Academic literature on the topic 'Epidemiology;Pertussis;Vaccine effectiveness'
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Journal articles on the topic "Epidemiology;Pertussis;Vaccine effectiveness"
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OKADA, K., Y. OHASHI, F. MATSUO, S. UNO, M. SOH, and S. NISHIMA. "Effectiveness of an acellular pertussis vaccine in Japanese children during a non-epidemic period: a matched case-control study." Epidemiology and Infection 137, no. 1 (May 12, 2008): 124–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268808000708.
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SUMMARYThe number of pertussis cases in Japan has decreased dramatically following the nationwide use of an acellular pertussis vaccine combined with diphtheria-tetanus toxoids (DTaP vaccines) which began in 1981. However, the effectiveness of the DTaP vaccine has not been systematically evaluated using appropriate epidemiological methods during a non-epidemic period in Japan. We evaluated the vaccine effectiveness (VE) of the Kaketsuken DTaP vaccine which contains two-component pertussis antigens in Japanese children from 1999 to 2001 using a matched case-control design and data from the Basic Resident Registration and Maternal and Child Health Handbooks. The DTaP vaccination history of 15 children with pertussis and 59 controls was obtained. The VE of 3 or 4 pertussis vaccinations compared with non-vaccination (baseline) was 96·9% for coughing attacks that lasted ⩾7 days, 96·4% for those lasting ⩾14 days, and 95·9% for those lasting ⩾21 days. These findings suggest that DTaP vaccination effectively prevented pertussis during a non-epidemic period in Japan.
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Muller, A. S., J. Leeuwenburg, and David S. Pratt. "Epidemiology and Control of Pertussis." Tropical Doctor 17, no. 4 (October 1987): 182–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004947558701700411.
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An estimated 60 million children suffer from whooping cough annually, causing half a million deaths. The gradual decline in incidence rates observed in Europe and North America even before the introduction of pertussis immunization is not likely to occur within the near future in developing countries short of widespread immunization efforts. The present pertussis vaccine is effective, and serious adverse effects are rare in comparison with the consequences of the disease itself. A new, acel-lular vaccine is under trial and holds promise for the future. Epidemiological studies and surveillance for pertussis activity are hampered by the fact that the clinical diagnosis is difficult to make under field conditions. New serological techniques may bring improvement in this respect. Immunization does not play a significant role in outbreak control. Outbreak investigations are, however, extremely valuable for assessment of the effectiveness of immunization programmes; they provide valuable information, not easily obtained by other means, on age-specific attack rates and vaccine efficacy if the immunization status of the population is known.
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Riolo, Maria A., and Pejman Rohani. "Combating pertussis resurgence: One booster vaccination schedule does not fit all." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 5 (January 20, 2015): E472—E477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1415573112.
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Pertussis has reemerged as a major public health concern in many countries where it was once considered well controlled. Although the mechanisms responsible for continued pertussis circulation and resurgence remain elusive and contentious, many countries have nevertheless recommended booster vaccinations, the timing and number of which vary widely. Here, using a stochastic, age-stratified transmission model, we searched for cost-effective booster vaccination strategies using a genetic algorithm. We did so assuming four hypothesized mechanisms underpinning contemporary pertussis epidemiology: (I) insufficient coverage, (II) frequent primary vaccine failure, (III) waning of vaccine-derived protection, and (IV) vaccine “leakiness.” For scenarios I–IV, successful booster strategies were identified and varied considerably by mechanism. Especially notable is the inability of booster schedules to alleviate resurgence when vaccines are leaky. Critically, our findings argue that the ultimate effectiveness of vaccine booster schedules will likely depend on correctly pinpointing the causes of resurgence, with misdiagnosis of the problem epidemiologically ineffective and economically costly.
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O’Leary, Sean T., Yvonne A. Maldonado, and David W. Kimberlin. "Update from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices." Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society 9, no. 1 (February 4, 2020): 3–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piaa008.
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Abstract The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), a group of medical and public health experts, meets 3 times per year to develop recommendations for vaccine use in the United States. There are usually 15 voting members; members’ terms are for 4 years. ACIP members and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention staff discuss the epidemiology of vaccine-preventable diseases and vaccine research, effectiveness, safety data, and results from clinical trials. Representatives from the American Academy of Pediatrics (Y. A. M., D. W. K.) and the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society (S. T. O.) are present as liaisons to the ACIP. The ACIP met on 23–24 October 2019 to discuss pertussis vaccines, the child/adolescent and adult immunization schedule, influenza vaccine effectiveness and safety, Ebola vaccine, orthopoxvirus vaccines, Dengue vaccine, rabies vaccine, measles, and vaccine safety update.
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Luna, Carlos M. "Impact of vaccination on the epidemiology and prognosis of pneumonia." Revista Española de Quimioterapia 35, Suppl1 (April 22, 2022): 104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.37201/req/s01.22.2022.
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Adults with lung diseases, comorbidities, smokers, and elderly are at risk of lung infections and their consequences. Community-acquired pneumonia happen in more than 1% of people each year. Possible pathogens of community-acquired pneumonia include viruses, pneumococcus and atypicals. The CDC recommend vaccination throughout life to provide immunity, but vaccination rates in adults are poor. Tetravalent and trivalent influenza vaccine is designed annually during the previous summer for the next season. The available vaccines include inactivated, adjuvant, double dose, and attenuated vaccines. Their efficacy depends on the variant of viruses effectively responsible for the outbreak each year, and other reasons. Regarding the pneumococcal vaccine, there coexist the old polysaccharide 23-valent vaccine with the new conjugate 10-valent and 13-valent conjugate vaccines. Conjugate vaccines demonstrate their usefulness to reduce the incidence of pneumococcal pneumonia due to the serotypes present in the vaccine. Whooping cough is still present, with high morbidity and mortality rates in young infants. Adult’s pertussis vaccine is available, it could contribute to the control of whooping cough in the most susceptible, but it is not present yet in the calendar of adults around the world. About 10 vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 have been developed in a short time, requiring emergency use authorization. A high rate of vaccination was observed in most of the countries. Booster doses became frequent after the loss of effectiveness against new variants. The future of this vaccine is yet to be written.
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Pal, Moneeta, Felicity Goodyear-Smith, and Daniel Exeter. "Systematic review of pertussis immunisation among Asians." International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare 9, no. 2 (June 6, 2016): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhrh-02-2016-0002.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of the literature on pertussis immunisations among the Asian population. Design/methodology/approach – A systematic review was carried out using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The review performed searches using the keywords: immun*, vaccine* AND whooping cough or Bordetella pertussis OR B pertussis AND Asia*. The search was conducted on four electronic databases, namely, Medline, CINAHL, Embase and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Findings – In total, 13 studies of relevance were included in the review after screening 206 articles. The studies were categorised into three literature sections which were: epidemiology of pertussis, vaccine effectiveness studies in Asia and strategies aimed to increase uptake of immunisations against pertussis. Research limitations/implications – Due to financial constraints, the authors only had access to articles published in the English language and full text articles which may limit the generalisability of the review. Originality/value – The review is useful in providing insight into the general trends of pertussis immunisations among Asians and in aiding future research in this area.
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Tam, Pui-Ying Iroh, Paul Visintainer, and Donna Fisher. "Response to an Education Program for Parents About Adult Pertussis Vaccination." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 30, no. 6 (June 2009): 589–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/597510.
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We designed a prospective study to evaluate the effectiveness of an educational intervention designed to increase awareness and knowledge of pertussis among parents and grandparents of newborns. We also evaluated its effect on their willingness to receive the tetanus toxoid-diphtheria toxoid-acellular pertussis vaccine. There was a statistically significant (P < .05) increase in participants' knowledge about pertussis and in their willingness to receive vaccination after our education program. However, follow-up several months after participants underwent the intervention revealed that only 12 (8%) of 150 participants had been vaccinated.
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Medkova, A. Yu, A. A. Lidzhiyeva, E. G. Semin, L. N. Sinyashina, R. A. Syundyukova, N. A. Snegireva, I. N. Chernyshova, et al. "Immunogenicity of the drug "Live intranasal vaccine for the prevention of pertussis" (GamLPV) with a single use in healthy volunteers." Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology 98, no. 6 (January 10, 2022): 706–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-194.
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Introduction. A significant increase in the incidence of pertussis in the world, including among adolescents and adults, the prevalence of mild forms of the disease and asymptomatic carrier of bacteria B. pertussis, and the resulting need for mass revaccination of different age groups determine the demand for new vaccines against B. pertussis. In N.F. Gamaleya Federal Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, a live intranasal pertussis vaccine for the prevention of pertussis (GamLPV) has been developed. The GamLPV vaccine underwent preclinical studies that proved its safety and effectiveness in experiments on small laboratory animals and nonhuman monkeys. Safety of vaccine is shown in clinical studies on healthy volunteers.The aim of the study is to assess the immunogenicity of different doses of the drug GamLPV when first used in healthy volunteers.Materials and methods. The study was conducted as randomized placebo-controlled, blind trial with consistent volunteer inclusion and dose escalation. Study ID in clinicaltrials.gov database: NCT03137927 (A Phase I Clinical Study of a GamLPV, a Live Intranasal Bordetella Pertussis Vaccine). The following parameters of humoral and cellular immune responses were assessed in dynamics: levels of specific IgM, IgG and IgA antibodies in blood serum of volunteers and the number of cytokines interleukin-17, tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ produced after specific induction in vitro of blood mononuclears of vaccinated volunteers. Dynamics of attenuated bacteria persistence in nasopharynx of vaccinated volunteers was evaluated.Results. Intranasal vaccination of volunteers with the drug Gam LPV resulted in the formation of a specific humoral (IgG and IgA) and cellular immune response. The dose-dependent nature of immunoglobulin and cytokine production was shown. Attenuated bacteria persisted for a long time in the nose/oropharynx of vaccinated volunteers.Discussion. Good tolerability of all tested doses of the drug justifies the choice for further investigation of a vaccine dose equal to 4 × 109 CFU. At the next stage, the safety and immunogenicity of two-time vaccination of volunteers will be studied.
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Pesco, P., P. Bergero, G. Fabricius, and D. Hozbor. "Modelling the effect of changes in vaccine effectiveness and transmission contact rates on pertussis epidemiology." Epidemics 7 (June 2014): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epidem.2014.04.001.
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Goudsmit, Jaap, Anita Huiberdina Johanna van den Biggelaar, Wouter Koudstaal, Albert Hofman, Wayne Chester Koff, Theodore Schenkelberg, Galit Alter, Michael Joseph Mina, and Julia Wei Wu. "Immune age and biological age as determinants of vaccine responsiveness among elderly populations: the Human Immunomics Initiative research program." European Journal of Epidemiology 36, no. 7 (June 12, 2021): 753–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10654-021-00767-z.
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AbstractThe Human Immunomics Initiative (HII), a joint project between the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and the Human Vaccines Project (HVP), focuses on studying immunity and the predictability of immuneresponsiveness to vaccines in aging populations. This paper describes the hypotheses and methodological approaches of this new collaborative initiative. Central to our thinking is the idea that predictors of age-related non-communicable diseases are the same as predictors for infectious diseases like COVID-19 and influenza. Fundamental to our approach is to differentiate between chronological, biological and immune age, and to use existing large-scale population cohorts. The latter provide well-typed phenotypic data on individuals’ health status over time, readouts of routine clinical biochemical biomarkers to determine biological age, and bio-banked plasma samples to deep phenotype humoral immune responses as biomarkers of immune age. The first phase of the program involves 1. the exploration of biological age, humoral biomarkers of immune age, and genetics in a large multigenerational cohort, and 2. the subsequent development of models of immunity in relation to health status in a second, prospective cohort of an aging population. In the second phase, vaccine responses and efficacy of licensed COVID-19 vaccines in the presence and absence of influenza-, pneumococcal- and pertussis vaccines routinely offered to elderly, will be studied in older aged participants of prospective population-based cohorts in different geographical locations who will be selected for representing distinct biological and immune ages. The HII research program is aimed at relating vaccine responsiveness to biological and immune age, and identifying aging-related pathways crucial to enhance vaccine effectiveness in aging populations.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Epidemiology;Pertussis;Vaccine effectiveness"
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Torvaldsen, Siranda. "The epidemiology and prevention of pertussis in Australia." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/808.
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Pertussis (whooping cough) remains an important public health problem in Australia. Although mortality and morbidity from pertussis declined dramatically following the introduction of mass vaccination programs in 1953, the level of morbidity remains unacceptably high for a vaccine-preventable disease. Aims and methods The primary aims of this thesis were (i) to ascertain the epidemiology of pertussis in Australia between 1993 and 2000 by analysing and interpreting sources of routinely collected data on pertussis; and (ii) to examine the effectiveness of vaccination against pertussis in a number of ways. Data from three primary national sources (notifications of disease, hospitalisations for pertussis and death certificates) were used to examine the burden from pertussis in Australia over these eight years. Analyses included the age distribution of cases, temporal and geographic trends, comparisons of notification and hospitalisation data, and the impact of differences in the method of diagnosis of notified cases between years and age groups. In addition to analyses at the national level using data from the national databases, further detailed analyses were undertaken at the State level for New South Wales (NSW), the most populous Australian State. Pertussis vaccine coverage was estimated using data from the recently established Australian Childhood Immunisation Register (ACIR); these data were also used to track the transition from whole-cell to acellular pertussis vaccines. The different types of studies used to evaluate vaccine effectiveness were reviewed, and a method suitable for ongoing estimation of vaccine effectiveness in Australia was developed. This was then applied to the NSW data, to determine the effectiveness of pertussis vaccination in this State. Main findings The annual notification rate for pertussis in Australia ranged from 23–59 per 100 000 population over the eight years. Infants had the highest notification and hospitalisation rates in Australia — they accounted for 5 percent of notifications, 61 percent of hospitalisations and 100 percent of deaths. Age-specific notification and hospitalisation rates in children aged less than two years strongly suggested a protective effect of vaccination, with the greatest reduction in rate coinciding with eligibility to receive a second dose of pertussis vaccine at four months of age. Notification rates among 5–9 year olds progressively decreased in successive age cohorts, consistent with an effect of the introduction in 1994 of a pertussis vaccine booster for preschool-aged children. Although adults (persons aged 15 years or more) accounted for half the notifications, they had the lowest notification rate. The highest numbers of pertussis notifications were in 1997, when most jurisdictions experienced an epidemic. Notification and hospitalisation rates varied across the States and Territories and also across smaller geographic regions in NSW. Areas and years with high notification rates tended to also have high hospitalisation rates, suggesting that trends in notifications reflected trends in incidence. The number of infant hospitalisations in NSW between July 1993 and June 1999 exceeded the number of notifications by 32 percent, highlighting the extent of under-notification. Overall, and particularly amongst those aged more than 12 months, the majority of cases notified in NSW were based on the results of serological tests. The proportion diagnosed by culture of the organism was greatest in infants; the proportion diagnosed by serological tests increased with age. There was no evidence that the use of serology had increased since 1994 in NSW, hence changes in notification rates after this time are unlikely to be attributable to increased use of serological diagnosis. ACIR records indicated that in December 2000, 92 percent of one-year-old children had received three doses of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccine and 90 percent of two-year-olds had received four doses. Vaccine coverage varied by jurisdiction. Since 1997, there was an increased use of DTP vaccines containing acellular pertussis components with a corresponding decrease in the use of vaccines containing whole-cell components. In 2000, almost all DTP vaccines administered contained acellular pertussis components. The results of the vaccine effectiveness study showed that pertussis vaccination was highly effective at preventing pertussis in NSW children, as measured by notified cases. Vaccine effectiveness was highest (91 percent) in the youngest age group ((8–23 months) and lowest (78percent) in the oldest age group (9–13 years). The screening method has not previously been used to estimate pertussis vaccine effectiveness in Australia. Conclusions This thesis demonstrates the value of integrating varied data sources in estimating the disease burden from pertussis. The data presented here show that the disease burden is substantial in all age groups, despite high levels of vaccine coverage in infants and children. This problem of disease control does not appear to be due to lack of vaccine effectiveness, but there is evidence of waning immunity over time. The analyses presented here form a basis for the ongoing monitoring of trends in pertussis epidemiology following the replacement of whole-cell by acellular pertussis vaccines, and will assist consideration of the need for additional booster doses in adolescents and adults.
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Torvaldsen, Siranda. "The epidemiology and prevention of pertussis in Australia." University of Sydney. Paediatrics and Child Health, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/808.
Full textAbstract:
Pertussis (whooping cough) remains an important public health problem in Australia. Although mortality and morbidity from pertussis declined dramatically following the introduction of mass vaccination programs in 1953, the level of morbidity remains unacceptably high for a vaccine-preventable disease. Aims and methods The primary aims of this thesis were (i) to ascertain the epidemiology of pertussis in Australia between 1993 and 2000 by analysing and interpreting sources of routinely collected data on pertussis; and (ii) to examine the effectiveness of vaccination against pertussis in a number of ways. Data from three primary national sources (notifications of disease, hospitalisations for pertussis and death certificates) were used to examine the burden from pertussis in Australia over these eight years. Analyses included the age distribution of cases, temporal and geographic trends, comparisons of notification and hospitalisation data, and the impact of differences in the method of diagnosis of notified cases between years and age groups. In addition to analyses at the national level using data from the national databases, further detailed analyses were undertaken at the State level for New South Wales (NSW), the most populous Australian State. Pertussis vaccine coverage was estimated using data from the recently established Australian Childhood Immunisation Register (ACIR); these data were also used to track the transition from whole-cell to acellular pertussis vaccines. The different types of studies used to evaluate vaccine effectiveness were reviewed, and a method suitable for ongoing estimation of vaccine effectiveness in Australia was developed. This was then applied to the NSW data, to determine the effectiveness of pertussis vaccination in this State. Main findings The annual notification rate for pertussis in Australia ranged from 23�59 per 100 000 population over the eight years. Infants had the highest notification and hospitalisation rates in Australia � they accounted for 5percent of notifications, 61percent of hospitalisations and 100percent of deaths. Age-specific notification and hospitalisation rates in children aged less than two years strongly suggested a protective effect of vaccination, with the greatest reduction in rate coinciding with eligibility to receive a second dose of pertussis vaccine at four months of age. Notification rates among 5�9 year olds progressively decreased in successive age cohorts, consistent with an effect of the introduction in 1994 of a pertussis vaccine booster for preschool-aged children. Although adults (persons aged 15 years or more) accounted for half the notifications, they had the lowest notification rate. The highest numbers of pertussis notifications were in 1997, when most jurisdictions experienced an epidemic. Notification and hospitalisation rates varied across the States and Territories and also across smaller geographic regions in NSW. Areas and years with high notification rates tended to also have high hospitalisation rates, suggesting that trends in notifications reflected trends in incidence. The number of infant hospitalisations in NSW between July 1993 and June 1999 exceeded the number of notifications by 32percent, highlighting the extent of under-notification. Overall, and particularly amongst those aged more than 12 months, the majority of cases notified in NSW were based on the results of serological tests. The proportion diagnosed by culture of the organism was greatest in infants; the proportion diagnosed by serological tests increased with age. There was no evidence that the use of serology had increased since 1994 in NSW, hence changes in notification rates after this time are unlikely to be attributable to increased use of serological diagnosis. ACIR records indicated that in December 2000, 92percent of one-year-old children had received three doses of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccine and 90percent of two-year-olds had received four doses. Vaccine coverage varied by jurisdiction. Since 1997, there was an increased use of DTP vaccines containing acellular pertussis components with a corresponding decrease in the use of vaccines containing whole-cell components. In 2000, almost all DTP vaccines administered contained acellular pertussis components. The results of the vaccine effectiveness study showed that pertussis vaccination was highly effective at preventing pertussis in NSW children, as measured by notified cases. Vaccine effectiveness was highest (91percent) in the youngest age group (8�23 months) and lowest (78percent) in the oldest age group (9�13 years). The screening method has not previously been used to estimate pertussis vaccine effectiveness in Australia. Conclusions This thesis demonstrates the value of integrating varied data sources in estimating the disease burden from pertussis. The data presented here show that the disease burden is substantial in all age groups, despite high levels of vaccine coverage in infants and children. This problem of disease control does not appear to be due to lack of vaccine effectiveness, but there is evidence of waning immunity over time. The analyses presented here form a basis for the ongoing monitoring of trends in pertussis epidemiology following the replacement of whole-cell by acellular pertussis vaccines, and will assist consideration of the need for additional booster doses in adolescents and adults.
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Pappas, Siobhan Bridget. "The Role of Religious Vaccination Exemptions in the Ocean County, New Jersey Pertussis Outbreak." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1272.
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Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a vaccine-preventable disease that is on the rise in the United States, a trend which has been attributed to vaccination exemption. Indeed, the pertussis outbreak that occurred in February, 2012 in Ocean County, New Jersey was associated with vaccine exemption. Considering that pertussis is deadly to young children, it is important to understand why this disease rate is on the rise. The research questions were focused on whether a relationship existed between pertussis status (no, yes) and exemption status (no, yes), sex (male, female), and county type (Middlesex, Ocean, or Other), using a theoretical foundation of eco-social theory. The methodology used in the study was a retrospective case-control design. Archival data were collected on residents of Ocean County New Jersey; Middlesex County, New Jersey; and New Jersey as a whole using nonprobability purposive sampling (n = 63,000). A power analysis was conducted for sample size and chi square test of association was performed for data analysis. The results supported the hypotheses that a significant difference existed in the prevalence of pertussis between Ocean County, Middlesex County, and all other counties in New Jersey. The data showed that the odds of being afflicted with pertussis for those residents of Ocean County was greater than it was for those residents living in other counties in New Jersey, though sex was not found to be a significant variable. This study can promote social change by providing public health officials important knowledge about the nature of the outbreak, supporting public health practices designed for the population at risk. Resource allocation can be more specifically targeted to enhance disease reduction by creating programs designed to populations presenting the greatest risk of disease spread.
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Donauer, Stephanie. "Determining the Post-Licensure Effectiveness of Pentavalent Rotavirus Vaccine using Observational Study Designs." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1368026785.
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Lyons, N. A. "Foot-and-mouth disease in Kenya : epidemiology, disease impact and vaccine effectiveness on large-scale dairy farms." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2015. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/2172943/.
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Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in Kenya where serotypes A, O, SAT1 and SAT2 are frequently encountered. Despite the importance of the dairy industry and the frequent reporting of disease, the epidemiology of FMD and field-based vaccine effectiveness has been poorly described in these endemic settings. Additionally, the disease impact has been inadequately characterised, despite the importance of such information when allocating scarce resources for animal health in national disease control strategies. The objectives of this doctoral thesis were to gain field experience of FMD in endemic settings and to use appropriate outbreaks to assess the vaccine effectiveness, gather evidence to optimise the use of vaccines and inform national policy, and to estimate disease impact. Outbreaks on two large-scale dairy farms located within Nakuru County, Kenya, were investigated and detailed descriptions of the outbreaks are presented. Both farms regularly used locally produced, aqueous adjuvanted, non-NSP purified quadrivalent (A, O, SAT1, SAT2) vaccine every 4-6 months. The first attended outbreak was caused by serotype SAT2 and evidence was found of limited or no vaccine effectiveness. At the second outbreak, due to serotype O, there was evidence of increasing protection with increasing number of doses. The reasons behind the vaccine poor effectiveness are discussed and are likely to include poor match with the field strain and inappropriate schedules in youngstock. Virus neutralisation test data were made available from the vaccine manufacturer who sample animals on farms using routine prophylactic vaccination. The influence of maternally derived antibody on the response to vaccination was investigated with these data and recommendations on vaccine schedules and future research priorities are made based on the evidence presented. On the farm that had SAT2, analysis of the disease impact was performed using individual animal data. Longitudinal analysis of individual milk yields utilising generalised estimating equations and an autoregressive variance structure to account for the correlation of yields for individual animals was performed. Predictions of 305-day milk yields were made based on previous lactations in the same herd. Despite a clear herd level impact, no difference was found between recorded clinical FMD cases and non-cases. More detailed analysis revealed significant reductions among older animals in earlier stages of lactation but younger cows were able to recover sufficiently so that no overall impact was seen. The impact of clinical disease on the rate of clinical mastitis and culling was analysed utilising a historical cohort approach with survival analysis over a 12-month period after the commencement of the outbreak. Hazard ratios (HR) were generated using Cox regression accounting for nonproportional hazards by inclusion of time-varying effects. There was good evidence of an increased rate of mastitis in the first month after the onset of the outbreak (HR=2.9, 95%CI 0.97-8.9, P=0.057) although the effect on culling was less clear. The implications of these findings for policy and further research are discussed.
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Rose, Johnie II. "Simulating The Impacts Of Mass Vaccination With Live Attenuated Human Rotavirus Vaccine In A Developing Country." Cleveland, Ohio : Case Western Reserve University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1259956594.
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Thesis(Ph.D.)--Case Western Reserve University, 2010Title from PDF (viewed on 2010-01-28) Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Includes abstract Includes bibliographical references and appendices Available online via the OhioLINK ETD Center
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O'Grady, Kerry-Ann. "Pneumonia in Indigenous children in the Northern Territory, Australia, and the effectiveness of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine : 1997 - 2005." Thesis, University of Melbourne, 2008. http://purl.org/au-research/grants/nhmrc/359341.
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Westman, Mark Edward. "Epidemiology and diagnosis of feline retroviruses (FIV and FeLV) in Australia and a trial of FIV vaccine effectiveness in the field." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/15836.
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Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) remain important infections of domestic cats in Australia and overseas. This thesis begins by providing up-to-date Australian prevalence data in three cohorts of cats, comprising approximately 4,300 cats. Interestingly, the prevalence of both retroviral infections is higher in Perth, Western Australia compared to the rest of the country (Chapter 2). The diagnosis of FIV infection in FIV-vaccinated cats using fast, readily accessible, cheap point-of-care antibody kits, previously thought impossible, is reported in Chapter 3, which includes also the results of FIV testing using PCR methodology. This finding will expedite the diagnosis of FIV by veterinarians in most clinical scenarios encountered in the field, and has already contributed to changed recommendations concerning the use of the FIV vaccine (WSAVA Vaccination Guidelines, changed from ‘Not Recommended’ in 2010 to ‘Non-Core’ in 2015). Using the same cohort of cats and same antibody test kits, it was discovered that FIV infection can also be reliably diagnosed in FIV-vaccinated and FIV-unvaccinated cats using saliva by two of the kits tested (Chapter 4). The duration of antibody response in FIV-vaccinated cats using four commercially available FIV antibody test kits and a prospective study of client-owned kittens and cats, and the effect on point-of-care testing for FIV infection, is reported in Chapter 5. The first ever study into the effectiveness of the only currently commercially available FIV vaccine in the field is reported in Chapter 6. The effectiveness (protective rate) of the vaccine was determined to be 56%, and five confirmed vaccine ‘breakthroughs’ are discussed, these being the first vaccine breakthroughs observed in the field. This finding has stimulated renewed discussion about the effectiveness of the FIV vaccine (e.g. meeting of Key Opinion Leaders organised by Boehringer Ingelheim, The Shangri-La Hotel, Sydney, 24th June, 2016) and will likely lead to further studies in other countries using similar methodology. Diagnosis of FeLV infection was investigated using both blood and saliva as diagnostic specimens with the same three commercially available kits tested in Chapters 3 and 4 (kits were FIV/FeLV combination kits) and also an in-house real-time PCR assay, with one kit found to produce substantially more false-positive results using blood than the other two kits (Chapter 7). The combined outcomes of Chapters 3, 4 and 7 will provide guidance for Australian veterinarians on the most accurate FIV/FeLV test kits to use in practice, as well as introduce the concept to shelters and rescue organisations who currently routinely screen for FIV/FeLV that testing using saliva is a viable and less stressful alternative to testing using blood. Finally, an in-depth study of possible outcomes following FeLV exposure for the client-owned cats recruited for Chapter 6 and two cohorts of group-housed cats sampled from two different rescue facilities experiencing recent FeLV outbreaks is reported, leading to recommendations regarding FeLV testing and vaccination (Chapter 8).
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Rondy, Marc. "Efficacité post autorisation de mise sur le marché de la vaccination antigrippale saisonnière contre l’hospitalisation avec une grippe confirmée virologiquement chez l’adulte en Europe." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0684/document.
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Notre objectif était de mesurer chez les adultes en Europe l’efficacité des vaccins (EV) anti-grippaux saisonniers contre l’hospitalisation avec une grippe confirmée en laboratoire. Nous avons coordonné une étude cas-témoins multicentrique dans 29 hôpitaux de 12 pays entre 2011 et 2017. Nous avons fait une analyse des données groupées lors de chaque saison grippale. Entre 2011-12 et 2016-17, nous avons recruté 3436 cas de grippe et 5969 témoins. L’EV tous virus confondus était de 26% ; elle était de 40% chez les 18-64 ans, 25% chez les 65-79 ans et 23% chez les 80 ans et plus. Par saison, l’EV variait entre 15% en 2016-17 et 44% en 2013-14. L’EV était particulièrement basse chez les seniors lors des saisons grippales dominées par le sous-type de grippe A(H3N2), atteignant 10% en 2011-12 et 2016-17 chez les personnes âgées de 80 ans et plus. Nos résultats suggèrent une EV faible à modérée contre la grippe hospitalisée chez l’adulte. Le renforcement et l’évaluation de modes de prévention complémentaires, tels que l’usage prophylactique d’antiviraux, la vaccination du personnel soignant et les approches non-pharmaceutiques (masque, hygiène des mains) devraient être une prioritéOur objective was to measure seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness (IVE) against hospitalisation with laboratory-confirmed influenza in Europe among adults. Between 2011 and 2017, we coordinated a multicenter case-control study in 29 hospitals in 12 countries. We pooled and analysed the data after every season. Between 2011-12 and 2016-17, we recruited 3436 influenza cases and 5969 controls. Pooled across seasons, IVE against any influenza was 26%; 40% patients aged 18-64 yeas, 25% among those aged 65-79 years, and 23% among those aged ≥80 years. Season specific IVE ranged between 15% in 2016-17 and 44% in 2013-14. IVE was particularly low among elderly in seasons dominated by the A(H3N2) viruses; it was 10% in 2011-12 and 2016-17 in people aged ≥80 years. Our results suggest a low to moderate IVE against influenza hospitalisation in adults. Evaluating complementary prevention options, such as prophylactic antiviral use, vaccination of health care workers and non-pharmaceutical interventions should be a priority
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Fernandes, Eder Gatti. "Avaliação de custo-efetividade da introdução da vacina tríplice acelular do adulto (dTpa) no calendário de imunizações de adultos do Programa Nacional de Imunizações no Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5137/tde-08052018-120838/.
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INTRODUÇÃO: Uma epidemia de coqueluche ocorreu no Brasil, de 2011 a 2014. Isto levou à introdução da vacina tríplice acelular de adultos (dTpa) no calendário público de vacinação da gestante. Existem outras estratégias de vacinação envolvendo a dTpa, que poderiam complementar o controle da doença. Os objetivos deste estudo são descrever a epidemiologia da doença e avaliar custo-efetividade da vacinação de adultos com dTpa. MÉTODOS: 1) Uma revisão de literatura foi realizada nas bases MEDLINE, Excerpta Medica, CRD e Lilacs a partir de 2000. 2) Foi desenvolvido estudo observacional incluindo dados de vacinação e os casos notificados para o sistema de vigilância no Estado de São Paulo (ESP), de 2001 a 2015. 3) Foi realizado estudo descritivo dos pacientes com idade de 20 a <40 anos atendidos em um hospital do ESP entre 2010 e 2014, destacando-se a utilização de serviços de saúde. 4) Foi desenvolvido modelo dinâmico, para comparar a estratégia de vacinação com dTpa aos 20 anos de idade com o programa atual (vacinação com dT). Dados epidemiológicos e de custos foram retirados de sistemas de informação de saúde e da literatura nacional e internacional. Foram considerados como desfecho número de casos e mortes por coqueluche e anos de vida ganho (AVG). Considerouse a perspectiva do sistema de saúde, horizonte temporal de vinte anos e custos em Reais (R$) de 2015. Os resultados foram sumarizados em razão de custo-efetividade incremental (RCEI). Análises de sensibilidade uni e multivariadas foram realizadas. RESULTADOS: 1) Foram revisadas 28 avaliações econômicas de estratégias com dTpa. A vacinação de adolescentes e de adultos foram as mais avaliadas. A correção da subnotificação, uso de modelos dinâmicos, proteção de rebanho e altas coberturas vacinas influenciaram para o bom desempenho das estratégias. 2) Houve aumento de incidência da coqueluche entre 2011 e 2014 e queda da mesma em 2015, em todas as faixas etárias no ESP. Os lactentes foram os principais acometidos, mas a proporção de casos nessa faixa etária apresentou tendência de queda ao longo dos anos. A proporção de casos com idade de 1 a < 4, 5 a = 20 anos aumentou significativamente. Houve queda não significativa na proporção dos casos com idade < 2 meses de idade. 3) Entre 36 casos estudados no hospital, 33,3% passou por consulta prévia, 25,3% por consulta de retorno e 8,33% foram hospitalizados. Hemograma e radiografia de tórax foram os exames mais realizados. Não houve complicações ou óbito. 4) A vacinação de adultos com dTpa, com cobertura vacinal de 40% e efetividade de 75%, incluindo proteção de rebanho para os menores de um ano, evitaria 19.300 casos sintomáticos e 221 óbitos em 10 anos. A RCEI seria R$28.054,38/AVG. Na análise de sensibilidade, os resultados foram mais sensíveis a variações da incidência e à retirada da proteção de rebanho. CONCLUSÃO: O comportamento cíclico da doença é a principal causa da epidemia de coqueluche entre 2011 e 2014 e queda da incidência em 2015. A vacinação de adultos com dTpa não se mostrou custo-efetiva na realidade brasileira de 2015INTRODUCTION: A pertussis outbreak occurred in Brazil from 2011 to 2014. This led to the introduction of the maternal vaccination with tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap) in the public immunization schedule. There are other vaccination strategies involving Tdap, which could complement the strategies of disease control. The objectives of this study are to describe the epidemiology of the disease and to evaluate cost-effectiveness of vaccination of adults with Tdap. METHODS: 1) A review was performed in the MEDLINE, Excerpta Medica, CRD and Lilacs databases from 2000. 2) Observational study was performed including vaccination data and the cases reported data from health surveillance datasets in the State of São Paulo from 2001 to 2015. 3) A descriptive study of patients aged 20 to < 40 years attended at a State of São Paulo hospital between 2010 and 2014 was performed, highlighting the use of health services.4) A dynamic model was developed to compare the vaccination strategy with Tdap at the age of 20 years with the current program (dT vaccination). Epidemiological and cost data were collected from health information systems and national and international studies. Number of cases and deaths by pertussis and life years saved (LYS) were considered as outcome. It was considered the health system perspective, a time horizon of 20 years and costs in 2015 Real (R$). The results were summarized by incremental costeffectiveness ration (ICER). Univariate and multivariate sensitivity analyzes were performed. RESULTS: 1) 28 economic evaluations of strategies with Tdap were reviewed. Vaccination of adolescents and adults were the most evaluated strategies. Underreporting correction, use of dynamic models, herd protection and high vaccination coverage influenced positively the performance of strategies. 2) The incidence of pertussis increased between 2011 and 2014, and its fall in 2015, among all age groups. Infants were the main affected, but the proportion of cases in this age group showed a downward trend over the years. The proportion of cases aged 1 to < 4, 5 to = 20 years increased significantly. There was a non-significant decrease in the proportion of cases aged < 2 months of age. 3) Among 36 cases studied in the hospital, 33.3% had a prior medical visit, 25.3% a return visit, and 8.33% were hospitalized. Blood count and chest X-ray were the most performed exams. There were no complications or death. 4) Vaccination of adults with Tdap, with 40% vaccine coverage and 75% effectiveness, including herd protection for children less than one year, would prevent 19,300 symptomatic cases and 221 deaths in 10 years. The ICER would be R$ 28,054.38/AVG. In the sensitivity analysis, the results were more sensitive to variations in incidence and withdrawal of herd protection. CONCLUSION: The cyclical pattern of the disease is the main cause of the pertussis epidemic between 2011 and 2014, and decreasing incidence in 2015. Adult vaccination with Tdap was not cost-effective in the 2015 Brazilian scenario
Books on the topic "Epidemiology;Pertussis;Vaccine effectiveness"
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Kokuritsu Yobō Eisei Kenkyūjo (Japan) and International Association of Biological Standardization., eds. International Symposium on Pertussis, Evaluation, and Research on Acellular Pertussis Vaccines: Proceedings of a symposium supported by the National Institute of Health, Tokyo, and the International Association of Biological Standardization : held at the Teijin Institute of Education and Training, Shizuoka, Japan, September 14-15, 1990. Basel: Karger, 1991.
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Rohani, Pejman, and Samuel Scarpino, eds. Pertussis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198811879.001.0001.
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Pertussis, or whooping cough, is a respiratory disease caused primarily by infection with the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. It remains one of the leading causes of death among vaccine-preventable diseases worldwide and recent years have seen its alarming re-emergence in many regions (including the United States and much of Europe), despite sustained high levels of vaccine coverage. The causes of the resurgence remain contentious, in part due to inherent complexities of the pathogen’s biology, in part due to pronounced variation in the treatment and prevention strategies between different countries and regions, and in part due to long-standing disagreement among scientific researchers studying pertussis. This edited volume brings together expert knowledge from disparate fields with the overall aim of synthesizing the current understanding of this critically important, global pathogen. Pertussis: Epidemiology, Immunology, and Evolution is an advanced text suitable for graduate-level students taking courses in evolutionary epidemiology, disease ecology, and evolutionary biology, as well as academics, public health officials, and researchers in these fields. It also offers a very useful introduction to a wider audience of public health practitioners, microbiologists, epidemiologists, medical professionals, and vaccine biologists
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Tiru, M., Y. Sato, and H. Sato. Pertussis: Evaluation and Research on Acellular Pertussis Vaccines : Proceedings (Developments in Biologicals). S. Karger Publishers (USA), 1991.
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Казачинская, Е. И. ВИРУС ДЕНГЕ. Академическое изд-во «Гео», 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21782/b978-5-6043022-6-2.
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The review is devoted to the analysis of literature data on the history research of dengue fever, the discovery of the etiological infectious agent of this disease-dengue virus and its serotypes. A taxonomic overview of the }lavivirus family, genome organization, structure and function of viral proteins, mosquito species-viral vectors and virus transmission cycles, theories of its origin are presented. As well as the evolution, characteristics and epidemiology of viral serotypes, cellular receptors for dengue virus penetration, pathogenicity for human and factors for the development of severe disease, induced immunity, applied methods and markers for diagnosis, principles of disease treatment and drug development (more information about monoclonal antibodies-potential therapeutic drugs), vaccine options and their effectiveness are considered. The book is intended for students, graduate students, employees of research institutions and universities, as well as doctors involved in the study of }laviviruses and the problem of differential diagnosis of flavivirus infections.
Book chapters on the topic "Epidemiology;Pertussis;Vaccine effectiveness"
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Crowcroft, Natasha, and Elizabeth Miller. "Pertussis epidemiology." In Pertussis, 66–86. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198811879.003.0004.
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Bordetella pertussis is an exclusively human pathogen found worldwide in all populations. Complications of pertussis including bronchopneumonia, failure to thrive from post-tussive vomiting, cerebral hypoxia leading to brain damage, and death are strongly concentrated in infants. The similarity in mortality profile with age between countries that are markedly different with respect to demography, health systems, socioeconomic status, and surveillance systems is striking. It is because infants are most likely to suffer serious complications of infection or die that prevention of pertussis in infants is the primary goal of immunization programmes. Of all the vaccine-preventable infections, pertussis remains the most epidemiologically challenging to understand. This is partly because of surveillance issues but also the lack of an established correlate of protection that allows susceptible and immune individuals to be distinguished. These factors are compounded by our imperfect understanding of the mechanism of protection from acellular and whole-cell vaccines, and the product-specific differences in efficacy and effectiveness. It can therefore be difficult for policymakers to be confident about the optimal number and timing of primary doses and how many and at what age booster doses should be given in their setting, as reflected in the plethora of schedules in use throughout the world. There are even greater challenges for the World Health Organization when attempting to make global policy as lessons learned in one setting may not appear to apply in others. What is clear is that high coverage early in infancy with three doses of an effective vaccine greatly reduces pertussis mortality and severe morbidity in all settings and that many infants in resource-poor settings are still deprived of that benefit.
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King, Aaron A., Matthieu Domenech de Cellès, Felicia M. G. Magpantay, and Pejman Rohani. "Pertussis immunity and the epidemiological impact of adult transmission." In Pertussis, 225–40. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198811879.003.0014.
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An understanding of the consequences of infection and vaccination on host immunity sets the stage for interpreting pertussis epidemiology. Yet, with no known serological marker of protection, such an understanding is currently not possible. This chapter interrogates longitudinal age-stratified pertussis incidence reports from Sweden and Massachusetts, United States, with the aim of quantifying the impact of infection and immunization on protective immunity. The analysis of data from Sweden during the vaccination hiatus period (1986–1996) indicates that adults contribute little to transmission. This may either be because infection-derived immunity is very long-lasting, or that individuals whose immunity has waned are subsequently less susceptible. The analysis of data from Massachusetts (1990–2005) identifies the primary mechanism of vaccine failure—for both whole-cell and acellular pertussis vaccines—to be waning. However, the average duration of immunity is identified as many decades, though the model predicts substantial individual variability in this trait. Finally, the chapter demonstrates the estimates to be consistent with those obtained from popular measures of vaccine effectiveness, though the interpretation of these findings is quite different.
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Lan, Ruiting, and Sophie Octavia. "Vaccine-driven selection and the changing molecular epidemiology of Bordetella pertussis." In Pertussis, 166–81. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198811879.003.0010.
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Pertussis remains one of the least controlled vaccine-preventable diseases despite high vaccine coverage in many countries. There are ongoing debates about the causes of its resurgence. Major changes have occurred in the Bordetella pertussis population since the introduction of vaccination. Currently circulating strains in Australia and many other developed countries are grouped in single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) cluster I (also known as ptxP3 strains). The emergence and expansion of SNP cluster I has been associated with two major genetic changes in B. pertussis: a change in its pertussis toxin promoter (to ptxP3) which leads to increased pertussis toxin production and the change of the acellular vaccine pertactin gene allele to prn2. More recently, strains that lack pertactin have emerged independently in different lineages. The resurgence of pertussis in highly vaccinated populations can be, at least in part, explained by genetic changes that increase the fitness of circulating B. pertussis strains.
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Gandon, Sylvain. "Evolutionary epidemiology theory of vaccination." In Pertussis, 133–43. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198811879.003.0008.
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The aim of vaccination is to prevent or limit the risk of pathogen infections for individual hosts but large vaccination coverage often has dramatic epidemiological consequences at the scale of the whole host population. This massive perturbation of the ecology and transmission of the pathogen can also have important evolutionary effects. In particular, vaccine-driven evolution may lead to the spread of new pathogen variants that may erode the benefits of vaccination. This chapter presents a theoretical framework for modelling the short- and long-term epidemiological and evolutionary consequences of vaccination. This framework can be used to make quantitative predictions about the speed of such evolutionary processes. This work helps identify the relevant phenotypic traits that need to be measured in specific parasite populations in order to evaluate the potential evolutionary consequences of vaccination. In particular, this may help in the debate regarding the involvement of evolution in the re-emergence of pertussis in spite of the high coverage of vaccination.
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Rohani, Pejman, and Samuel V. Scarpino. "Introduction to pertussis transmission and epidemiological dynamics." In Pertussis, 6–25. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198811879.003.0001.
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Resolving the long-term, population-level consequences of changes in pertussis epidemiology, arising from bacterial evolution, shifts in vaccine-induced immunity, or changes in surveillance, are key challenges for devising effective control strategies. This chapter reviews some of the key features of pertussis epidemiology, together with the underlying epidemiological principles that set the context for their interpretation. These include the relationship between the age distribution of cases and pertussis transmission potential, the impact of vaccine uptake on incidence, periodicity and age incidence, as well as spatially explicit recurrent pertussis epidemics and associated extinction frequency. This review highlights some of the predictable and consistent aspects of pertussis epidemiology (e.g. the systematic increase in the inter-epidemic period with the introduction of whole-cell vaccines) and a number of important heterogeneities, including variations in contemporary patterns of incidence and geographic spread.
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Baxter, Roger, Joan Bartlett, Bruce Fireman, Edwin Lewis, and Nicola P. Klein. "Effectiveness of Vaccination During Pregnancy to Prevent Infant Pertussis." In Immunization Strategies and Practices, 37–44. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/9781610022774-effectiveness.
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BACKGROUND Vaccination against pertussis during pregnancy is recommended to protect newborns, yet there is limited information about the effectiveness of maternal tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine before the first infant dose of diphtheria, tetanus and acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccine and during the first year of life in infants who have received DTaP. METHODS In a retrospective cohort study of infants born at Kaiser Permanente Northern California from 2010 to 2015, we estimated the effectiveness of maternal pertussis vaccination for protecting newborns against pertussis in the first 2 months of life and in the first year of life accounting for each infant DTaP dose. RESULTS Among 148 981 newborns, the vaccine effectiveness of maternal Tdap was 91.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 19.5 to 99.1) during the first 2 months of life and 69.0% (95% CI, 43.6 to 82.9) during the entire first year of life. The vaccine effectiveness was 87.9% (95% CI, 41.4 to 97.5) before infants had any DTaP vaccine doses, 81.4% (95% CI, 42.5 to 94.0) between doses 1 and 2, 6.4% (95% CI, −165.1 to 66.9) between doses 2 and 3, and 65.9% (95% CI, 4.5 to 87.8) after infants had 3 DTaP doses. CONCLUSIONS Maternal Tdap vaccination was highly protective against infant pertussis, especially in the first 2 months of life. Even after infant DTaP dosing, there was evidence of additional protection from maternal Tdap vaccination for the first year of life. This study strongly supports the United States’ current recommendation to administer Tdap during each pregnancy.
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Shin, Gee Yen. "Vaccination Schedules." In Tutorial Topics in Infection for the Combined Infection Training Programme. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801740.003.0062.
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The vaccines included in the current UK Immunisation Schedule offer protection against the following pathogens: A. Viruses ● Measles ● Mumps ● Rubella ● Polio ● Human Papilloma Virus (certain serotypes) ● Rotavirus ● Influenza virus (flu A and B) ● Varicella zoster virus (shingles) ● Hepatitis B virus B. Bacteria ● Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Diphtheria) ● Clostridium tetani (Tetanus) ● Bordetella pertussis (Pertussis) ● Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) ● Neisseria meningitidis (Meningococcal disease—certain serotypes) ● Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pneumococcal disease—certain serotypes) The UK Immunisation Schedule has evolved over several decades and reflects changes in vaccine development and commercial availability, national and sometimes international disease epidemiology, and the latest expert opinion. It is designed to offer optimal protection against infectious diseases of childhood to infants and children at the most appropriate age. The most up-to-date information about the UK Immunisation Schedule is available on the online version of the Department of Health publication commonly known as the ‘Green Book’: Immunisation Against Infectious Disease Handbook (see Further reading. Various chapters of the online version are updated at regular intervals; thus, it is very important to refer to the online version of the Green Book on the website for current guidance. Changes to the UK Immunisation Schedule are made on the recommendation of the independent Joint Committee on Vaccines and Immunisation (JCVI). Several of the UK Immunisation Schedule vaccines are combined vaccines: ● Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR). ● Hexavalent diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, inactivated polio virus, Haemophilus influenza type b, hepatitis B (DTaP/IPV/Hib/HepB). ● Diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, inactivated polio, and Haemophilus influenzae (DTaP/IPV/Hib). ● Diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, inactivated polio (DTaP/IPV). ● Tetanus, diphtheria, and inactivated polio (Td/IPV). ● Inactivated influenza vaccine: influenza A H1N1, H3N2, influenza B. ● Live attenuated intranasal influenza vaccine: influenza A H1N1, H3N2, influenza B. In the UK, vaccines against single pathogens covered by the MMR vaccine are not recommended and not available in the National Health Service (NHS). There has been some limited demand for single-target vaccines, e.g. measles, due to misguided and unfounded concerns about the alleged risks of autism following MMR.
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Aspden, Carole, Sneha Anand, Filipa Ferreira, Gavin Jamie, Rachel Byford, Mark Joy, and Simon De Lusignan. "Interdisciplinary Informatics to Support Primary Care Sentinel Surveillance of Respiratory Infectious Disease Including COVID-19: Donabedian Evaluation." In Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/shti220923.
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The Oxford-Royal College of General Practitioners (RCGP) Research and Surveillance Centre (RSC) is one of Europe’s oldest sentinel systems, providing sentinel surveillance since 1967. We report the interdisciplinary informatics required to run such a system. We used the Donabedian framework to describe the interdisciplinary informatics roles that support the structures, processes and outcomes of the RSC. Over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic University, RCGP, information technology specialists, SQL developers, analysts, practice liaison team, network member primary care providers, and their registered patients have nearly quadrupled the size of the RSC from working with 5 million to 19 million peoples pseudonymised health data. We have produced outputs used by the UK Health Security Agency to describe the epidemiology of COVID-19 and report vaccine effectiveness. We have also supported a trial of community-based therapies for COVID-19 and other observational studies. The home of the primary care sentinel surveillance network is with a clinical informatics research group. Interdisciplinary informatics teamwork was required to support primary care sentinel surveillance; such teams can accelerate the scale, scope and digital maturity of surveillance systems as demonstrated by the RSC across the COVID-19 pandemic.
Conference papers on the topic "Epidemiology;Pertussis;Vaccine effectiveness"
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Consonni, Dario, Patrizia Bono, Massimo Oggioni, Sara Uceda Renteria, Alessandra Piatti, Silvana Castaldi, Antonio Muscatello, et al. "P-195 Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccine in health care workers, Milan, Italy." In 28th International Symposium on Epidemiology in Occupational Health (EPICOH 2021). BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem-2021-epi.228.
Full textReports on the topic "Epidemiology;Pertussis;Vaccine effectiveness"
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Jenkins, J. Lee, Edbert B. Hsu, Anna Russell, Allen Zhang, Lisa M. Wilson, and Eric B. Bass. Infection Prevention and Control for the Emergency Medical Services and 911 Workforce. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepctb42.
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Objectives. To summarize current evidence on exposures to infectious pathogens in the emergency medical services (EMS) and 911 workforce, and on practices for preventing, recognizing, and controlling occupationally acquired infectious diseases and related exposures in that workforce. Review methods. We obtained advice on how to answer four Guiding Questions by recruiting a panel of external experts on EMS clinicians, State-level EMS leadership, and programs relevant to EMS personnel, and by engaging representatives of professional societies in infectious diseases and emergency medicine. We searched PubMed®, Embase®, CINAHL®, and SCOPUS from January 2006 to March 2022 for relevant studies. We also searched for reports from State and Federal Government agencies or nongovernmental organizations interested in infection prevention and control in the EMS and 911 workforce. Results. Twenty-five observational studies reported on the epidemiology of infections in the EMS and 911 workforce. They did not report demographic differences except for a higher risk of hepatitis C in older workers and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in minorities. EMS clinicians certified/licensed in Advanced Life Support have a high risk for blood and fluid exposure, and EMS clinicians had a higher risk of hospitalization or death from SARS-CoV-2 than firefighters whose roles were not primarily related to medical care. Eleven observational studies reported on infection prevention and control practices (IPC), providing some evidence that hand hygiene, standard precautions, mandatory vaccine policies, and on-site vaccine clinics are effective. Research on IPC in EMS and 911 workers has increased significantly since the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Conclusions. Moderate evidence exists on the epidemiology of infections and effectiveness of IPC practices in EMS and 911 workers, including hand hygiene, standard precautions, mandatory vaccine policies, and vaccine clinics. Most evidence is observational, with widely varying methods, outcomes, and reporting. More research is needed on personal protective equipment effectiveness and vaccine acceptance, and better guidance is needed for research methods in the EMS and 911 worker setting.