Journal articles: 'Epidemiology'

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Oliveira, Adélia Dalva Da Silva, Jesusmar Ximenes Andrade, Maria do Socorro Oliveira Guimarães, Telma Maria Evangelista Da Silva, and Márcio Dênis Medeiros Mascarenhas. "Avaliação da implantação dos núcleos hospitalares de epidemiologia." Revista de Enfermagem UFPE on line 13, no. 4 (April 19, 2019): 1097. http://dx.doi.org/10.5205/1981-8963-v13i4a236618p1097-1105-2019.

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RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar a implantação dos Núcleos Hospitalares de Epidemiologia. Método: trata-se de estudo quantitativo, descritivo, avaliativo, do tipo normativo. Realizou-se em nove núcleos hospitalares de Epidemiologia. Obtiveram-se os dados por meio de questionário autoaplicável e formulário. Apresentaram-se os resultados em forma de tabelas. Resultados: agruparam-se os resultados em matriz de julgamento e o somatório dos pontos obtidos determinou a adequação da implantação. Conclusão: constatou-se, pelo estudo, que a implantação dos Núcleos Hospitalares de Epidemiologia, não ocorreu de forma satisfatória. Descritores: Vigilância Epidemiológica; Hospital; Serviços de Saúde; Enfermagem; Epidemiologia; Pesquisa Sobre Serviços de Saúde.ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the implantation of the Hospital Epidemiology Centers. Method: this is a quantitative, descriptive, evaluative, normative study. It was carried out in nine hospital centers of Epidemiology. The data was obtained through a self-administered questionnaire and form. Results were presented in the form of tables. Results: the results were grouped in the trial matrix and the sum of the points obtained determined the adequacy of the implantation. Conclusion: It was verified, by the study, that the implantation of the Hospital Epidemiology Centers, did not occur in a satisfactory way. Descriptors: Epidemiological Surveillance; Hospital; Health services; Nursing; Epidemiology; Health Services Research.RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar la implantación de los Núcleos Hospitalarios de Epidemiología. Método: se trata de estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo, evaluativo, del tipo normativo. Se realizó en nueve núcleos hospitalarios de Epidemiología. Se obtuvieron los datos por medio de cuestionario autoaplicable y formulario. Se presentaron los resultados en forma de tablas. Resultados: se agruparon los resultados en matriz de juicio y la suma de los puntos obtenidos determinó la adecuación de la implantación. Conclusión: se constató, por el estudio, que la implantación de los Núcleos Hospitalarios de Epidemiología, no ocurrió de forma satisfactoriaDescriptores: Monitoreo Epidemiológico; Hospital; Servicios de Salud; Enfermería; Epidemiología; Investigación em Servicios de Salud.

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Windle, Michael, Hojoon D. Lee, Sarah T. Cherng, Catherine R. Lesko, Colleen Hanrahan, John W. Jackson, Mara McAdams-DeMarco, et al. "From Epidemiologic Knowledge to Improved Health: A Vision for Translational Epidemiology." American Journal of Epidemiology 188, no. 12 (March 30, 2019): 2049–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwz085.

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Abstract Epidemiology should aim to improve population health; however, no consensus exists regarding the activities and skills that should be prioritized to achieve this goal. We performed a scoping review of articles addressing the translation of epidemiologic knowledge into improved population health outcomes. We identified 5 themes in the translational epidemiology literature: foundations of epidemiologic thinking, evidence-based public health or medicine, epidemiologic education, implementation science, and community-engaged research (including literature on community-based participatory research). We then identified 5 priority areas for advancing translational epidemiology: 1) scientific engagement with public health; 2) public health communication; 3) epidemiologic education; 4) epidemiology and implementation; and 5) community involvement. Using these priority areas as a starting point, we developed a conceptual framework of translational epidemiology that emphasizes interconnectedness and feedback among epidemiology, foundational science, and public health stakeholders. We also identified 2–5 representative principles in each priority area that could serve as the basis for advancing a vision of translational epidemiology. We believe an emphasis on translational epidemiology can help the broader field to increase the efficiency of translating epidemiologic knowledge into improved health outcomes and to achieve its goal of improving population health.

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Torre, Peter, and Kelly M. Reavis. "Fundamentals of Epidemiology for the Audiologist." Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups 6, no. 5 (October 20, 2021): 1113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2021_persp-20-00241.

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Purpose Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of disease and other health-related events in populations. An understanding of epidemiology among audiologists is important for ear and hearing health care practice. This tutorial presents an overview of the fundamental concepts of epidemiology for the practicing audiologist and audiology students. Method The authors provide an overview of epidemiology and focus on its applicability to audiology. The most common epidemiologic study designs, measures of occurrence, and measures of association are highlighted and discussed. Concepts related to p values, confidence intervals, confounding, and bias are introduced. Finally, the authors discuss screening as a means to control adverse hearing health outcomes. Conclusions Epidemiologic approaches are of value to the audiologist involved in the evidence-based decision processes of planning, monitoring, and treating individuals with ear and hearing problems. For audiologists to make practice recommendations based on epidemiologic data, they need insight into epidemiologic study design and interpretation of data from these studies. Understanding the fundamentals of epidemiology and applying epidemiologic principles to the clinical practice of audiology can increase the quality of care individuals receive.

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Zhang, Mingyu, Brooke A. Jarrett, Keri N. Althoff, Frances S. Burman, Laura Camarata, Sally B. Coburn, Aisha S. Dickerson, et al. "Recommendations to the Society for Epidemiologic Research for Further Promoting Diversity and Inclusion at the Annual Meeting and Beyond." American Journal of Epidemiology 189, no. 10 (June 30, 2020): 1037–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwaa110.

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Abstract Increasing diverse engagement in the Society for Epidemiologic Research (SER) will positively impact the field of epidemiology. As the largest and longest-running epidemiologic society in North America, SER has long been a pioneer in promoting diversity and inclusion. A recent survey of SER members, however, showed there is still room for improving diversity, inclusion, representation, and participation in the Society. In this commentary, as members of both the SER and the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Department of Epidemiology’s Inclusion, Diversity, Equity, Anti-Racism, and Science (Epi IDEAS) Working Group, we recommend 4 goals for the SER Annual Meeting and beyond: 1) convene epidemiologic researchers with diverse backgrounds and ideas; 2) promote an inclusive environment at the SER Annual Meeting; 3) develop, compile, and disseminate best practices to honor diversity in epidemiologic research; and 4) increase prioritization of health disparities research and methods. We also suggest strategies for achieving these goals so that SER can better include, support, and elevate members from historically disadvantaged groups. While our recommendations are tailored specifically to SER, the greater epidemiologic and academic communities could benefit from adopting these goals and strategies within their professional societies and conferences.

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Martinez Navarro, J. F., D. Herrera, and Candi Sanchez Barco. "Applied field epidemiology programme in Spain." Eurosurveillance 6, no. 3 (March 1, 2001): 46–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/esm.06.03.00220-en.

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In 1994, the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII; Carlos III Health Institute) of the Spanish Ministry of Health and the Consumer (MSC) created the Programa de Epidemiología Aplicada de Campo (PEAC; Applied Field Epidemiology Programme). The programme is managed by the Centro Nacional de Epidemiología (National Epidemiological Centre) in collaboration with the Escuela Nacional de Sanidad (National School of Health), and supported by General Direction for Health and Consumer of MSC and the Health Councils (Consejerías de Sanidad) of the autonomous regions. The PEAC runs a masters degree programme in applied field epidemiology, in which degrees are conferred by the National School of Health. As PEAC is a national programme, it forms a part of the European Program for Intervention Epidemiology Training (EPIET) and is a member of the Network Training for Epidemiology Public Health Intervention (TEPHINET), the association of 27 regional and national programmes of the acting Intervention Epidemiology Training Programs.

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Herwaldt, Loreen A., John E. McGowan, and Beverly G. Metchock. "Basic Microbiologic Support for Hospital Epidemiology." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 17, no. 5 (May 1996): 298–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/647299.

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AbstractThe laboratory plays a major role in the epidemiology program's efforts to minimize nosocomial infections in healthcare institutions. This article will describe some of the interactions between the laboratory and the epidemiology program, and will identify resources and procedures that the laboratory needs to achieve epidemiologic goals.

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Davey Smith, George. "Post–Modern Epidemiology: When Methods Meet Matter." American Journal of Epidemiology 188, no. 8 (March 16, 2019): 1410–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwz064.

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Abstract In the last third of the 20th century, etiological epidemiology within academia in high-income countries shifted its primary concern from attempting to tackle the apparent epidemic of noncommunicable diseases to an increasing focus on developing statistical and causal inference methodologies. This move was mutually constitutive with the failure of applied epidemiology to make major progress, with many of the advances in understanding the causes of noncommunicable diseases coming from outside the discipline, while ironically revealing the infectious origins of several major conditions. Conversely, there were many examples of epidemiologic studies promoting ineffective interventions and little evident attempt to account for such failure. Major advances in concrete understanding of disease etiology have been driven by a willingness to learn about and incorporate into epidemiology developments in biology and cognate data science disciplines. If fundamental epidemiologic principles regarding the rooting of disease risk within populations are retained, recent methodological developments combined with increased biological understanding and data sciences capability should herald a fruitful post–Modern Epidemiology world.

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Celentano, David D., Elizabeth Platz, and Shruti H. Mehta. "The Centennial of the Department of Epidemiology at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health: A Century of Epidemiologic Discovery and Education." American Journal of Epidemiology 188, no. 12 (September 11, 2019): 2043–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwz176.

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Abstract The Department of Epidemiology at Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health was founded in 1919, with Wade Hampton Frost as inaugural chair. In our Centennial Year, we review how our research and educational programs have changed. Early years focused on doctoral education in epidemiology and some limited undergraduate training for practice. Foundational work on concepts and methods linked to the infectious diseases of the day made major contributions to study designs and analytical methodologies, largely still in use. With the epidemiologic transition from infectious to chronic disease, new methods were developed. The Department of Chronic Diseases merged with the Department of Epidemiology in 1970, under the leadership of Abraham Lilienfeld. Leon Gordis became chair in 1975, and multiple educational tracks were developed. Genetic epidemiology began in 1979, followed by advances in infectious disease epidemiology spurred by the human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome epidemic. Collaborations with the Department of Medicine led to development of the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research in 1989. Between 1994 and 2008, the department experienced rapid growth in faculty and students. A new methods curriculum was instituted for upper-level epidemiologic training in 2006. Today’s research projects are increasingly collaborative, taking advantage of new technologies and methods of data collection, responding to “big data” analysis challenges. In our second century, the department continues to address issues of disease etiology and epidemiologic practice.

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Rundle, Andrew. "Molecular Epidemiology of Physical Activity and Cancer." Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 227–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.227.14.1.

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Abstract As in other areas of epidemiology, researchers studying physical activity and cancer have begun to include laboratory analyses of biological specimens in their studies. The incorporation of these “biomarkers” into epidemiology has been termed molecular epidemiology and is an approach primarily developed to study chemical carcinogens. Thus far, there has been no discussion in the field on how the established molecular epidemiologic framework might be adapted for research into physical activity, what methodologic needs exist, what the goals of such an approach might be, and what limitations exist. This article relates the literature on molecular epidemiology to the needs of physical activity research and tries to set research priorities for the field as it moves in this new direction. Although this approach will be very useful for investigating the mechanisms through which physical activity exerts effects, there are several challenges for physical activity epidemiologists in adapting molecular epidemiologic approaches. Primarily, there are currently no available biomarkers that might be considered measures of exposure or biologically effective dose. In addition, most available biomarkers of intermediate effects have been tested in training studies at activity levels much higher than those seen in population-based epidemiologic studies. Thus, it is not clear whether these biomarkers are valid at lower activity levels. Furthermore, the nature of the relationship between activity and many available biomarkers depends very much on the context of the activity. Addressing these issues should be a priority if we are to develop a molecular epidemiologic paradigm for studying physical activity.

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Bolúmar, Francisco, and Miquel Porta. "Epidemiologic Methods: Beyond Clinical Medicine, Beyond Epidemiology." European Journal of Epidemiology 19, no. 8 (August 2003): 733–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:ejep.0000036613.38682.4c.

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Morse, Stephen S. "Epidemiologic Surveillance for Investigating Chemical or Biological Warfare and for Improving Human Health." Politics and the Life Sciences 11, no. 1 (February 1992): 28–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0730938400017160.

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Peter Barss makes a compelling case both for the value of epidemiology in investigating suspected use of chemical, biological, or toxin warfare (CBTW), and for consistency in epidemiologic procedures. Since John Snow in the nineteenth century, “armed only with [his] five senses and [his] notebook,” carried out his pioneering epidemiologic investigations to determine the source of the cholera epidemic then raging in London, the value of epidemiology for analyzing incidents of unexpected illness or death, in whatever context they occur, has been demonstrated many times over. Despite this, as Barss convincingly shows, the routine practice of field epidemiology is still often not fully or properly utilized in investigating alleged CBTW.

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Enanoria, Wayne T. A., Adam W. Crawley, Jennifer C. Hunter, Jeannie Balido, and Tomas J. Aragon. "The Epidemiology and Surveillance Workforce among Local Health Departments in California: Mutual Aid and Surge Capacity for Routine and Emergency Infectious Disease Situations." Public Health Reports 129, no. 6_suppl4 (November 2014): 114–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00333549141296s415.

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Objective. Public health surveillance and epidemiologic investigations are critical public health functions for identifying threats to the health of a community. We conducted a survey of local health departments (LHDs) in California to describe the workforce that supports public health surveillance and epidemiologic functions during routine and emergency infectious disease situations. Methods. The target population consisted of the 61 LHDs in California. The online survey instrument was designed to collect information about the workforce involved in key epidemiologic functions. We also examined how the public health workforce increases its epidemiologic capacity during infectious disease emergencies. Results. Of 61 LHDs in California, 31 (51%) completed the survey. A wide range of job classifications contribute to epidemiologic functions routinely, and LHDs rely on both internal and external sources of epidemiologic surge capacity during infectious disease emergencies. This study found that while 17 (55%) LHDs reported having a mutual aid agreement with at least one other organization for emergency response, only nine (29%) LHDs have a mutual aid agreement specifically for epidemiology and surveillance functions. Conclusions. LHDs rely on a diverse workforce to conduct epidemiology and public health surveillance functions, emphasizing the need to identify and describe the types of staff positions that could benefit from public health surveillance and epidemiology training. While some organizations collaborate with external partners to support these functions during an emergency, many LHDs do not rely on mutual aid agreements for epidemiology and surveillance activities.

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Brennan, Lorraine, Frank B. Hu, and Qi Sun. "Metabolomics Meets Nutritional Epidemiology: Harnessing the Potential in Metabolomics Data." Metabolites 11, no. 10 (October 19, 2021): 709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo11100709.

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Traditionally, nutritional epidemiology is the study of the relationship between diet and health and disease in humans at the population level. Commonly, the exposure of interest is food intake. In recent years, nutritional epidemiology has moved from a “black box” approach to a systems approach where genomics, metabolomics and proteomics are providing novel insights into the interplay between diet and health. In this context, metabolomics is emerging as a key tool in nutritional epidemiology. The present review explores the use of metabolomics in nutritional epidemiology. In particular, it examines the role that food-intake biomarkers play in addressing the limitations of self-reported dietary intake data and the potential of using metabolite measurements in assessing the impact of diet on metabolic pathways and physiological processes. However, for full realisation of the potential of metabolomics in nutritional epidemiology, key challenges such as robust biomarker validation and novel methods for new metabolite identification need to be addressed. The synergy between traditional epidemiologic approaches and metabolomics will facilitate the translation of nutritional epidemiologic evidence to effective precision nutrition.

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Weiss, Joli R., Kirsten B. Moysich, and Helen Swede. "Epidemiology of Male Breast Cancer." Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.20.14.1.

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Abstract Breast cancer in men is a rare disease, accounting for ∼1% of all breast cancer cases. Although the epidemiologic literature regarding female breast cancer is extensive, relatively little is known about the etiology of male breast cancer (MBC). This review is intended to summarize the existing body of evidence on genetic and epidemiologic risk factors for breast cancer in men. Overall, the epidemiology of MBC presents similarities with the epidemiology of female breast cancer. Major genetic factors associated with an increased risk of breast cancer for men include BRCA2 mutations, which are believed to account for the majority of inherited breast cancer in men, Klinefelter syndrome, and a positive family history. Suspected genetic factors include AR gene mutations, CYP17 polymorphism, Cowden syndrome, and CHEK2. Epidemiologic risk factors for MBC include disorders relating to hormonal imbalances, such as obesity, testicular disorders (e.g., cryptorchidism, mumps orchitis, and orchiectomy), and radiation exposure. Suspected epidemiologic risk factors include prostate cancer,prostate cancer treatment, gynecomastia, occupational exposures (e.g., electromagnetic fields, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and high temperatures), dietary factors (e.g., meat intake and fruit and vegetable consumption), and alcohol intake.

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Williams, Brent A. "Constructing Epidemiologic Cohorts from Electronic Health Record Data." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 24 (December 14, 2021): 13193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413193.

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In the United States, electronic health records (EHR) are increasingly being incorporated into healthcare organizations to document patient health and services rendered. EHRs serve as a vast repository of demographic, diagnostic, procedural, therapeutic, and laboratory test data generated during the routine provision of health care. The appeal of using EHR data for epidemiologic research is clear: EHRs generate large datasets on real-world patient populations in an easily retrievable form permitting the cost-efficient execution of epidemiologic studies on a wide array of topics. Constructing epidemiologic cohorts from EHR data involves as a defining feature the development of data machinery, which transforms raw EHR data into an epidemiologic dataset from which appropriate inference can be drawn. Though data machinery includes many features, the current report focuses on three aspects of machinery development of high salience to EHR-based epidemiology: (1) selecting study participants; (2) defining “baseline” and assembly of baseline characteristics; and (3) follow-up for future outcomes. For each, the defining features and unique challenges with respect to EHR-based epidemiology are discussed. An ongoing example illustrates key points. EHR-based epidemiology will become more prominent as EHR data sources continue to proliferate. Epidemiologists must continue to improve the methods of EHR-based epidemiology given the relevance of EHRs in today’s healthcare ecosystem.

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Mathema, Barun, Natalia E. Kurepina, Pablo J. Bifani, and Barry N. Kreiswirth. "Molecular Epidemiology of Tuberculosis: Current Insights." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 19, no. 4 (October 2006): 658–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00061-05.

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SUMMARY Molecular epidemiologic studies of tuberculosis (TB) have focused largely on utilizing molecular techniques to address short- and long-term epidemiologic questions, such as in outbreak investigations and in assessing the global dissemination of strains, respectively. This is done primarily by examining the extent of genetic diversity of clinical strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. When molecular methods are used in conjunction with classical epidemiology, their utility for TB control has been realized. For instance, molecular epidemiologic studies have added much-needed accuracy and precision in describing transmission dynamics, and they have facilitated investigation of previously unresolved issues, such as estimates of recent-versus-reactive disease and the extent of exogenous reinfection. In addition, there is mounting evidence to suggest that specific strains of M. tuberculosis belonging to discrete phylogenetic clusters (lineages) may differ in virulence, pathogenesis, and epidemiologic characteristics, all of which may significantly impact TB control and vaccine development strategies. Here, we review the current methods, concepts, and applications of molecular approaches used to better understand the epidemiology of TB.

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Savilov, Evgeny D., Svetlana N. Shugaeva, Nikolaj I. Briko, and Sergey I. Kolesnikov. "Risk ― A Basic Concept of Epidemiology." Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences 74, no. 1 (April 3, 2019): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15690/vramn1006.

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This article presents the analysis of current scientific understanding of the term «risk» along with theoretical justification of its use in epidemiological studies. Epidemiology commonly uses definitions such as «risk factor», «group of risk», «risk area», and «risk period». However, these definitions were useful only for specific groups or nosoligical infectious diseases. In Noninfectious Pathology the terms had been used exclusively in the applied studies. There is a lack of publications which compile theoretical basics of such fundamental term category. The authors suggest a definition of epidemiologic «risk» which can be used in the epidemiology of both infectious and noninfectious diseases. It is a probability of negative influence on illness (and/or its impact) of specific groups of general population which is defined by external and/or internal factors in specific times and territories. The authors differentiate types of risk and their evaluation measures into categories for used in applied studies of epidemiology. The relationships and the unity of the basic categories of the epidemiologic risk are discussed. The authors conclude that riskology is the main branch of epidemiology and the category of «risk» is the basic paradigm of this science.

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G.S., Vidya, and Vijaygeetha M. "Bias in Epidemiology." Indian Journal of Preventive Medicine 4, no. 2 (2016): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ijpm.2321.5917.4216.4.

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Benedicto, Andreu Segura. "Epidemics and Epidemiology." Epidemiology International Journal 6, no. 3 (2022): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/eij-16000247.

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The word Epidemiology was written for the first time in a report on the plague in Alghero in 1583. Although its etymology has it intricacy. For centuries it has been concerned with understanding and trying to control and prevent epidemics. During the cholera epidemic in London in 1848 the London Society of Epidemiology was formed. Main instrument of Public Health since then. The increase in chronic diseases-supposedly no communicable-gave way to the epidemiology of black boxes and the predominance of risk factors. And later to an enormous methodological progress increasingly complex and intricate but professionally very appealing. So few epidemiologists have experience in field control of epidemics. Thus, perhaps it is convenient to return, although partially, to the origins. Looking at the future.

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Olshan, Andrew F., Ana V. Diez Roux, Maureen Hatch, and Mark A. Klebanoff. "Epidemiology: Back to the Future." American Journal of Epidemiology 188, no. 5 (March 16, 2019): 814–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwz045.

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Abstract In 2018, the Society for Epidemiologic Research and its partner journal, the American Journal of Epidemiology, assembled a working group to develop a set of papers devoted to the “future of epidemiology.” These 14 papers covered a wide range of topic areas and perspectives, from thoughts on our profession, teaching, and methods to critical areas of substantive research. The authors of those papers considered current challenges and future opportunities for research and education. In light of past commentaries, 4 papers also include reflections on the discipline at present and in the future.

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Manterola, Carlos. "Epidemiology and Clinical Epidemiology." International Journal of Medical and Surgical Sciences 2, no. 1 (October 26, 2018): 415–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.32457/ijmss.2015.007.

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Epidemiology is a medical discipline in which the subject of study is a group of individuals who share some common feature. It is very useful to measure and quantify the level of health in populations; describe diseases; identify determinants of disease; act on the control and prevention of these; and to take action planning and evaluation health. Meanwhile, clinical epidemiology is the application of epidemiological principles and methods to problems in clinical practice; and its purpose is to promote methods of observation and interpretation that lead to valid conclusions. For the socalled father of clinical epidemiology, this is a "Science of art of medicine". Science, because it is based on knowledge, logic and previous experience that has no explanation. And art, because it is based on beliefs, judgments and intuitions without explanation. The aim of this manuscript is to summarize the differences between epidemiology and clinical epidemiology; as well as the following concepts: epidemiological object, method and epidemiological strategy.

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KELEMEN, L. E. "GI Epidemiology: nutritional epidemiology." Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 25, no. 4 (January 31, 2007): 401–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03244.x.

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Bauchet, Luc, and Quinn T. Ostrom. "Epidemiology and Molecular Epidemiology." Neurosurgery Clinics of North America 30, no. 1 (January 2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nec.2018.08.010.

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Katalinic, Alexander, Gérard Krause, Siegfried Geyer, and Susanne Moebus. "Gemeinsam forschen – gemeinsam handeln." Das Gesundheitswesen 79, no. 08/09 (August 2017): 592–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-115336.

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Im „Dictionary of Epidemiology“, herausgegeben von der International Epidemiological Association (IEA), wird Epidemiologie wie folgt definiert: „Epidemiology – The study of the occurrence and distribution of health-related events, states, and processes in specified populations, including the study of the determinants influencing such processes, and the application of this knowledge to control relevant health problems” 1.

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Hekimoğlu, Can Hüseyin. "Vaccine Epidemiology: Epidemiologic Study Designs for Vaccine Effectiveness." Turkish Bulletin of Hygiene and Experimental Biology 73, no. 2 (2016): 161–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5505/turkhijyen.2016.28482.

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A. Joseph, Aneio-Okopi, Okojokwu O. Julius, Adetunji Joshua, Onoja Annaejane, Aminu Folashade, Ikwulono Gabriel, Ebonyi O. Augustine, Ejeliogu Emeka, and Audu Onyemocho. "Detection and Diagnostic Accuracy of Rapid Urine Lipoarabinomannan Lateral-Flow Assay in Pulmonary Tuberculosis patients in Nigeria." Trends Journal of Sciences Research 3, no. 1 (August 5, 2018): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31586/epidemiology.0301.05.

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Křížová, Pavla. "Epidemiology." Hygiena 59, no. 2 (June 2014): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21101/hygiena.a1302.

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Pramono, Laurentius A., and Ari Fahrial Syam. "Recent Updates of Helicobacter pylori Infection: from Epidemiology Study to Guideline Issues." Indonesian Journal of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Digestive Endoscopy 15, no. 1 (April 30, 2014): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.24871/151201438-43.

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Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is still a big issue in gastroenterology field. Its relationship withgastrointestinal malignancies now is widely known and the extra-gastrointestinal manifestation of this epidemicbring new problems. Although the prevalence is decreasing in developed countries, the resistance rate of somestrains to standard therapy needs more attention and new strategies. Recent epidemiology studies revealed that H. pylori infection is a specific population disease. Many trials and meta analyses revealed new evidences and horizons in the management of this infection. This review updated and highlighted pathophysiology, clinicalaspect, and new epidemiology data on H. pylori infection which is published in the last five years.Keywords: Helicobacter pylori, update, epidemiology ABSTRAKInfeksi Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) masih merupakan permasalahan besar di bidang gastroenterologi.Hubungannya dengan keganasan saluran cerna saat ini telah dikenal secara luas dan manifestasinya di luarpencernaan pada epidemi ini membawa masalah baru. Meskipun prevalensinya menurun di negara-negara maju,namun tingkat resistensi dari beberapa terapi standar membutuhkan lebih banyak perhatian dan strategi baru.Penelitian epidemiologi baru-baru ini mengungkapkan bahwa infeksi H. pylori didapatkan pada populasi tertentu.Banyak percobaan dan metaanalisis yang mengungkapkan bukti dan wawasan baru dalam penatalaksanaannya.Ulasan ini memperbarui dan menyoroti patofisiologi, aspek klinis, dan data epidemiologi baru pada infeksi H.pylori yang telah dipublikasikan dalam lima tahun terakhir.Kata kunci: Helicobacter pylori, memperbarui, epidemiologi

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Weissman, Myrna M. "Cross-National Epidemiology of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder." CNS Spectrums 3, S1 (May 1998): 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900007136.

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Our knowledge of the prevalence and demographic and clinical characteristics of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has, until recently, been based almost exclusively on patient samples. The epidemiology of OCD was first described in a large United States household sample from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) study. Since these original observations, the rates of OCD in household populations determined from diagnostic procedures similar to those used in the United States have been published from different parts of the world. Detailed comparisons of rates, sex ratios, age at onset, and demographic and clinical characteristics of OCD in these samples are now available.This article reports on the cross-national epidemiology of OCD from seven international epidemiologic surveys, including the United States ECA study. Each survey used the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS), a highly structured interview, developed for use in epidemiologic surveys, that yields Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition (DSM-III) psychiatric diagnoses. All investigators provided the data from their study to be pooled at Columbia University, and the prevalence rates were standardized to the age and sex distribution of the five-site ECA household population so that more precise estimates and comparisons could be made.

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Anderson, G. Brooke, Elizabeth A. Barnes, Michelle L. Bell, and Francesca Dominici. "The Future of Climate Epidemiology: Opportunities for Advancing Health Research in the Context of Climate Change." American Journal of Epidemiology 188, no. 5 (March 16, 2019): 866–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwz034.

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Abstract In the coming decades, climate change is expected to dramatically affect communities worldwide, altering the patterns of many ambient exposures and disasters, including extreme temperatures, heat waves, wildfires, droughts, and floods. These exposures, in turn, can affect risks for a variety of human diseases and health outcomes. Climate epidemiology plays an important role in informing policy related to climate change and its threats to public health. Climate epidemiology leverages deep, integrated collaborations between epidemiologists and climate scientists to understand the current and potential future impacts of climate-related exposures on human health. A variety of recent and ongoing developments in climate science are creating new avenues for epidemiologic contributions. Here, we discuss the contributions of climate epidemiology and describe some key current research directions, including research to better characterize uncertainty in climate health projections. We end by outlining 3 developing areas of climate science that are creating opportunities for high-impact epidemiologic advances in the near future: 1) climate attribution studies, 2) subseasonal to seasonal forecasts, and 3) decadal predictions.

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Hopper, J. L. "The Epidemiology of Genetic Epidemiology." Acta geneticae medicae et gemellologiae: twin research 41, no. 4 (October 1992): 261–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001566000002129.

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AbstractFamilial aggregation for disease is important; strong familial risk factors must exist even if the increased risk to a relative of an affected individual is modest. It is in practice difficult, however, to conduct studies in genetic epidemiology which conform to strict epidemiological principles. For twin studies there are two major questions: Are twins ‘no different’ from the population on which inference is to be made? Are study twins ‘no different’ to twins in the population? The importance of each question of bias depends on the scientific question, the trait(s) studied, and sampling issues. The strength of the twin design is its ability to refute the null hypothesis that genetic factors do not explain variation in a trait. Following the Popperian paradigm, alternate hypotheses should be considered in depth (both theoretically and empirically), with a design and sample size sufficient to exclude not just naive explanations. More sophisticated statistical techniques are now being applied, so the philosophy, assumptions, and limitations of statistical modelling must be appreciated. The concept of ‘heritability’ has, in the past, been misunderstood and misused. New advances in DNA technology promise to revolutionise epidemiological thinking, and so case-control-pedigree designs may well become standard tools. The strengths and limitations of studies based on related individuals as the sampling unit are discussed.

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Chakravarti, Aravinda, and John J. Mulvihill. "Genetic Epidemiology and genetic Epidemiology." Genetic Epidemiology 9, no. 1 (1992): i—ii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gepi.1370090102.

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Vikramaditya, T. "Epidemiology of Domestic Accidents." Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 13, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 342–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ijfmp.0974.3383.13220.16.

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Trinquart, L., A. Dechartres, and P. Ravaud. "Commentary: Meta-epidemiology, meta-meta-epidemiology or network meta-epidemiology?" International Journal of Epidemiology 42, no. 4 (July 25, 2013): 1131–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyt137.

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Philippe, Pierre, R. E. Laporte, and F. Sauer. "Epidemiologic and public health initiatives in telecommunication." Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia 2, no. 1-2 (August 1999): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-790x1999000100007.

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Epidemiologic knowledge must be available widely in order to insure public health for all worldwide. The objective of this paper is to account for what has been done in epidemiologic telecommunication during the previous four years at the University of Montreal, and to discuss the future of telecommunication for public-health enhancement. The first step taken has been to set up a mailing list in methodological epidemiology. The second step has been the launching of a virtual seminar in theoretical epidemiology. It is advocated that virtuality is mandatory to disseminate public health information, but that several crucial issues must be solved before the objective can be reached, among them the cultural, political and ethical issues of the endeavor. This paper includes a critical appraisal of the consequences for under-developed countries of the worldwide telecommunication expansion in the field of public health.

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Mandel, Jack S., and John R. Goldsmith. "Environmental Epidemiology: Epidemiologic Investigation of Community Environmental Health Problems." Journal of Public Health Policy 9, no. 3 (1988): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3342647.

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Diepgen, Thomas L. "Epidemiologie von chronischen Lichtschaden. Epidemiology of chronic UV-damage." Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft 3, s2 (September 2005): S32—S35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1610-0387.2005.04396.x.

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Diez Roux, Ana V. "Social Epidemiology: Past, Present, and Future." Annual Review of Public Health 43, no. 1 (April 5, 2022): 79–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-060220-042648.

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In a context where epidemiologic research has been heavily influenced by a biomedical and individualistic approach, the naming of “social epidemiology” allowed explicit emphasis on the social production of disease as a powerful explanatory paradigm and as critically important for interventions to improve population health. This review briefly highlights key substantive areas of focus in social epidemiology over the past 30 years, reflects on major advances and insights, and identifies challenges and possible future directions. Future opportunities for social epidemiology include grounding research in theoretically based and systemic conceptual models of the fundamental social drivers of health; implementing a scientifically rigorous yet realistic approach to drawing conclusions about social causes; using complementary methods to generate valid explanations and identify effective actions; leveraging the power of harmonization, replication, and big data; extending interdisciplinarity and diversity; advancing emerging critical approaches to understanding the health impacts of systemic racism and its policy implications; going global; and embracing a broad approach to generating socially useful research.

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Porta, Miquel S., and Abraham G. Hartzema. "The Contribution of Epidemiology to the Study of Drugs." Drug Intelligence & Clinical Pharmacy 21, no. 9 (September 1987): 741–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002808702100916.

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Epidemiology is concerned with the distribution of disease and health in human populations. Drugs are one of the factors that influence such a distribution. Pharmacoepidemiology can be defined as the application of epidemiologic knowledge, methods, and reasoning to the study of the effects (beneficial and adverse) and uses of drugs in human populations. Pharmacoepidemiology aims to describe, explain, control, and predict the effects and uses of pharmacologic treatment modalities in a defined time, space, and population. The present article is an introduction to the contributions of epidemiology to the study of drugs.

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Brachman, P. S., and S. I. Music. "Epidemiology training and public health practice." Epidemiology and Infection 102, no. 2 (April 1989): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800029861.

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There is a significant role for the practice of epidemiology throughout the world if health professionals are to work effectively towards ‘Health for All’. The status quo leaves a great deal to be desired, as evidenced by recent signals from the premier international health agency, the World Health Organization (WHO). The forty-first World Health Assembly meeting in Geneva, Switzerland, in May 1988 approved a resolution stressing ‘the importance of epidemiology as a tool for the formulation of rational health policy’ (PAHO, 1988). In addition to its key role ‘in studying the causes and means of prevention of disease’, the Assembly noted epidemiology's valuable inputs in ‘health systems research, information support, technology assessment, and the management and evaluation of health service’.

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Tibblin, GÖSta. "Epidemiology." Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 20, sup109 (January 1985): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00365528509103931.

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BAIN, CHRIS. "Epidemiology." Medical Journal of Australia 147, no. 7 (October 1987): 356. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1987.tb133524.x.

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Bjertness, Espen. "Genetic epidemiology / Genetisk epidemiologi." Norsk Epidemiologi 2, no. 3 (October 9, 2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.5324/nje.v2i3.178.

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Morrison, Christopher N., Christina F. Mair, Lisa Bates, Dustin T. Duncan, Charles C. Branas, Brady R. Bushover, Christina A. Mehranbod, et al. "Defining Spatial Epidemiology: A Systematic Review and Re-Orientation." Epidemiology, March 22, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ede.0000000000001738.

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Background. Spatial epidemiology has emerged as an important subfield of epidemiology over the past quarter century. We trace the origins of spatial epidemiology and note that its emergence coincided with technological developments in spatial statistics and geography. We hypothesize that spatial epidemiology makes important contributions to descriptive epidemiology and analytic risk factor studies, but is not yet aligned with epidemiology’s current focus on causal inference and intervention. Methods. We conducted a systematic review of studies indexed in PubMed that used the term “spatial epidemiolog*” in the title, abstract, or keywords. Excluded papers were not written in English, examined disease in animals, or reported biologic pathogen distribution only. We coded the included papers into five categories (review, demonstration of method, descriptive, analytic, intervention) and recorded the unit of analysis (i.e., individual vs. ecological). We additionally examined papers coded as analytic ecologic studies using scales for lexical content. Results. A total of 482 papers met the inclusion criteria, including 76 reviews, 117 demonstrations of methods, 122 descriptive studies, 167 analytic studies, and 0 intervention studies. Demonstration studies were most common from 2006 to 2014, and analytic studies were most common after 2015. Among the analytic ecologic studies, those published in later years used more terms relevant to spatial statistics (IRR =1.3, 95%CI: 1.1, 1.5) and causal inference (IRR =1.1, 95%CI: 1.1, 1.2). Conclusions. Spatial epidemiology is an important and growing subfield of epidemiology. We suggest a re-orientation to help align its practice with the goals of contemporary epidemiology.

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Stone, Kahler W., Bonnie F. Morehead, Ibraheem Karaye, Carol M. Davis, and Jennifer A. Horney. "Evaluating the Effectiveness of a Full-Scale Exercise of Epidemiologic Capacity for Bioterrorism Response." Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management 15, no. 4 (June 30, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jhsem-2017-0061.

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Abstract Introduction In May 2016, the Texas Department of State Health Services Public Health Region 7, in partnership with the local health departments in their region, designed and conducted a full-scale exercise (FSE) with a real-time epidemiologic phase leading to full-scale medical countermeasures distribution. Methods The exercise was designed to be a plausible scenario with a biologic agent that occurs naturally in Texas, Bacillus anthracis, and align with the Homeland Security Exercise and Evaluation Program (HSEEP) recommendations. After Action Reports (AAR) were reviewed and key informant interviews were conducted and content analyzed for themes through inductive coding. Results Themes identified include: benefits to exercising epidemiology’s role in public health preparedness; identification of gaps in real-time communication between public health and epidemiology; need to incorporate epidemiology into future exercises; importance of exercising realistic epidemiology scenarios in real-time; and identification of strengths and weakness in exercise coordination and logistics. Conclusion There is value in exercising epidemiology capabilities in real-time and in an operational full-scale context. Fully incorporating epidemiology into public health emergency preparedness exercises is one way to strengthen the relationship between these two disciplines and ensure well-coordinated rapid responses to public health threats.

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Savitz, David A. "Enhancing Epidemiology’s Impact on Policy: Mediation by Expert Committees." American Journal of Epidemiology, March 31, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwad078.

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Abstract Epidemiologic evidence is often a key source of information used by expert committees to guide policy decisions, yet epidemiologists rarely consider this audience for their research. To better understand the pipeline from epidemiology research to expert committee assessment to policy, several reports from the National Academy of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) were reviewed and discussed with staff and committee members. The topics of these consensus committee assessments included health behaviors, medical care, and military exposures. The focus was often on emerging issues of immediate concern with little relevant research available but a need for prompt action. Committees generally sought a comprehensive assessment of potential health effects of a given product or exposure, which often included social and behavioral health outcomes rarely addressed by epidemiologists. To enhance epidemiology’s contribution to societal decisions, the choice of research topics should expand to consider emerging societal concerns. Research funding agencies need be engaged as mediators between committee needs and the research community to stimulate contributory research. Improved communication of research needs to the epidemiology community would be beneficial to researchers aspiring to have impact and to those who use epidemiologic information to help guide policy decisions.

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Avelino-silva, Vivian, Lydia Zablotska, and Jeffrey Martin. "591The “Big 6”: A purpose-based framework for motivating and teaching epidemiologic methods." International Journal of Epidemiology 50, Supplement_1 (September 1, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyab168.045.

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Abstract Focus of Presentation Many beginning students in health-related fields do not understand the types of questions that epidemiology can address. This results in underappreciation of the relevance of epidemiology. Even students dedicated to learning epidemiology and/or medicine have difficulty identifying the common features of disparate research questions and hence are limited in their ability to critique research. The reasons for these limitations are multifold, but we believe that traditional approaches of teaching epidemiology □ by study design □ is a substantial contributor. To better promote and deepen understanding of epidemiology, we have developed a purpose-based teaching approach called the “Big 6”. Findings In courses aimed towards graduate students in epidemiology and medical students, we now introduce what epidemiologic research can do and how to perform it according to the general purpose/goal/objective of research. We focus on six of the most common purposes/goals/objectives - the “Big 6”. Conclusions Introducing epidemiology according to general purposes of research (the “Big 6”) gives students a framework to understand the relevance of epidemiology and rapidly critique the validity of epidemiologic research. Key messages A purpose-based approach to teaching epidemiology may be more engaging and promote better understanding and application of epidemiologic methods.

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Banack, Hailey R., Catherine R. Lesko, Brian C. Whitcomb, and Lindsay C. Kobayashi. "Teaching Epidemiology Online (Pandemic Edition)." American Journal of Epidemiology, December 23, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwaa285.

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Abstract In response to the threat posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, many universities are encouraging or requiring online instruction. Teaching an epidemiology course online is different in many respects than teaching in person. In this article, we review specific approaches and strategies related to teaching epidemiology online during the pandemic and beyond, including a discussion of options for course format, grading and assessment approaches, pandemic-related contingencies, and the use of technology. Throughout this manuscript we present practical, epidemiology-specific teaching examples. The pandemic has served to heighten our awareness of concerns related to student health and safety as well as issues of accessibility, equity, and inclusion. Moreover, we also examine: 1) how the lessons learned about the practice of epidemiology during the pandemic can be integrated into the didactic content of epidemiology training programs and 2) whether epidemiologic pedagogy and teaching strategies should change in the long term, beyond the COVID-19 pandemic. Our goal is to present a practical overview connecting pandemic-era online teaching with thoughts about the future of epidemiologic instruction.

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Arndt, Stephan, and Carolyn Turvey. "Epidemiology of Mental Disorders." DeckerMed Psychiatry, June 23, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2310/psych.13004.

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This review describes the contribution of psychiatric epidemiology to our understanding of the distribution and determinants of psychiatric disorders. First, it describes basic concepts within epidemiology, such as prevalence, incidence, case definition, bias, and confounding, and their specific meaning within psychiatric research. The two basic study designs in epidemiology, cohort and case-control, are then reviewed. This discussion includes a tutorial on how to calculate key measures of association: risk ratio and odds ratio. Major community-based studies in psychiatric epidemiology are then reviewed, focusing on the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study, the National Comorbidity Study and the National Comorbidity Study Replication, the National Survey of American Life, the National Latino and Asian American Study of Mental Health, and the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. The review concludes with a discussion of pharmacoepidemiology and how it is critical to our understanding of the full impact of psychiatric medications postmarketing. In the future, epidemiology will be revolutionized with “big data” collection in both institutional and community settings. Nonetheless, the basic concepts presented in this review will continue to be relevant and critical to drawing sound, evidence-based conclusions about the true nature, correlates, and causes of psychiatric disorders. This review contains 6 tables, and 63 references. Key words: case-control study, cohort study, community-based studies, measures of association, pharmacoepidemiology, psychiatric epidemiology

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Bjertness, Espen. "Epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases / Hjerte-kar epidemiologi." Norsk Epidemiologi 3, no. 2 (October 9, 2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.5324/nje.v3i2.181.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Epidemiology'

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