high porosity and low thermal conductivity, and protects based material or construction from premature heating up to critical temperatures.

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Abuhimd, Hatem, Tentu Nageswara Rao, Jung-il Song, Prashanthi Yarasani, Faheem Ahmed, Botsa Parvatamma, Asma A. Alothman, Murefah Mana AL-Anazy, and Ahmad A. Ifseisi. "Influence of Magnesium Aluminate Nanoparticles on Epoxy-Based Intumescent Flame Retardation Coating System." Coatings 10, no. 10 (October 12, 2020): 968. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10100968.

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Ethylenediamine modified ammonium polyphosphate (EDA-MAPP) and charring-foaming agents (CFA) were prepared using a simple chemical method and further used to make intumescent flame retardant coatings based on epoxy resin. The content of MAPP and CFA was fixed at a ratio of 2:1. Nanoparticles of magnesium aluminate (MgAl2O4 NPs) have been introduced into the flame retardant coating formulation in various quantities to evaluate the promotional action of MgAl2O4 NPs with a flame retardant coating system. The promotional action of MgAl2O4 NPs on the flame retardant coating formulation was studied using a vertical burning test (UL-94V), limiting oxygen index (LOI), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR). The UL-94V results indicated that the addition of MgAl2O4 effectively increased flame retardancy and met the V-0 rating at each concentration. The TGA results revealed that the incorporation of MgAl2O4 NPs at each concentration effectively increased the thermal stability of the flame retardant coating system. Cone-calorimeter experiments show that MgAl2O4 NPs effectively decreased peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR). The FTIR results indicated that MgAl2O4 NPs can react with MAPP and generate a dense char layer that prevents the transfer of oxygen and heat.

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EREMINA, T. Yu, M. V. GRAVIT, and Yu N. DMITRIEVA. "Purpose and Benefits of Using Fire Retardant Intumescent Compositions Based on Epoxy Resins." Пожаровзрывобезопасность 21, no. 8 (April 2013): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.18322/pvb.2012.21.08.42-46.

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Murat Unlu, S., Umit Tayfun, Bekir Yildirim, and Mehmet Dogan. "Effect of boron compounds on fire protection properties of epoxy based intumescent coating." Fire and Materials 41, no. 1 (March 11, 2016): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.2360.

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Ecochard, Yvan, Mélanie Decostanzi, Claire Negrell, Rodolphe Sonnier, and Sylvain Caillol. "Cardanol and Eugenol Based Flame Retardant Epoxy Monomers for Thermostable Networks." Molecules 24, no. 9 (May 10, 2019): 1818. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24091818.

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Epoxy materials have attracted attention for many applications that require fireproof performance; however, the utilization of hazardous reagents brings about potential damage to human health. Eugenol and cardanol are renewable, harmless resources (according to ECHA) that allow the achievement of synthesis of novel phosphorylated epoxy monomers to be used as reactive flame retardants. These epoxy building blocks are characterized by 1H NMR and 31P NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) and reacted with a benzylic diamine to give bio-based flame-retardant thermosets. Compared to DGEBA (Bisphenol A Diglycidyl Ether)-based material, these biobased thermosets differ by their cross-linking ratio, the nature of the phosphorylated function and the presence of an aliphatic chain. Eugenol has led to thermosets with higher glass transition temperatures due to a higher aromatic density. The flame-retardant properties were tested by thermogravimetric analyses (TGA), a pyrolysis combustion flow calorimeter (PCFC) and a cone calorimeter. These analyses demonstrated the efficiency of phosphorus by reducing significantly the peak heat release rate (pHRR), the total heat release (THR) and the effective heat of combustion (EHC). Moreover, the cone calorimeter test exhibited an intumescent phenomenon with the residues of phosphorylated eugenol thermosets. Lastly, the higher flame inhibition potential was highlighted for the phosphonate thermoset.

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Chen, Peng-fei, Kang-kang Yan, Jian-xing Leng, Feng Zhang, and Lei Jiao. "Synergistic smoke suppression effect of epoxy cross-linked structure and ferrocene on epoxy-based intumescent flame-retardant coating." Plastics, Rubber and Composites 47, no. 6 (May 8, 2018): 258–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14658011.2018.1470289.

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Екатерина Валерьевна, Головина,, Калач, Андрей Владимирович, and Калач, Елена Владимировна. "SYNCHRONOUS THERMAL ANALYSIS OF SILICONE AND EPOXY THIN-LAYER INTUMESCENT FIRE-RETARDANT MATERIALS." Housing and utilities infrastructure, no. 4(23) (December 28, 2022): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.36622/vstu.2022.23.4.002.

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В статье рассматриваются особенности применения метода термического анализа для исследования термостойкости огнезащитных вспучивающихся материалов для возможного применения на промышленных объектах, расположенных в Арктическом регионе. Обоснована актуальность применения средств огнезащиты на объектах нефтегазовой отрасли, расположенных в арктических районах. Приведены результаты синхронного термического анализа силиконовых и эпоксидных огнезащитных тонкослойных терморасширяющихся составов. Проведена оценка результатов термогравиметрического, дифференциально-термогравиметрического анализа и дифференциально-сканирующей калориметрии. Исследованы термоаналитические характеристики анализируемых огнезащитных материалов, позволяющие оценить термостойкость и горючесть. На основе исследований методом термического анализа сделан вывод о более высоких огнезащитных свойствах огнезащитного материала на основе эпоксидного связующего по сравнению с силиконовым огнезащитным составом. The article discusses aspects of the application of the method of thermal analysis for the study of the heat resistance of fire-retardant intumescent materials for possible use at industrial facilities located in the Arctic region. We substantiated the relevance of the use of fire protection equipment at oil and gas industry facilities located in the Arctic regions. We present the results of synchronous thermal analysis of silicone and epoxy fire retardant thin-layer thermal intumescent compositions. We evaluated the results of thermogravimetric, differential-thermogravimetric analysis and differential-scanning calorimetry. We investigated the thermoanalytical characteristics of the analyzed fire-retardant materials, allowing us to assess the heat resistance and flammability. Based on studies by thermal analysis, we made a conclusion about the higher fire-retardant properties of the fire-retardant material based on an epoxy binder compared with a silicone fire retardant.

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Nguyen Thanh, Thuy Tien, Kata Enikő Decsov, Katalin Bocz, György Marosi, and Beáta Szolnoki. "Development of Intumescent Flame Retardant for Polypropylene: Bio-epoxy Resin Microencapsulated Ammonium-polyphosphate." Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering 66, no. 2 (February 15, 2022): 313–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppch.19468.

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As polypropylene (PP) has no charring ability on its own due to the lack of hydroxyl functional groups, the flame retardant system needs the addition of carbonizing agent in a relatively great amount. Ammonium-polyphosphate (APP), a conventional flame retardant additive was modified by microencapsulation with a sorbitol-based bioepoxy resin shell to create an intumescent flame retardant system with enhanced charring ability for PP. The flame retardant efficiency of the microencapsulated additive, which contains all the components needed in an effective intumescent flame retardant system, was evaluated in PP matrix at different loadings.When compared to the physical mixture of the component, the microencapsuated form of APP (MCAPP) was found to have improved flame retardant efficiency in PP. The LOI values of the MCAPP containing PP samples increased by 8–11 V/V% besides achieved V-0 classification according to the UL94 test. During cone calorimeter tests, the burning intensity was reduced (peak of heat release rate decreased by 20–35% and shifted in time), increased amount of charred residue was obtained, and based on the calculated Flame Retardancy Index (FRI) “Excellent” fire performance was achieved when MCAPP was used. The improved flame retardant performance is attributed to the effective interaction between the APP core and the readily available carbonizing shell, which promoted the formation of increased amount of char accompanied with improved heat protecting and barrier efficiency.

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Amir, N., F. Ahmad, and P. S. M. Megat-Yuso. "Study on the Fibre Reinforced Epoxy-based Intumescent Coating Formulations and their Char Characteristics." Journal of Applied Sciences 11, no. 10 (May 1, 2011): 1678–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jas.2011.1678.1687.

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Kim, Yangkyun. "Experimental and Numerical Study of the Thermal Decomposition of an Epoxy-based Intumescent Coating." Fire Science and Engineering 30, no. 1 (February 29, 2016): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7731/kifse.2016.30.1.031.

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EREMINA, T. Yu, M. V. GRAVIT, and Yu N. DMITRIEVA. "Features and Principles of the Flame Retardant Formulations Intumescent Compositions Based on Epoxy Resins." Пожаровзрывобезопасность 21, no. 7 (February 2013): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18322/pvb.2012.21.07.52-56.

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Головина, Екатерина Валерьевна, Андрей Владимирович Калач, Елена Владимировна Калач, and Артем Юрьевич Акулов. "ANALYSIS OF MODERN MEANS OF FIRE PROTECTION APPLICATION OF STEEL STRUCTURES IN THE OIL AND GAS COMPLEX IN THE ARCTIC CLIMATIC CONDITIONS." Housing and utilities infrastructure, no. 2(21) (June 15, 2022): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.36622/vstu.2022.21.2.002.

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Представлен обзор средств огнезащиты применительно к объектам нефтегазовой отрасли в условиях Арктического климата. Рассмотрены особенности климатических условий арктических районов и критерии для определения вида и способа огнезащиты. Приведен анализ существующих огнезащитных средств и сделан вывод о приоритете применения вспучивающихся огнезащитных покрытий для объектов нефтегазового комплекса. Проведена оценка терморасширяющихся материалов отечественных и зарубежных производителей. На основании проведенного анализа сделан вывод о том, что огнезащитные составы интумесцентного типа на основе эпоксидных смол являются наиболее эффективными для огнезащиты металлических конструкций нефтегазового комплекса в климатических условиях Арктического региона. In this article we present an overview of fire protection means in relation to oil and gas industry facilities in the Arctic climate. We consider features of the climatic conditions in the Arctic regions and criteria for determining type and method of fire protection. We analyze existing fire retardants and make a conclusion about the priority of using intumescent fire protection coatings for oil and gas facilities. We evaluated thermally expanding materials of domestic and foreign manufacturers. Based on the analysis, we concluded that intumescent flame retardants based on epoxy resins are the most effective for fire protection of metal structures of the oil and gas complex in the Arctic climatic conditions.

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Zhang, Dingran, Lingang Lu, Lei Chen, and Yiqi Wang. "Synthesis of novel calixarene‐based intumescent flame retardant and application of flame retardant epoxy resin." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 139, no. 16 (December 4, 2021): 51986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.51986.

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Kahraman, Havva Tutar, Halil Gevgilili, Erol Pehlivan, and Dilhan M. Kalyon. "Development of an epoxy based intumescent system comprising of nanoclays blended with appropriate formulating agents." Progress in Organic Coatings 78 (January 2015): 208–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2014.09.002.

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Yasir, Muhammad, Norlaili Amir, Faiz Ahmad, Sami Ullah, and Maude Jimenez. "Effect of basalt fibers dispersion on steel fire protection performance of epoxy-based intumescent coatings." Progress in Organic Coatings 122 (September 2018): 229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2018.05.029.

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Liu, Jinghong, Zhuojian He, Guohui Wu, Xiaoqing Zhang, Chen Zhao, and Caihong Lei. "Synthesis of a novel nonflammable eugenol-based phosphazene epoxy resin with unique burned intumescent char." Chemical Engineering Journal 390 (June 2020): 124620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.124620.

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Ullah, Sami, Faiz Ahmad, and Anildav Singh. "Development and Testing of Intumescent Fire Retardant Coating on Various Structural Geometries." Applied Mechanics and Materials 699 (November 2014): 360–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.699.360.

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Materials are prone to fire and in modern construction their protection from fire is required. In any structure, various joints such as T-joint, I-beam and elbows are used. The geometry of the component has significant role in protection of structure. A weak joint may lead to failure of main structure. In order to meet these challenges, Intumescent fire retardant coating (IFRC) were developed and tested on various structural geometries such as T-joints, elbows, I-beams and pipe. The control coating formulation (IFC-C) was developed from main ingredients; Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP), expandable Graphite (EG), Melamine (Mel), Boric Acid (BA) mixed with bisphenol A epoxy resin and polyamide hardener. Another set of formulations containing various percentage of aluminium Tri-Hydrate (ATH). Fire test results of ATH based formulation showed that I-beam geometry showed the high expansion of 19 mm. T-joint showed the average surface temperature of 55°C after one hour of Bunsen burner test. The X-ray Diffraction (XRD) showed the presence of boron oxide, boron phosphate, sassolite and aluminium oxide in IFC-ATH5 residual char. The 5wt% ATH filler in IFC-C enhanced the fire protection performance of intumescent fire retardant coating formulation.

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Rao, Tentu Nageswara, Imad Hussain, Ji Eun Lee, Akshay Kumar, and Bon Heun Koo. "Enhanced Thermal Properties of Zirconia Nanoparticles and Chitosan-Based Intumescent Flame Retardant Coatings." Applied Sciences 9, no. 17 (August 22, 2019): 3464. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9173464.

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Zirconia (ZrO2)-based flame retardant coatings were synthesized through the process of grinding, mixing, and curing. The flame retardant coatings reinforced with zirconia nanoparticles (ZrO2 NPs) were prepared at four different formulation levels marked by F0 (without adding ZrO2 NPs), F1 (1% w/w ZrO2 NPs), F2 (2% w/w ZrO2 NPs), and F3 (3% w/w ZrO2 NPs) in combination with epoxy resin, ammonium polyphosphate, boric acid, chitosan, and melamine. The prepared formulated coatings were characterized by flammability tests, combustion tests, and thermogravimetric analysis. Finally, char residues were examined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The peak heat release rate (PHRR) of the controlled sample filled with functionalized ZrO2 NPs was observed to decrease dramatically with increasing functionalized ZrO2 NPs loadings. There was an increase in the limit of oxygen index (LOI) value with the increase in the weight percentage of ZrO2 NPs. The UL-94V data clearly revealed a V-1 rating for the F0 sample; however, with the addition of ZrO2 NPs, the samples showed enhanced properties with a V-0 rating. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) results revealed that addition of ZrO2 NPs Improved composite coating thermal stability at 800 °C by forming high residual char. The results obtained here reveal that the addition of ZrO2 NPs in the formulated coatings has shown the excellent impact as flame retardant coatings.

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Ullah, Sami, Faiz Ahmad, Abdullah G. Al‐Sehemi, Muhammad Rafi Raza, Mohammed Ali Assiri, Ahmad Irfan, Eugenio Oñate, and Guan Heng Yeoh. "Effects of expandable graphite on char morphology and pyrolysis of epoxy based intumescent fire‐retardant coating." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 138, no. 41 (June 2, 2021): 51206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.51206.

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Chen, Yao Kun, Qing Xin Lu, Gang Zhong, Hua Gui Zhang, Ming Feng Chen, and Can Pei Liu. "DOPO ‐based curing flame retardant of epoxy composite material for char formation and intumescent flame retardance." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 138, no. 9 (October 2, 2020): 49918. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.49918.

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Wang, Xueting, Claus Erik Weinell, Louise Ring, and Søren Kiil. "Proof of concept investigation of alternative and less harmful boron compounds for epoxy-based hydrocarbon intumescent coatings." Fire Safety Journal 125 (October 2021): 103437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2021.103437.

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Jian, Rong-Kun, Yuan-Fang Ai, Long Xia, Li-Jing Zhao, and Hai-Bo Zhao. "Single component phosphamide-based intumescent flame retardant with potential reactivity towards low flammability and smoke epoxy resins." Journal of Hazardous Materials 371 (June 2019): 529–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.03.045.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Epoxy based intumescent'

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