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Journal articles on the topic 'Epidemiology not elsewhere classified'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Asah, Cresta, Rune Frandsen, Rikke Ibsen, Jakob Kjellberg, and Poul Jennum. "Morbidity, Mortality, and Conversion to Neurodegenerative Diseases in Patients with REM Sleep Behavior Disorder and REM Sleep without Atonia." Neuroepidemiology 55, no. 2 (2021): 141–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000514175.

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<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> The underlying pathophysiology of idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) is not fully understood, although the condition is currently recognized as an early-stage alpha-synuclein disorder. We evaluated the morbidity, mortality, and rate of conversion to a neurodegenerative disorder in a national group of patients. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> All patients in Denmark with a diagnosis of RBD between 2006 and 2013 were identified from the Danish National Patient Registry (NPR) records. We excluded patients who had received a diagnosis of narcolepsy or any of the following neurodegenerative diseases before their diagnosis of RBD: Parkinson’s disease, multiple system atrophy, progressive supranuclear paralysis, Alzheimer’s, and Lewy body dementia. We used randomly chosen controls matched for age, gender, and municipality. <b><i>Results:</i></b> In total, 246 iRBD patients and 982 matched controls were analyzed. The mortality rate was the same in both groups. The morbidity rate was significantly higher in the years before and after an RBD diagnosis, due to a wide variety of disorders in the following major disease groups: mental/behavioral disorders; endocrine/metabolic diseases; diseases of the eye; diseases of the nervous, digestive, musculoskeletal, circulatory, and respiratory systems; abnormal findings not classified elsewhere; external causes; and factors influencing health status. The conversion rate from RBD to a neurodegenerative disease was 13% over the 8 years after a diagnosis of RBD. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> A diagnosis of RBD is associated with increased morbidity several years before and after a diagnosis is made. Patients have a higher risk of converting to a neurodegenerative disorder than matched controls. Mortality rates are unchanged.

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2

Patten, Scott B., and Joel Paris. "The Bipolar Spectrum—A Bridge Too Far?" Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 53, no. 11 (November 2008): 762–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674370805301108.

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Objectives: To review the literature evaluating outcomes resulting from expansion of the bipolar disorder (BD) diagnostic category. We were particularly interested in identifying high-level evidence for improved clinical outcomes as documented by randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or cohort studies. Methods: The English-language literature was searched using Ovid MEDLINE for studies of BD referenced against the key word spectrum. We used bibliographies and other databases to extend this search when no relevant RCTs or relevant cohort studies were identified. Results: In the MEDLINE searches, abstracts and titles of 86 studies were examined and 48 were found to be related to the topic of bipolar spectrum disorders (BSD). No RCTs or prospective cohort studies evaluating modified diagnostic or therapeutic practices were identified. The literature about the BSD consists mostly of expert opinion emphasizing: various links between bipolar and unipolar mood disorders; a proposal that a greater proportion of the population without a mood disorder as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders should be diagnosed under the BD category; and, proposals that syndromes currently classified elsewhere should be subsumed under the BD category. Conclusions: Our search failed to uncover high-level evidence demonstrating the clinical utility of proposed diagnostic realignments. The widespread acceptance of the expanded spectrum concept appears to be based on interpretation of descriptive epidemiologic data by high-profile experts.

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3

McCarthy, Denis M. "Proton Pump Inhibitor Use, Hypergastrinemia, and Gastric Carcinoids—What Is the Relationship?" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 2 (January 19, 2020): 662. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21020662.

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Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) throughout the body are the focus of much current interest. Most occur in the gastrointestinal tract and have shown a major increase in incidence over the past 30 years, roughly paralleling the world-wide increase in the use of proton pump inhibitor (PPI) drugs. The greatest rise has occurred in gastric carcinoids (g-NETs) arising from enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells. These tumors are long known to occur in auto-immune chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES), with or without multiple endocrine neoplasia type-1 (MEN-1), but the incidences of these conditions do not appear to have increased over the same time period. Common to these disease states is persistent hypergastrinemia, generally accepted as causing g-NETs in CAG and ZES, and postulated as having similar tumorigenic effects in PPI users. In efforts to study the increase in their occurrence, g-NETs have been classified in a number of discussed ways into different grades that differ in their incidence and apparent pathogenesis. Based on a large amount of experimental data, tumorigenesis is mediated by gastrin’s effects on the CCK2R-receptor on ECL-cells that in turn leads to hyperplasia, dysplasia, and finally neoplasia. However, in all three conditions, the extent of response of ECL-cells to gastrin is modified by a number of genetic influences and other underlying risk factors, and by the duration of exposure to the hormonal influence. Data relating to trophic effects of hypergastrinemia due to PPI use in humans are reviewed and, in an attached Appendix A, all 11 reports of g-NETs that occurred in long-term PPI users in the absence of CAG or ZES are summarized. Mention of additional suspected cases reported elsewhere are also listed. Furthermore, the risk in humans may be affected by the presence of underlying conditions or genetic factors, including their PPI-metabolizer phenotype, with slow metabolizers likely at increased risk. Other problems in estimating the true incidence of g-NETs are discussed, relating to non-reporting of small tumors and failure of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (SEER) and other databases, to capture small tumors or those not accorded a T1 rating. Overall, it appears likely that the true incidence of g-NETs may be seriously underestimated: the possibility that hypergastrinemia also affects tumorigenesis in additional gastrointestinal sites or in tumors in other organ systems is briefly examined. Overall, the risk of developing a g-NET appears greatest in patients who are more than 10 years on drug and on higher doses: those affected by chronic H. pylori gastritis and/or consequent gastric atrophy may also be at increased risk. While the overall risk of g-NETs induced by PPI therapy is undoubtedly low, it is real: this necessitates caution in using PPI therapy for long periods of time, particularly when initiated in young subjects.

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4

Brown, Tiffany A., Pamela K. Keel, and Ruth H. Striegel. "Feeding and Eating Conditions Not Elsewhere Classified (NEC) inDSM-5." Psychiatric Annals 42, no. 11 (November 1, 2012): 421–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/00485713-20121105-08.

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5

Dabritz, Haydee A., Karen K. Hill, Jason R. Barash, Lawrence O. Ticknor, Charles H. Helma, Nir Dover, Jessica R. Payne, and Stephen S. Arnon. "Molecular Epidemiology of Infant Botulism in California and Elsewhere, 1976–2010." Journal of Infectious Diseases 210, no. 11 (June 12, 2014): 1711–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiu331.

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6

Louis, David N., Pieter Wesseling, Werner Paulus, Caterina Giannini, Tracy T. Batchelor, J. Gregory Cairncross, David Capper, et al. "cIMPACT-NOW update 1: Not Otherwise Specified (NOS) and Not Elsewhere Classified (NEC)." Acta Neuropathologica 135, no. 3 (January 25, 2018): 481–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00401-018-1808-0.

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7

EDMUNDS, W. J., R. G. PEBODY, H. AGGERBACK, S. BARON, G. BERBERS, M. A. E. CONYN-VAN SPAENDONCK, H. O. HALLANDER, et al. "The sero-epidemiology of diphtheria in Western Europe." Epidemiology and Infection 125, no. 1 (August 2000): 113–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268899004161.

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Seven countries in Western Europe collected large, representative serum banks across the entire age range and tested them for diphtheria anti-toxin (sample size ranged from 2991 to 7715). Although a variety of assays were used, the results were all standardized to those of a reference laboratory and expressed in international units. The standardization process, and the availability of similar, large data sets allowed comparative analyses to be performed in which a high degree of confidence could be ascribed to observed epidemiological differences. The results showed that there were large differences in the proportion of adults with insufficient levels of protection amongst different countries. For instance, roughly 35% of 50- to 60-year-olds were found to be seronegative (titre [les ] 0·01 IU/ml) in Finland compared with 70–75% in the United Kingdom. Furthermore, the proportion of seronegative adults would be expected to increase in some countries, notably Italy and the western part of Germany. In those countries with vaccination of military recruits there was a marked sex-related difference in the proportion of seropositive individuals. All countries have high levels of infant vaccine coverage (> 90%) but the accelerated schedule in the United Kingdom appears to result in lower anti-toxin titres than elsewhere. In Sweden, booster doses are not offered until 10 years of age which results in large numbers of children with inadequate levels of protection. Although the United Kingdom and Sweden both have higher proportions of seronegative children than elsewhere the likelihood of a resurgence of diphtheria in these countries seems remote.

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8

Capewell, Simon. "Commentary: Predicting future coronary heart disease deaths in Finland and elsewhere." International Journal of Epidemiology 35, no. 5 (July 17, 2006): 1253–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyl158.

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9

2015 Program Committee, BRASS. "From Committees of RUSA: BRASS Program: Not Elsewhere Classified: Researching New and Niche Industries." Reference & User Services Quarterly 55, no. 2 (December 16, 2015): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/rusq.55n2.156.

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The Business Research and Services Section (BRASS) 2015 program was directed to business research professionals who may be stymied by researcher requests related to newer or niche industries. In a stimulating ninety-minute session, two top research professionals informed, confronted and engaged their American Library Association (ALA) audience with their well-paced array of smart search strategies and sources designed to meet industry challenges. The presentation was effective in identifying research workaround strategies and tying real industry problems with practical, on-the-job solutions.The material provided here and the bibliography of sources may serve as additional resources for emerging industry queries of library users. The BRASS program presentation is available via this ALA conference website (http://alaac15.ala.org/node/28603).

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10

Burford, C., R. Laxton, Z. Sidhu, M. Aizpurua, A. King, I. Bodi, K. Ashkan, and S. Al-Sarraj. "ATRX immunohistochemistry can help refine ‘not elsewhere classified’ categorisation for grade II/III gliomas." British Journal of Neurosurgery 33, no. 5 (April 24, 2019): 536–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02688697.2019.1600657.

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11

MITAKAKIS, T. Z., R. WOLFE, M. I. SINCLAIR, C. K. FAIRLEY, K. LEDER, and M. E. HELLARD. "Dietary intake and domestic food preparation and handling as risk factors for gastroenteritis: a case-control study." Epidemiology and Infection 132, no. 4 (July 9, 2004): 601–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268804002365.

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Cases of gastroenteritis were examined to identify if dietary intake prior to an episode and food-handling and storage practices in the home were risk factors for illness. Cases and controls completed a dietary questionnaire after an event or when well, and questionnaires concerning food-handling, storage and general food-hygiene practices. Comparing cases to themselves when well, subjects were more likely to have eaten cold sliced salami, fried rice and foods cooked elsewhere, and to have had a baby in nappies in the house (OR 1·52–6·24, P[les ]0·01). Cases compared to non-cases were more likely to have bought frozen poultry, have eaten foods cooked elsewhere and to have had a baby in nappies in the house (OR 1·44–2·05, P[les ]0·01). Although food-handling and storage practices are considered important, we were unable to detect an association in this study.

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Chakrapani, Venkatesan. "Need for transgender-specific data from Africa and elsewhere." Lancet HIV 8, no. 5 (May 2021): e249-e250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2352-3018(20)30344-1.

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13

Benesch, Matthew G. K., and Shalana B. L. O’Brien. "Epidemiology of Undifferentiated Carcinomas." Cancers 14, no. 23 (November 25, 2022): 5819. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers14235819.

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Undifferentiated carcinomas are rare cancers that lack differentiation, such that they cannot be classified into any conventional histological subtype. These cancers are uniquely codified and are contrasted to carcinomas with an ascertained histology that are grade classified as poorly differentiated, undifferentiated, or anaplastic. Given their rarity, there are no standardized overviews of undifferentiated carcinomas in the literature, and it is unknown if their classification indicates a unique prognosis profile. In this study, we summarize the clinicodemographic and mortality outcomes of undifferentiated carcinomas in twelve primary sites and for unknown primaries, comprising 92.8% of all undifferentiated carcinomas diagnosed from 1975–2017 in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (SEER). Incidence has decreased to 4 per 1 million cancer diagnoses since 1980. Relative to the most common undifferentiated cancers with a defined histology, undifferentiated carcinomas have overall worse prognosis, except in nasopharyngeal and salivary gland cancers (hazard ratio (HR) 0.7–1.3). After correction for age, sex, race, detection stage, and treatment (surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy), the mortality HR averages 1.3–1.4 for these cancers relative to histologically ascertainable undifferentiated cancers. However, there is a wide variance depending on site, signifying that survival outcomes for undifferentiated carcinomas depend on factors related to site tumor biology.

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Dakskobler, Igor, Andrej Martinčič, and Daniel Rojšek. "Phytosociological Analysis Of Communities With Adiantum Capillusveneris In The Foothills Of The Julian Alps (Western Slovenia)." Hacquetia 13, no. 2 (December 1, 2014): 235–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hacq-2014-0016.

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Abstract We conducted a phytosociological study of the communities hosting the rare and endangered fern Adiantum capillus-veneris in the foothills of the Julian Alps, in Karst and in Istria. Based on a comparison with similar communities elsewhere in the southern Alps (northern Italy) we classified most of the recorded stands into the syntaxa Eucladio-Adiantetum eucladietosum and -cratoneuretosum commutati. Releves from the southern Julian Alps, located in comparatively slightly colder and moister local climate and the dolomite bedrock are classified into the new subassociation -hymenostylietosum recurvirostri subass. nova. Stands with the abundant occurrence of the liverwort Conocephalum conicum, are classified in to the new subassociation -conocephaletosum conici subass. nova. Stands in conglomerate rock shelters along the Soča at Solkan are classified into the new association Phyteumato columnae-Adiantetum ass. nova, a community of transitional character between the classes Adiantetea capilli-veneris and Asplenietea trichomanis.

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15

Henderson, A. S. "Psychiatric epidemiology now: some achievements and prospects." Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 21, no. 2 (February 28, 2012): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2045796012000042.

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Aims.It is timely to ask what epidemiology has brought to our knowledge about mental illness and what information is proving of particular value. In this task, the first step is to identify the truly fundamental questions that the epidemiology of mental disorders should be expected to answer. This review is selectively directed at four such questions.Methods.A small number of significant publications were identified.Results.The extent to which some major questions in epidemiology have been answered is examined.Conclusions.When considered alongside epidemiological knowledge elsewhere in medicine, psychiatric epidemiology has indisputably proved to be a powerful tool. Descriptive studies have been particularly useful for advocacy and policy, while analytic studies of aetiology have yielded some valuable clues. There are now signs that linkage with neuroscience will bring further progress in understanding the causes of mental disorders.

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Garanča, Biruta. "THE STRUCTURE OF MACHINERY BUILDING IN LATGALE AND PERSPECTIVES OF ITS DEVELOPMENT." Latgale National Economy Research 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2009): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/lner2009vol1.1.1761.

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The financial facility of development of machinery building in Latgale is expected in manufacturing of electrical and optical equipment and in production of metal and metal ware. At present the proportion of production of leading machinery and equipment non-classified elsewhere, as well as of production of transport means has a tendency to reduce and also they have lesser probability to manage the financial crisis.

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17

Goldberg, David. "Should our major classifications of mental disorders be revised?" British Journal of Psychiatry 196, no. 4 (April 2010): 255–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.109.072405.

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SummaryOur major classification systems (DSM and ICD) face three main problems: the high rates of ‘comorbidity’ that are produced by our present diagnostic rules, the increasing use of ‘not elsewhere classified’ (NEC) by practising clinicians, and the fact that each new edition is longer and more complex than the one preceding it. A major simplification of the chapter structure used by each classification might pave the way to address these problems.

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Gangadhar, K., and D. Santhosh. "Primary Skull Osteosarcoma: MDCT Evaluation and Histopathological Correlation in Two Cases." Neuroradiology Journal 25, no. 2 (April 2012): 188–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/197140091202500206.

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Osteosarcomas are typically long bone tumors and rarely affect the skull, with most articles reporting single cases. As elsewhere in the body, these lesions may be classified as primary or secondary, chiefly post-Paget and post-radiation therapy. We describe two cases of primary osteosarcoma of skull one presenting with cerebellar symptoms and another with giant skull swelling. Complete evaluation with 64 slice CT and histopathological correlation was carried out.

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19

Ala-Mello, Sirpa, Olli Koskimies, Juhani Rapola, and Helena Kääriäinen. "Nephronophthisis in Finland: epidemiology and comparison of genetically classified subgroups." European Journal of Human Genetics 7, no. 2 (March 1999): 205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200268.

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20

ŽEMLIČKOVÁ, H., M. FRIDRICHOVÁ, K. TYLLOVÁ, V. JAKUBŮ, and I. MACHOVÁ. "Carriage of methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureusin veterinary personnel." Epidemiology and Infection 137, no. 9 (February 10, 2009): 1233–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268809002015.

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SUMMARYA survey of 280 attendees at a veterinary meeting in the Czech Republic in 2008 revealed a carriage rate of 0·7% for methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA). The two strains isolated were of distinct genetic lineages, carried type IV SCCmecdeterminants and were negative for Panton–Valentine leukocidin genes. The MRSA positivity rates for veterinarians in the Czech Republic is considerably lower than reported elsewhere.

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21

Libby, Tanya E., Megan C. Lindley, Suchita A. Lorick, Taranisia MacCannell, Soo-Jeong Lee, Carmela Smith, Anita Geevarughese, Monear Makvandi, David A. Nace, and Faruque Ahmed. "Reliability and Validity of a Standardized Measure of Influenza Vaccination Coverage among Healthcare Personnel." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 34, no. 4 (April 2013): 335–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/669859.

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Objective.To evaluate the reliability and validity of a standardized measure of healthcare personnel (HCP) influenza vaccination.Setting.Acute care hospitals, long-term care facilities, ambulatory surgery centers, physician practices, and dialysis centers from 3 US jurisdictions.Participants.Staff from 96 healthcare facilities randomly sampled from 234 facilities that completed pilot testing to assess the feasibility of the measure.Methods.Reliability was assessed by comparing agreement between facility staff and project staff on the classification of HCP numerator (vaccinated at facility, vaccinated elsewhere, contraindicated, declined) and denominator (employees, credentialed nonemployees, other nonemployees) categories. To assess validity, facility staff completed a series of case studies to evaluate how closely classification of HCP groups aligned with the measure's specifications. In a modified Delphi process, experts rated face validity of the proposed measure elements on a Likert-type scale.Results.Percent agreement was high for HCP vaccinated at the facility (99%) and elsewhere (95%) and was lower for HCP who declined vaccination (64%) or were medically contraindicated (64%). While agreement was high (more than 90%) for all denominator categories, many facilities' staff excluded nonemployees for whom numerator and denominator status was difficult to determine. Validity was lowest for credentialed and other nonemployees.Conclusions.The standardized measure of HCP influenza vaccination yields reproducible results for employees vaccinated at the facility and elsewhere. Adhering to true medical contraindications and tracking decimations should improve reliability. Difficulties in establishing denominators and determining vaccination status for credentialed and other nonemployees challenged the measure's validity and prompted revision to include a more limited group of nonemployees.

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Mościcki, Eve K. "Epidemiology of Suicide." International Psychogeriatrics 7, no. 2 (June 1995): 137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610295001931.

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This article presents the epidemiology of suicide with a special focus on suicides among the elderly, and discusses the known risk factors for suicide within a framework designed to encourage a systematic approach to theory testing and prevention. Throughout the world, suicide rates are highest among the elderly. The risk factors for suicide can be classified as distal or proximal, and, within these broad categories, as sociodemographic, psychiatric, biological, familial, and situational. Mental and addictive disorders are the major risk factors for suicide in all age groups. Other risk factors include male gender, disrupted marital status, prior suicide attempt, reduced brain stem serotonergic activity, family history of psychiatric disorder or suicide, a firearm in the home, and a recent, severely stressful life event. Since risk factors for suicide rarely occur in isolation, prevention efforts are more likely to succeed if multiple risk factors are targeted.

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23

Gruebner, Oliver, Wenjia Wei, Agne Ulyte, Viktor von Wyl, Holger Dressel, Beat Brüngger, Caroline Bähler, Eva Blozik, and Matthias Schwenkglenks. "Small Area Variation of Adherence to Clinical Recommendations: An Example from Switzerland." Health Services Research and Managerial Epidemiology 9 (January 2022): 233339282210977. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23333928221097741.

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Background Unwarranted variation in healthcare utilization can only partly be explained by variation in the health care needs of the population, yet it is frequently found globally. This is the first cross-sectional study that systematically assessed geographic variation in the adherence to clinical recommendations in Switzerland. Specifically, we explored 1) the geographic variation of adherence to clinical recommendations across 24 health services at the sub-cantonal level, 2) assessed and mapped statistically significant spatial clusters, and 3) explored possible influencing factors for the observed geographic variation. Methods Exploratory spatial analysis using the Moran’s I statistic on multivariable multilevel model residuals to systematically identify small area variation of adherence to clinical recommendations across 24 health services. Results Although there was no overall spatial pattern in adherence to clinical recommendations across all health care services, we identified health services that exhibited statistically significant spatial dependence in adherence. For these, we provided evidence about the locations of local clusters. Interpretation We identified regions in Switzerland in which specific recommended or discouraged health care services are utilized less or more than elsewhere. Future studies are needed to investigate the place-based social determinants of health responsible for the sub-cantonal variation in adherence to clinical recommendations in Switzerland and elsewhere over time.

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Hahn, Robert A. "Why Race Is Differentially Classified on U.S. Birth and Infant Death Certificates." Epidemiology 10, no. 2 (March 1999): 108–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001648-199903000-00004.

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Freedman, Mary Anne. "Why Race Is Differentially Classified on U.S. Birth and Infant Death Certificates." Epidemiology 10, no. 6 (November 1999): 793. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001648-199911000-00037.

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Hahn, Robert. "Why Race Is Differentially Classified on U.S. Birth and Infant Death Certificates." Epidemiology 10, no. 6 (November 1999): 793–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001648-199911000-00038.

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Groenier, Klaas H., Andrea F. de Winter, Jan C. Winters, Henrica C. W. de Vet, and Betty Meyboom-de Jong. "Complaint-severity and cervical spine problems successfully classified patients with shoulder complaints." Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 57, no. 7 (July 2004): 730–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2003.12.009.

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28

Angst, J. "History and epidemiology of panic." European Psychiatry 10, S2 (1995): 57s—59s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0924-9338(96)80325-7.

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The conceptualisation and investigation of panic disorder have developed on two different axes, medical and psychological, for more than 100 years. In medicine, reports of acute anxiety attacks with cardiac, circulatory, and respiratory symptoms date back to the French Revolution, and terms such as “soldier's heart”, “neurocirculatory neurasthenia”, or “hyperventilation syndrome” have been used to describe them. In psychological medicine, anxiety attacks were first reported by Domrich in 1849. These attacks, which were thought to be caused by strong emotions, were classified mainly within neurasthenia, until Freud created the concept of anxiety neurosis in 1895.

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Moura, Erly Catarina. "The relationship between the use of primary health care and infant health status at 12 months in a Brazilian community." Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia 1, no. 1 (April 1998): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-790x1998000100008.

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The Brazilian government has been implementing health care policies that emphasize primary health care since 1988. Yet, to date, no study has examined the effects of the policies on children. A cohort study assessed the effects of primary care on the health status of 85 twelve-month-old infants residing in a neighborhood of São Paulo. Infants were classified as "healthy" if they had been ill no more than three times during the first year, or "ill" if they had been ill at least four times. Primary pediatric care was considered either "continuous" or "fragmented". Continuous care was defined as starting care in the first month after birth and following the guidelines of the Health Secretariat of the City as to the number and interval of medical appointments. Otherwise, the infant was defined as receiving fragmented care. Forty percent of infants were classified as ill, and 89.4% were classified as receiving fragmented care. A bivariate analysis showed an association between fragmented care and illness (p=0.003). After adjusting for other variables, health status was predicted by maternal age and number of persons per room. The results show a relationship between low socio-economic status, inadequate access to care, and illness. The transition towards an equitable primary care system in Brazil is slow and challenging.

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McMANUS, D. P., and R. C. A. THOMPSON. "Molecular epidemiology of cystic echinococcosis." Parasitology 127, S1 (October 2003): S37—S51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182003003524.

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Echinococcus granulosusexhibits substantial genetic diversity that has important implications for the design and development of vaccines, diagnostic reagents and drugs effective against this parasite. DNA approaches that have been used for accurate identification of these genetic variants are presented here as is a description of their application in molecular epidemiological surveys of cystic echinococcosis in different geographical settings and host assemblages. The recent publication of the complete sequences of the mitochondrial (mt) genomes of the horse and sheep strains ofE. granulosusand ofE. multilocularis, and the availability of mt DNA sequences for a number of otherE. granulosusgenotypes, has provided additional genetic information that can be used for more in depth strain characterization and taxonomic studies of these parasites. This very rich sequence information has provided a solid molecular basis, along with a range of different biological, epidemiological, biochemical and other molecular-genetic criteria, for revising the taxonomy of the genusEchinococcus. This has been a controversial issue for some time. Furthermore, the accumulating genetic data may allow insight to several other unresolved questions such as confirming the occurrence and precise nature of theE. granulosusG9 genotype and its reservoir in Poland, whether it is present elsewhere, why the camel strain (G6 genotype) appears to affect humans in certain geographical areas but not others, more precise delineation of the host and geographic ranges of the genotypes characterised to date, and whether additional genotypes ofE. granulosusremain to be identified.

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Cavone, Domenica, Antonio Caputi, Luigi De Maria, Enza Cannone, Francesca Mansi, Francesco Birtolo, Maria Delfino, and Luigi Vimercati. "Epidemiology of Mesothelioma." Environments 6, no. 7 (July 1, 2019): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments6070076.

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Since 1973 the International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified asbestos as a certain carcinogen, but today it is still used in several countries. To date, mesothelioma risk is certainly linked not only to occupational exposures but also to environmental exposures. The incidence and mortality are increasing worldwide, especially in developing countries where asbestos is still often used without adequate measures for worker safety. The epidemiological surveillance systems of related asbestos diseases are instruments of public health adopted internationally. The experience and the operating methodology of the Italian mesothelioma registry and the data produced from 1996 to 2015 highlight how in countries where the asbestos ban has been active for over 20 years the risk of asbestos remains present, especially in the construction sector as well as for the environmental exposures of the resident population near companies that used asbestos in their production cycle. Worldwide, it is necessary to introduce the ban on the extraction, processing, and marketing of asbestos as claimed by the international scientific community.

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Nyström, Sofia, Madeleine Dahlgren, and Håkan Hult. "Board #144 - Research Abstract From ‘There’ to ‘Here’ to ‘Elsewhere’." Simulation in Healthcare: Journal of the Society for Simulation in Healthcare 9, no. 6 (December 2014): 422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.sih.0000459313.37986.46.

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Künzli, Nino. "Trashing epidemiology and public health with bibliometry? In defence of science in Germany (and elsewhere)." International Journal of Public Health 60, no. 8 (September 16, 2015): 877–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00038-015-0741-4.

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MONNIOT, FRANÇOISE, and SUSANNA LÓPEZ-LEGENTIL. "Deep-sea ascidians from Papua New Guinea." Zootaxa 4276, no. 4 (June 14, 2017): 529. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4276.4.5.

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Four deep-sea ascidian species collected during the KAVIENG 2014 expedition in Papua New Guinea are described, including additional characteristics not reported previously. Fimbrora calsubia is classified within the family Ascidiidae, Dicopia fimbriata and Octacnemus bythius within Octacnemidae, and Culeolus recumbens within Pyuridae. Anatomical observations confirmed previous descriptions for these four species collected elsewhere. Here, we describe additional morphological features for these species and provide the first barcode DNA sequences (based on a fragment of the mitochondrial gene Cytochrome Oxidase I) for D. fimbriata and C. recumbens.

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Bearman, Gonzalo, Linda Fuentes, Jaclyn Van Lieu Vorenkamp, and Lewis M. Drusin. "Vaccination Without Documentation: Influenza Immunization Among Medical Residents at a Tertiary-Care Medical Center." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 24, no. 8 (August 2003): 626–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/502266.

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AbstractSixty-four percent of medical residents unimmunized by the Occupational Health Service were immunized elsewhere. Those unvaccinated lacked time to comply. An immune staff is critical to prevent transmission to high-risk patients and limit absenteeism. The hospital is implementing a program to deliver medical care to the house staff.

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Catalano, Ralph, M. Maria Glymour, Yea-Hung Chen, and Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo. "Sheltering in Place and the Likelihood of Nonnatural Death." American Journal of Epidemiology 190, no. 6 (March 15, 2021): 1075–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwab062.

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Abstract Increasing hospitalizations for COVID-19 in the United States and elsewhere have ignited debate over whether to reinstate shelter-in-place policies adopted early in the pandemic to slow the spread of infection. The debate includes claims that sheltering in place influences deaths unrelated to infection or other natural causes. Testing this claim should improve the benefit/cost accounting that informs choice on reimposing sheltering in place. We used time-series methods to compare weekly nonnatural deaths in California with those in Florida. California was the first state to begin, and among the last to end, sheltering in place, while sheltering began later and ended earlier in Florida. During weeks when California had shelter-in-place orders in effect, but Florida did not, the odds that a nonnatural death occurred in California rather than Florida were 14.4% below expected levels. Sheltering-in-place policies likely reduce mortality from mechanisms unrelated to infection or other natural causes of death.

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Dragsted, Lis, and Jesper Qvist. "Epidemiology of Intensive Care." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 8, no. 3 (1992): 395–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462300013702.

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AbstractIt is difficult to study the epidemiology of ICUs, as they lack a uniform nomenclature and/or classification. The organization and distribution of intensive care medicine depend on the size and function of the hospital. The patients in ICUs are predominantly men, with a high proportion of elderly patients (≥70 years) constituting 25–30% of the total. Case-mix, severity of illness and outcome differ from one unit to another, and can be compared only if the patients are classified with a common classification system. Most survivors of intensive care seem to return to normal or near normal functional level within one year. Compared to Western Europe, the United States has more ICU beds and a nearly ten times higher admission rate to intensive care. These variations can be seen as a result of a fundamental difference in the attitudes toward withdrawing or withholding life support.

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Burattini, M. N., E. Massad, F. A. B. Coutinho, and R. G. Baruzzi. "Malaria prevalence amongst Brazilian Indians assessed by a new mathematical model." Epidemiology and Infection 111, no. 3 (December 1993): 525–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800057253.

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SummaryAn alternative way to estimate the endemic level of malaria amongst Brazilian indians is proposed. This is achieved by estimating the age-related “force of infection’ of malaria (the effective inoculation rate), applying a mathematical model, described elsewhere, to serological data. In addition we present a way to estimate the Basic Reproductive Rate of malaria in the same area. The results have shown a good degree of accuracy in describing the endemic pattern of malaria in the area, and also indicate some relevant aspects of its age distribution related to the design of control strategies.

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McLauchlin, J. "Human listeriosis in Britain, 1967–85, a summary of 722 cases: 1. Listeriosis during pregnancy and in the newborn." Epidemiology and Infection 104, no. 2 (April 1990): 181–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800059343.

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SUMMARYClinical information was collected on 722 cases ofListeria monocytogenesinfections in humans occurring in Britain between 1967 and 1985: 248 cases (34%) were associated with pregnancy (maternal, foetal, and neonatal), and comprised 9 cases (4%) of maternal bacteraemia without infection of the foetus; 42 cases (19%) of intra-uterine deaths; 118 cases (54%) of neonatal infection diagnosed within 2 days post-partum; and 50 cases (23%) of neonatal infection diagnosed as ill after 2 days post-partum. An overall mortality of 50% was recorded.The cases unassociated with pregnancy are described elsewhere (see accompanying paper).

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Leach, Stephen. "History, Ethics and Philosophy: Bernard Williams’ Appraisal of R. G. Collingwood." Journal of the Philosophy of History 5, no. 1 (2011): 36–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187226311x555446.

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AbstractThe author examines Williams’ appraisal of Collingwood both in his eponymous essay on Collingwood, in the posthumously published Sense of the Past (2006), and elsewhere in his work. The similarities and differences between their philosophies are explored: in particular, with regard to the relationship between philosophy and history and the relationship between the study of history and our present-day moral attitudes. It is argued that, despite Williams usually being classified as an analytic philosopher and Collingwood being classified as an idealist, there is substantial common ground between them. Williams was aware of this and made clear his sympathy for Collingwood; but, nonetheless, the relationship between Williams and Collingwood has not previously been explored in any detail. After establishing the common ground between these philosophers, and the areas of disagreement, the author suggests that both may have something to gain from the other.

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Hanyuda, Akiko, Yin Cao, Tsuyoshi Hamada, Jonathan A. Nowak, Zhi Rong Qian, Yohei Masugi, Annacarolina da Silva, et al. "Body mass index and risk of colorectal carcinoma subtypes classified by tumor differentiation status." European Journal of Epidemiology 32, no. 5 (May 2017): 393–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10654-017-0254-y.

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Cheng, Allen C., and Bart J. Currie. "Melioidosis: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Management." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 18, no. 2 (April 2005): 383–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.18.2.383-416.2005.

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SUMMARY Melioidosis, caused by the gram-negative saprophyte Burkholderia pseudomallei, is a disease of public health importance in southeast Asia and northern Australia that is associated with high case-fatality rates in animals and humans. It has the potential for epidemic spread to areas where it is not endemic, and sporadic case reports elsewhere in the world suggest that as-yet-unrecognized foci of infection may exist. Environmental determinants of this infection, apart from a close association with rainfall, are yet to be elucidated. The sequencing of the genome of a strain of B. pseudomallei has recently been completed and will help in the further identification of virulence factors. The presence of specific risk factors for infection, such as diabetes, suggests that functional neutrophil defects are important in the pathogenesis of melioidosis; other studies have defined virulence factors (including a type III secretion system) that allow evasion of killing mechanisms by phagocytes. There is a possible role for cell-mediated immunity, but repeated environmental exposure does not elicit protective humoral or cellular immunity. A vaccine is under development, but economic constraints may make vaccination an unrealistic option for many regions of endemicity. Disease manifestations are protean, and no inexpensive, practical, and accurate rapid diagnostic tests are commercially available; diagnosis relies on culture of the organism. Despite the introduction of ceftazidime- and carbapenem-based intravenous treatments, melioidosis is still associated with a significant mortality attributable to severe sepsis and its complications. A long course of oral eradication therapy is required to prevent relapse. Studies exploring the role of preventative measures, earlier clinical identification, and better management of severe sepsis are required to reduce the burden of this disease.

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WALTON, JOHN K., and DAVID TIDSWELL. "‘Classified at random by veritable illiterates’: the taking of the Spanish census of 1920 in Guipúzcoa province." Continuity and Change 20, no. 2 (August 2005): 287–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416005005503.

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This article offers an approach through administrative and cultural history to the problems associated with gathering and processing data for the Spanish national census of 1920, and by implication for earlier Spanish censuses. It focuses on the Basque province of Guipúzcoa, making use of correspondence between the central statistical office in Madrid, the provincial jefe de estadística and the localities, and of reports on three problematic towns within the province. The issues that emerge regarding ‘undercounting’, the definition of administrative boundaries and the classification of demographic characteristics are set in the wider context of census-taking practices and problems elsewhere in Spain and in other cultures.

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MUKHOPADHYA, I., D. ANBU, M. ITURRIZA-GOMARA, J. J. GRAY, D. W. BROWN, O. KAVANAGH, M. K. ESTES, and G. KANG. "Anti-VP6 IgG antibodies against group A and group C rotaviruses in South India." Epidemiology and Infection 138, no. 3 (September 2, 2009): 442–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268809990732.

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SUMMARYIn an epidemiological survey from South India, 936 serum samples were tested for IgG against recombinant baculovirus-expressed VP6 proteins from human group A and group C rotaviruses. The overall seroprevalence for group A was 100% and for group C was 25·32% (95% CI 22·64–28·21). The lowest seroprevalence for group C was in children aged <10 years (16·79%). An age-related rise in seroprevalence in group C, but not group A, suggests different patterns of exposure. Seroprevalence was similar in rural and urban subjects, unlike the higher prevalence in rural subjects in studies elsewhere.

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Kinnunen, Paula M., Airi Palva, Antti Vaheri, and Olli Vapalahti. "Epidemiology and host spectrum of Borna disease virus infections." Journal of General Virology 94, no. 2 (February 1, 2013): 247–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.046961-0.

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Borna disease virus (BDV) has gained lot of interest because of its zoonotic potential, ability to introduce cDNA of its RNA transcripts into host genomes, and ability to cause severe neurobehavioural diseases. Classical Borna disease is a progressive meningoencephalomyelitis in horses and sheep, known in central Europe for centuries. According to current knowledge, BDV or a close relative also infects several other species, including humans at least occasionally, in central Europe and elsewhere, but the existence of potential ‘human Borna disease’ with its suspected neuropsychiatric symptoms is highly controversial. The recent detection of endogenized BDV-like genes in primate and various other vertebrate genomes confirms that at least ancient bornaviruses did infect our ancestors. The epidemiology of BDV is largely unknown, but accumulating evidence indicates vectors and reservoirs among small wild mammals. The aim of this review is to bring together the current knowledge on epidemiology of BDV infections. Specifically, geographical and host distribution are addressed and assessed in the critical light of the detection methods used. We also review some salient clinical aspects.

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Maarraoui, A. M., A. Uttamchandani, H. Abdulatif, N. M. Attia, Q. U. Gausia, M. H. Rubina, and N. Daud. "Colon cancer epidemiology in United Arab Emirates." Journal of Clinical Oncology 25, no. 18_suppl (June 20, 2007): 14597. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.14597.

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14597 Background: Mafraq Hospital is the largest tertiary hospital in United Arab Emirates (UAE). The exact charecterstics of colon cancer in this country are not yet documented. Methods: This is a retrospective study of colo-rectal cancer. Files of all patients with the diagnosis of colo-rectal cancer between 1/99 and 12/05 at the department of Oncology at Mafraq Hospital were reviewed. Intent to treat analysis was used. Total of 176 patients were seen. The youngest was age 18 and the oldest was 79 Results: Mean age of patients at initial presentation was 48.5. Gender was as follows: males 121 patients (68.7%) and females 55 patients (31.3%). Mean male age at initial presentation was 49.5, and mean female age was 46.4. UAE Citizens represented 34 patients (19.3%) of cohort and non-citizens 137 patients (80.7%). Cancer stages were as follows: stage I: 7 patients (4.7%), stage II: 41 patients (27.5%), stage III: 48 patients (32.2%), stage IV: 53 patients (35.6%). 27 patient elected to do staging work-up and further care elsewhere. Conclusions: 1- Colon cancer screening is needed in order to diagnose cancer at earlier stages. 2- As our patients are younger than patients in the West. Colon cancer screening should be done at an earlier age. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

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Rodrigues, Nhirneyla Marques, Ana Maria Quessada, Fabiane Leite da Silva, Esther Machado de Carvalho e. Silva, João Moreira da Costa Neto, and Wagner Costa Lima. "Epidemiology and Anesthetic Risk in Dogs with Aural Hematoma." Acta Scientiae Veterinariae 44, no. 1 (March 19, 2018): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.80930.

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Background: Otohematoma or aural hematoma in dogs is blood pooling within the ear cartilage plate, and stems from several causes (ear infections, ectoparasites and others). The formation of hematoma is by vascular injury, causing bleeding, generated by self-injury. This disease occurs especially in dogs of pendulous ears, and the concave surface of the ear is considered as the most frequent. The therapy to correct the lesion can be a clinical procedure; however, surgical drainage is the treatment of choice. This work aims to record the epidemiological aspects related to aural hematoma in dogs, as well as classify such patients as to the physical condition and anesthetic risk.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty five dogs with aural hematoma submitted to surgical procedure were followed. During the data collection period (seven months), surgery to correct aural hematoma represented 19% of surgeries performed in dogs (total of surgeries: 474). The percentage of canine breeds affected was: mixed breed (64%; 16/25), german shepherd (24%; 6/25), labrador (4%; 1/25), waimaraner (4%; 1/25) and daschund (4%; 1/25). Most occurrences were observed in females aged 3-12 years. Most of the animals showed only one pina affected (96%; 24/25), and 52% (13/25) had hematoma in the right and 44% (11/25) in the left ear. Some of the patients had no hematologic abnormalities (48%; 12/25), but some animals showed normocytic normochromic anemia (36%, 9/25), leukocytosis (8%; 2/25) and thrombocytopenia (8%; 2/25). Among animals, there were only dogs classified as ASA II and ASA III with similar rates (56% and 44% respectively). No deaths were observed among cases analyzed.Discussion: The high prevalence of the disease in mongrel dogs can be explained by the great number of mongrel animals in the service analyzed. Aural hematoma was more frequent in older dogs probably because animals in this age group are more affected by otitis externa, which can predispose them to aural hematoma. Otohematoma was common in animals with pendulous ears, probably because these dogs are more prone to ear diseases than animals with erect ears. Females are more affected, and these data are different to those of other studies, and may be related to changes of the clientele among males and females. Only 4% (1/25) showed bilateral aural hematoma which, actually, is less common. Haematological abnormalities observed may be related to the appearance of aural hematoma, but were unspecific and common to several diseases. Animals classified as ASA II entered in this category for being carriers of mild haematological disorders, especially anemia (36%; 9/25). Dogs classified as ASA III showed signs of moderate systemic disease, and the main suspected disease was ehrlichiosis, which may be associated with aural hematoma. Animals underwent surgical procedure even though being classified as ASA II and III. Such procedure caused no detectable adverse effects and no deaths were recorded. It is expected that mortality is higher in patients classified in a higher grade. The absence of deaths can be related to ASA classification, which was only up to Grade III (moderate systemic disease). Moreover, surgery to drain aural hematoma is considered free of contamination, minimally invasive and without the involvement of important anatomical structures that could systemically compromise patients.

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Pridmore, Saxby, Helen Hornsby, David Hay, and Ivor Jones. "Survival Analysis and Readmission in Mood Disorder." British Journal of Psychiatry 165, no. 6 (December 1994): 824–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.165.6.824.

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BackgroundThis is an exploratory study of readmission in mood disorder.MethodThe study is naturalistic and employs survival analysis. We identified 821 individuals with ICD–9 diagnoses, drawn from the Tasmanian Mental Health Register.ResultsNo demographic variables influence the time to readmission. Two groups emerge: those with affective psychoses, and those with neurotic depression, brief depressive reaction and depressive disorders not elsewhere classified. The former group demonstrated shorter times to readmission than the latter. There was no support for a unipolar–bipolar distinction.ConclusionsAffective psychoses have a less favourable outcome than expected. There was support for an endogenous-neurotic distinction.

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Doedens, Paul, Gerben ter Riet, Lindy-Lou Boyette, Corine Latour, Lieuwe de Haan, and Jos Twisk. "Cross-classified multilevel models improved standard error estimates of covariates in clinical outcomes – a simulation study." Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 145 (May 2022): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2022.01.005.

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Kopacz, Marek S., Cathleen P. Kane, Brady Stephens, and Wilfred R. Pigeon. "Use ofICD-9-CMDiagnosis Code V62.89 (Other Psychological or Physical Stress, Not Elsewhere Classified) Following a Suicide Attempt." Psychiatric Services 67, no. 7 (July 2016): 807–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201500302.

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