Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Epiphytes'
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Lee, Cheuk-wah Celesta. "The phenology of Sargassum henslowianum C. Ag. and its mobile epiphytes in Long Ke Wan, Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B22054601.
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Schuettpelz, Eric. "Evolution and diversification of epiphytic ferns." Diss., View online, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10161/181.
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Figueiredo, Marcia Abreu de Oliveira. "Susceptibility of crustose coralline algae to epiphytes." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.333254.
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Underwood, G. J. C. "Interactions between freshwater pulmonate snails, macrophytes and epiphytes." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.518005.
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Eaton, Sally. "Achieving landscape-scale conservation for Scotland's rainforest epiphytes." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2018. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/8854/.
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Within the UK, the continuing biodiversity crisis has led to a policy driven shift in the conservation sector; moving away from localized site scale conservation to a landscape-scale. This approach encourages fragmented habitat patches to be integrated into a much larger habitat network. Epiphytic lichens provide an ideal model system for studying the effectiveness of conservation initiatives within fragmented habitats, due to their metapopulation structures whereby individual trees within woodlands (and woodland stands within wooded landscapes), represent isolated habitat patches. Old-growth woodland in particular provides suitable habitat to a suite of lichens known as the Lobarion community, which are declining throughout Europe. Regeneration within these old growth areas, though essential for future habitat persistence, causes shading and ultimately leads to local extinctions of shade intolerant lichen epiphytes. A landscape scale conservation strategy that relies on habitat permeability to balance colonisation of post-regeneration woodland patches with extinctions in ageing woodland patches elsewhere in the landscape has been proposed as a management strategy to meet the needs of both lichen epiphytes and their woodland habitat. The unique conditions found in western Scotland, combining a relative abundance of high quality old growth habitat (in a European context) coupled with robust populations of some members of the Lobarion community, could provide an ideal opportunity to test such a management strategy. In this thesis, the plausibility of landscape-scale conservation as a management strategy for epiphytic lichens is explored, using a suite of nine target epiphytes of contrasting ecological traits set within Glen Creran, a temperate rainforest on the west coast of Scotland: 1. The habitat requirements of nine target epiphytes were identified and predictions of species distribution made over an entire glen using a species distribution modelling (SDM) approach. The SDM’s were found to apply more generally within the wider biogeographic area for five of the nine species, providing an evidence base for future conservation plans in Scotland’s rainforest zone. 2. A novel method to determine dispersal distance in lichen epiphytes was developed, combining a mechanized propagule trap with molecular techniques. This methodological advance allowed the first direct comparative study of lichen epiphytes in a natural context. 3. An agent based model was developed combining the results of 1. and 2. above to investigate the effect of habitat connectivity on colonisation in six contrasting lichen epiphytes, enabling inferences of species response to landscape-scale conservation scenarios within the study system to be made.
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Goode, Laurel Kaitlyn. "Structure and functioning of Epiphyte communities in a seasonal tropical forest." Diss., UC access only, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=145&did=1873936931&SrchMode=1&sid=1&Fmt=7&retrieveGroup=0&VType=PQD&VInst=PROD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1270494640&clientId=48051.
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Longford, Sharon Rae Faculty of Science UNSW. "The ecology of epiphytic bacteria on the marine red alga Delisea pulchra." Awarded by:University of New South Wales, 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/36783.
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Bacteria are ubiquitous to marine living surfaces, taking on a broad spectrum of roles from mutualistic to pathogenic. Despite their universality, much remains unknown about their basic ecology and interactions with higher organisms. To address this gap, this thesis firstly examines the bacterial communities associated with three co-occurring marine eukaryote hosts from temperate Australia: the demosponge Cymbastela concentrica, the subtidal red macroalga Delisea pulchra and the intertidal green macroalga Ulva australis. Molecular characterisation of the bacterial communities was undertaken using 16S rRNA gene library analysis to compare within-host (alpha) and between-host (beta) diversity for the three microbial communities. This study highlights the potentially substantial contribution host-associated microorganisms could have on marine microbial diversity. The remaining focus for this thesis was on the bacterial community associated with D. pulchra. This alga produces a suite of biologically active secondary metabolites (furanones) that non-toxically inhibit acyl homoserine lactone (AHL)-driven quorum sensing in bacteria, affecting a range of phenotypes including colonisation and virulence traits. The ecology of D. pulchra???s epiphytic bacteria was investigated using a mechanistic approach to explain bacterial colonisation patterns. In particular, concepts and models of ecological succession founded in eukaryote ecology were investigated. The thesis concludes with a study investigating the effect of furanones and elevated temperature on bacteria-induced disease and thallus bleaching of D. pulchra. In the presence of furanones colonisation and infection of two Roseobacter isolates from D. pulchra???s epiphytic bacterial community were inhibited. Ruegeria strain R11 was demonstrated to have temperature regulated virulence, which caused thallus bleaching in furanone-free algae. The implications of elevated sea temperatures resulting from global warming for algal health are discussed.
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Dunné, Hein Johan François van. "Establishment and development of epiphytes in secondary neotropical forests." [S.l. : Amsterdam : s.n.] ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2001. http://dare.uva.nl/document/59178.
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Heathcote, Steven John. "The ecology of vascular epiphytes in the Peruvian Andes." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d7bee986-6066-48a1-8849-4aed22a3d766.
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Little is known about the composition of tropical epiphytic communities and the influence of environmental variables on community composition. In this thesis I quantify the diversity and biomass of bromeliads, and other vascular epiphytes along an altitudinal transect on the eastern slope of the southeast Peruvian Andes and then look for species’ adaptations related to patterns of diversity and biomass. I compare patterns with those of woody species. Bromeliad species, like tree species, were found to form ecological zones related to climate. The lowest altitude ecological zone (below 1250 m) is the lowland rainforest (LRF), which has the warmest climate and highest evapotranspiration. In LRF vascular epiphytes are less prominent than other ecological zones, with the lowest bromeliad species richness and lowest vascular epiphyte biomass. However, low water-availability gives rise to most variable shoot morphology of bromeliads. The tropical montane forest (TMF), between 1250 m and 2250 m, is intermediate in climate between the LRF and the tropical montane cloud forest (TCF). The TMF has the highest α-diversity, but species richness is lower than the TCF. The shoot morphology of bromeliads is intermediate between TCF and LRF. The highest altitude ecological zone with forest is the TCF (above 2250 m). The TCF has the highest bromeliad species richness, and lowest diversity of shoot forms. The low diversity of shoot forms represents the need for a large phytotelm (water-impounding shoot) to intercept and store precipitation. The TCF has the highest vascular epiphyte biomass, although the biomass is variable as a consequence of the natural disturbance caused by landslides. Along the transect bromeliad species with CAM photosynthesis are only present in the LRF. Terrestrial bromeliad distribution records covering the Neotropics show CAM photosynthesis is more prevalent in drier environments showing that CAM photosynthesis is primarily an adaptation to drought. Epiphytic bromeliads, pre-adapted to a water-stressed environment show no differences in presence along rainfall gradients, but species with CAM photosynthesis occupy warmer environments.
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Catchpole, DJ. "The ecology of vascular epiphytes on a Ficus L. host (Moraceae) in a Peruvian cloud forest." Thesis, Honours thesis, University of Tasmania, 2004. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/69/1/Catchpole2004_epiphyte_thesis.pdf.
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A total of 190 holoepiphytic and 5 hemiepiphytic vascular plant species were collected from the canopy and the trunk of an emergent Ficus L. species host that is common to a Peruvian cloud forest. One hundred and fourteen of the vascular epiphyte species were orchids. A large majority of the vascular species were rare in occurrence. Vascular epiphyte diversity and density was highest in the outer canopy zone of the host crown. In the inner canopy zone there was a dearth of epiphytes, attributed to a high rate of epiphyte slumping on the smooth-barked branches. The trunk had a different suit of species to those found in the canopy. During the wet season, the thickening of epiphytic matter in the outer canopy zone appeared to contribute to a large amelioration of daytime and nocturnal temperatures through evaporation and heat retention respectively. Nocturnal temperatures were highest in the outer canopy zone, and were lowest on the forest floor. The latter was attributed to the downward flow of the product of radiative cooling as a result of the heterogeneous canopy on the steep slope. Epiphyte clumps appear to slump before competition causes the loss of early successional species. Some species showed a preference for more shaded epiphyte clumps and many were more frequent on smaller branch diameters. Most species showed a moderately high niche overlap with a large number of other species, which suggested a high degree of species coexistence. Epiphyte slumping is suggested to be the major driving mechanism for the maintenance of non-equilibrium in the community. Aspects of the phenologies of epiphytes, age-structure of the community and high environmental variation could be other mechanisms for the maintenance of a high degree of species coexistence.
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Donovan, Christopher Paul. "Nutrient Uptake, Physiology and Response to Environment in Vascular Epiphytes with an Emphasis on Epiphytic Bromeliads (Bromeliaceae): Back to the Roots." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/26159.
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Epiphytic plants grow on other plants, away from ground soil. The bromeliad family (Bromeliaceae) present an excellent model for physiological experiments on epiphytes as it includes two contrasting growth forms; tank species, which collect and store water in persistent phytotelmata, and atmospheric species, with dense coverings of specialised absorptive trichomes that facilitate rapid foliar uptake of water and nutrients. With conspicuous adaptations to maximise foliar uptake, many studies have assumed that bromeliad roots function primarily for attachment and are not used for nutrient uptake, a hypothesis that has not been adequately tested. Epiphytes, including bromeliads, tolerate a wide range of soil types and conditions of water and nutrient availability, but few studies have analysed the effects of growing conditions on physiology or nutrient uptake. To determine the prevalence of uptake by bromeliad roots and how root uptake compares to leaves, inorganic nitrogen uptake was measured from eleven species representing epiphytes and terrestrials from three subfamilies of Bromeliaceae and five other families. Uptake was measured from bromeliads with leaves or roots pre-exposed to nutrients, tank bromeliads with altered tank water level and from plants grown in two artificial soils. For all rooted species and irrespective of growing conditions, N uptake by bromeliad roots is comparable to other plants. Growth medium affects inorganic N uptake, but leaves and roots respond differently depending on species. Leaf and root uptake functions of epiphytes depend on anatomy, phylogeny and environment, with fastest foliar uptake by bromeliad species in the core Tillandsieae, and fastest root uptake by epiphytic ferns. Variation in growth form and uptake strategy with environmental conditions allows the exploitation of diverse and stressful conditions by epiphytes.
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Stuntz, Sabine. "The influence of epiphytes on arthropods in the tropical forest canopy." Doctoral thesis, [S.l. : s.n.], 2001. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=962904643.
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Mvungi, Esther Francis. "Seagrasses and Eutrophication : Interactions between seagrass photosynthesis, epiphytes, macroalgae and mussels." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Botaniska institutionen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-55808.
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Seagrass meadows are highly productive, ecologically and economically valuable ecosystems. However, increased human activities along the coastal areas leading to processes such as eutrophication have resulted in the rapid loss and deterioration of seagrass ecosystems worldwide. This thesis focuses on the responses of seagrasses to increases in nutrients, subsequent increases in ephemeral algae, and changes in the physical-chemical properties of seawater induced by interaction with other marine biota. Both in situ and laboratory experiments conducted on the tropical seagrasses Cymodocea serrulata and Thalassia hemprichii revealed that increased concentrations of water column nutrients negatively affected seagrass photosynthesis by stimulating the growth of the epiphytic biomass on the seagrass leaves. Interaction between seagrasses and other marine organisms induced different responses in seagrass photosynthesis. Ulva intestinalis negatively affected the photosynthetic performance of the temperate seagrass Zostera marina both by reducing the light and by increasing the pH of the surrounding water. On the other hand, the coexistence of mussels Pinna muricata and seagrass Thalassia hemprichii enhanced the photosynthetic activity of the seagrass, but no effect on the mussels' calcification was recorded. This study demonstrates that seagrass productivity is affected by a multitude of indirect effects induced by nutrient over-enrichment, which act singly or in concert with each other. Understanding the responsive mechanisms involved is imperative to safeguard the ecosystem by providing knowledge and proposing measures to halt nutrient loading and to predict the future performance of seagrasses in response to increasing natural and human perturbations.At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Papers 1, 3 and 4: Submitted. Paper 2: Manuscript.
Swedish Agency for Research Cooperation (Sida/SAREC) marine bilateral programme
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Miller, Kathryn M. "Arboreal Arthropod Associations with Epiphytes and the Effects of Gap Harvesting in the Acadian Forest of Central Maine." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2006. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/MillerKM2006.pdf.
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Breier, Tiago Boer. "O epifitismo vascular em florestas do sudoeste do Brasil." [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/315187.
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Orientador: João SemirTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: O presente estudo aborda quatro comunidades de epífitos vasculares em diferentes formações florestais do Estado de São Paulo, comparando composição florística, formas de vida, síndromes de polinização e dispersão, com base nos dados coletados em uma amostragem padronizada realizada em áreas de 10,24ha em cada formação: Floresta de Restinga (Parque Estadual Ilha do Cardoso), Floresta Ombrófila Densa Submontana (Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho), Floresta Estacional Semidecidual (Estação Ecológica Caetetus) e Cerradão (Estação Ecológica Assis). Foram registradas respectivamente 178, 161, 25 e 16 espécies de epífitos vasculares, ou seja, plantas que crescem sem contato caule-solo, incluindo plantas com estruturas haustoriais. Ao todo, nas quatro parcelas, foram registradas 277 espécies de epífitos vasculares pertencentes 109 gêneros e a 37 famílias. As maiores similaridades, no nível de espécie, foram encontradas comparando a flora das florestas mesófilas entre si e a flora das florestas higrófilas entre si, as demais comparações par a par, entre uma floresta mesófila e uma higrófila apresentaram baixos valores de similaridade. A única espécie presente nas quatro formações foi Pleopeltis angusta (Polypodiaceae). Em todas as áreas, holoepífitos verdadeiros foram à forma de vida com maior número de espécies. Entomofilia e anemocoria foram respectivamente às síndromes de polinização e dispersão com maior número de espécies. Estudos detalhados sobre estrutura e distribuição espacial das comunidades de epífitos indicam grandes diferenças na ocupação do espaço, de acordo com o tipo de floresta. A riqueza de epífitos apresentou diferentes respostas, de acorco com o tipo florestal, a parâmetros quantitativos dos forófitos e a parâmetros quantitativos das parcelas. Palavras-chaves: epífitos vasculares, comunidades, síndromes de polinização, síndromes de dispersão, formas de vida, biogeografia, ecologia
Abstract: This work presents four communities of vascular epiphytes in different forest formations in the State of São Paulo, and it compares the floristic composition, life forms, pollination and dispersal syndromes, using data collected through standardized samplings, performed in 10,24ha areas in each formation: Coastal Plain Forest (Ilha do Cardoso State Park), Submontane Rain Forest (Carlos Botelho State Park), Seasonal Semideciduous Forest (Caetetus Ecological Station) and Woody Savanna Forest (Assis Ecological Station). I sampled respectively 178, 161, 25 and 16 species of vascular epiphytes (plants that grow without stem-soil contact, including plants with haustorial structures. Altogether, in the four plots studied, there were 277 species of vascular epiphytes belonging to 109 genera and 37 families. The highest similarity values, in the species level, were found in the comparison among the flora of mesophilous forests and among the flora of hygrophilous forests; the other paired comparisons, between one mesophilous and one hygrophilous forest, presented the lowest similarities values. The only species common to all four forest formations, in the plot sampling, was Pleopeltis angusta (Polypodiaceae). In all areas, the life form of true holoepiphyte was the richer. Entomophily and anemocory were, respectively, the most diverse syndromes. Detailed studies on the spatial distribution of epiphyte communities suggest large differences in space occupation, according to forest type. Epiphyte richness presented different types of relationship, according to forest formation, to quantitative parameters of phorophytes and to quantitative parameters measured in the plots. Keywords: vascular epiphytes, community, pollination syndromes, dispersal syndromes, life forms, biogeography, ecology
Doutorado
Biologia Vegetal
Doutor em Biologia Vegetal
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Skagerberg, Frida. "The effect of landscape structure on distribution and abundance of Lobaria Pulmonaria." Thesis, Högskolan på Gotland, Institutionen för kultur, energi och miljö, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hgo:diva-1377.
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The objective of the current study was to analyse the effect of landscape structure (habitat size and exposure to farmland) on the occurrence and abundance of Lobaria pulmonaria, a foliose cyanolichen. Since the agrarian revolution during the 19th century the agricultural landscape has become increasingly fragmented resulting in isolated meadows and wood-pastures surrounded by farmland. Lobaria pulmonaria is one of the species being affected by this habitat change, much due to their dispersal limitations, specific habitat demands and susceptibility to air pollution. 36 localities of two different size classes (< 1.5 ha and > 4.5 ha) and two different exposure classes (exposed or unexposed to farmland) were studied. The occurrence, size of lichen thallus and height of lichen patches on tree trunks were significantly positively affected by habitat size and negatively affected by habitat exposure. The implications of these findings for strategies to manage and conserve L. pulmonaria in a fragmented landscape are discussed.
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Hartley, Diana Hendy. "A study of the marine algal epiphyte, Placophora binderi (J. Agardh) J.Agardh (Ceramiales : Rhodophycophyta)." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002025.
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Placophora binderi can be described as an "obligate epiphyte" as it does not respond well to any culture conditions and is found growing only on other algae in the natural environment. This habit may have arisen as a response to the best available substrate in a harsh environment (Harlin 1971; Moss 1982). Any nutrient transfer which may occur between Placophora binderi and its basiphyte, usually various species of Codium, is probably by diffusion as rhizoids do not penetrate the basiphyte cells but simply lie between the Codium utricles providing better anchorage. A triphasic life history exists with isomorphic gametophyte, carposporophyte and tetrasporophyte generations. The male and female gametophytes are dioecious. This study confirms Scagel's (1953) observations for the development of the juvenile, mature and reproductive thallus. The juvenile develops as an erect polysiphonous thallus which produces a prostrate lobe as an adventitious branch from the basal segments. This prostrate lobe develops into the dorsiventrally flattened mature thallus. Reproductive structures are produced on erect branches which are initiated at the mature thallus margins. The gametophyte develops on evanescent trichoblasts produced on erect reproductive branches while the tetra sporophyte develops within these erect branches. The female gametophyte has a four-celled carpogonial branch with an auxiliary cell forming after fertilisation from the supporting cell. At the electron microscope level several vesicle types were seen in the reproductive organs. In the male, spermatial vesicles are produced which probably aid in release of the spermatia (Kugrens 1980). These are also visible under the light microscope. In carposporogenesis and tetrasporogenesis, three vesicle types are produced. Striated vesicles appear for a short while during the early stages and probably function as protein stores. Fibrillar vesicles are large and visible under the light microscope. These probably act as carbohydrate storage organelles (Triemer and Vasconcelos 1979; Kugrens and West 1973c; Tripodi 1971). Cored vesicles appear late in sporogenesis and probably aid in adhesion once the spores have settled (Chamberlain and Evans 1973; Wetherbee 1978). Carpospores follow the "serial release" type pattern observed in Polysiphonia (Boney 1978). Tetraspores are released singly via a rupture in the tetrasporangial wall as in Ceramium rubrum (Chamberlain and Evans 1973). Both carpospores and tetraspores germinate in the typical bi-polar Ceramium-type pattern described by Dixon (1973)
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Kull, Matthew Austin. "Abundance patterns for vascular epiphytes in a tropical secondary forest, Costa Rica." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2007.
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Campbell, Connor. "Assessing biofilm and epiphytes on seagrass leaves as bioindicators of environmental change." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2020. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2287.
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Seagrasses are highly valued for their productivity and ecosystem services. Despite their importance, seagrasses are declining globally, with losses comparable to tropical rainforests and coral reef ecosystems. Eutrophication and light reduction are two major environmental pressures contributing to seagrass loss. Eutrophication events are a consequence of increased nutrient loads entering the coastal environment. Light reduction can occur from a number of processes including eutrophication, but also increased sediment loads entering the water column through anthropogenic activities on the land and in the sea.
Seagrass managers require a suite of tools to enable monitoring and the assessment of the effects of nutrient enrichment and light reduction on seagrass meadows to assist in the management of these vulnerable ecosystems. Biofilm have displayed some promising attributes as a good bioindicator of nutrient enrichment within benthic environments, however there are limited studies within seagrass habitats. Algal epiphytes within seagrass meadows are frequently studied and are considered good bioindicators of light limitation, however, faunal epiphytes have rarely been considered.
The objective of this research was to determine the effect of two different environmental pressures on seagrass biofilm and epiphytes within temperate seagrass meadows in Western Australia. To examine this, two separate experiments were run, a mensurative experiment assessing seagrass biofilm and the effect of nutrient exposure from drain discharge, and an in situ manipulative experiment assessing the effects of light reduction on seagrass epiphytes. For the mensurative experiment the abundance and taxonomic composition of biofilm was compared at sites near-to and far-from stormwater discharge points, the known sources of nutrient discharge. Within the in situ experiment the algal and faunal epiphyte abundance was examined under different light shading intensities, over different durations and times of year. There were no consistent differences in biofilm abundance near-to and far-from drains, however the drain with the highest nutrient loads had the highest autotrophic abundance and total biofilm biomass. Additionally, biofilm prokaryotic and eukaryotic composition displayed no significant difference between near-to and far-from drain sites. The biofilm composition also seemed to be driven by the nutrient loadings of each respective drain, as sites with higher nutrient loads displayed higher abundances of taxa typically found within nutrient rich or polluted environments. In regard to the in situ experiment, the algal epiphytes displayed a clear response to reduced light intensity and increased duration, however the response was not consistent at different times of the year, as there was a delay in response during the post-winter period. The difference in response was likely due to a difference in the absolute amount of light during the two periods. Furthermore, the algal epiphytes to seagrass biomass (g epiphyte DW to g-1 seagrass DW) displayed a more consistent response compared to the algal epiphyte biomass as (g DW m-2), especially on the seagrass leaves. The faunal epiphytes displayed no consistent response to the shading treatments. This inconsistency is likely due to differing metabolic and substrate requirements compared to algal epiphytes.
This study has displayed that biofilm is a good potential bioindicator of increased nutrient availability within seagrass ecosystems, however, the use of this needs to be interpreted with a good understanding of the hydrodynamics of the system. Additionally, algal epiphytes are a good bioindicator of reduced light availability on seagrass meadows, and the best way to measure the response of the algal epiphytes is to standardise to the seagrass biomass (g epiphyte DW to g-1 seagrass DW). Also, algal epiphytes specifically on seagrass leaves is the indicator variable that responds most consistently. Additionally, it is important to consider the absolute magnitude of the influencing light before predicting responses, and to understand that these responses change with the total amount of light during different seasonal periods. Finally, faunal epiphytes were poor bioindicators of this environmental stress.
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Tujula, Niina Amanda Biotechnology & Biomolecular Sciences Faculty of Science UNSW. "Analysis of the epiphytic bacterial community associated with the green alga Ulva australis." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/25197.
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Epiphytic bacterial communities on the surfaces of marine algae are poorly characterised. Most information available on marine bacterial epiphytes is derived from culture-based studies. With the rapid development of molecular community analysis technologies, it is now possible to obtain a more comprehensive picture of marine microbial populations on living surfaces. The intertidal macroalga Ulva australis, belongs to the cosmopolitan group of green marine algae (Ulvales) known to require the presence of bacteria for normal growth and has been suggested to employ specific bacteria for the defence against fouling by micro- and macro-organisms. This thesis has examined the composition and structure of the surface associated bacterial community on Ulva australis using 16S rRNA gene clone library, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), and catalysed reporter deposition ??? fluorescence in situ hybridisation (CARD-FISH) analysis. The 16S rRNA gene clone library revealed that the five main bacterial groups present in the surface associated community were Bacteriodetes, Planctomycetes, Alpha-, Gamma-, and Delta-Proteobacteria. Twenty-two sequence phylotypes were identified, suggesting that the epiphytic community was of relatively low diversity. A clone similar to an algal morphogenesis inducing Cytophaga strain was identified, indicating that U. australis harbours bacteria important for thallus structural maintenance. DGGE analysis showed that while the bacterial community varied over spatial and temporal (seasons) scales it also included a stable subpopulation consistently associated with the seaweed surface. Sequencing of selected DGGE bands suggested that members of the Alphaproteobacteria and the Bacteriodetes belonged to the stable subpopulation. Using CARD-FISH with different phylogenetic probes demonstrated that Alphaproteobacteria (~ 70%) and Cytophaga-Flavobacteria (~13%) constituted the majority of bacterial cells on the surface of U. australis. A comparison of the results provided by the molecular community analysis methods, employed in this thesis, and those of culturing of epiphytic bacteria from U. australis revealed that each approach provides different patterns of phylogeny and extent of diversity. For example, the culture collection and the clone library detected a relatively high amount of Gammaproteobacteria, however, DGGE and CARD-FISH did not. Also, low species diversity clone sequences and isolates of Alphaproteobacteria contrasted with the high numbers detected by the DGGE analysis. In addition to the phylogentic determination of the epiphytic bacterial community, CARDFISH was also used to assess the organisation and distribution of bacterial cells across different zonal regions on seaweed surface. It was found that approximately 40% of bacterial cells clustered in aggregates, or microcolonies. These aggregations were considered to be heterogeneous in composition and were mainly comprised of multiply species. The occurrence of more non-viable solitary single rather than aggregated cells suggests that aggregates might offer greater protection to bacterial cells from the harsh conditions in the intertidal zone. More broadly, CARD-FISH was found to be a useful tool for studying microcolonies and was also successfully applied to detect slow growing soil microcolonies cultivated using a novel soil substrate membrane system culturing technique without the need to perform an rRNA enrichment incubation. The findings in this thesis, as described from the application of a number of molecular community analysis techniques such as clone library, DGGE and CARD-FISH, have improved our understanding of the diversity and structure of the epiphytic bacterial community associated with U. australis. Morevover, the information provided may to design future studies in the ecology of bacteria-seaweed interactions, including symbiotic interactions, and aid in marine biotechnology applications such as identifying bacteria which produce bioactive secondary metabolites.
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Horwath, Aline Barbara. "Epiphytic bryophytes as cloud forest indicators : stable isotopes, biomass and diversity along an altitudinal gradient in Peru." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610120.
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Gay, Honor. "The ant association and structural rhizome modifications of the Far-Eastern epiphytic fern genus Lecanopteris (Polypodiaceae)." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670308.
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Uku, Jacqueline. "Seagrasses and their epiphytes : Characterization of abundance and productivity in tropical seagrass beds." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Botany, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-527.
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Seagrass beds cover large intertidal and subtidal areas in coastal zones around the world and they are subjected to a wide variety of anthropogenic influences, such as nutrient enrichment due to sewage seepage. This study was undertaken to address specific questions focusing on whether near shore tropical seagrasses that receive a constant influx of groundwater nutrient inputs, would exhibit a higher productivity and to what extent epiphytic algae reflect the impacts of nutrient inputs. An additional aspect of study was to determine the prevalence of “acid zones” in tropical seagrasses. The productivity of the seagrasses Cymodocea rotundata, Thalassia hemprichii and Thalassodendron ciliatum was compared in two sites along the Kenyan coast; Nyali (a high nutrient site) and Vipingo (a low nutrient site). Of the three seagrasses T. hemprichii showed the most distinct differences with higher growth and biomass in the nutrient rich site whereas the growth of C. rotundata was similar in the two sites. A high epiphytic cover was found on the shoots of T. ciliatum found in the high nutrient site Nyali.
Morphological and genetic characterization of bacterial and cyanobacterial epiphytes showed specific associations of nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria on the seagrass C. rotundata in the low nutrient site (Vipingo). At this site, shoots of C. rotundata had a higher C:N ratio compared to shoots in the high nutrient site (Nyali) indicating that the association with nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria is a strategy, for this species, to meet its nutrient needs. Bacterial epiphytes belonging to the group Cytophaga-Flavobacteria-Bacteroides (CFB) were found on T. ciliatum and T. hemprichii from the two sites. CFB bacteria are characteristic of waste water, particularly from livestock farming areas, thereby confirming seepage of groundwater from surrounding catchment areas. These prokaryotic associations were specific for the different seagrasses and it appears that the establishment of epiphytic associations may not be a random encounter but a specific association that meets specific needs.
The seagrass T. ciliatum in the high nutrient site had an abundance of macroalgal epiphytes and the impact of the epiphytic coverage was assessed using Pulse Amplitude Modulated (PAM) fluorometry. The photosynthetic activity of seagrass parts that were covered by epiphytes was suppressed but the productivity of the whole shoot was not significantly reduced. In the nutrient rich site, epiphytes were found to contribute up to 45% of the total estimated gross productivity, during the SE monsoon season, while epiphytic contribution in the nutrient poor site, was 8%. Epiphytic abundance and contribution to productivity decreased during the NE monsoon. The photosynthetic activity of T. ciliatum shoots was similar in the two study sites with shoots in the nutrient rich site growing faster. T. ciliatum, in the low nutrient site, invested in the development of below ground root tissue which may indicate the development of a strategy to gain access to pore water nutrient pools.
Carbon uptake strategies of eight tropical seagrasses were re-evaluated to determine how common the “acid zone” mechanism is among tropical seagrasses. Six of the eight species studied showed photosynthetic inorganic carbon (Ci) acquisition based on carbonic anhydrase catalysed HCO3- to CO2 conversions within an acidified diffusion boundary layer (“acid zone”). Cymodocea serrulata appeared to maintain its carbon uptake by extracellular carbonic anhydrase catalysed CO2 formation from HCO3- without the need for acidic zones, whereas, Halophila ovalis appeared to have a system in which H+ extrusion may be followed by HCO3--H+ co-transport into the cells. These findings indicate that competition for carbon, between the host seagrass species and epiphytes, could determine seagrass-epiphyte associations.
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Löbel, Swantje. "Metapopulation and metacommunity processes, dispersal strategies and life-history trade-offs in epiphytes." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Ekologisk botanik, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-106847.
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The aim of this thesis was to increase knowledge about metapopulation and metacommunity processes in patchy, dynamic landscapes, using epiphytic bryophytes as a model system. Host trees and deciduous forest stands in the coniferous landscape are patchy, temporal and undergo changes in habitat quality during succession. Epiphytes must track this dynamic habitat network for their long-term survival. Community patterns at different spatial scales were explored and linked to regional metapopulation processes and local population dynamics. Spatial structuring in species richness both at a local and regional scale indicated stronger dispersal limitation but lower sensitivity to habitat quality in species with large asexual than in species with small sexual diaspores. In sexually dispersed species, a strong rescue effect was indicated by a bimodal frequency distribution of the species and by increasing local abundance with increasing patch connectivity. Present connectivity to other deciduous forest patches had positive effects on richness of asexually dispersed species, whereas richness of sexually dispersed species was instead related to the landscape connectivity 30 years ago. A study of local growth and reproduction suggested that this is caused by delayed sexual, but not asexual, reproduction. Habitat conditions affected the production of sporophytes, but not of asexual diaspores. No differences in either growth rates or competitive abilities among species with different dispersal and life-history strategies were found. In vitro experiments showed that establishment is higher from large asexual diaspores than from small sexual. Establishment of all diaspore types was limited by pH. There were indications of trade-offs between high germination and protonemal growth rates, desiccation tolerance and a rapid development of shoots from protonema. The results indicated that the epiphyte metacommunity is structured by two main trade-offs: dispersal distance (diaspore size) versus age at first reproduction, and dispersal distance versus sensitivity to habitat quality. Trade-offs in species traits may have evolved as a consequence of conflicting selection pressures imposed by habitat turnover, connectivity and irregular water supply rather than by species interactions. Syndromes of interrelated species traits imply that fairly small changes in habitat conditions can lead to distinct changes in metacommunity diversity: the results indicate that increasing distances among patches cause most harm to asexually dispersed species, whereas cuttings of forests of high age and quality as well as increasing patch dynamics are most harmful to sexually dispersed species.Senarelagd disputation från: 2009-09-26, Lindahlsalen, EBC, Villavägen 9, 75236 Uppsala, Uppsala, 10:00
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Uku, Jacqueline Nduku. "Seagrasses and their epiphytes : characterization of abundance and productivity in tropical seagrass beds /." Stockholm : Dept. of Botany, Stockholm university, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-527.
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Saunders, Lynnette Lavery Kilham Susan Soltau. "Metaphyton mat conditions and their effects on filamentous algal communities and their diatom epiphytes /." Philadelphia, Pa. : Drexel University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1860/3080.
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Wolf, Adrian Lance. "Bird use of epiphyte resources in an old-growth coniferous forest in the Pacific Northwest." Online pdf file accessible through the World Wide Web, 2009. http://archives.evergreen.edu/masterstheses/Accession86-10MES/Wolf_ALMESThesis2009.pdf.
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Collobert, Géromine. "Évolution de l'épiphytisme chez les plantes vasculaires et impact sur leur diversification." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2023SORUS645.pdf.
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Les épiphytes sont des plantes qui effectuent tout leur cycle de vie et s'enracinent sur d'autres plantes sans contact avec le sol et sans parasiter leur plante hôte (phorophyte) durant tout leur cycle de vie. Selon leur position sur leur phorophyte, elles peuvent, à certains égards, être confrontées à des conditions humides et sombres ou lumineuses, sèches, voire désertiques, même dans les forêts tropicales où elles se sont le plus diversifiées. Bien qu’elles aient développé différentes stratégies pour faire face à la mosaïque de conditions dans les différents micro-habitats épiphytes, certains traits sont fréquemment retrouvés chez les épiphytes, principalement liés à l'une des contraintes majeures de ces habitats, à savoir l'approvisionnement intermittent en eau et en nutriments. Cependant, bien qu’elles représentent environ 10 % de la diversité des plantes vasculaires, leur évolution et leur diversification ont rarement été étudiées. Dans cette thèse, nous avons utilisé des méthodes comparatives phylogénétiques pour établir la chronologie des changements de modes de vie et entre états de caractères (notamment les caractères liés à l'eau, dont la succulence) dans des groupes épiphytes ayant différentes stratégies liées à l'eau et différentes périodes d'origine : les fougères trichomanoïdes hygrophiles, possiblement apparues au Paléozoïque, et les orchidées épidendroïdes—beaucoup plus diversifiées tant sur le plan écologique que sur celui du nombre d'espèces—probablement apparues au Cénozoïque. Chez les orchidées épidendroïdes, nous avons testé la probabilité d'une émergence des traits de succulence—qui auraient pu faciliter la colonisation des environnements épiphytes—avant le mode de vie épiphyte, et estimé si les transitions d'un mode de vie terrestre à un mode de vie épiphyte ont été plus fréquentes parmi les lignées succulentes, déjà adaptées à des environnements où l’approvisionnement en eau est sporadique. Alors que l’épiphytisme a été l’un des moteurs de la diversification des plantes au Cénozoïque, les dynamiques de diversification des groupes épiphytes mésozoïques et paléozoïques, tels que les fougères trichomanoïdes, sont inconnues. Nous avons étudié le schéma de diversification des fougères trichomanoïdes afin d'estimer si l'épiphytisme a été un moteur de diversification dans ce groupe et, dans l'affirmative, si le changement de diversification a précédé ou suivi l'avènement des forêts modernes dominées par les angiospermes au cours du Cénozoïque. Pour finir, nous nous sommes concentrés sur l'évolution des traits de succulence et des interactions mycorhiziennes chez les orchidées Eulophiinae, qui sont retournées secondairement au sol et s’y sont diversifiées à partir d'ancêtres épiphytes. Dans cet objectif, nous avons étudié le mode trophique de l’espèce Oeceoclades maculata, et les relations phylogénétiques au sein des EulophiinaeEpiphytes are plants that complete their entire life cycle and root upon other plants without contact with the ground and without parasitizing their host plant (phorophyte). Depending on their position in the phorophyte, they may, in some respects, encounter from moist and dark to fully-exposed, dry, desert-like conditions, even in rainforests were they have diversified the most. Though they have evolved different strategies to cope with the mosaic of conditions in epiphytic microhabitats, some features are frequently found in epiphytes, mostly linked to one of the major constraint of these habitats, i.e. the intermittent water and nutrient supply. However, although they account for about 10% of vascular plant diversity, their evolution and diversification have seldom been assessed. In this thesis, we used phylogenetic comparative methods to establish the timeline of lifestyle and trait (especially water-related traits, including succulence) transitions in epiphytic groups with different water-related strategies and origin times: the hygrophilous trichomanoid ferns, which possibly originated in the Paleozoic, and the much more diverse—both ecologically and in number of species—epidendroid orchids, which probably originated in the Cenozoic. In epidendroid orchids, we ascertained the likelihood of an emergence of succulence traits, which could have facilitated the colonization of epiphytic environments, prior to the epiphytic lifestyle, and estimated if transitions from a terrestrial to an epiphytic lifestyle were more frequent among drought-adapted lineages. While the epiphytic lifestyle has been proposed as a driver of the diversification of Cenozoic plants, the dynamics of diversification of Mesozoic and Paleozoic epiphytic groups such as the trichomanoid ferns are unknown. We investigated the pattern of diversification of the trichomanoid ferns to estimate if epiphytism have been a driver of diversification in this group and, if so, whether the diversification shift occurred preceded or followed the advent of angiosperms during the Cenozoic. Finally, we focused on the evolution of succulence traits and of mycorrhizal interactions in the orchid subtribe Eulophiinae that secondarily returned to a terrestrial habit from epiphytic ancestors and have diversified on the ground. For this purpose, we investigated the trophic mode of the African spotted orchid and the phylogenetic relationships in Eulophiinae
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Lee, Cheuk-wah Celesta, and 李著華. "The phenology of Sargassum henslowianum C. Ag. and its mobile epiphytes in Long Ke Wan, Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31222936.
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Lidén, Marlene. "Restoration of endangered epiphytic lichens in fragmented forest landscapes the importance of habitat quality and transplantation techniques /." Umeå : Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2009. http://epsilon.slu.se/200982.pdf.
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Correa, Siouxsie Verfasser], Gerhard [Akademischer Betreuer] Zotz, and Michael [Akademischer Betreuer] [Kleyer. "Vascular epiphytes as bioindicators of climate change and their own vulnerability / Siouxsie Correa ; Gerhard Zotz, Michael Kleyer." Oldenburg : BIS der Universität Oldenburg, 2017. http://d-nb.info/114755871X/34.
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Correa, Siouxsie [Verfasser], Gerhard [Akademischer Betreuer] Zotz, and Michael [Akademischer Betreuer] Kleyer. "Vascular epiphytes as bioindicators of climate change and their own vulnerability / Siouxsie Correa ; Gerhard Zotz, Michael Kleyer." Oldenburg : BIS der Universität Oldenburg, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:715-oops-34684.
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Correa, Siouxsie [Verfasser], Gerhard Akademischer Betreuer] Zotz, and Michael [Akademischer Betreuer] [Kleyer. "Vascular epiphytes as bioindicators of climate change and their own vulnerability / Siouxsie Correa ; Gerhard Zotz, Michael Kleyer." Oldenburg : BIS der Universität Oldenburg, 2017. http://d-nb.info/114755871X/34.
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Guzman-Jacob, Valeria [Verfasser]. "Diversity and leaf functional traits of vascular epiphytes along gradients of elevation and forest-use intensity. / Valeria Guzman-Jacob." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1229692061/34.
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Mania, Luiz Felipe. "Florística e distribuição de epífitas vasculares em floresta alta de restinga na planície litorânea da praia da fazenda, núcleo Picinguaba, parque estadual Serra do Mar, município de Ubatuba, SP /." Rio Claro : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/87878.
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Orientador: Reinaldo MonteiroBanca: Marco Antonio de Assis
Banca: Fábio de Barros
Resumo: O epifitismo é responsável por parte significativa da diversidade que faz das florestas tropicais úmidas um dos mais ricos e complexos ecossistemas da Biosfera. Assim, a comunidade de plantas epífitas vasculares teve suas espécies levantadas neste estudo em floresta alta de restinga da planície litorânea da Praia da Fazenda, Núcleo Picinguaba, situada no extremo norte do município de Ubatuba, SP (23°20'-23°22'S / 44°48'-44º52'W). Além disso, foram analisadas a distribuição dessas plantas e as relações com seus respectivos forófitos. Foram consideradas todas as epífitas vasculares fixadas nas dez espécies arbóreas dos dez maiores VI (Valor de Importância) identificadas na região do estudo. As coletas foram realizadas mensalmente, durante o período de um ano, com o uso do método de escalada nas árvores e outras técnicas de coleta e observação. Para a identificação, foram utilizadas monografias, levantamentos florísticos na área de estudo, revisões taxonômicas e consultas a especialistas diversos e a Herbários. Todo material coletado foi preparado e herborizado, sob autorização da Secretaria do Meio Ambiente - Instituto Florestal (COTEC) (processo nº 41.773/2006), e as exsicatas depositadas no Herbário Rioclarense (HRCB), pertencente à UNESP/Rio Claro. Foram identificadas 65 espécies de epífitas vasculares, em 446 árvores, sendo Orchidaceae, Bromeliaceae, Polypodiaceae e Araceae as famílias com maior número de espécies. A anemocoria esteve presente na maioria das epífitas (61%), enquanto que as demais espécies apresentaram a zoocoria como método de dispersão. A forma de vida mais freqüente nas espécies encontradas foi a holoepífita obrigatória (75%), seguida das holoepífitas facultativas (12%), estas exclusivamente da família Bromeliaceae.
Abstract: The epiphytism is responsible for a significant part of the diversity that makes humid tropical forests one of the most rich and complex ecosystems of the Biosphere. Thus, this study surveied the community of vascular epiphytes of the high forest of "restinga" in the coastal plain of Praia da Fazenda, Núcleo Picinguaba, located in the far north of Ubatuba municipality, SP (23°20'-23°22'S and 44°48'-44°52'W). Moreover, the distribution of these plants and relations with their phorophytes were analyzed: all vascular epiphytes growing on the ten tree species of largest VIs (Value of Importance) identified in the present study, were considered. The observations were carried out were monthly for a period of one year with the use of several methods of collection and marking. For the identification all available literature was used: books, floristics surveys done in the study area, taxonomic revisions and consultations with diverse experts and Herbaria. All collected material was prepared, under authorization of the Secretaria do Meio Ambiente - Instituto Florestal (COTEC) (case nº 41.773/2006), and the exsiccatae deposited in the Herbário Rioclarense (HRCB), belonging to UNESP / Rio Claro. Sixty-five species of vascular epiphytes, in 446 trees, were identified, with the Orchidaceae, Bromeliaceae, Polypodiaceae and Araceae grouping the greatest number of species. The anemocory was verified in the largest amount of epiphytic species (61%), whereas the remaining species had zoocory as the dispersal method. The life form true epiphytes was the frequentest in species number (75%), while the facultative species constituted the second contingent (12%), which belongs exclusively to the Bromeliaceae. The assumption was to find larger quantities of epiphytes in large phorophytes, with rugous texture of bark and favourable crown architecture.
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Dislich, Ricardo. "Florística e estrutura do componente epifítico vascular na mata da reserva da Cidade Universitária "Armando de Salles Oliveira", São Paulo, SP." Universidade de São Paulo, 1996. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41134/tde-26052002-183059/.
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Neste trabalho são estudadas epífitas, aqui consideradas como plantas vasculares usualmente encontradas sobre outras, sem parasitá-las, durante alguma fase do ciclo de vida. O local de estudos, a reserva da Cidade Universitária "Armando de Salles Oliveira" (aproximadamente 46o43W, 23o33S), em São Paulo-SP, é uma ilha de mata secundária em ambiente urbano e representa uma das poucas áreas cobertas por floresta na região. O clima em São Paulo é Cwa, com temperatura média anual de 19,2oC e precipitação de 1207 mm. As famílias de epífitas representadas são Polypodiaceae (9 espécies), Bromeliaceae (8), Orchidaceae (6), Moraceae (5), Araceae (4), Cactaceae (3), Piperaceae (1), Blechnaceae (1) e Araliaceae (1), totalizando 38 espécies, 3 delas exóticas. As epífitas representam 12% do total de espécies vasculares citadas para a reserva. Esta riqueza em espécies é maior do que seria esperada, dada a pequena pluviosidade local. Estão representadas todas as principais formas de vida epifíticas conhecidas. A estrutura do componente epifítico foi estudada em uma área contígua de 2000 m2 no interior da reserva, sobre todas as árvores de perímetro do caule a 1,30 m de altura (PAP) > 40 cm. As árvores foram mapeadas e espécie, altura, PAP e presença ou ausência de lianas foram registradas para cada uma delas. Dos 86 indivíduos arbóreos, 29 são de Alchornea sidifolia, 10 de Croton floribundus e 8 de Piptadenia gonoacantha, as espécies mais abundantes. Pterocarpus rohrii, Rollinia sylvatica e Myrcia tenuivenosa são citações novas para a reserva. Foram reconhecidas 2 subáreas na área amostrada, com base no estádio sucessional das árvores, evidenciando o caráter de mosaico da vegetação. Análises de distribuição de freqüências de DAP indicam o declínio das espécies mais abundantes e prevêem profundas alterações na estrutura da floresta. Foi feito um censo total dos indivíduos epifíticos com mais de 15 cm de comprimento presentes sobre todas as árvores amostradas. Foi considerado como indivíduo cada colônia, ou grupo compacto de plantas distintamente separado de outros da mesma espécie. Foram encontrados 380 indivíduos, sobre 58 árvores (67% do total). Para cada um deles foram registrados altura de fixação, diâmetro do substrato, inclinação, região da árvore (fuste; alta, média e baixa copa), tipo de substrato (bifurcação, cavidade e casca) e espécie. Análises detalhadas de distribuição ao longo das variáveis foram feitas para as 5 espécies mais abundantes: Microgramma squamulosa(75 indivíduos), Rhipsalis baccifera (67), Pleopeltis astrolepis (57), Aechmea bromeliifolia (52) e Polypodium hirsutissimum (45). O tamanho da árvore é positivamente correlacionado com a quantidade de epífitas que suporta. Há grandes variações entre as espécies arbóreas neste sentido. P. rohrii e Casearia sylvestris são as que suportam maiores quantidades de epífitas por indivíduo. As variáveis ligadas à árvore (espécie, DAP, estádio sucessional,subárea, presença ou ausência de lianas) parecem não influir na composição epifítica sobre ela. As epífitas apresentam ampla distribuição vertical e ao longo de diâmetros de substrato, com grande sobreposição entre as espécies e conseqüente ausência de estratificação. A. bromeliifolia apresentou preferência de estabelecimento em cavidades. A baixa copa e o fuste são as regiões das árvores com maior quantidade de epífitas. De forma geral, as epífitas têm preferência por alturas médias dentro da floresta (ca. 8 m), diâmetros grandes (10-30 cm), inclinações horizontais a médias e positivas. R. baccifera demonstrou preferência por P. rohrii como suporte; P. hirsutissimum e P. astrolepis, por A. sidifolia. M. squamulosa é a espécie de maior dispersão considerando-se todas as variáveis.This work assesses floristics and structure of epiphytes, here defined as vascular plants usually found living on others, without parasitizing them, during at least a part of their life cycles. The study site, the reserve of the Cidade Universitária "Armando de Salles Oliveira" (nearly 46o43W, 23o33S), in São Paulo-SP (Brazil), is a secondary forested area isolated in urban environment and represents one of the few forested areas in this city. The climate type is Köppens Cwa, the mean annual temperature is 19,2 oC and the mean annual precipitation is 1207 mm. Polypodiaceae (9 species), Bromeliaceae (8), Orchidaceae (6), Moraceae (5), Araceae (4), Cactaceae (3), Piperaceae (1), Blechnaceae(1) and Araliaceae (1) are the families of epiphytes found at the study site, making up 38 species, 3 of them being exotic. Epiphytes are 12% of the vascular plant species cited for the reserve. This species richness is larger than expected in face of the little mean annual precipitation. All main epiphytic life forms are represented. The structure of the epiphyte community upon all the trees with girth of trunk at the height of 1,30 m (GBH) with more than 40 cm was studied in a 2000 m2 plot inside the reserve. The trees location inside the plot was mapped and species, height, GBH and presence/absence of lianas were recorded for each of them. From 86 trees, 29 were of Alchornea sidifolia, 10 of Croton floribundus and 8 of Piptadenia gonoacantha, the most abundant species. Pterocarpus rohrii, Rollinia sylvatica and Myrcia tenuivenosa are cited for the first time for the reserve. Two different subareas could be distinguished inside the plot as to the successional stage of the trees, an evidence for the mosaic character of the vegetation. DBH frequency distributions predict the decline of the most abundant species populations and consequent deep changes in the structure of the forest. A total census of the epiphytic stands more than 15 cm long was made upon all sampled trees. A stand was defined as a compact group of plants well separated from conspecifics. 380 stands were found, on 58 trees(67% of total). For each stand, height of attachment, branch or trunk diameter, inclination, height zone (trunk, lower, middle or upper crown), type of substrate (hole, fork or bark) and epiphyte species were recorded. The five more abundant species were analysed as to the distribution along the variables. They were: Microgramma squamulosa (75 stands), Rhipsalis baccifera (67), Pleopeltis astrolepis (57), Aechmea bromeliifolia (52) and Polypodium hirsutissimum (45). Tree height and DBH were positively correlated with number of stands and number of epiphyte species. There is great variability between tree species in these aspects. P. rohrii and Casearia sylvestris are the species with highest numbers of stands per tree. Tree characteristics such as species, DBH, successional stage, successional vegetation stage and presence/absence of lianas dont seem to have influence on epiphyte composition on them. Epiphytes show broad vertical and diameter distributions. Species vertical and diameter distributions overlap largely and, as a consequence, there is no distinct stratification. A. bromeliifolia showed preference for establishment in holes. Lower crown and trunk were the zones with the largest number of stands. Epiphytes as a whole show preference for middle heights in the forest (ca. 8 m), large diameters (10-30 cm), horizontal to middle and positive inclinations. R. baccifera showed preference for P. rohrii as support tree; P. hirsutissimum and P. astrolepis showed preference for A. sidifolia. M. squamulosa is the most ubiquituous epiphytic analyzed species.
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Ramalho, Monna Myrnna Mangueira. "Estudos fitogeogrÃficos no gÃnero Guzmania Ruiz & Pav. (Bromeliaceae: Tillandsioideae)." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2015. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=15816.
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FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgicoA distribuiÃÃo geogrÃfica de um tÃxon à determinada por sua capacidade de dispersÃo associada a um conjunto de fatores abiÃticos como temperatura, quantidade de luz e umidade, e biÃticos, como as interaÃÃes ecolÃgicas i.e. competiÃÃo e predaÃÃo. Bromeliaceae à a segunda mais diversificada famÃlia de epÃfitas vasculares, contribuindo com a riqueza total de espÃcies nas florestas neotropicais, com a maior diversidade e endemismo em altitudes mais elevadas. Este trabalho tem como objetivo responder os seguintes questionamentos: i) Quais os padrÃes de distribuiÃÃo das espÃcies de Guzmania Ruiz & Pav. e quais filtros ambientais sÃo mantenedores desta distribuiÃÃo? ii) Quais as Ãreas com maior riqueza e diversidade das espÃcies? iii) Partindo das premissas que a modelagem preditiva nos fornece, qual a Ãrea potencial de distribuiÃÃo das espÃcies de Guzmania? Os dados de distribuiÃÃo geogrÃfica de Guzmania foram obtidos atravÃs do Centro de ReferÃncias de InformaÃÃes Ambientais â CRIA, posteriormente foram produzidos os mapas de distribuiÃÃo geogrÃfica utilizando o software DIVA-GIS 7.5. A regiÃo Neotropical foi dividida em dez Ãreas fitogeogrÃficas. As espÃcies foram classificadas em dois padrÃes de distribuiÃÃo, ampla e restrita, sendo a distribuiÃÃo ampla podendo ser contÃnua ou disjunta, e os padrÃes fitogeogrÃficos descritos. Foram obtidos os dados das variÃveis ambientais para verificar se hà relaÃÃo com os padrÃes de distribuiÃÃo das espÃcies. Utilizamos o Ãndice de Shannon (Hâ) para determinar os padrÃes de riqueza e diversidade e, para a anÃlise de similaridade (UPGMA) foi construÃda uma matriz binÃria com dados de presenÃa =1/ ausÃncia=0 visando determinar os blocos florÃsticos de espÃcie que apresentassem padrÃo semelhante. AtravÃs dessa matriz foi conduzida uma anÃlise de PAE (Parcimony Analysis of Endemicity), que classifica Ãreas ou localidades com tÃxons anÃlogos. A modelagem de distribuiÃÃo preditiva foi realizada apenas para as espÃcies ocorrentes nos remanescentes de floresta ombrÃfila do estado do Cearà (Serras Ãmidas). As espÃcies estudadas de Guzmania apresentaram um padrÃo de distribuiÃÃo amplo na regiÃo Neotropical com disjunÃÃes no nordeste do Brasil, nos DomÃnios fitogeogrÃficos do Caribe, AmazÃnico, Guianas, Andino-PatagÃnico e Chaco. A Ãrea de maior diversidade do gÃnero foi na regiÃo do Andes, seguida da AmazÃnia, AmÃrica Central, Escudo das Guianas e Serras Ãmidas do CearÃ. AnÃlise de similaridade (UPGMA) baseada na distribuiÃÃo das espÃcies resultou na formaÃÃo de trÃs blocos florÃsticos. A modelagem de distribuiÃÃo potencial prevà uma drÃstica reduÃÃo nas Ãreas de ocorrÃncia das espÃcies, principalmente nas Serras Ãmidas.
The geographical distribution of taxa is determined by its capability of dispersion together with a range of abiotic (e.g. temperature, light amount and humidity) and biotic factors (e.g. ecological interactions like competition and predation). Bromeliaceae is the second great family of vascular epiphytes, contributing with the total richness of species in Neotropical forests and with the greater diversity and endemism in high altitudes. This work aims to answer the following questions: i) What are the distribution patterns of Guzmania Ruiz & Pav. species and which environmental filters maintain this distribution? ii) Which areas present greater richness and diversity of species? iii) Taking into account the premisses offered by the predictive modeling, which is the potential area of distribution of Guzmania species?Data of geographical distribution of Guzmania were obtained at Centro de ReferÃncias de InformaÃÃes Ambientais - CRIA - and later the maps of geographical distribution were produced using DIVA-GIS 7.5 program. The Neotropical region was divided into 10 phytogeographic areas. The species were classified into two distribution patterns, large and restrict, where the former could be continuous or disjunct, and the phytogeographic patterns were described. Shannon index (H`) was used to determine the richness and diversity patterns and to similarity analysis (UPGMA) it was constructed a binary matrix with data concerning presence =1 and absence =0 aiming to determine the flower blocks of species presenting similar patterns. Based on this matrix it was conducted a PAE (Parcimony Analysis of Endemicity) analysis, which classifies areas or localities with analogous taxa. Modelling of predictive distribution was performed only to species occurring at ombrofila forest remnants in Cearà state (Humid Mountains). The studied Guzmania species presented a large distribution pattern at Neotropical region with disjunctions at Brazilian Northeast into the phytogeographic domains of Caribbean, Amazon, Guayana, Andes-Patagonia and Chaco. The greater diversity area of the gender was at Andes region, followed by Amazon, Central America, Guayana Shield and Humid Mountains of CearÃ. Similarity analysis (UPGMA) based on species distribution revealed the formation of three flower blocks. The modeling of potential distribution predicts a drastically reduction in the areas where the species are found, specially at Humid Mountains.
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Carvalhaes, Mariana Aparecida. "Florística, riqueza e abundância de bromélias epífitas e o manejo de florestas de caixeta, Iguape, São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18139/tde-18042016-105815/.
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Os caixetais, florestas paludosas caracterizadas pela dominância de caixeta (Tabebuia cassinoides), têm hoje no Vale do Ribeira seus maiores remanescentes, mesmo tendo sido a caixeta um importante produto do extrativismo da região. O sistema tradicional de manejo da caixeta é caracterizado pela subutilização de recursos não madeireiros, apesar da riqueza e da abundância de formas de crescimento não arbóreas, especialmente bromélias epífitas de forte apelo ornamental. Estas são danificadas ou mortas durante a colheita de caixeta e deixadas na floresta, constituindo um resíduo da exploração de madeira. A ausência de conhecimento ecológico sobre estas bromélias epífitas, dificulta a sua inclusão no sistema de manejo. Ao mesmo tempo, diferentes espécies de bromélias são extraídas de forma predatória em toda Mata Atlântica e comercializadas apesar da proibição legal, o que juntamente com a ausência da regulação da atividade, aumenta a pressão do extrativismo clandestino destas espécies. O principal objetivo do presente estudo foi conhecer a composição florística e a estrutura das espécies de bromélias epífitas, considerando a distribuição espacial, a riqueza e a abundância em diferentes caixetais no município de Iguape. Foram identificadas 27 espécies de bromélias epífitas. No conjunto de 250 caixetas analisadas em cinco caixetais, as populações de Aechmea nudicaulis, Vriesia rodigasiana, A. coelestis e V. carinata foram as mais abundantes, sendo as três últimas, espécies atualmente comercializadas no setor atacadista de São Paulo. De maneira geral, as maiores abundância e riqueza de bromélias são encontradas em altura intermediária (2 a 6 m) e em caixetas como diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP) > 15 cm. Uma vez que, foi verificado que o manejo da caixeta afeta negativamente a abundância e a riqueza de espécies da sinúsia de bromélias epífitas, são propostos parâmetros e procedimentos de \"bom manejo\" para melhoria do sistema, considerando a inclusão das bromélias no sistema de manejo atual e o manejo exclusivo destas. É imprescindível o monitoramento a longo prazo do impacto da colheita sobre a sinúsia de bromélias, para a definição de práticas de manejo e técnicas silviculturais que devem ser incorporadas para aprimorar o \"bom manejo\" das bromélias epífitas nos caixetais, do ponto de vista biológico.In southeastern Brazil, there is a peculiar coastal swamp forest ecosystem, characterized by the dominance of caixeta tree (Tabebuia cassinoides), which represents an important product of extractivism for the local population. The traditional management systems of the caixeta forests do not consider the use of non-timber forest resources, ignoring the presence of many species with economic importance as the Bromeliaceae epiphytes with high ornamental value. During the harvesting these ornamental species are destroyed. The lack of ecological knowledge about Bromeliaceae\'s synusia represents an obstacle to its inclusion in the caixeta management system. At the same time, different species of Bromeliaceae are commercialized in a predatory manner not with standing legal prohibition, which along with the absence of regulation of the activity increases the illegal extractivism in the natural ecosystems in brazilian Atlantic Rainforest. The main propose of this study was to analyze the Bromeliaceae epiphytes species floristic composition and the structure, taking in account their spatial distribution, richness and abundance in different caixeta\'s forests. Twenty seven (27) species of Bromeliaceae were identified. In five caixeta forests analyzed the population of Aechmea nudicaulis, Vriesia rodigasiana, A. coelestis e V. carinata were predominant. The three last species have been already commercialized in city of São Paulo. In general, both richness and abundance of the Bromeliaceae epiphytes were mainly found in the intermediary height (2-6 m) and host trees with diameter at breast height (DBH) > 15 cm. As it was observed that traditional caixeta management has a negative effect on bromeliads epiphytes, were suggested conducts of best management practices to improve the caixeta forest management. It was considered the inclusion of bromeliads in the caixeta management system and the exclusive bromeliads management. From the biological point of view, monitoring during a long period the impact of harvest of bromeliads is absolutely essential to establish the best management practices.
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Mania, Luiz Felipe [UNESP]. "Florística e distribuição de epífitas vasculares em floresta alta de restinga na planície litorânea da praia da fazenda, núcleo Picinguaba, parque estadual Serra do Mar, município de Ubatuba, SP." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/87878.
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O epifitismo é responsável por parte significativa da diversidade que faz das florestas tropicais úmidas um dos mais ricos e complexos ecossistemas da Biosfera. Assim, a comunidade de plantas epífitas vasculares teve suas espécies levantadas neste estudo em floresta alta de restinga da planície litorânea da Praia da Fazenda, Núcleo Picinguaba, situada no extremo norte do município de Ubatuba, SP (23°20’-23°22’S / 44°48’-44º52’W). Além disso, foram analisadas a distribuição dessas plantas e as relações com seus respectivos forófitos. Foram consideradas todas as epífitas vasculares fixadas nas dez espécies arbóreas dos dez maiores VI (Valor de Importância) identificadas na região do estudo. As coletas foram realizadas mensalmente, durante o período de um ano, com o uso do método de escalada nas árvores e outras técnicas de coleta e observação. Para a identificação, foram utilizadas monografias, levantamentos florísticos na área de estudo, revisões taxonômicas e consultas a especialistas diversos e a Herbários. Todo material coletado foi preparado e herborizado, sob autorização da Secretaria do Meio Ambiente – Instituto Florestal (COTEC) (processo nº 41.773/2006), e as exsicatas depositadas no Herbário Rioclarense (HRCB), pertencente à UNESP/Rio Claro. Foram identificadas 65 espécies de epífitas vasculares, em 446 árvores, sendo Orchidaceae, Bromeliaceae, Polypodiaceae e Araceae as famílias com maior número de espécies. A anemocoria esteve presente na maioria das epífitas (61%), enquanto que as demais espécies apresentaram a zoocoria como método de dispersão. A forma de vida mais freqüente nas espécies encontradas foi a holoepífita obrigatória (75%), seguida das holoepífitas facultativas (12%), estas exclusivamente da família Bromeliaceae.
The epiphytism is responsible for a significant part of the diversity that makes humid tropical forests one of the most rich and complex ecosystems of the Biosphere. Thus, this study surveied the community of vascular epiphytes of the high forest of “restinga” in the coastal plain of Praia da Fazenda, Núcleo Picinguaba, located in the far north of Ubatuba municipality, SP (23°20'-23°22'S and 44°48'-44°52'W). Moreover, the distribution of these plants and relations with their phorophytes were analyzed: all vascular epiphytes growing on the ten tree species of largest VIs (Value of Importance) identified in the present study, were considered. The observations were carried out were monthly for a period of one year with the use of several methods of collection and marking. For the identification all available literature was used: books, floristics surveys done in the study area, taxonomic revisions and consultations with diverse experts and Herbaria. All collected material was prepared, under authorization of the Secretaria do Meio Ambiente – Instituto Florestal (COTEC) (case nº 41.773/2006), and the exsiccatae deposited in the Herbário Rioclarense (HRCB), belonging to UNESP / Rio Claro. Sixty-five species of vascular epiphytes, in 446 trees, were identified, with the Orchidaceae, Bromeliaceae, Polypodiaceae and Araceae grouping the greatest number of species. The anemocory was verified in the largest amount of epiphytic species (61%), whereas the remaining species had zoocory as the dispersal method. The life form true epiphytes was the frequentest in species number (75%), while the facultative species constituted the second contingent (12%), which belongs exclusively to the Bromeliaceae. The assumption was to find larger quantities of epiphytes in large phorophytes, with rugous texture of bark and favourable crown architecture.
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Hazell, Per. "Conservation and yield aspects of old European aspen Populus tremula L. in Swedish forestry /." Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 1999. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/1999/91-576-5636-3.pdf.
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Sweatman, Jennifer L. "Gammaridean Amphipods as Bioindicators in Subtropical Seagrass Ecosystems." FIU Digital Commons, 2016. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2603.
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Anthropogenic disturbances are ubiquitous in coastal marine ecosystems. As such, more intensive monitoring efforts are necessary to conserve these valuable habitats. Bioindicators, organisms that predictably respond to changes in environmental variables, may be utilized in monitoring efforts to assess ecosystem functioning. To incorporate organisms into monitoring programs as bioindicators managers need to first understand the difference between the natural phenology of the focal organisms and their responses to different forms of anthropogenic disturbance.
To determine if gammaridean amphipods could be used as indicators of changes in environmental quality in sub-tropical seagrass ecosystems, I conducted spatial and temporal surveys of amphipod communities in south Florida. Amphipod community structure varied significantly across sites and seasons. Variation in community structure was largely driven by macrophyte biomass, food availability, seasonally variable factors (epiphyte abundance, dissolved oxygen, salinity, and temperature), water-column nitrogen concentration, and factors related to freshwater input, including low Thalassia testudinum and high Halodule wrightii densities, and salinity.
Amphipods are also susceptible to mechanical damage in seagrass habitats and could be used as indicators of ecological functioning of a region. A major source of mechanical damage in seagrass ecosystems is caused by boat propellers. I simulated propeller scars in continuous seagrass beds to investigate the effects of scarring on seagrass ecosystem functioning. Seagrasses located adjacent to propeller scars experienced a shift in the limiting resource from light to phosphorus. Amphipod community structure, however, was not impacted by scarring, but amphipod density was reduced in fragmented patches. To determine if plant-herbivore interactions were impacted by propeller scarring, we removed amphipods from half of the experimental plots and measured epiphyte biomass and community composition. Top-down control on epiphyte biomass or community composition by amphipods was not affected by fragmentation, despite reduced amphipod densities.
My dissertation research demonstrates that amphipods could be incorporated into existing management programs in sub-tropical seagrass ecosystems as environmental indicators. Reduced amphipod densities in fragmented seagrass beds suggests that amphipods could also be used as ecological indicators, but more research is needed to determine the extent of the impacts of fragmentation on higher trophic levels.
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Barbosa, Joyce Marques. "Microgramma squamulosa (Kaulf.) de la Sota e Pleopeltis hirsutissima (Raddi) de la Sota: estratégias contrastantes de uso da água em um ambiente epifítico." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41134/tde-21012013-141040/.
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Entre os vegetais existem duas estratégias distintas para superar as condições de estresse hídrico que condicionam a sensibilidade a dessecação (SD) que está associada a mecanismos de evitação e a tolerância a dessecação (TD) que envolve suportar o estresse hídrico diretamente no nível dos tecidos e no nível subcelular. Sabe-se que os custos acoplados aos mecanismos de dessecação e reidratação em espécies TD são elevados, e provavelmente superiores aos de espécies SD. Desta forma, a coexistência de espécies com estas estratégias, como ocorre no ambiente epifítico da Cidade Universitária Armando Sales de Oliveira (CUASO), induzem questões quanto a as vantagens relativas de espécies TD sobre SD. Devido aos altos custos da estratégia TD é possível propor que estas deveriam apresentar um ganho médio de carbono superior a de espécies SD durante o período favorável (com disponibilidade hídrica). Além disso, também é razoável esperar que as distintas formas de uso da água, vinculadas às estratégias, poderiam facilitar o convívio de espécies TD e SD através da segregação de nichos. Com intuito de verificar essas hipóteses, foram realizadas análises relacionadas a estrutura de comunidade de epífitas da CUASO e, a partir destas, a detecção da associação espacial mais freqüente, que resultou composta por Pleopeltis hirsutissima (TD) e Microgramma squamulosa (SD). Estas espécies foram então selecionadas para avaliar parâmetros associados à dinâmica do uso da água, assimilação líquida de carbono, dinâmica da capacidade de uso da luz, estado de hidratação foliar e pigmentos fotossintéticos. Os resultados apontaram que espécies de ambas as estratégias não apresentam sinais de estresse crônico no ambiente estudado. Os dados reforçaram as respostas contrastantes de TD e SD, refletindo as formas distintas de lidar com os recursos e condições do ambiente. Ao contrário do esperado, P. hirsutissima não apresentou uma assimilação de carbono superior a M. squamulosa, indicando que o ganho de carbono não é um dos fatores possíveis na compensação dos custos acoplados a sua estratégia (TD). Porém, os resultados apresentados quanto a dinâmica da capacidade de uso da luz sugerem que a coexistência é facilitada pela segregação de nichos de luz, sendo a espécie TD mais heliófila do que a espécie SDIn land plants the resistance to drought can be accomplished by two main strategies. One involves mainly dehydration avoidance mechanisms and the other is based on the ability to withstand drought at the tissues and down to subcellular levels. The former is found on the desiccation sensitive plants (DS) and the last describes the desiccation tolerant plants (DT). The metabolic costs of the desiccation tolerance mechanisms are probably high, at least when considering the cessation of photosynthesis during anabiosis - a condition that is absent in drought avoidance strategies. The coexistence of drought avoiders and desiccation tolerant plants in the same substrate and condition can rise some questions about the relative advantages of each strategy when submitted to similar water regime. We ask whether desiccation tolerant plants have a compensatory carbon gain under a watering regime that induces frequent anabiosis or cumulative damage in drought avoidance have a detrimental effect comparable to the costs of the desiccation tolerance. An analysis of the epiphytic plant community associated to the trees of the CUASO urban landscape showed a very frequent co-occurring species pair including the desiccation sensitive Microgramma squamulosa and a desiccation tolerant Pleopeltis hirsutissima, both cryptogams of the same plant family. These species were thoroughly examined regarding the patterns of light, water and carbon dynamics together with pigments concentration during cycles of natural drought and wet climate field conditions. These observations were complemented with experimental induction of different water and light regimes. The results showed no sign of chronic stress in both plants living at the same condition but allowed us to identify large distinctions in resource use patterns. A compensatory carbon assimilation was not found in P.hirsutissima. Both species have similar CO2 assimilation values. Experimental induction of drought in different light regimes allowed to verify a relative advantage in desiccation tolerant P.hirsutissima in comparison to the desiccation sensitive M.squamulosa under high irradiance values. Furthermore, light curve analysis suggest that they share the same tree but their niches differ in light intensity regime allowing the high frequency of co-occurrence observed in the field
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Nervo, Michelle Helena. "Padrões de diversidade de samambaias e licófitas em um grafiente altitudinal na floresta atlântica no sul do Brasil." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/163709.
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Dados e análises de gradientes altitudinais em diversidade têm sido fundamentais para o desenvolvimento e avaliação de uma série de teorias gerais da biodiversidade. Esta proposta pretende contribuir para uma melhor compreensão dos padrões de diversidade das samambaias e licófitas ao longo de um gradiente de altitude no Sul do Brasil, abrangendo desde as formações florestais da planície, composta pela floresta de Terras Baixas, Submontana, como por formações florestais de altitude superiores, florestas Montana e Altomontana, e considerando a influência de fatores climáticos e de solo sobre as comunidades de plantas deste grupo. Assim, os objetivos deste estudo são: 1) verificar se a composição e riqueza de espécies varia ao longo do gradiente altitudinal; 2) se caso afirmativo, descrever em qual altitude podemos encontrar a maior diversidade; 3) analisar se existem diferenças ao longo do gradiente nos padrões de distribuição entre comunidade epifítica, terrícola e rupícola; 4) estabelecer quais são os fatores ambientais e de espaço que governam a distribuição das espécies de samambaias e licófitas, sua riqueza e sua cobertura na floresta brasileira ao sul do Atlântico; 5) investigar se espécies epifíticas e terrestres respondem igualmente aos condutores ambientais. Os resultados de um estudo detalhado, bem como de análises morfológicas, ecológicas, pedológicas e geográficas são: 1) a composição e riqueza de espécies variou significativamente ao longo do gradiente altitudinal; 2) riqueza e diversidade foram maiores nas formações superiores (Montana e Altomontana); 3) comunidades ecológicas distintas (epifítica, terrícola e rupícola) diferiram quanto ao padrão de distribuição observado ao longo do gradiente; 4) os fatores ambientais (tais como: insolação solar, precipitação, velocidade do vento, umidade relativa do ar relacionados ao clima e, concentração de matéria orgânica, alumínio, pH e profundidade, relacionados ao solo) apresentam maior importância na variação da distribuição de espécies ao longo do gradiente; 5) a variação da distribuição de espécies epífitas demostrou ser mais relacionada aos condutores ambientais relacionados aos fatores climáticos enquanto que as espécies terrestres, aos fatores edáficos. Processos de nicho (teoria de nicho) são os responsáveis por modular a distribuição e a abundância das espécies de samambaias e licófitas ao longo do gradiente altitudinal da Floresta Atlântica Sul Brasileira. Adicionalmente, é descrito novo registro de Stigmatopteris no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.Data and analyses of elevational gradients in diversity have been central to the development and evaluation of a range of biodiversity general theories. This proposal seeks to contribute to a better understanding of the ferns and lycophytes diversity patterns along an elevation gradient in Southern Brazil, spanning from Lowland and Submontane to Montane and Upper Montane forest formations, and considering the influence of climatic factors and soil on communities of this group plants. The objectives of this study are: 1) to verify the composition and species richness varies along the altitudinal gradient; 2) if so, describe at what altitude we find the greatest diversity; 3) to analyze if there are differences along the gradient in the distribution patterns of epiphytic community, terrestrial and rupicolous; 4) establish what are the environmental and spatial factors that govern ferns and wealth lycophyte species and its coverage in the Brazilian forest at the South of the Atlantic; 5) investigate if epiphytic and terrestrial species also respond to environmental drivers. The results of a detailed study, as well as morphological, ecological, soil and geographical study are: 1) the composition and species richness varied significantly along the altitudinal gradient; 2) richness and diversity were higher in the Montane and Upper Montane formations; 3) distinct ecological communities (epiphytic, terrestrial and rupicolous) to differ on the distribution pattern observed along the gradient; 4) the environmental factors (such as solar insolation, precipitation, wind speed, relative humidity related to the climate, and concentration of organic matter, aluminum, pH and depth, related to soil) have greater importance in the variation species distribution along the gradient; 5) the variation of the distribution of epiphytes demonstrated to be more related to environmental drivers that are related to climatic factors, while terrestrial species are related to the soil factors. Niche processes (niche theory) are responsible for modulate distribution patterns and species abundance along elevational gradient in the Southern Brazilian Atlantic Forest. In addition, we present the new registration Stigmatopteris in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Affeld, Kathrin. "Spatial complexity and microclimatic responses of epiphyte communities and their invertebrate fauna in the canopy of northern rata (Metrosideros robusta A. Cunn.: Myrtaceae) on the West Coast of the South Island, New Zealand." Diss., Lincoln University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/771.
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Rain forest canopies are renowned for their very high biodiversity and the critical role they play in key ecological processes and their influence on global climate. Despite that New Zealand supports one of the most diverse and extensive epiphyte flora of any temperate forest system, few studies have investigated epiphyte communities and their invertebrate fauna along with factors that influence their distribution and composition. This thesis represents the first comprehensive study of entire epiphyte communities and their resident invertebrate fauna in the canopy of New Zealand’s indigenous forests. The aim of this study was to determine spatial patterns of epiphyte and invertebrate species richness, abundance and community composition in relation to abiotic variables, and in particular, the responses of these communities to elevated temperature and rainfall. This study was carried out in coastal lowland podocarp-broadleaved forests at two sites on the West Coast of the South Island of New Zealand. Samples from 120 mat-forming epiphyte assemblages located on inner canopy branches of 40 northern rata (Metrosideros robusta) trees were studied to characterise the component flora and fauna. Additionally, biomass, branch and tree characteristics and community responses to treatments designed to elevate temperature and rainfall to simulate predicted climate change were measured. This investigation revealed astonishing diversity and functional complexity of epiphyte and invertebrate life in this ecosystem. The 30.6 kg (dry weight) of epiphyte material collected contained a total of 567 species, 170 epiphyte and 397 invertebrate (excluding immature specimens and mites) species, including at least 10 species new to science and many undescribed species Epiphyte communities were found to be dominated by non-vascular plants (80 % of the total species richness), particularly liverworts and invertebrate communities were dominated with respect to abundance (~ 80 % of the total individuals) by Acari, Collembola and Hymenoptera (primarily ants) and functionally by scavengers and ants. Epiphyte and invertebrate communities were highly variable with respect to spatial patterning of species richness, abundance and composition across sites, among trees within sites and among branches within trees. Overall, a highly significant proportion, > 75 %, of the variance could be attributed to differences at the branch level, but these differences could not be explained by the environmental factors measured. There were no consistent relationships between the spatial pattern of epiphytes and invertebrates, or between vascular and non-vascular plants. However, there were significant positive correlations between epiphyte biomass and invertebrate species richness (r = 0.472; p < 0.0001) and abundance (r = -0.395; p < 0.0001), as well as non-living epiphyte biomass and scavenger species richness (r = 0.4; p < 0.0001). Microclimatic measurements taken on epiphyte mats were also highly variable with respect to temperature and relative humidity at similar physical locations within the same tree as well as across trees within sites. There was also considerable variation in the intensity and frequency of climatic extremes, although potentially harmful climatic conditions were experienced by all the epiphyte mats for which weather variables were measured. Negative correlations existed between both epiphyte and invertebrate community composition and increased temperatures expressed as cumulative degree days above 5˚C. However, variability was such that there was no direct evidence that increased temperature and rainfall treatments had an effect on invertebrate species richness, abundance or diversity. Northern rata host trees harbour an astonishingly diverse and complex canopy flora and fauna that is characterised by high spatial variability. Such variability highlights that to determine species distribution and community dynamics in canopy habitats in response to disturbance caused either by climate change or invasive species the structure of entire communities at different taxonomic and spatial scales, along with their responses to microclimatic factors, need to be studied. If such complexities are not taken into account, inappropriate interpretation may result in poor decisions concerning the conservation status, vulnerability and subsequent management of such unique ecosystems.
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Ferreira, Guilherme Gonçalves Pereira da Silva 1981. "Medição do aporte atmosférico dos elementos-traço nos municípios de Campinas e Paulínia com auxílio da espécie vegetal Tillanásia usneoides (L.)." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/286756.
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Orientador: Jacinta EnzweilerDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências
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Resumo: A bromélia epífita Tillandsia usneoides (L.) foi utilizada para realizar um biomonitoramento atmosférico em sete locais ao longo de uma transecta que passa pelos municípios de Campinas e Paulínia. Os pontos escolhidos situam-se próximos a rodovias, indústrias e avenidas, assim como em locais mais afastados de atividades antrópicas. Amostras da planta foram introduzidas por aproximadamente dois meses em cada um locais durante cinco intervalos sequenciais, entre abril de 2009 e março de 2010. Os objetivos foram conhecer a distribuição sazonal e espacial das concentrações de elementos-traço (Al, Ba, Bi, Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Fe, Ga, Hf, Ni, Nb, Pb, Rb, Sb, Sn, Sr, Ti, Sr, Ce, Pr, V, Y e W), estabelecer relações com dados climáticos e parâmetros de qualidade do ar e estimar as fontes a partir dos aportes medidos. Após o período de exposição, as amostras da planta foram removidas, liofilizadas e moídas. Uma alíquota foi dissolvida em meio ácido (HNO3 e HF destilados) e analisada em espectrômetro de massas com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP-MS). O material de referência certificado de folhas de macieira NIST 1515 foi analisado para o controle da qualidade. Os resultados das concentrações obtidas de cada elemento nas amostras expostas foram normalizados em relação a amostras-controle, não expostas, para obter um Coeficiente de Enriquecimento (CE). Os maiores aportes de elementos-traço foram identificados nos meses de abril-junho/09, setembro/09-novembro/09 e janeiro/10-março/10, atribuídos à presença de maiores concentrações de material particulado e de poluentes na atmosfera, além de fatores climáticos não favoráveis a sua dispersão nesses períodos. Os menores coeficientes de enriquecimento obtidos para o período de maior pluviosidade - novembro/09-dezembro/10 - foram atribuídos à remoção parcial dos poluentes por deposição úmida. O maior aporte total foi medido no ponto CSC (Careca Sport Center), e os elementos que apresentaram maiores CE foram Al, Cr, Co, Ni, Y, W, Ce e Pr. A principal fonte para esses resultados provavelmente é a poeira do solo, e secundariamente o tráfego de veículos e emissões de indústrias próximas. No ponto FEAGRI (no campus da Unicamp) um conjunto de elementos, entre eles Ni e Co, apresentou CE relativamente elevados, e que foram atribuídos principalmente à poeira do solo local. O ponto CENTRO (centro de Campinas) apresentou os maiores CE de Ba, Sn, Cu e Sb, com aportes Pb, Cd, Bi, Al, Fe, Ga, Nb, Ti também elevados, associados principalmente ao tráfego de veículos. Nos pontos de Paulínia aportes relativamente elevados foram medidos para Ba, Sb, Bi e V e que foram associados ao tráfego e indústrias na região, incluindo as petroquímicas. Os pontos CABRAS e MSG, mais distantes de influências antrópicas, apresentaram as menores concentrações de metais poluentes em razão da distância relativa às fontes e ao posicionamento favorável quanto à direção dos ventos principais, respectivamente. Os dados obtidos sugerem que os aportes estão associados a fontes locais e ao transporte de curta distância por ventos NO, enquanto o transporte de longa distância por ventos sudeste, não foi confirmado
Abstract: The epiphytic bromeliad Tillandsia usneoides (L.) was used as biomonitor of the atmosphere at seven sites along a transect of the municipalities of Campinas and Paulinia. The selected sites are located near highways, industries and avenues, as well as in places farther away from human activities. The samples of were introduced by about two months during five sequential intervals, from April 2009 to March 2010. The goals were to know the seasonal and spatial concentrations of trace metals (Al, Ba, Bi, Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Fe, Ga, Hf, Ni, Nb, Pb, Rb, Sb, Sn, Sr, Ti, Sr, Ce, Pr, V, Y e W), establish relationships with climatic data and parameters of air quality and estimate the sources of the deposition. After the exposure period, the plants samples were taken to the laboratory, freeze dried and ground. An aliquot was dissolved (HNO3 plus HF, purified by sub-boiling), and analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). The certified reference material Apple Leaves NIST SRM 1515 was analyzed for quality control. The measured concentrations of exposed plants were normalized against control samples of non exposed plants to obtain the coefficient of enrichment (CE). The largest inputs of traceelements were identified in April-June/09, September-November/09 and January-March/10, which are also the periods with higher concentrations of particulate matter and pollutants in atmosphere together with less favorable climatic factors to their dispersion. The lowest CE values in November/09-January/10 were attributed to the partial removal of atmospheric pollutants by wet deposition. The highest depositions was measured at CSC (Careca Sport Center) and Al, Cr, Co, Ni, Y, W, Ce e Pr showed high CE. The main sources for such results probably are soil dust, nearby traffic and industrial emissions. At FEAGRI (at Unicamp campus) a set of elements, including Co and Ni, presented relatively high CE, which were attributed mainly to dust from local soil. The site at Campinas downtown presented the highest CE of Ba, Sn, Cu and Sb, and also significant input of Pb, Cd, Bi, Al, Fe, Ga, Nb, Ti mainly due to the traffic of vehicles. At the sites in Paulínia, relatively high CE were obtained for Ba, Sb, Bi e V, which were associated to traffic and industrial sources. The sites CABRAS and MSG presented the lowest concentrations of metallic pollutants, because they are favored by the distance from anthropogenic sources and the position regarding the direction of main winds, respectively. The data suggest that the deposition of metallic elements is related to local sources and to short distance transport by NW wind, while long distance transport by SE winds was not confirmed
Mestrado
Geologia e Recursos Naturais
Mestre em Geociências
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Duarte, Marina Melo. "Transplante de epífitas entre Florestas Estacionais Semideciduais para enriquecimento de florestas em processo de restauração." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-07052013-095558/.
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O enriquecimento com diferentes formas de vida, como com epífitas, é fundamental para o desenvolvimento de florestas em restauração, em paisagens fragmentadas, onde a dispersão natural é limitada. Epífitas são plantas que crescem sobre outras (forófitos). Têm papel ecológico importante, realizando ciclagem de nutrientes e oferecendo microambientes e alimentos a outras formas de vida. Características de forófitos, clima e microclima influenciam populações locais de epífitas. Para aumentar o sucesso do enriquecimento em florestas em restauração, é importante determinar quais filtros podem atuar no processo. Fizemos o censo de áreas que receberam autorização para supressão vegetal e obtivemos que, a cada ano, cerca de 500 ha de Florestas Estacional Semidecidual e Ombrófila Densa, em diferentes estágios de regeneração, são desmatados, apenas no estado de São Paulo. Elas podem fornecer material que pode ser recuperado e empregado na restauração de outras florestas. Neste trabalho, damos enfoque às epífitas que podem ser disponibilizadas a partir desse desmatamento. Transferimos 360 indivíduos de seis espécies delas, entre Bromeliaceae (Aechmea bromeliifolia e Tillandsia pohliana), Orchidaceae (Catasetum fimbriatum e Rodriguezia decora) e Cactaceae (Lepismium cruciforme e Rhipsalis floccosa) para duas Florestas Estacionais Semideciduais em processo de restauração, uma com 13 anos e outra com 23. As médias anuais de cobertura de dossel, entre os forófitos escolhidos, variaram entre 62,2 e 85,0% na floresta de 13 anos e entre 79,3 e 92,9% na floresta de 23 anos. Taxas de sobrevivência das diferentes espécies de epífitas foram superiores em floresta mais jovem, variando de 63.33 a 100%, enquanto em floresta mais madura variaram entre 55,17 e 89,66%. Transplantes usando fibra de palmeiras, capaz de reter água, e realizados no início de estação chuvosa podem ter explicado o maior sucesso em floresta mais nova. Taxas de sobrevivência, fixação, ramificação, floração e frutificação não estiveram relacionadas à espécie de forófito, à rugosidade de casca ou à posição de transplante. Por outro lado, elas estiveram relacionadas às espécies das próprias epífitas. Apenas em algumas situações e para determinadas espécies, taxas de fixação, ramificação e reprodução sexuada estiveram relacionadas aos valores de cobertura de dossel. Animais podem ter importantes papéis como polinizadores e dispersores de epífitas, o que mostra que sua presença na floresta é fundamental para a permanência dessas plantas em longo prazo. Ao final, separamos as principais conclusões tiradas deste trabalho e fizemos um guia de procedimentos práticos a serem adotados no enriquecimento de florestas em restauração usando epífitas provenientes de florestas a serem suprimidas.Enrichment using non-arboreal life forms, such as epiphytes, is critical to the development of forests under restoration, in fragmented landscapes, where natural dispersal is scarce. Epiphytes are plants that grow on top of other plants (phorophytes). They play very important ecological role, performing nutrient cycling and providing microenvironments and food to other life forms. Features of phorophytes, climate, and microclimate influence local diversity of epiphytes. In order to improve success of enrichment in areas under restoration, it is important to determine what filters may play a role in this process. We censused areas that received authorization for vegetation removal and found out that, every year, about 500 ha of Semideciduous Seasonal Forests and Rainforests, in different regeneration stages, are legally cut down, only in the state of Sao Paulo. They can provide material that can be recovered and used to restore other forests. In this work, we focused on the epiphytes that may become available from deforestation. We transferred 360 individuals of six species of this life form among Bromeliaceae (Aechmea bromeliifolia and Tillandsia pohliana), Orchidaceae (Catasetum fimbriatum and Rodriguezia decora) and Cactaceae (Lepismium cruciforme and Rhipsalis floccosa) to two different Semidecidual Seasonal Forests in process of restoration, one of them was 13 years old and the other, 23 years old. Annual canopy cover averages provided by diffferent phorophytes ranged from 62.2 to 85.0% in 13-year old forest and from 79.3 to 92.9% in 23-year-old forest. Survival rates of epiphytes species were higher in the younger forest, from 63.33 to 100%, compared to the ones obtained in the more mature forest, from 55.17 to 89.66%. Transplants performance using palm tree fiber, which enables higher water retention, and at the beginning of rainy season may have been responsible for higher survival rates in the young forest. Survival, rooting, sprouting, flowering and fruiting rates were not related to phorophyte species, to their bark roughness nor to the position of transplantation. On the other hand, they were always relatated to epiphyte species. Only in some cases and for determined species, rooting, sprouting, flowering and fruiting were related to canopy cover. Animals can play important roles as pollinators and dispersers of epiphytes, which shows that their presence in forests is fundamental for the long-term persistance of these plants. In the end, we gathered the main results taken from this work and organized a guide of practical procedures to be adopted in enrichment of areas using epiphytes from forests about to be suppressed.
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Rains, Kai Coshow. "Ericoid mycorrhizas in organic substrates : distribution of ericoid mycorrhizas among epiphytes in a Costa Rican cloud forest and uptake of organic nitrogen by ericoid, ecto-, and arbuscular mycorrhizal pygmy forest plants /." For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2004. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.
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Delgado, Camila Nardy. "Biologia reprodutiva, distribuição espacial e conservação de Hadrolaelia coccinea (Lindl.) Chiron & V.P. Castro (Orchidaceae, Laeliinae) no Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca, Minas Gerais, Brasil." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2018. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/6902.
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As interações ecológicas são de extrema importância para todo ecossistema, as relações entre plantas e polinizadores possuem um papel estruturador para os sistemas naturais e agrícolas. A fase reprodutiva é um momento marcante na vida de qualquer organismo, influenciado pelas condições bióticas e abióticas, que desenha as características reprodutivas. Desta forma, a distribuição das espécies está altamente relacionada com os mecanismos de dispersão e condições do local para determinar a densidade e a alta diversidade de espécies, que encontramos no planeta. Além disso, muitas vezes o impacto antrópico é um fator marcante em toda essa relação. Orchidaceae é uma família cosmopolita encontrada em quase todos os continentes da Terra, exceto na Antártida, com cerca de 24500 espécies. No Brasil o domínio da Floresta Atlântica se destaca em número de espécies, chegando a 50% de todas as espécies encontradas no país. Laeliinae é a terceira maior subtribo de Orchidaceae, com cerca de 2080 espécies exclusivamente distribuídas na Região Neotropical, sendo muitas vezes desejadas por colecionadores devido à imensa diversidade morfológica e cromática de suas flores. Hadrolaelia coccinea (Lindl.) Chiron & V.P.Castro ocorre nas regiões Sul e Sudeste do Brasil, sendo endêmica do domínio Atlântico. As flores têm como característica principal sua coloração vermelho intenso, tendo grande apelo ornamental. No Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca esta espécie possui um histórico de coleta predatória, onde uma subpopulação está extinta no local. Deste modo, foi realizado um estudo avaliando aspectos da biologia reprodutiva, distribuição espacial e impacto antrópico no intuito de avaliar a situação da espécie no referido parque. No primeiro capítulo foi realizado um estudo de biologia reprodutiva avaliando fenologia, ocorrência de possíveis polinizadores, aspectos da biologia floral, sistema de cruzamentos, e sementes viáveis de frutos provenientes da polinização natural, através do teste do tetrazólio. O sistema de floração encontrado é anual com duração intermediária, como principal estratégia GFD – Generalized Food Deception, por não oferecer recompensa floral para seu polinizador, enganando-o pela semelhança cromática com outra espécie, a qual compartilha características morfológicas e que oferta néctar. Pelas características florais, o mecanismo de polinização é “Key-hole flower” tendo o beija-flor como potencial polinizador. Apresenta um sistema autocompatível e alogâmico, com a polinização cruzada como via de regra, visto que existe a presença de uma barreira física que evita a autopolinização. Por conseqüência, apresenta baixa taxa de frutificação, mas com elevado número de sementes. No segundo capítulo foi avaliada a distribuição espacial de H. coccinea através de transectos de 200 x 8 m distribuídos no interior e borda da nanofloresta nebular, na transição com o arbustal nebular. Sua distribuição espacial foi avaliada através do Índice Morisita (IM) e da Razão da Variância/Média (R). Os indivíduos nos dois ambientes foram contabilizados em grupos de jovens e adultos, registrando-se os forófitos. A significância estatística dos testes foi comparada pelo teste t. A correlação da circunferência do tronco com a abundância de indivíduos de H. coccinea foi feita através de uma regressão linear. Os resultados mostraram um padrão de distribuição agregada, com diferença de abundância entre os ambientes de interior e borda da nanofloresta nebular, mas a densidade de indivíduos jovens e adultos não teve diferença significativa. Há preferência por uma espécie de forófito, Eremanthus erythropappus (DC.) MacLeish (Asteraceae), popularmente chamada de candeia, com o CAP apresentando uma pequena influência na densidade de indivíduos nos forófitos. No terceiro capítulo foi avaliado o impacto antrópico sobre H. coccinea pela atividade de turistas, através do estabelecimento de quatro transectos de 200 x 8 m em dois ambientes, onde a passagem dos turistas não é permitia (ST) e em que a passagem é permitida (T), e registrada a abundância de indivíduos nos forófitos. A significância estatística foi realizada pelo teste Mann-Whitney. A subpopulação onde a passagem dos turistas é permitida está com uma baixa taxa de indivíduos, contrapondo o que ocorre no ambiente em que a passagem de turistas não é permitida (ST), apresentando uma subpopulação com elevado número de indivíduos.
Ecological interactions are of extreme importance to every ecosystem, once the relationships between plants and pollinators have a structuring role for natural and agricultural systems. The reproductive phase is a defining moment in the lifecycle of any organism, influenced by the biotic and abiotic conditions, that draws the reproductive characteristics. In this way the distribution of the species is highly related to the mechanisms of dispersion and conditions of the place to determine the density and the high diversity of species that we find in the planet. Furthermore, often the anthropogenic impact is a striking factor in this whole relationship. Orchidaceae is a cosmopolitan family found in almost all continents of the Earth, except in Antarctica, with about 24500 species. In Brazil the domain of the Atlantic Forest stands out in number of species, reaching 50% of all species found in the country. Laeliinae is the third largest subtribe of Orchidaceae, with about 2080 species exclusively distributed in the Neotropical Region, being often desired by collectors due to the morphological and chromatic diversity of their flowers. Hadrolaelia coccinea (Lindl.) Chiron & V.P.Castro occurs in the South and Southeast regions of Brazil, being endemic to the Atlantic Domain. The flowers are main characteristic is its intense red color, with great ornamental appeal. In the Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca this species has a predatory collection history, where a subpopulation is extinct in the place. In this way, a study was carried out evaluating aspects of the reproductive biology, spatial distribution and anthropogenic impact in order to evaluate the situation of the species in said park. In the first chapter the study of biology reproductive was fullfiled assessing phenology, possible pollinators, aspects of floral biology, crossing systems and viable sees of natural pollinations, through the tretazolium test. The system is described annual - flowering patterns, with main strategy - GFD – Generalized Food Deception, for not offering floral reward for its pollinator, deceiving him through the another species with which she shares morphological characteristics and which offer nectar. By the floral characteristics the mechanism of pollination is "Key- hole flower" having the hummingbird as a potential pollinator. It presents a self- compatible and allogamic system, with cross-pollination as a rule, since there is the presence of a physical barrier that avoids self-pollination. Consequently, it presents a low fruiting rate, but with a high number of seeds. In the second chapter was evaluated the spatial distribution through of four transects of 200 x 8 m distributed inside and border of dwarf cloud forest, in transition cloud shrub. Your spatial distribution was evaluates through os Índice Morisita (IM) Variance/Avarage rate (R). The individuals in the both environment were accounted in groups of youth and adults, registering the forophytes. The statistical significance of test was compared by test t. The correlation of circumference of the trunks with the abundance of individuals of H. coccinea was done through of a linear regression. The results showed an aggregate distribution pattern, with differences of abundance between the interior and border environments of the dwarf cloud forest, but the density of young and mature individuals did not have significant difference. There is a preference for a species of phorophyte, Eremanthus erythropappus (DC.) MacLeish (Asteraceae), popularly called candeia, with CAP having a small influence on the density of individuals on the phorophytes. In the third chapter we evaluated the anthropogenic impact on H. coccinea in areas where the circulation of tourists, through the establishment of four transects of 200 x 8 m in two environment, at where tourists pass are allowed (T) and circulation is not allowed (ST), and registrer the abundance of individuals in the forophytes. The statistical significance was fulfill of Mann-Whitney. The subpopulation of T presents a low rate of individuals, opposing what occurs in the environment ST, which presents a subpopulation with high number of individuals.
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Ribeiro, D?bora Cristina de Assis. "Estrutura e Composi??o de ep?fitas vasculares em duas forma??es vegetais na Ilha da Marambaia Mangaratiba, RJ." Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 2009. https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/tede/484.
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Previous issue date: 2009-07-08The vascular epiphytes belong to a guild that occupies other plants (usually arboreous species) as support for fixing without parasiting them. This way of life have some disadvantages for the nutrients and water acquisition and therefore showed itself excessively sensitive to environmental variations in the forest. Having in view this aspect among others, the structures, composition and distribution of vascular epiphytes of two distinct vegetation formations (restinga and subspontaneous population of Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) and moreover, a floristic survey was conducted for all areas of the island. At each of the sampling units were allocated 50 parcels of 100 m?, totaling 1 ha. At each sample, the epiphytes were counted in phorophytes with DBH ≥ 10 cm and the phorophytes were divided into height classes. In the restinga area were found 16 species belonging to 10 genera and five families, as well as new records for four species. At the area of subspontaneous population of Elaeis guineensis (Arecaceae) were found 24 species belonging to 22 genera and 15 families, with registration of five new species to the Island. For both areas it was found low richness with almost absence of the Orchidaceae family, considered one of the most abundant among the epiphytes. In general, there were no defined standards among the species distribution over the height classes of phorophytes. The morphometric variables tested by simple linear regression indicated that in general the phorophyte size directly influences the richness and abundance of epiphytes. The horizontal distribution was analyzed using the Morisita s index, indicating that most species presents an aggregated distribution, as well as anemochorous dispersion was the most recurrent among species. As the epiphytic flora of the island of Marambaia were listed 93 species, 53 genera and 21 families, indicating that low richness may be linked to the fact that the island of Marambaia be a region with a low rate of rainfall.
As ep?fitas vasculares pertencem a uma guilda que ocupam outras plantas (geralmente esp?cies arb?reas) como suporte de fixa??o sem parasit?-los. Este modo de vida possui algumas desvantagens para aquisi??o de nutrientes e ?gua e por isso mostram-se demasiadamente sens?veis ?s varia??es ambientais da floresta. Tendo em vista este aspecto entre outros, foram analisadas a estrutura, composi??o e distribui??o das ep?fitas vasculares em duas forma??es vegetais distintas (restinga e povoamento subespont?neo de Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) e al?m disso, foi realizado um levantamento flor?stico para toda ?rea da Ilha. Em cada uma das unidades amostrais foram alocadas 50 parcelas de 100 m? totalizando 1 ha ao todo. Em cada parcela foram contabilizadas as ep?fitas em for?fitos com DAP ≥ 10 cm e os for?fitos foram divididos em classes de altura. Na ?rea da restinga foram encontradas 16 esp?cies pertencentes ? 10 g?neros e 5 fam?lias, com quatro novas ocorr?ncias. J? para a ?rea do povoamento subespont?neo de Elaies guineensis (Arecaceae) foram encontradas 24 esp?cies, pertencentes a 22 g?neros e 15 fam?lias, com registro de cinco novas esp?cies para a Ilha. Para as duas ?reas verificou-se baixa riqueza com quase aus?ncia da fam?lia Orchidaceae, considerada uma das mais abundantes entre as ep?fitas. Em geral, n?o houve padr?es definidos entre a distribui??o ao longo das classes de altura do for?fito. As vari?veis morfom?tricas testadas atrav?s de regress?o linear simples indicaram que em geral o tamanho do for?fito influencia diretamente a riqueza e abund?ncia das ep?fitas. A distribui??o horizontal foi analisada atrav?s do ?ndice de Morisita indicando que a maioria das esp?cies apresenta uma distribui??o agregada, assim como dispers?o anemoc?rica foi a mais recorrente entre as esp?cies. Quanto ? flor?stica de ep?fitas da Ilha da Marambaia, foram listadas 93 esp?cies, 53 g?neros e 21 fam?lias, indicando que a baixa riqueza pode estar ligada ao fato da Ilha da marambaia ser uma regi?o com baixa taxa de pluviosidade. Palavras-chave: Ecologia Vegetal, Ep?fitas, Conserva??oAs ep?fitas vasculares pertencem a uma guilda que ocupam outras plantas (geralmente esp?cies arb?reas) como suporte de fixa??o sem parasit?-los. Este modo de vida possui algumas desvantagens para aquisi??o de nutrientes e ?gua e por isso mostram-se demasiadamente sens?veis ?s varia??es ambientais da floresta. Tendo em vista este aspecto entre outros, foram analisadas a estrutura, composi??o e distribui??o das ep?fitas vasculares em duas forma??es vegetais distintas (restinga e povoamento subespont?neo de Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) e al?m disso, foi realizado um levantamento flor?stico para toda ?rea da Ilha. Em cada uma das unidades amostrais foram alocadas 50 parcelas de 100 m? totalizando 1 ha ao todo. Em cada parcela foram contabilizadas as ep?fitas em for?fitos com DAP ≥ 10 cm e os for?fitos foram divididos em classes de altura. Na ?rea da restinga foram encontradas 16 esp?cies pertencentes ? 10 g?neros e 5 fam?lias, com quatro novas ocorr?ncias. J? para a ?rea do povoamento subespont?neo de Elaies guineensis (Arecaceae) foram encontradas 24 esp?cies, pertencentes a 22 g?neros e 15 fam?lias, com registro de cinco novas esp?cies para a Ilha. Para as duas ?reas verificou-se baixa riqueza com quase aus?ncia da fam?lia Orchidaceae, considerada uma das mais abundantes entre as ep?fitas. Em geral, n?o houve padr?es definidos entre a distribui??o ao longo das classes de altura do for?fito. As vari?veis morfom?tricas testadas atrav?s de regress?o linear simples indicaram que em geral o tamanho do for?fito influencia diretamente a riqueza e abund?ncia das ep?fitas. A distribui??o horizontal foi analisada atrav?s do ?ndice de Morisita indicando que a maioria das esp?cies apresenta uma distribui??o agregada, assim como dispers?o anemoc?rica foi a mais recorrente entre as esp?cies. Quanto ? flor?stica de ep?fitas da Ilha da Marambaia, foram listadas 93 esp?cies, 53 g?neros e 21 fam?lias, indicando que a baixa riqueza pode estar ligada ao fato da Ilha da marambaia ser uma regi?o com baixa taxa de pluviosidade.
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Browne, Catherine Margot. "Ecological and biogeographical studies on the rocky shore seagrass Thalassodendron ciliatum (Forsskal) den Hartog and its seaweed epiphytes at the southern limit of its distribution in the western Indian Ocean by Catherine Margot Browne." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/6241.
Full textAbstract:
Includes abstract.Includes bibliographical references.
The current study aimed to improve knowledge and understanding about the ecology, diversity and biogeography of the South African rocky shore seagrass Thalassodendron ciliatum and its associated macroalgal epiphytes. Seagrass populations were sampled at Jesser Point (Sodwana Bay) and at Maphelane, the former being larger and the southernmost populations observed, and the latter being the site of an isolated small population further south.