Relevant bibliographies by topics / Epiphytes

Academic literature on the topic 'Epiphytes'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 28 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Epiphytes"

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Liu, Lu-Lu, Bin Yang, Hua-Zheng Lu, Yi Wu, Xian-Jing Meng, Yong-Jiang Zhang, and Liang Song. "Dry-Season Fog Water Utilization by Epiphytes in a Subtropical Montane Cloud Forest of Southwest China." Water 13, no. 22 (November 15, 2021): 3237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13223237.

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Fog water is generally considered to be an important water source for epiphytes in cloud forests because they cannot directly access ground-level water sources. However, the water use proportions of potential water sources and water use efficiency of epiphytes in the subtropical montane cloud forests (MCF) remain to be further explored. In this study, we investigated the water use pattern in the dry season and the intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi) of four epiphyte groups (i.e., epiphytic lichens, epiphytic bryophytes, epiphytic ferns, and epiphytic seed plants) using stable isotope (δ2H, δ18O, and δ13C) techniques. Our results indicated that the water sources of epiphytes were significantly different among groups and species. The contribution proportions of fog water to epiphytic lichens, epiphytic bryophytes, epiphytic ferns, and epiphytic seed plants were 83.2%, 32.7%, 38.8% and 63.7%, respectively. Epiphytic lichens and epiphytic seed plants mainly depended on fog water whereas the epiphytic bryophytes and epiphytic ferns relied on both fog water and humus. This may be due to their differences in morphological and structural traits (e.g., thallus or leaves, rhizoid or roots). Additionally, the difference in WUEi was also significant among epiphyte groups and species, which could be related to their different water acquisition patterns. In conclusion, our study reveals the differentiation of water utilization in epiphytes and confirms the importance of fog water for epiphytes during the dry season.
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Benavides, Ana-Maria, Jan H. D. Wolf, and Joost F. Duivenvoorden. "Recovery and succession of epiphytes in upper Amazonian fallows." Journal of Tropical Ecology 22, no. 6 (October 20, 2006): 705–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467406003580.

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The species richness, number of plants, biomass, and species composition of holo- and hemi-epiphytes were recorded in fifty-six 0.04-ha plots, distributed over forest fallows of 2–30 y old and mature forests in lowland Amazonia (Amacayacu National Park, Colombia). A total of 9190 epiphytic plants representing 162 species were recorded on 4277 phorophytes. Seventy species were classified as holo-epiphyte and 85 as hemi-epiphyte. Aroids were most diverse (58 species) and represented 76% of the total recorded biomass. Anemochory was more dominant among holo-epiphytes and zoochory among hemi-epiphytes. The species richness, density and biomass of both holo- and hemi-epiphytes increased significantly from young fallows to old fallows and mature forests. Hemi-epiphytes had greater density and biomass than holo-epiphytes. In canonical ordination, forest age did not relate to the species composition of holo-epiphytes. However, for hemi-epiphytes, the age effect was significant, suggesting that species turnover takes place in the ageing fallows.
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Anthelme, Gnagbo, Egnankou Mathieu, Pagny Junior, Kouao Lydie, Yao Carmel, Tiébré Marie-Solange, Kouassi Henri, and Adou Yves. "Epiphytic Dynamics of the Adaptations to the Changes of Habitats in Taï National Park." American Journal of Life Sciences 12, no. 4 (July 15, 2024): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ajls.20241204.11.

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Anthropogenic pressures in the eastern zone of the Taï National Park have led to the fragmentation of plant formations. The forests in the eastern part of the park have suffered significant degradation of plant cover and a significant loss of biodiversity. Therefore, this study makes it possible to contribute to monitoring the dynamics of reconstitution of the plant cover based on the ecological characteristics and the distribution of epiphytes present in the Djapadji management sector. Floristic inventories were carried out. In the plots, all trees with a DBH ≥ 5 cm were counted and recorded for the study of the structure of plant formations, all species carrying an epiphyte were recorded and the epiphyte was identified. The analysis of the data presents a flora composed of 26 epiphytes distributed in 18 genera and 9 families, mainly present in mountain forests. The diversity of epiphytic plants is highest in mountain forests, followed by hydromorphic, secondary and gallery forests. Strict epiphytes and Hemiepiphytes are more present in the most preserved habitats, while accidental epiphytes are observed in reconstitution biotopes. The distribution of epiphytic plants allows us to affirm that the formerly anthropized forests of the Djapadji sector present a good dynamic of reconstitution.
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Sanger, Jennifer C., and James B. Kirkpatrick. "Moss and vascular epiphyte distributions over host tree and elevation gradients in Australian subtropical rainforest." Australian Journal of Botany 63, no. 8 (2015): 696. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt15169.

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There is a lack of comprehensive studies on the ecology of epiphytic flora in Australia’s rainforests. Globally, rainforest epiphyte distribution is determined by three main factors: micro-climate within the host tree; landscape changes in macro-climate; and the characteristics of the host tree. We tested the influence of these factors on the species richness and composition of vascular and non-vascular epiphytes in the subtropical rainforest of the Border Ranges in New South Wales. Vascular epiphytes and mosses were recorded in situ from four height zones, with 10 trees sampled at five elevations between 300 and 1100 m above sea level (asl). Vascular epiphyte species richness was highest in the inner canopy (6.3 species), whereas mosses tended to have a uniform distribution over the height zones (3.8–5.0 species). We found that both moss and vascular epiphyte species richness peaked at mid-elevations (500–700 m), with moss richness at a slightly higher elevation than the vascular epiphytes. Host tree characteristics (bark roughness, host size) explained very little of the species composition or richness of epiphytes. Strong patterns in species richness and composition over host tree and elevation gradients suggest that moisture, temperature and light may be the major influences on epiphyte distributions in the Border Ranges.
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Hsu, Chia-Chun, Fu-Wen Horng, and Chen-Meng Kuo. "Epiphyte biomass and nutrient capital of a moist subtropical forest in north-eastern Taiwan." Journal of Tropical Ecology 18, no. 5 (August 21, 2002): 659–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467402002432.

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A plot of 1200 m2 was selected to represent the average epiphyte abundance of a moist subtropical broadleaved forest at Fushan in north-eastern Taiwan. In this plot, all epiphytes of 18 sample trees with dbh > 5 cm were removed and weighed to estimate their biomass and nutrient content. We found that the biomass of epiphytes and their associated detrital matter in this plot was 3360 kg ha-1. The nutrient capital of the epiphytes (kg ha-1) was: N = 42.4, P = 1.9, Mg = 5.5, Na = 1.3, Ca = 14.5 and K = 28.9. Although the epiphytic biomass constituted less than 2% of the total above-ground biomass of the forest, the epiphytes comprised about 21-43% of the total foliage nutrient capital of the ecosystem. Because nutrients contained in epiphytes and tree foliage are more readily available to other organisms than those in woody components, epiphytes may play a greater role in ecosystem nutrient cycling than their relatively small biomass would suggest.
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Cornelissen, J. H. C., and H. Ter Steege. "Distribution and ecology of epiphytic bryophytes and lichens in dry evergreen forest of Guyana." Journal of Tropical Ecology 5, no. 2 (May 1989): 131–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400003400.

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ABSTRACTA floristic and ecological study of epiphytic bryophytes and lichens on standing mature Eperua trees was carried out in dry evergreen (walaba) forest in Guyana, South America. The trees were sampled from their base up to the highest canopy twigs, using mountaineering techniques. Clear vertical distribution patterns of epiphytic species and life-forms were found. Many species, particularly foliose lichens, appear to be preferential or exclusive to either Eperua grandiflora or E. falcata (Leguminosae), which are the dominant trees in the walaba forest. Special attention is given to the species-rich epiphyte vegetation on the upper canopy twigs, which include two categories of species: the sun epiphytes and the pioneers (facultative epiphylls).
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SCHMIDT, GEROLD, and GERHARD ZOTZ. "Herbivory in the epiphyte, Vriesea sanguinolenta Cogn. & Marchal (Bromeliaceae)." Journal of Tropical Ecology 16, no. 6 (November 2000): 829–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400001747.

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Although herbivory in ground-rooted flora is well documented, current knowledge of the herbivore pressure on vascular epiphytes remains mostly anecdotal. Here, we present the results of a 3-year study on the herbivory in a population of the epiphytic bromeliad Vriesea sanguinolenta. In different years, 26–61% of all epiphytes showed traces of herbivore attack, while up to 4.4% of the entire leaf area of the epiphyte population was consumed annually. The recorded levels of damage to photosynthetic tissue, mostly caused by the larvae of Napaea eucharilla (Riodinidae, Lepidoptera), indicate that vascular epiphytes may be regularly and sometimes even lethally attacked by insect herbivores. The level of damage is comparable to ground-rooted tropical flora, which certainly does not support the prevalent notion of low and negligible levels of herbivory in vascular epiphytes.
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Valencia-Díaz, Susana, Alejandro Flores-Palacios, Verónica Rodríguez-López, Elsa Ventura-Zapata, and Antonio R. Jiménez-Aparicio. "Effect of host-bark extracts on seed germination in Tillandsia recurvata, an epiphytic bromeliad." Journal of Tropical Ecology 26, no. 6 (October 11, 2010): 571–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467410000374.

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Abstract:Tree species are potential hosts for epiphytes; however in some forests epiphytes have a biased distribution among hosts. In a tropical dry forest of Mexico, previous research showed that there are trees with few epiphytes. It is possible that the bark of these hosts contain allelochemicals that influence epiphyte seed germination. The aims of this study were (1) to determine whether hosts with low epiphyte abundance (Ipomoea murucoides, I. pauciflora and Lysiloma acapulcense) would inhibit seed germination of Tillandsia recurvata through aqueous and organic bark extracts, (2) to determine whether germination of T. recurvata would differ among the hosts with low epiphyte abundance and a host with high epiphyte abundance (Bursera copallifera) and (3) to relate the chemical composition of organic bark extracts with inhibition of T. recurvata seed germination. Hexanic and dichloromethanic extracts were partially chemically characterized. Total phenolics and flavonoids concentrations of methanolic extracts were analysed. Aqueous and organic bark extracts from hosts with few epiphytes inhibited T. recurvata seed germination. Aqueous and dichloromethanic extracts of B. copallifera inhibited slightly the germination of T. recurvata. There was a positive correlation between concentration of flavonoids and inhibition of seed germination. Results suggest that a combination of compounds may be responsible for affecting the germination of T. recurvata. This study demonstrates the chemical effect of aqueous and organic bark extracts from hosts on germination of an epiphytic bromeliad.
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Tsioli, Soultana, Vasillis Papathanasiou, Anastasia Rizouli, Maria Kosmidou, Christos Katsaros, Eva Papastergiadou, Frithjof C. Küpper, and Sotiris Orfanidis. "Diversity and composition of algal epiphytes on the Mediterranean seagrass Cymodocea nodosa: a scale-based study." Botanica Marina 64, no. 2 (March 15, 2021): 101–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bot-2020-0057.

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Abstract Cymodocea nodosa, a typical marine angiosperm species in the Mediterranean Sea, hosts a range of epiphytic algae. Epiphyte abundance varies at different spatial scales, yet epiphyte diversity and community composition are poorly understood. This study explores the epiphytes on C. nodosa from two reference meadows (Thasos, Vrasidas) and one anthropogenically stressed meadow (Nea Karvali) in the northern Aegean Sea (Kavala Gulf, Greece). A nested destructive sampling design at three spatial scales (metres, hundreds of metres, kilometres) and stereoscopic/microscopic observations were used. Light microscopy revealed a total of 19 taxa of macroalgae populating the leaves of C. nodosa. The most commonly encountered taxa with highest cover (%) were Hydrolithon cruciatum and Feldmannia mitchelliae. DNA sequencing (18S rDNA) confirms the presence of a number of dinoflagellate and red algal epiphytes, and this represents the first application of DNA metabarcoding to study the diversity of seagrass epiphytes. Epiphytic communities studied at species/taxon and functional (Ecological Status Groups) levels separated the reference low-stressed meadows from the degraded one, with the functional approach having higher success. The ecological evaluation index classified the studied meadows into different Ecological Status Classes according to anthropogenic stress.
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Nurrahma, Aditiya, Ismanto ., and Taufikurrahman Nasution. "KEANEKARAGAMAN EPIFIT BERPEMBULUH PADA BATANG POHON INANG ANGIOSPERMAE DAN GYMNOSPERMAE DI KEBUN RAYA CIBODAS." EKOLOGIA 22, no. 2 (October 31, 2022): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.33751/ekologia.v22i2.5789.

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Epiphytes are types of plants that attach and grow on other plants to obtain sunlight, water, air, and minerals for their growth. The aim of this study are knowing the diversity of vascular epiphytes on the host trunks of Angiosperms and Gymnosperms, knowing the differences in vascular epiphytic communities on the host trunks of Angiosperms and Gymnosperms and to determine factors causing vascular epiphytes communities on the host trunk is used in this research. Sampling plot is located on the host tree's trunk to facilitate the calculation of vascular epiphytes; a simple plot measuring 2 m x 0,5 m was made facing east and west. Determination of the number of tree sampling is done based on the Area Species Curve. The results of this study indicate that the vascular epiphyte diversity on trunks of Gymnospermae is higher than Angiospermae, meanwhile that Shannon Wiener diversity index of vascular epiphytes on Angiosperms and Gymnosperms host trunks being moderate category. Jaccard Similarity index was 0.44 and indicated the different of epiphytes community between Angiospermae and Gymnospermae tree host. The dominant species based on Important value index in Angiosperms are Davallia hymenophylloides (35,05%), Goniophlebium subauriculatum (20,92%), and Dendrobium mutabile (20,07) while ini Gymnosperme are Davallia hymenophylloides (41,36%), Goniophlebium subauriculatum (15,94%), and Peperomia tetraphylla (15,55%). In Angiospermae, the factors that influence the diversity of vascular epiphyte species are roughness and thickness, while in Gymnosperms the influential factors are roughness and diameter.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Epiphytes"

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Lee, Cheuk-wah Celesta. "The phenology of Sargassum henslowianum C. Ag. and its mobile epiphytes in Long Ke Wan, Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B22054601.

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Schuettpelz, Eric. "Evolution and diversification of epiphytic ferns." Diss., View online, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10161/181.

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Figueiredo, Marcia Abreu de Oliveira. "Susceptibility of crustose coralline algae to epiphytes." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.333254.

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Underwood, G. J. C. "Interactions between freshwater pulmonate snails, macrophytes and epiphytes." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.518005.

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Eaton, Sally. "Achieving landscape-scale conservation for Scotland's rainforest epiphytes." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2018. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/8854/.

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Within the UK, the continuing biodiversity crisis has led to a policy driven shift in the conservation sector; moving away from localized site scale conservation to a landscape-scale. This approach encourages fragmented habitat patches to be integrated into a much larger habitat network. Epiphytic lichens provide an ideal model system for studying the effectiveness of conservation initiatives within fragmented habitats, due to their metapopulation structures whereby individual trees within woodlands (and woodland stands within wooded landscapes), represent isolated habitat patches. Old-growth woodland in particular provides suitable habitat to a suite of lichens known as the Lobarion community, which are declining throughout Europe. Regeneration within these old growth areas, though essential for future habitat persistence, causes shading and ultimately leads to local extinctions of shade intolerant lichen epiphytes. A landscape scale conservation strategy that relies on habitat permeability to balance colonisation of post-regeneration woodland patches with extinctions in ageing woodland patches elsewhere in the landscape has been proposed as a management strategy to meet the needs of both lichen epiphytes and their woodland habitat. The unique conditions found in western Scotland, combining a relative abundance of high quality old growth habitat (in a European context) coupled with robust populations of some members of the Lobarion community, could provide an ideal opportunity to test such a management strategy. In this thesis, the plausibility of landscape-scale conservation as a management strategy for epiphytic lichens is explored, using a suite of nine target epiphytes of contrasting ecological traits set within Glen Creran, a temperate rainforest on the west coast of Scotland: 1. The habitat requirements of nine target epiphytes were identified and predictions of species distribution made over an entire glen using a species distribution modelling (SDM) approach. The SDM’s were found to apply more generally within the wider biogeographic area for five of the nine species, providing an evidence base for future conservation plans in Scotland’s rainforest zone. 2. A novel method to determine dispersal distance in lichen epiphytes was developed, combining a mechanized propagule trap with molecular techniques. This methodological advance allowed the first direct comparative study of lichen epiphytes in a natural context. 3. An agent based model was developed combining the results of 1. and 2. above to investigate the effect of habitat connectivity on colonisation in six contrasting lichen epiphytes, enabling inferences of species response to landscape-scale conservation scenarios within the study system to be made.
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Goode, Laurel Kaitlyn. "Structure and functioning of Epiphyte communities in a seasonal tropical forest." Diss., UC access only, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=145&did=1873936931&SrchMode=1&sid=1&Fmt=7&retrieveGroup=0&VType=PQD&VInst=PROD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1270494640&clientId=48051.

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Longford, Sharon Rae Faculty of Science UNSW. "The ecology of epiphytic bacteria on the marine red alga Delisea pulchra." Awarded by:University of New South Wales, 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/36783.

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Bacteria are ubiquitous to marine living surfaces, taking on a broad spectrum of roles from mutualistic to pathogenic. Despite their universality, much remains unknown about their basic ecology and interactions with higher organisms. To address this gap, this thesis firstly examines the bacterial communities associated with three co-occurring marine eukaryote hosts from temperate Australia: the demosponge Cymbastela concentrica, the subtidal red macroalga Delisea pulchra and the intertidal green macroalga Ulva australis. Molecular characterisation of the bacterial communities was undertaken using 16S rRNA gene library analysis to compare within-host (alpha) and between-host (beta) diversity for the three microbial communities. This study highlights the potentially substantial contribution host-associated microorganisms could have on marine microbial diversity. The remaining focus for this thesis was on the bacterial community associated with D. pulchra. This alga produces a suite of biologically active secondary metabolites (furanones) that non-toxically inhibit acyl homoserine lactone (AHL)-driven quorum sensing in bacteria, affecting a range of phenotypes including colonisation and virulence traits. The ecology of D. pulchra???s epiphytic bacteria was investigated using a mechanistic approach to explain bacterial colonisation patterns. In particular, concepts and models of ecological succession founded in eukaryote ecology were investigated. The thesis concludes with a study investigating the effect of furanones and elevated temperature on bacteria-induced disease and thallus bleaching of D. pulchra. In the presence of furanones colonisation and infection of two Roseobacter isolates from D. pulchra???s epiphytic bacterial community were inhibited. Ruegeria strain R11 was demonstrated to have temperature regulated virulence, which caused thallus bleaching in furanone-free algae. The implications of elevated sea temperatures resulting from global warming for algal health are discussed.
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Dunné, Hein Johan François van. "Establishment and development of epiphytes in secondary neotropical forests." [S.l. : Amsterdam : s.n.] ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2001. http://dare.uva.nl/document/59178.

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Heathcote, Steven John. "The ecology of vascular epiphytes in the Peruvian Andes." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d7bee986-6066-48a1-8849-4aed22a3d766.

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Little is known about the composition of tropical epiphytic communities and the influence of environmental variables on community composition. In this thesis I quantify the diversity and biomass of bromeliads, and other vascular epiphytes along an altitudinal transect on the eastern slope of the southeast Peruvian Andes and then look for species’ adaptations related to patterns of diversity and biomass. I compare patterns with those of woody species. Bromeliad species, like tree species, were found to form ecological zones related to climate. The lowest altitude ecological zone (below 1250 m) is the lowland rainforest (LRF), which has the warmest climate and highest evapotranspiration. In LRF vascular epiphytes are less prominent than other ecological zones, with the lowest bromeliad species richness and lowest vascular epiphyte biomass. However, low water-availability gives rise to most variable shoot morphology of bromeliads. The tropical montane forest (TMF), between 1250 m and 2250 m, is intermediate in climate between the LRF and the tropical montane cloud forest (TCF). The TMF has the highest α-diversity, but species richness is lower than the TCF. The shoot morphology of bromeliads is intermediate between TCF and LRF. The highest altitude ecological zone with forest is the TCF (above 2250 m). The TCF has the highest bromeliad species richness, and lowest diversity of shoot forms. The low diversity of shoot forms represents the need for a large phytotelm (water-impounding shoot) to intercept and store precipitation. The TCF has the highest vascular epiphyte biomass, although the biomass is variable as a consequence of the natural disturbance caused by landslides. Along the transect bromeliad species with CAM photosynthesis are only present in the LRF. Terrestrial bromeliad distribution records covering the Neotropics show CAM photosynthesis is more prevalent in drier environments showing that CAM photosynthesis is primarily an adaptation to drought. Epiphytic bromeliads, pre-adapted to a water-stressed environment show no differences in presence along rainfall gradients, but species with CAM photosynthesis occupy warmer environments.
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Catchpole, DJ. "The ecology of vascular epiphytes on a Ficus L. host (Moraceae) in a Peruvian cloud forest." Thesis, Honours thesis, University of Tasmania, 2004. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/69/1/Catchpole2004_epiphyte_thesis.pdf.

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A total of 190 holoepiphytic and 5 hemiepiphytic vascular plant species were collected from the canopy and the trunk of an emergent Ficus L. species host that is common to a Peruvian cloud forest. One hundred and fourteen of the vascular epiphyte species were orchids. A large majority of the vascular species were rare in occurrence. Vascular epiphyte diversity and density was highest in the outer canopy zone of the host crown. In the inner canopy zone there was a dearth of epiphytes, attributed to a high rate of epiphyte slumping on the smooth-barked branches. The trunk had a different suit of species to those found in the canopy. During the wet season, the thickening of epiphytic matter in the outer canopy zone appeared to contribute to a large amelioration of daytime and nocturnal temperatures through evaporation and heat retention respectively. Nocturnal temperatures were highest in the outer canopy zone, and were lowest on the forest floor. The latter was attributed to the downward flow of the product of radiative cooling as a result of the heterogeneous canopy on the steep slope. Epiphyte clumps appear to slump before competition causes the loss of early successional species. Some species showed a preference for more shaded epiphyte clumps and many were more frequent on smaller branch diameters. Most species showed a moderately high niche overlap with a large number of other species, which suggested a high degree of species coexistence. Epiphyte slumping is suggested to be the major driving mechanism for the maintenance of non-equilibrium in the community. Aspects of the phenologies of epiphytes, age-structure of the community and high environmental variation could be other mechanisms for the maintenance of a high degree of species coexistence.
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Books on the topic "Epiphytes"

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Bruteig, Inga E. Distribution, ecology and biomonitoring studies of epiphytic lichens on conifers. Trondheim: Universitetet i Trondheim, Vitenskapsmuseet, 1994.

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Lüttge, Ulrich, ed. Vascular Plants as Epiphytes. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74465-5.

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Clive, Innes, Wall Bill 1924-, and Royal Horticultural Society, eds. Air plants and other Bromeliads. London: Cassell, 1994.

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Yong, J. W. H. A guide to the common epiphytes and mistletoes of Singapore. Singapore: Cengage Learning Asia, 2015.

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Ulrich, Lüttge, and International Botanical Congress (14th : 1987 : Berlin, Germany), eds. Vascular plants as epiphytes: Evolution and ecophysiology. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1989.

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Zotz, Gerhard. Plants on Plants – The Biology of Vascular Epiphytes. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39237-0.

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Kirby, Catherine L. Field guide to New Zealand's epiphytes, vines & mistletoes. Hamilton, New Zealand: Environmental Research Institute, 2014.

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Hietz, Peter. Epifitas de Veracruz: Guía ilustrada para las regiones de Xalapa y Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz = Epiphytes of Veracruz : an illustrated guide for the regions of Xalapa and Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz. Xalapa, Veracruz, México: Instituto de Ecología, 1994.

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J, Sullivan Michael. Primary production dynamics of epiphytic algae in Mississippi seagrass beds. [Ocean Springs, Miss.]: Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Consortium, 1991.

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Beĭlin, I. G. Parazitizm i ėpifitotiologii͡a: Na primere parazitov iz vysshikh rasteniĭ. Moskva: "Nauka", 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Epiphytes"

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Zotz, Gerhard. "Epiphytes and Humans." In Plants on Plants – The Biology of Vascular Epiphytes, 245–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39237-0_10.

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Lüttge, Ulrich. "Epiphytes, Lianas and Hemiepiphytes." In Physiological Ecology of Tropical Plants, 139–96. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03340-1_4.

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Benzing, D. H. "The Mineral Nutrition of Epiphytes." In Ecological Studies, 167–99. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74465-5_7.

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Kress, W. J. "The Systematic Distribution of Vascular Epiphytes." In Ecological Studies, 234–61. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74465-5_9.

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Mendieta-Leiva, Glenda, Philipp Porada, and Maaike Y. Bader. "Interactions of Epiphytes with Precipitation Partitioning." In Precipitation Partitioning by Vegetation, 133–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29702-2_9.

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Zotz, Gerhard. "Epiphyte Communities." In Plants on Plants – The Biology of Vascular Epiphytes, 167–202. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39237-0_7.

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Nieder, Jürgen, Juliana Prosperí, and Georges Michaloud. "Epiphytes and their contribution to canopy diversity." In Tropical Forest Canopies: Ecology and Management, 51–63. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3606-0_5.

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Malcolm, Katalin, and John Dighton. "Chapter 11 Ecology of Fungal Phylloplane Epiphytes." In Mycology, 159–68. CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315119496-12.

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Zotz, Gerhard. "The Role of Vascular Epiphytes in the Ecosystem." In Plants on Plants – The Biology of Vascular Epiphytes, 229–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39237-0_9.

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Zotz, Gerhard. "Epilogue: The Epiphyte Syndrome." In Plants on Plants – The Biology of Vascular Epiphytes, 267–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39237-0_11.

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Conference papers on the topic "Epiphytes"

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SHEVOCK, J. R., O. I. KUZNETSOVA, and M. S. IGNATOV. "WHY ARE AQUATIC MOSSES OFTEN SISTER TO EPIPHYTES?" In 5TH MOSCOW INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE "MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICSAND BIODIVERSITY BIOBANKING". TORUS PRESS, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.30826/molphy2018-38.

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Azzahra, Apriv K., Muhammad Yusuf, and Endang Arisoesilaningsih. "Characteristic of epiphytes host trees in protected area of UB forest." In THE 9TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL RESOURCE CONSERVATION (ICGRC) AND AJI FROM RITSUMEIKAN UNIVERSITY. Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5061888.

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Fabritius, Henna, Jeannette Eggers, and Tord Snäll. "Persistence of boreal forest epiphytes under alternative objective-driven forest management scenarios." In 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology. Jyväskylä: Jyvaskyla University Open Science Centre, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17011/conference/eccb2018/107673.

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Zhao, G. Q., Z. L. Ju, J. K. Chai, and G. L. Yin. "Variation of Nutrient and Epiphytes of Oat Affected by Altitude and Varieties." In XXV International Grassland Congress. Berea, KY 40403: International Grassland Congress 2023, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.52202/071171-0247.

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Berro, Gabriela, Rafael Ramos, Carlos Joly, and Simone Vieira. "The Potential of Non-Vascular Epiphytes in Water Storage in the Montane Atlantic Forest." In IECF 2022. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecf2022-13062.

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Aldosari, M., and Oksana Ksenofontova. "Characteristics of epiphytic microorganisms of wheat plants antagonists of phytopathogenic fungi." In 2nd International Scientific Conference "Plants and Microbes: the Future of Biotechnology". PLAMIC2020 Organizing committee, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/plamic2020.016.

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Epiphytic microbiological complex of the surface of spring wheat plants of the Saratov 70 variety was studied. Among of the selected epiphyte cultures, strains of fungicide producers were screened for the genera Alternaria, Aspergillus and Fusarium.
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Skirin, F. V. "ВИДОВОЙ СОСТАВ ЛИШАЙНИКОВ И ЭКОЛОГО-СУБСТРАТНЫЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ КОРЫ КАЛОПАНАКСА СЕМИЛОПАСТНОГО." In GEOGRAFICHESKIE I GEOEKOLOGICHESKIE ISSLEDOVANIIA NA DAL`NEM VOSTOKE. ИП Мироманова Ирина Витальевна, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.35735/tig.2019.57.80.011.

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Данная работа направлена на изучение видового состава эпифитных лишайников калопанакса семилопастного (диморфанта) и экологосубстратных особенностей его коры (ритидома). Работы проводились на юге Приморского края: на полуострове МуравьёваАмурского, в окрестностях посёлка Заводской (Артёмовский городской округ), на о. Русский и хребте Барачный (Надеждинский район). Заложено 9 пробных площадей. На калопанаксе были отобраны образцы эпифитных лишайников и коры (ритидома) для определения реакции рН. При выявлении видового состава эпифитных лишайников были использованы как собственные данные автора, так и литературные данные. Видовой состав эпифитных лишайников для калопанакса семилопастного включает 46 видов, 24 из которых, приводятся по литературным данным. Отмечено преобладание в видовом составе диморфанта накипных лишайников, что не характерно для форофитов с подобным типом коры. Исследованы экологосубстратные особенности коры диморфанта для деревьев различного возраста. Структура коры взрослого калопанакса сходна с таковой у дуба монгольского. Также, впервые был определен диапазон рН коры диморфанта. Отмечено сходство значений кислотности коры исследуемого форофита с таковыми для дуба монгольского, липы амурской и многих других деревьев. Отмечается, что видовое богатство и проективное покрытие лишайников на стволах калопанакса заметно ниже, чем у форофитов, имеющих сходные с ним характеристики коры и произрастающих в той же лесной формации. Отчасти это явление обуславливается особенностями коры молодых калопанаксов, отчасти общим снижением видового разнообразия эпифитных лишайников под антропогенным влиянием. Тем не менее, не удаётся выявить факторы, затрудняющие заселение стволов взрослых калопанаксов эпифитами, в условиях экосистем с высоким видовым разнообразием лишайников. Возможно, причина заключается в химическом составе ритидома дерева. В литературе упоминалось о подавлении роста бактерий золотистого стафилококка настоем коры калопанакса, однако сведений о влиянии химических компонентов его коры на лишайники или их отдельные компоненты не выявлено.This paper represents a study of a species composition of lichens that grows on Kalopanax septemlobus and ecosubstrate features of its bark. The area of study covers the south of Primorsky Krai at MuravyovAmursky peninsula near the Zavodskoy town (Artyomovskiy city district), at Russky island and at the Barachniy ridge (Nadezhdinsky district). 9 sample plots were placed. Epiphytic lichens and three bark samples for the pH determination was taken from kalopanax. For the identification of epiphytic lichens species composition both authors own data and literature data were used. Epiphytic lichens composition for the Kalopanax septemlobus includes 46 species, 24 of which are given according to literature data. Predominance of crustose thallus lichens over foliose thallus lichens was observed. This fact shows nontypical situation for the phorophytes with this type of bark. Ecosubstrate features of kalopanax bark were studied for threes of different ages. Bark structure of the mature kalopanax is similar to bark of Quercus mongolica. Also, there was the first time when pH range of kalopanax bark was identified. A similarity was noted between the acidity of the bark of the studied forophyte and those for Mongolian oak, Amur linden and many other trees. We have noted that biodiversity and projective cover of epiphytic lichens on kalopanax trunk is noticeably lower than for ones on the other threes that have similar bark properties and those are growing at the same forest ecosystem. Partly this phenomenon is caused by the peculiarities of the bark of young kalopanaks, partly by a general decrease in the species diversity of epiphytic lichens under anthropogenic influence. Nevertheless, it is not possible to identify factors that impede the colonization of adult kalopanax trunks with epiphytes in ecosystems with a high species diversity of lichens. Perhaps the reason is the chemical composition of tree ritidom. In the literature, it was mentioned that staphylococcus aureus bacteria growth was suppressed by infusion of kalopanax bark, however, no information was found on the effect of the chemical components of its bark on lichens or their separate components.
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Williams, John L., Nicholas K. Gove, G. Adam Flowers, and Thomas L. Schmidt. "Fracture Toughness of the Growth Cartilage Reserve Zone Is Anisotropic." In ASME 2001 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2001/bed-23066.

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Abstract In the developing proximal tibial epiphysis the anterior ossifying tibial tuberosity is separated from the secondary ossification center of the tibial epiphysis by a bipolar growth plate known as the ‘cartilage bridge.’ We tested the fracture toughness of the central part of this growth cartilage in 18-week old calves in the direction perpendicular to the plate (mean 4962 N/m, SD 1846) and found it to be greater (p = 0.0004) than in the parallel direction (mean 2909 N/mm, SD 1122). Part of the reason for this anisotropy is the presence of vascular channels which cross the bridge from the epiphysis into the tuberosity. In addition, we hypothesize that the anisotropy reflects an arrangement of collagen primarily along the length of the ‘cartilage bridge.’
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A.A., Vlasenko, Semenenko M.P., Semenenko K.A., and Abramov A.A. "THE RESULTS OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE DRUG SILIOSTIN ON LINEAR AND STRUCTURAL INDICATORS OF THE FEMORAL DIAPHYSIS IN BROILER CHICKENS." In OF THE ANNIVERSARY Х INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE «INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN SCIENCE AND EDUCATION» («ITSE 2022» CONFERENCE). DSTU-Print, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/itse.2022.40-42.

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The article presents research on the study of the osteotropic effect of the drug siliostin by assessing the linear and structural parameters of the femur bone. A comparative analysis of such indicators as the mass and length of the femur bone, as well as the width at the site of the anatomical localization of the epiphyses and diaphyses was carried out. A macroscopic evaluation and comparison of the compact layer of bone tissue on segmental cuts was performed. It has been determined that the introduction of siliostin into the diet of broiler chickens has a pronounced osteotropic effect, as evidenced by the obtained results such as an increase in the mass of the femur bones in the experimental group by 15.3-17.0%, the width of the epiphyses and diaphyses of the femur bones by 3, 3–10.2%, thickening of the compact layer of the femur bones in 1.86 times
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Alen’kina, S. A., and V. E. Nikitina. "Influence of Azospirillum lectins on a stress-dependent change in the content of low-molecular antioxidants in plants." In 2nd International Scientific Conference "Plants and Microbes: the Future of Biotechnology". PLAMIC2020 Organizing committee, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/plamic2020.019.

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It was shown that the lectins Azospirillum brasilense Sp7 (epiphyte) and Sp245 (endophyte) with different efficacy changed the content of ascorbate and glutathione in the initial period of exposure to CuSO4, CoSO4, ZnSO4, Pb(CH3COO)2 on the wheat seedling roots.
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Reports on the topic "Epiphytes"

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Friedlander, Michael, Clinton Dawes, and Y. (Joel) Kashman. The Interaction between Epiphytes and Seaweeds. United States Department of Agriculture, June 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7571355.bard.

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Two Israeli laboratories (IOLR and TAU) cooperated with one American laboratory (USF) in the research of the interaction between epiphytes (Ulva sp.) and the cultivated seaweed (Gracilaria sp.) The main objectives included the following aspects: Structural aspects, effects of different irradiances on growth, sensitivity studies, allelopathic excretions, selective chemicals and integration of studies of epiphytization. The studies were operated in outdoor tanks, indoor growth chambers and in the lab. The main conclusions and their relevance for mariculture are as following: 1. The green algal epiphyte, does penetrate its red algal host. 2. Gracilaria spp. in monoculture released more halogenated hydrocarbons than in biculture with U lactuca, whereas other metabolic parameters did not show a discriminating effect in biculture. 3. Hydrogen peroxide and halogenated hydrocarbons could be a part of the effective excretion compounds in biculture. 4. The presence of mature Gracilaria inhibited the growth of U. lactuca sporelings. 5. G. conferta is most sensitive to epiphytes among Gracilaria species tested. 6. The use of green light can enhance growth in basiphytes but inhibit epiphytes. 7. Effective selectivity has been defined by the use of hydrogen hypochlorite. 8. It may be more profitable in seaweed mariculture to select for epiphyte resistant strains than to search for inhibitors of epiphytization. 9 It is important as well to examine how the basiphyte may be able to prevent penetration. 10. Definition of the effective excretions in biculture has still to be done.
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Lindow, Steven, Yedidya Gafni, Shulamit Manulis, and Isaac Barash. Role and In situ Regulation of Growth Regulators Produced in Plant-Microbe Interactions by Erwinia herbicola. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1992.7561059.bard.

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The main objective of this work was to gain a better understanding of how some strains of Erwinia herbicola have evolved into serious plant pathogens while also commonly existing as epiphytes on the surface of healthy plants. The focus of our studies was to determine the nature of, and regulation, of virulence factors, including the phytohormones IAA and cytokinins, which are encoded on a large plasmid (pPATH) found in gall-forming strains of this species. In addition, the in situ regulation and contribution to epiphytic fitness of a second, chromosomal, IAA biosynthetic locus (ipdC) was determined to ascertain the relative contribution of the two redundant IAA-biosynthetic pathways to the biology of E. herbicola. Genes (pre-etz and etz) conferring production of cytokinins were clustered immediately 3' of the iaaM and iaaH genes conferring IAA boisynthesis on pPATH. A new insertion-like element, IS1327, was also found immediately 3' of etz on pPATH, suggesting that these virulence factors were all introduced onto pPATH from another pathogenic bacterium. Mutants of E. herbicola in which etz, iaaH, and iaaM, but not ipdC, were disrupted caused smaller galls to form on gypsophila plants. In contrast, ipdC but not iaaH or iaaM mutants of E. herbicola exhibited reduced ability to grow and survive on plant surfaces. Transcription of ipdC was induced when cells were on plants compared to in culture, suggesting that idpC may play a selective role in fitness on leaves.
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Lindow, Steven, Isaac Barash, and Shulamit Manulis. Relationship of Genes Conferring Epiphytic Fitness and Internal Multiplication in Plants in Erwinia herbicola. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573065.bard.

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Most bacterial plant pathogens colonize the surface of healthy plants as epiphytes before colonizing internally and initiating disease. The epiphytic phase of these pathogens is thus an important aspect of their epidemiology and a stage at which chemical and biological control is aimed. However, little is known of the genes and phenotypes that contribute to the ability of bacteria to grow on leaves and survive the variable physical environment in this habitat. In addition, while genes such as hrp awr and others which confer pathogenicity and in planta growth ability have been described, their contribution to other aspects of bacterial epidemiology such as epiphytic fitness have not been addressed. We hypothesized that bacterial genes conferring virulence or pathogenicity to plants also contribute to the epiphytic fitness of these bacteria and that many of these genes are preferentially located on plasmids. We addressed these hypotheses by independently identifying genes that contribute to epiphytic fitness, in planta growth, virulence and pathogenicity in the phytopathogenic bacterium Erwinia herbicola pv gypsophilae which causes gall formation on gypsophila. This species is highly epiphytically fit and has acquired a plasmid (pPATH) that contains numerous pathogenicity and virulence determinants, which we have found to also contribute to epiphytic fitness. We performed saturation transposon mutagenesis on pPATH as well as of the chromosome of E.h. gypsophilae, and identified mutants with reduced ability to grow in plants and/or cause disease symptoms, and through a novel competition assay, identified mutants less able to grow or survive on leaves. The number and identity of plasmid-borne hrp genes required for virulence was determined from an analysis of pPATH mutants, and the functional role of these genes in virulence was demonstrated. Likewise, other pPATH-encoded genes involved in IAA and cytokinin biosynthesis were characterized and their pattern of transcriptional activity was determined in planta. In both cases these genes involved in virulence were found to be induced in plant apoplasts. About half of avirulent mutants in pPATH were also epiphytically unfit whereas only about 10% of chromosomal mutants that were avirulent also had reduced epiphytic fitness. About 18% of random mutants in pPATH were avirulent in contrast to only 2.5% of random chromosomal mutants. Importantly, as many as 28% of pPATH mutants had lower epiphytic fitness while only about 10% of random chromosomal mutants had lower epiphytic fitness. These results support both of our original hypotheses, and indicate that genes important in a variety of interactions with plant have been enriched on mobile plasmids such as pPATH. The results also suggest that the ability of bacteria to colonize the surface of plants and to initiate infections in the interior of plants involves many of the same traits. These traits also appear to be under strong regulatory control, being expressed in response to the plant environment in many cases. It may be possible to alter the pattern of expression of such genes by altering the chemical environment of plants either by genetic means or by additional or chemical antagonists of the plant signals. The many novel bacterial genes identified in this study that are involved in plant interactions should be useful in further understanding of bacterial plant interactions.
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Droby, Samir, Joseph W. Eckert, Shulamit Manulis, and Rajesh K. Mehra. Ecology, Population Dynamics and Genetic Diversity of Epiphytic Yeast Antagonists of Postharvest Diseases of Fruits. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568777.bard.

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One of the emerging technologies is the use of microbial agents for the control of postharvest diseases of fruits and vegetables. A number of antagonistic microorganisms have been discovered which have the potential to effectively control postharvest diseases. Some of this technology has been patented and commercial products such as AspireTM (Ecogen Corporatin, Langhorne, PA, USA), Biosave 10TM and Biosave 11TM (Ecoscience Inc., Worchester, MA, USA) have been registered for commercial use. The principal investigator of this project was involved in developing the yeast-based biofungicide-AspireTM and testing its efficacy under commercial conditions. This research project was initiated to fill the gap between the knowledge available on development and commercial implementation of yeast biocontrol agents and basic understanding of various aspects related to introducing yeast antagonists to fruit surfaces, along with verification of population genetics. The main objectives of this study were: Study ecology, population dynamics and genetic diversity of the yeast antagonists Candida guilliermondii, C. oleophila, and Debaryomyces hansenii, and study the effect of preharvest application of the yeast antagonist C. oleophila naturally occurring epiphytic microbial population and on the development of postharvest diseases of citrus fruit during storage. Our findings, which were detailed in several publications, have shown that an epiphytic yeast population of grapefruit able to grow under high osmotic conditions and a wide range of temperatures was isolated and characterized for its biocontrol activity against green mold decay caused by Penicillium digitatum. Techniques based on random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and arbitrary primed polymerase chain reaction (ap-PCR), as well as homologies between sequences of the rDNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS) and 5.8S gene, were used to characterize the composition of the yeast population and to determine the genetic relationship among predominant yeast species. Epiphytic yeasts exhibiting the highest biocontrol activity against P. digitatum on grapefruit were identified as Candida guilliermondii, C. oleophila, C. sake, and Debaryomyces hansenii, while C. guilliermondii was the most predominant species. RAPD and ap-PCR analysis of the osmotolerant yeast population showed two different, major groups. The sequences of the ITS regions and the 5.8S gene of the yeast isolates, previously identified as belonging to different species, were found to be identical. Following the need to develop a genetically marked strain of the yeast C. oleophila, to be used in population dynamics studies, a transformation system for the yeast was developed. Histidine auxotrophy of C. oloephila produced using ethyl methanesulfonate were transformed with plasmids containing HIS3, HIS4 and HIS5 genes from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In one mutant histidin auxotrophy was complemented by the HIS5 gene of S. cerevisiae is functionally homologous to the HIS5 gene in V. oleophila. Southern blot analysis showed that the plasmid containing the S. cerevisiae HIS5 gene was integrated at a different location every C. oleophila HIS+ transformant. There were no detectable physiological differences between C. oleophila strain I-182 and the transformants. The biological control ability of C. oleophila was not affected by the transformation. A genetically marked (with b-glucuronidase gene) transformant of C. oleophila colonized wounds on orange fruits and its population increased under field conditions. Effect of preharvest application of the yeast C. oleophila on population dynamics of epiphytic microbial population on wounded and unwounded grapefruit surface in the orchard and after harvest was also studied. In addition, the effect of preharvest application of the yeast C. oleophila on the development of postharvest decay was evaluated. Population studies conducted in the orchard showed that in control, non-treated fruit, colonization of wounded and unwounded grapefruit surface by naturally occurring filamentous fungi did not vary throughout the incubation period on the tree. On the other hand, colonization of intact and wounded fruit surface by naturally occurring yeasts was different. Yeasts colonized wounded surface rapidly and increased in numbers to about two orders of magnitude as compared to unwounded surface. On fruit treated with the yeast and kept on the tree, a different picture of fungal and yeast population had emerged. The detected fungal population on the yeast-treated intact surface was dramatically reduced and in treated wounds no fungi was detected. Yeast population on intact surface was relatively high immediately after the application of AspireTM and decreased to than 70% of that detected initially. In wounds, yeast population increased from 2.5 x 104 to about 4x106 after 72 hours of incubation at 20oC. Results of tests conducted to evaluate the effect of preharvest application of AspireTM on the development of postharvest decay indicated the validity of the approach.
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McCoy, Kelly, Michael Bell, and Emmi Felker-Quinn. Risk to epiphytic lichen communities in NPS units from atmospheric nitrogen and sulfur pollution: Changes in critical load exceedances from 2001‒2016. National Park Service, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2287254.

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Chalutz, Edo, Charles Wilson, Samir Droby, Victor Gaba, Clauzell Stevens, Robert Fluhr, and Y. Lu. Induction of Resistance to Postharvest Diseases and Extension of Shelf-Life of Fruits and Vegetables by Ultra-Violet Light. United States Department of Agriculture, February 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568093.bard.

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Following preliminary observations by one of the collaborating scientists on this project and the completion of a 1-year, BARD-supported feasibility study (IS-1908-90F), this 3-year BARD project has been executed. The main objectives of the research were to elucidate biochemical and pathological aspects of UV-induced resistance in fruits and vegetables, to characterize physical and biological variables of induced resistance and delay of ripening, and to explore the application of the treatment as a control practice of postharvest diseases and shelf-life extension of fruits and vegetables. Our findings, which are detailed in numerous joint publications, have shown that the effect of UV-C light on induction of resistance and delay of ripening is a general one and of wide oddurrence. Apart from surface sterilization of the commodity, the reduction of decay of different fungi has been associated with and induced resistance phenomenon which gradually builds up within 24 to 48 hours after the UV treatment and can be reversed by visible light. In citrus, induced resistance has been associated with increased activity of the enzymes phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and peroxidase, and with the levels of endglucanase and chitinase. In tomato, resistance was correlated with the production of high levels of tomatine. Our study of some molecular aspects of the induced resistance in grapefruit has revealed the induction of a cDNA which represents a gene encoding for an isoflavone reductase-like protein that, in legumes, has been associated with phytoalexin biosynthesis. This gene was cloned and sequenced. Delay of ripening was associated in tomato with inhibition of ethylene production, carotenoid synthesis, and chlorophyll degradation and with the presence of high levels of polyamines. In peach fruit epiphytic populations of a yeast increased following the UV treatment. Pilot-size treatment and packing lines were constructed in the US and Israel to test the application of the UV treatment on a semi-commercial scale. Although effective in reduction of decay and delay of ripening, a number of problems will have to be addressed before practical application of this methodology can be realized. The main issues are associated with the temporal and variable response to the treatment, and its relationship to the maturity and date of harvest of the commodity.
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Coplin, David L., Shulamit Manulis, and Isaac Barash. roles Hrp-dependent effector proteins and hrp gene regulation as determinants of virulence and host-specificity in Erwinia stewartii and E. herbicola pvs. gypsophilae and betae. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7587216.bard.

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Gram-negative plant pathogenic bacteria employ specialized type-III secretion systems (TTSS) to deliver an arsenal of pathogenicity proteins directly into host cells. These secretion systems are encoded by hrp genes (for hypersensitive response and pathogenicity) and the effector proteins by so-called dsp or avr genes. The functions of effectors are to enable bacterial multiplication by damaging host cells and/or by blocking host defenses. We characterized essential hrp gene clusters in the Stewart's Wilt of maize pathogen, Pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii (Pnss; formerly Erwinia stewartii) and the gall-forming bacterium, Pantoea agglomerans (formerly Erwinia herbicola) pvs. gypsophilae (Pag) and betae (Pab). We proposed that the virulence and host specificity of these pathogens is a function of a) the perception of specific host signals resulting in bacterial hrp gene expression and b) the action of specialized signal proteins (i.e. Hrp effectors) delivered into the plant cell. The specific objectives of the proposal were: 1) How is the expression of the hrp and effector genes regulated in response to host cell contact and the apoplastic environment? 2) What additional effector proteins are involved in pathogenicity? 3) Do the presently known Pantoea effector proteins enter host cells? 4) What host proteins interact with these effectors? We characterized the components of the hrp regulatory cascade (HrpXY ->7 HrpS ->7 HrpL ->7 hrp promoters), showed that they are conserved in both Pnss and Fag, and discovered that the regulation of the hrpS promoter (hrpSp) may be a key point in integrating apoplastic signals. We also analyzed the promoters recognized by HrpL and demonstrated the relationship between their composition and efficiency. Moreover, we showed that promoter strength can influence disease expression. In Pnss, we found that the HrpXY two-component signal system may sense the metabolic status of the bacterium and is required for full hrp gene expression in planta. In both species, acyl-homoserine lactone-mediated quorum sensing may also regulate epiphytic fitness and/or pathogenicity. A common Hrp effector protein, DspE/WtsE, is conserved and required for virulence of both species. When introduced into corn cells, Pnss WtsE protein caused water-soaked lesions. In other plants, it either caused cell death or acted as an Avr determinant. Using a yeast- two-hybrid system, WtsE was shown to interact with a number of maize signal transduction proteins that are likely to have roles in either programmed cell death or disease resistance. In Pag and Pab, we have characterized the effector proteins HsvG, HsvB and PthG. HsvG and HsvB are homologous proteins that determine host specificity of Pag and Pab on gypsophila and beet, respectively. Both possess a transcriptional activation domain that functions in yeast. PthG was found to act as an Avr determinant on multiple beet species, but was required for virulence on gypsophila. In addition, we demonstrated that PthG acts within the host cell. Additional effector genes have been characterized on the pathogenicity plasmid, pPATHₚₐg, in Pag. A screen for HrpL- regulated genes in Pnsspointed up 18 candidate effector proteins and four of these were required for full virulence. It is now well established that the virulence of Gram-negative plant pathogenic bacteria is governed by Hrp-dependent effector proteins. However; the mode of action of many effectors is still unresolved. This BARD supported research will significantly contribute to the understanding of how Hrp effectors operate in Pantoea spp. and how they control host specificity and affect symptom production. This may lead to novel approaches for genetically engineering plants resistant to a wide range of bacterial pathogens by inactivating the Hrp effectors with "plantabodies" or modifying their receptors, thereby blocking the induction of the susceptible response. Alternatively, innovative technologies could be used to interfere with the Hrp regulatory cascade by blocking a critical step or mimicking plant or quorum sensing signals.
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