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1

Thrimawithana, Amali H., Chen Wu, John T. Christeller, Robert M. Simpson, Elena Hilario, Leah K. Tooman, Doreen Begum, et al. "The Genomics and Population Genomics of the Light Brown Apple Moth, Epiphyas postvittana, an Invasive Tortricid Pest of Horticulture." Insects 13, no. 3 (March 7, 2022): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13030264.

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The light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana is an invasive, polyphagous pest of horticultural systems around the world. With origins in Australia, the pest has subsequently spread to New Zealand, Hawaii, California and Europe, where it has been found on over 500 plants, including many horticultural crops. We have produced a genomic resource, to understand the biological basis of the polyphagous and invasive nature of this and other lepidopteran pests. The assembled genome sequence encompassed 598 Mb and has an N50 of 301.17 kb, with a BUSCO completion rate of 97.9%. Epiphyas postvittana has 34% of its assembled genome represented as repetitive sequences, with the majority of the known elements made up of longer DNA transposable elements (14.07 Mb) and retrotransposons (LINE 17.83 Mb). Of the 31,389 predicted genes, 28,714 (91.5%) were assigned to 11,438 orthogroups across the Lepidoptera, of which 945 were specific to E. postvittana. Twenty gene families showed significant expansions in E. postvittana, including some likely to have a role in its pest status, such as cytochrome p450s, glutathione-S-transferases and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases. Finally, using a RAD-tag approach, we investigated the population genomics of this pest, looking at its likely patterns of invasion.
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2

Poulton, J., N. P. Markwick, V. K. Ward, and V. Young. "Host range testing of a nucleopolyhedrovirus of the lightbrown apple moth Epiphyas postvittana." New Zealand Plant Protection 60 (August 1, 2007): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2007.60.4629.

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Epiphyas postvittana nucleopolyhedrovirus (EppoNPV) has considerable potential as a biocontrol agent or biopesticide for control of lightbrown apple moth Epiphyas postvittana a pest of horticultural crops in New Zealand and a market access problem in export fruit To obtain regulatory approval for EppoNPV in either role EppoNPV must not negatively impact on nontarget organisms In this study eight nontarget insect species from one hymenopteran and five lepidopteran families were inoculated with EppoNPV at high titre (109 PIB/ml) Larval survival growth rates pupation and pupal weights were measured and larvae examined for EppoNPV Minor differences in one parameter were found in Helicoverpa armigera and Cydia pomonella but no viral infection Growth and survival were compromised in virusfed individuals in only one species Tyria jacobaeae The majority of T jacobaeae larvae had high microsporidal infections and EppoNPV polyhedra were found in only one larva suggesting a very low likelihood of field infectivity
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3

Lo, P. L., I. C. Newman, L. M. Cole, D. J. Rogers, and G. M. Burnip. "Control of Epiphyas postvittana (lightbrown apple moth Lepidoptera Tortricidae) on grapevines with tebufenozide." New Zealand Plant Protection 67 (January 8, 2014): 168–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2014.67.5748.

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Feeding by leafroller larvae damages grape bunches and makes them susceptible to Botrytis cinerea disease Leafroller infestation of foliage and bunches and the incidence of botrytis was measured on vineyards in Gisborne Hawkes Bay and Marlborough over 2 years Fortyfour blocks received no leafrolleractive insecticides while 22 were sprayed once preflowering with the selective insect growth regulator tebufenozide Tebufenozide very effectively reduced infestations and gave seasonlong control On leaves untreated blocks averaged 14 leafrollers/search compared with 4 on sprayed blocks Comparative figures for fruit at harvest were 18/100 bunches and 3/100 respectively There was a trend for lower botrytis incidence in blocks where tebufenozide was used Over 99 of the leafrollers reared were Epiphyas postvittana Parasitism of larvae and pupae at 67 on leaves and 50 in bunches was similar in untreated and treated blocks Epiphyas postvittana in vineyards is easily managed using tebufenozide which did not compromise biological control
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4

Gatehouse, H. S., N. P. Markwick, J. Poulton, V. K. Ward, V. Young, S. Wilson, R. Dellow, et al. "Effects of EppoNPV infection on gene expression in Epiphyas postvittana larvae." New Zealand Plant Protection 60 (August 1, 2007): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2007.60.4630.

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The nucleopolyhedrovirus EppoNPV can control larvae of the leafroller Epiphyas postvittana in the field but has varying effects on New Zealands other leafroller pests An understanding of the infection process at the genetic/molecular level within the leafroller complex may lead to strategies to enhance the effectiveness of the virus Microarray technology was used to examine the effects of viral infection on gene expression levels in E postvittana gut tissue The results show that a 5 day infection with EppoNPV caused a significant downregulation of several E postvittana genes many of which were consistent with a response to injury or stress or with the triggering of apoptosis (such as components of the oxidative phosphorylation pathway) The majority of the expressed viral sequences detected are structural genes and genes associated with late gene expression These data provide a basis from which to compare EppoNPV infection in other less susceptible leafroller species
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5

Maguire, Terry, Penelope Harrison, Otto Hyink, James Kalmakoff, and Vernon K. Ward. "The inhibitors of apoptosis of Epiphyas postvittana nucleopolyhedrovirus." Journal of General Virology 81, no. 11 (November 1, 2000): 2803–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-81-11-2803.

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In this study, four inhibitor of apoptosis genes (iaps) in the genome of Epiphyas postvittana nucleopolyhedrovirus (EppoMNPV) that are homologous to iap-1, iap-2, iap-3 and iap-4 genes of other baculoviruses have been identified. All four iap genes were sequenced and the iap-1 and iap-2 genes were shown to be functional inhibitors of apoptosis. The iap-1, iap-2 and iap-3 genes contain two baculovirus apoptosis inhibitor repeat motifs and a C3HC4 RING finger-like motif. The activity of the iap genes was tested by transient expression in Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf-21) cells treated with the apoptosis-inducing agents actinomycin D, cycloheximide, anisomycin, tumour necrosis factor-α and UV light. The iap-2 gene prevented apoptosis induced by all agents tested, indicating activity towards a conserved component(s) of multiple apoptotic pathways. However, the iap-2 gene was unable to function in the absence of a gene immediately upstream of iap-2 that has homology to the orf69 gene of Autographa californica MNPV. The use of a CMV promoter rescued the apoptosis inhibition activity of the iap-2 gene, indicating that the upstream orf69 homologue is associated with expression of iap-2. The iap-1 gene was able to delay the onset of apoptosis caused by all of the induction agents tested but, unlike iap-2, was unable to prevent the development of an apoptotic response upon prolonged exposure of cells to the apoptosis induction agents. No anti-apoptotic activity was observed for the iap-3 and iap-4 genes of EppoMNPV.
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6

Hyink, Otto, Ross A. Dellow, Michael J. Olsen, Katherine M. B. Caradoc-Davies, Kylie Drake, Elisabeth A. Herniou, Jennifer S. Cory, David R. O’Reilly, and Vernon K. Ward. "Whole genome analysis of the Epiphyas postvittana nucleopolyhedrovirus." Journal of General Virology 83, no. 4 (April 1, 2002): 957–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-83-4-957.

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The nucleotide sequence of the Epiphyas postvittana nucleopolyhedrovirus (EppoMNPV) genome has been determined and analysed. The circular dsDNA genome contains 118584 bp, making it the smallest group I NPV sequenced to date. The genome has a G+C content of 40·7% and encodes 136 predicted open reading frames (ORFs), five homologous repeat regions and one unique repeat region. Of the genome, 92·9% encodes predicted ORFs and 2·2% is in repeat regions; the remaining 4·9% of the genome comprises nonrepeat intergenic regions. EppoMNPV encodes homologues of 126 Orgyia pseudotsugata MNPV (OpMNPV) ORFs and 120 Autographa californica MNPV ORFs, with average identities of 64·7 and 53·5%, respectively. Between the four sequenced group I NPVs, 117 ORFs are conserved, whereas 86 ORFs are conserved between all fully sequenced NPVs. A total of 62 ORFs is present in all baculoviruses sequenced to date, with EppoMNPV lacking a homologue of the superoxide dismutase (sod) gene, which has been found in all other fully sequenced baculoviruses. Whole genome phylogenetic analyses of the ten fully sequenced baculoviruses using the sequences of the 62 shared genes, gene content and gene order data sets confirmed that EppoMNPV clusters tightly with OpMNPV in the group I NPVs. The main variation between EppoMNPV and OpMNPV occurs where extra clusters of genes are present in OpMNPV, with sod occurring in one such cluster. EppoMNPV encodes one truncated baculovirus repeated ORF (bro) gene. The only repeated ORFs are the four iap genes. Eight, randomly distributed, unique ORFs were identified on EppoMNPV, none of which show any significant homology to genes in GenBank.
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7

Suckling, D. M., J. Khoo, and D. J. Rogers. "Dynamics of Azinphosmethyl Resistance in Epiphyas postvittana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)." Journal of Economic Entomology 82, no. 4 (August 1, 1989): 1003–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/82.4.1003.

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8

Markwick, Ngaire, Sally Graves, Fiona M. Fairbairn, Lisa C. Docherty, Joanne Poulton, and Vernon K. Ward. "Infectivity of Epiphyas postvittana nucleopolyhedrovirus for New Zealand leafrollers." Biological Control 25, no. 2 (October 2002): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1049-9644(02)00059-2.

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9

Brockerhoff, E. G., H. Jactel, A. C. Leckie, and D. M. Suckling. "Species composition and abundance of leafrollers in a Canterbury pine plantation." New Zealand Plant Protection 55 (August 1, 2002): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2002.55.3924.

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Several leafroller species (Tortricidae) are known to occasionally cause considerable defoliation in Pinus radiata plantation forests We conducted pheromone trapping for five indigenous species Ctenopseustis herana Ctenopseustis obliquana Planotortrix excessana Planotortrix notophaea and Planotortrix octo and the exotic Epiphyas postvittana to determine their abundance in 20 P radiata stands in Eyrewell Forest North Canterbury Trapping from December 2001 to February 2002 indicated that E postvittana and C obliquana were very abundant (with mean catches of 077 and 044 moths/trap/day respectively) while the other species were rarely caught Results for the native leafrollers differ considerably from those reported from other plantation forests and other habitats in Canterbury such as apple orchards where P octo and C herana are generally more common
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10

Paull, C. A., N. A. Schellhorn, and A. D. Austin. "Response to host density by the parasitoid Dolichogenidea tasmanica (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and the influence of grapevine variety." Bulletin of Entomological Research 104, no. 1 (October 23, 2013): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485313000527.

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AbstractNatural enemies that respond to prey in a density-dependent manner may be able to quickly suppress pest populations before they reach economically damaging levels. Although it is primarily the combination of a natural enemy's functional response and a population numerical response that will influence the maximum number of pests attacked, other factors may influence a density-dependent response. We conducted large-scale field experiments, both artificially inoculating grapevines with larvae and using naturally occurring populations, to quantify and characterize the response of a parasitoid, Dolichogenidea tasmanica (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to different densities of its host, the pest of grapevines, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). We showed that the response of D. tasmanica to the density of E. postvittana was inversely density-dependent, and that the degree of parasitism was consistently and significantly higher in the grape variety Cabernet Sauvignon compared with Chardonnay. While the significant effect of variety on the degree of parasitism may provide an option for increasing the parasitism of E. postvittana by D. tasmanica, it also highlights how differences in host plant can influence trophic interactions.
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11

Lo, P., J. T. S. Walker, and D. M. Suckling. "Insecticide resistance management of leafrollers (LepidopteraTortricidae) in New Zealand." New Zealand Plant Protection 53 (August 1, 2000): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2000.53.3628.

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Resistance to the organophosphate insecticide azinphosmethyl has been previously identified in two species of leafroller (Lepidoptera Tortricidae) in New Zealand This study confirmed resistance in a third speciesCtenopseustis obliquana Populations of Epiphyas postvittana Planotortrix octo and C obliquana resistant to azinphosmethyl were not crossresistant to lufenuron A separate population of C obliquana was resistant to taufluvalinate Crossresistance between azinphosmethyl and tebufenozide occurred in P octo and C obliquana but not in E postvittana This difference in crossresistance between the three species suggests that at least two different detoxification mechanisms may be operating Therefore we cannot generalise about whether resistant populations of each species will be fully susceptible to new insecticides Lufenuron is recommended as a key insecticide within a resistance management programme for leafrollers while tebufenozide should be used with caution
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12

Suckling, D. M., and P. W. Shaw. "Conditions that Favor Mating Disruption of Epiphyas postvittana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)." Environmental Entomology 21, no. 5 (October 1, 1992): 949–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/21.5.949.

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13

Young, Vivienne L., Robert M. Simpson, and Vernon K. Ward. "Characterization of an exochitinase from Epiphyas postvittana nucleopolyhedrovirus (family Baculoviridae)." Journal of General Virology 86, no. 12 (December 1, 2005): 3253–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.81262-0.

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Baculovirus chitinases and other family 18 glycohydrolases have been shown to possess both exo- and endochitinase activities when assayed against fluorescent chito-oligosaccharides. Homology modelling of the chitinase of Epiphyas postvittana nucleopolyhedrovirus (EppoNPV) against Serratia marcescens chitinase A indicated that the enzyme possesses an N-terminal polycystic kidney 1 (PKD1) domain for chitin-substrate feeding and an α/β TIM barrel catalytic domain characteristic of a family 18 glycohydrolase. EppoNPV chitinase has many features in common with other baculovirus chitinases, including high amino acid identity, an N-terminal secretion signal and a functional C-terminal endoplasmic reticulum-retention sequence. EppoNPV chitinase displayed exo- and endochitinolytic activity against fluorescent chito-oligosaccharides, with K m values of 270±60 and 240±40 μM against 4MU-(GlcNAc)2 and 20±6 and 14±7 μM against 4MU-(GlcNAc)3 for native and recombinant versions of the enzyme, respectively. In contrast, digestion and thin-layer chromatography analysis of short-chain (GlcNAc)2–6 chito-oligosaccharides without the fluorescent 4-methylumbelliferone (4MU) moiety produced predominantly (GlcNAc)2, indicating an exochitinase, although low-level endochitinase activity was detected. Digestion of long-chain colloidal β-chitin and analysis by mass spectrometry identified a single 447 Da peak, representing a singly charged (GlcNAc)2 complexed with a sodium adduct ion, confirming the enzyme as an exochitinase with no detectable endochitinolytic activity. Furthermore, (GlcNAc)3–6 substrates, but not (GlcNAc)2, acted as inhibitors of EppoNPV chitinase. Short-chain substrates are unlikely to interact with the aromatic residues of the PKD1 substrate-feeding mechanism and hence may not accurately reflect the activity of these enzymes against native substrates. Based upon these results, the chitinase of the baculovirus EppoNPV is an exochitinase.
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14

Horner, Rachael M., Thomas E. S. Sullivan, Andrew M. Sporle, Lloyd D. Stringer, Lee-Anne M. Manning, Ashraf M. El-Sayed, and David Maxwell Suckling. "Minor components modulate sensitivity to the pheromone antagonist Z11-14:Ac in male lightbrown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in the field." New Zealand Plant Protection 71 (July 29, 2018): 293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2018.71.184.

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Epiphyas postvittana is a major horticultural pest in many countries, including New Zealand. Recently, two minor components (E)-11-tetradecen-1-ol and (E)-11-hexadecenyl acetate were found to increase the attraction of a previously identified two-component sex pheromone (95:5 blend of (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate [E11-14:Ac] and (E,E)-9,11-tetradecadienyl acetate [E9,E11-14:Ac]) of Epiphyas postvittana. We hypothesised that the interaction between these minor components and the behavioural antagonist (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (Z11-14:Ac) would modulate its antagonistic effect. The effect of increasing the ratio (0.5—10%) of Z11-14:Ac was tested in traps baited with E11-14:Ac and E9,E11-14:Ac (95:5), with or without the addition of the two minor compounds. Catch decreased as the percentage of Z11-14:Ac increased (χ2=108.74; d.f.=9; P<0.001). Overall, more moths were caught in traps baited with four- vs two-component lures (χ2=9.81; d.f.=1; P=0.002); in pair-level comparisons, significant differences in catch number between the two- and four-component lures were observed when the E11-14:Ac : Z11-14:Ac ratio was 99:1 (P=0.031) or 98:2 (P=0.047). The addition of the two minor components mitigated the reduced catch effect due to lower proportions of E11-14:Ac and the presence of 1—2% antagonist.
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15

Corcoran, Jacob A., Melissa D. Jordan, Amali H. Thrimawithana, Ross N. Crowhurst, and Richard D. Newcomb. "The Peripheral Olfactory Repertoire of the Lightbrown Apple Moth, Epiphyas postvittana." PLOS ONE 10, no. 5 (May 27, 2015): e0128596. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0128596.

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16

Hyink, O., S. Graves, V. K. Ward, and F. M. Fairbairn. "Mapping and polyhedrin gene analysis of the Epiphyas postvittana nucleopolyhedrovirus genome." Journal of General Virology 79, no. 11 (November 1, 1998): 2853–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-79-11-2853.

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17

Suckling, D. M., and J. R. Clearwater. "Small Scale Trials of Mating Disruption of Epiphyas postvittana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)." Environmental Entomology 19, no. 6 (December 1, 1990): 1702–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/19.6.1702.

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18

El-Sayed, Ashraf M., Vanessa J. Mitchell, Lee-Anne M. Manning, and David Max Suckling. "New Sex Pheromone Blend for the Lightbrown Apple Moth, Epiphyas postvittana." Journal of Chemical Ecology 37, no. 6 (May 15, 2011): 640–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10886-011-9964-x.

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19

Suckling, D. M., L. D. Stringer, D. B. Baird, R. C. Butler, T. E. S. Sullivan, D. R. Lance, and G. S. Simmons. "Light brown apple moth (Epiphyas postvittana) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) colonization of California." Biological Invasions 16, no. 9 (January 5, 2014): 1851–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-013-0631-8.

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20

McLaren, G. F., D. M. Suckling, A. M. El-Sayed, B. T. Hislop, and T. F. S. Jones. "Multiple species mating disruption of leafrollers in cherries in Central Otago." New Zealand Plant Protection 66 (January 8, 2013): 132–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2013.66.5564.

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Mating disruption for leafrollers has been conducted on a commercial scale using a single multispecies pheromone dispenser on contiguous blocks of cherries in Central Otago for 4 years Pheromone trap and packhouse results were collected from isolated untreated (654 ha) and pheromonetreated cherry orchard areas (764 ha) in the Cromwell district In untreated cherry orchards catches of light brown apple moth (Epiphyas postvittana) were exceptionally high (38 males/trap/day) with lower catches of Planotortrix octo (025 males/ trap/day) Catches of both species were strongly disrupted in the treated areas reducing E postvittana to 00036 moths/trap/day and P octo to nil Trap catches of both species have increased steadily over 5 years (2008/09 to 20012/13) in blocks not using mating disruption Packhouse results showed that all of the fruit inspected from both treated and untreated areas were free of leafroller infestations in 2012/13 Insecticide use in the pheromonetreated areas was reduced by one application compared with the areas without pheromone
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21

McNeill, M. R., and S. L. Goldson. "Responses of two leafroller species to the photoactive dye Phloxine B." New Zealand Plant Protection 54 (August 1, 2001): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2001.54.3734.

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The insecticidal properties of phloxine B were evaluated against lightbrown apple moth (LBAM) Epiphyas postvittana and green headed leafroller (GHLR) Planotortix excessana in laboratory bioassays A range of concentrations of phloxine B were added to general purpose diet and presented to larvae in Petri dishes High rates of mortality (8094) were achieved at concentrations of 0210 phloxine B with LC50 values of ca 01 and 027 for 1st instar LBAM and GHLR respectively The susceptibility of leafroller larvae to phloxine B was affected by light intensity and instar
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22

Young, V. L., K. M. B. Sneddon, and V. K. Ward. "Establishment of a neonate cell line from Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) that supports replication of E. postvittana nucleopolyhedrovirus." Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 104, no. 2 (June 2010): 147–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2010.02.004.

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23

Mills, Nicholas J. "Abundance–suitability relationships for invasive species: Epiphyas postvittana as a case study." Biological Invasions 23, no. 7 (April 1, 2021): 2205–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-021-02500-z.

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24

Brockerhoff, E. G., D. M. Suckling, C. E. Ecroyd, S. J. Wagstaff, M. C. Raabe, R. V. Dowell, and C. H. Wearing. "Worldwide Host Plants of the Highly Polyphagous, Invasive Epiphyas postvittana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)." Journal of Economic Entomology 104, no. 5 (October 1, 2011): 1514–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ec11160.

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25

Thomson, C., A. R. Tomkins, and D. J. Wilson. "Activity of oils against lightbrown apple moth (Epiphyas postvittana) larvae." Proceedings of the New Zealand Plant Protection Conference 46 (January 8, 1993): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1993.46.11194.

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26

Hamiaux, Cyril, Lisa Basten, David R. Greenwood, Edward N. Baker, and Richard D. Newcomb. "Ligand promiscuity within the internal cavity of Epiphyas postvittana Takeout 1 protein." Journal of Structural Biology 182, no. 3 (June 2013): 259–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsb.2013.03.013.

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27

Simpson, R. M., R. D. Newcomb, H. S. Gatehouse, R. N. Crowhurst, D. Chagné, L. N. Gatehouse, N. P. Markwick, et al. "Expressed sequence tags from the midgut of Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)." Insect Molecular Biology 16, no. 6 (December 17, 2007): 675–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2583.2007.00763.x.

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28

Danthanarayana, W., and H. Gu. "Influence of Environmental-Conditions on Flight Duration of Epiphyas-Postvittana (Walker) (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae)." Australian Journal of Zoology 40, no. 5 (1992): 477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9920477.

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Flight responses of the light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker), to changes in air temperature, atmospheric humidity, feeding and mating activities were studied under controlled conditions. Flights occurred within the air temperature range from 10 to 30-degrees-C, with the longest flight duration at 20-degrees-C for both sexes. A change of atmospheric humidity significantly influenced flight duration of females, but not of males, at 20-degrees-C. The longest flight duration of the female moths occurred at a relative humidity of 60%. Provision of honey solution or water improved flight duration of the moths aged three days or older. Mating increased flight duration of females from the age of three days onwards, presumably as a result of reduced body weight associated with oviposition.
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29

Tooman, Leah K., Caroline J. Rose, Colm Carraher, D. Max Suckling, Sébastien Rioux Paquette, Lisa A. Ledezma, Todd M. Gilligan, Marc Epstein, Norman B. Barr, and Richard D. Newcomb. "Patterns of Mitochondrial Haplotype Diversity in the Invasive Pest Epiphyas postvittana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)." Journal of Economic Entomology 104, no. 3 (June 1, 2011): 920–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ec10342.

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30

Howard, A. J., and S. P. Foster. "Plant factors that stimulate oviposition by lightbrown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana." Proceedings of the New Zealand Plant Protection Conference 50 (August 1, 1997): 542. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1997.50.11388.

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31

Foster, S. P., and A. J. Howard. "Adult female and neonate larval plant preferences of the generalist herbivore, Epiphyas postvittana." Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 92, no. 1 (July 1999): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1570-7458.1999.00524.x.

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Whiting, Diana C., Lisa E. Jamieson, and Patrick G. Connolly. "Pre- and Postharvest Effects of Lufenuron on Epiphyas postvittana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)." Journal of Economic Entomology 93, no. 3 (June 1, 2000): 673–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493-93.3.673.

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33

Simpson, Robert M., Joanne Poulton, and Ngaire P. Markwick. "Expression levels of aminopeptidase-N genes in the lightbrown apple moth,Epiphyas postvittana." Insect Science 15, no. 6 (December 2008): 505–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7917.2008.00239.x.

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34

Suckling, D. M., P. W. Shaw, J. G. I. Khoo, and V. Cruickshank. "Resistance management of lightbrown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) by mating disruption." New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science 18, no. 2-3 (April 1990): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01140671.1990.10428077.

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35

Yazdani, Maryam, Richard Glatz, and Michael A. Keller. "Searching behaviour of Dolichogenidea tasmanica in response to susceptible instars of Epiphyas postvittana." Australian Journal of Zoology 63, no. 1 (2015): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo14093.

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Dolichogenidea tasmanica (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is the most commonly reared parasitoid from larval light brown apple moth (LBAM), Epiphyas postvittana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), feeding on grapevines in Australia. In order to evaluate the efficiency of searching behaviour of D. tasmanica, a laboratory study was undertaken to determine how this wasp responds to the susceptible stages of larval LBAM. Observations of searching behaviour were made in a wind tunnel, which allowed the wasp to express its full range of behaviour. The behaviour of D. tasmanica and susceptibility of LBAM to parasitism varies significantly among instars. The wasp most readily parasitises newly hatched larvae, but can parasitise the first three of the six instars. The first instars cause less damage and also produce less faeces and silk than later instars, so they are associated with less volatile cues that may be detected by the parasitoid. Flight initiation to an infested leaf was lower in the presence of first instars compared with second and third instars. The flight duration was shortest when females were exposed to plants infested by third instars. An analysis of the sequence and timing of searching behaviour indicated that females respond differently to each of the instars of LBAM.
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36

Jordan, M. D., D. Stanley, S. D. G. Marshall, D. De Silva, R. N. Crowhurst, A. P. Gleave, D. R. Greenwood, and R. D. Newcomb. "Expressed sequence tags and proteomics of antennae from the tortricid moth,Epiphyas postvittana." Insect Molecular Biology 17, no. 4 (August 2008): 361–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2583.2008.00812.x.

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37

Foster, S. P., and R. H. Ayers. "Multiple mating and its effects in the lightbrown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker)." Journal of Insect Physiology 42, no. 7 (July 1996): 657–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1910(96)00012-1.

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38

Mo, Jianhua, Michelle Glover, Scott Munro, and G. Andrew C. Beattie. "Development of Epiphyas postvittana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) on Leaves and Fruit of Orange Trees." Journal of Economic Entomology 99, no. 4 (August 1, 2006): 1321–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/99.4.1321.

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39

Danthanarayana, W., H. Gu, and S. Ashley. "Population-Growth Potential of Epiphyas-Postvittana, the Lightbrown Apple Moth (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) in Relation to Diet, Temperature and Climate." Australian Journal of Zoology 43, no. 4 (1995): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9950381.

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Life-history parameters and developmental rates of Epiphyas postvittana were determined for four natural food plants and Shorey's diet at each of six temperatures. The rate of development of larvae and the life-history parameters were influenced by both temperature and diet. The highest r(m) value was given by populations feeding on Plantago lanceolata, followed by those on Shorey's diet and Rumex crispus, all at 25 . 2 degrees C, then by Malus pumila at 19 . 9 degrees C and Trifolium repense at 25 . 2 degrees C. Zero population growth occurred at 7 . 1 and 30 . 7 degrees C. A life-table study of five geographical strains of the moth under non-variable conditions (constant temperature and artificial diet) showed that finite rate of increase (lambda) was significantly correlated with climatic features of habitats, viz. mean annual Values of temperature, rainfall and relative humidity. Peak values of lambda occurred at cooler temperatures, moderate levels of habitat moisture and high altitudes (500-1000 m); the Canberra population gave the highest value (lambda = 1 . 157), followed by Armidale (lambda = 1 . 152), Melbourne (lambda = 1 . 141), Mildura (lambda = 1 . 135) and Auckland (lambda = 1 . 118). Higher performance of E. postvittana on herbaceous plants than on woody plants suggests that it primarily evolved as a feeder on herbaceous plants.
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40

Hopper, Julie V., and Nicholas J. Mills. "Pathogenicity, prevalence and intensity of a microsporidian infection by Nosema fumiferanae postvittana in the light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana , in California." Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 134 (February 2016): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2016.01.004.

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41

Zielonka, Marcin W., W. Edwin Harris, Tom W. Pope, and Simon R. Leather. "Abundance and phenology of two pest species, Cacoecimorpha pronubana and Epiphyas postvittana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)." Annals of Applied Biology 179, no. 2 (May 4, 2021): 207–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aab.12692.

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42

Barr, N. B., L. A. Ledezma, R. E. Farris, M. E. Epstein, and T. M. Gilligan. "A Multiplex Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay to Diagnose Epiphyas postvittana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)." Journal of Economic Entomology 104, no. 5 (October 1, 2011): 1706–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ec11093.

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43

Jang, Eric B., Donald O. McInnis, Rick Kurashima, Bill Woods, and David M. Suckling. "Irradiation of Adult Epiphyas postvittana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae): Egg Sterility in Parental and F1 Generations." Journal of Economic Entomology 105, no. 1 (February 1, 2012): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ec11135.

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44

Liu, Yong-Biao, Samuel S. Liu, Gregory Simmons, Spencer S. Walse, and Scott W. Myers. "Effects of Phosphine Fumigation on Survivorship of Epiphyas postvittana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Eggs." Journal of Economic Entomology 106, no. 4 (August 1, 2013): 1613–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ec13050.

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45

Harris, M. O., R. Bate, and S. Dhana. "Stimuli influencing the movement and settling of newly eclosed Epiphyas postvittana larvae." Proceedings of the New Zealand Plant Protection Conference 49 (August 1, 1996): 320. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1996.49.11476.

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46

Foster, S. P., and A. J. Howard. "Factors affecting egglaying patterns by the lightbrown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker)." Proceedings of the New Zealand Plant Protection Conference 50 (August 1, 1997): 542. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1997.50.11389.

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47

Gu, H., and W. Danthanarayana. "Age-related flight and reproductive performance of the light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana." Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 54, no. 2 (February 1990): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1990.tb01319.x.

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48

Hogg, Brian N., Xin-Geng Wang, Nicholas J. Mills, and Kent M. Daane. "Resident spiders as predators of the recently introduced light brown apple moth,Epiphyas postvittana." Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 151, no. 1 (March 5, 2014): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eea.12168.

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49

Newcomb, R. D., T. M. Sirey, M. Rassam, and D. R. Greenwood. "Pheromone binding proteins of Epiphyas postvittana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) are encoded at a single locus." Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 32, no. 11 (November 2002): 1543–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0965-1748(02)00075-9.

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50

Bürgi, Linda P., and Nick J. Mills. "Cold tolerance of the overwintering larval instars of light brown apple moth Epiphyas postvittana." Journal of Insect Physiology 56, no. 11 (November 2010): 1645–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinsphys.2010.06.009.

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