Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Épidémies – prévention et contrôle'
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Altmann, Mathias. "Détection, investigation et contrôle des maladies émergentes. Expériences en santé mondiale." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022BORD0217.
Full textContext: the emergence of infectious diseases is the consequence of dynamic imbalances, within complex ecosystems distributed at a given geographical scale including humans, animals, pathogens and the environment. The increasing globalization of trade implies an increase in international flows of travelers and goods which can promote the spread of infectious diseases. From now on, a health crisis in one region or country can have very rapid repercussions on health and the economy in many parts of the world. Detecting emergences and understanding them through field investigations are essential steps to better control future epidemics and pandemics. Experience: during my professional career, my own work has allowed me to address these three dimensions through three studies that have resulted in publications in international peer-reviewed journals. Study 1) During a nationwide outbreak of Escherichia Coli O104:H4 in 2011, I explored the timeliness of the German surveillance system for detection, and recommended a review of the surveillance system by organizing reporting by doctors and heads of laboratories in a centralized and shared database with different access rights by health services at local, regional and national level. Study 2) Following the influenza pandemic in 2009, I investigated and compared the characteristics of severe pediatric cases in Germany during two epidemic seasons. The unchanged severity of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 during the first post-pandemic season (2010-11) and the consistently high proportion of possibly hospital-acquired infections highlighted the challenge of preventing pediatric cases beyond the pandemic situation. Study 3) During the Ebola virus (EVD) outbreak in 2014, I evaluated the performance of contact tracing in Liberia as a specific control measure. Despite the unprecedented scale of contact tracing for EVD in Liberia, its ability to detect new cases was limited, especially in urban areas and during the epidemic peak. Discussion: the Covid-19 pandemic has revealed weaknesses in surveillance systems in almost all countries. Lessons learned during previous epidemics and pandemics such as those to which I had been exposed professionally and which I report here have been insufficiently considered. In Africa, estimates of incidence and mortality are respectively 100 times and 15 times higher than official reports. Explanations for these very large differences include weak surveillance systems, insufficient use of contact tracing, screening and diagnostic tests, and lack of access to care. Improving surveillance systems for emerging diseases requires: 1) accelerating the digitization and networking of health information systems at all levels, from health centers and peripheral laboratories to the international level; 2) the capture, effective use and linking of other data sources (communitybased, death registries, animal and environmental data) and the regulated use of the internet and social networks; 3) to strengthen the skills and expertise of field epidemiologists and their networking; 4) to invest in research during and between epidemics; and 5) that donors and governments recognize the inevitability of future epidemics of infectious and other disease conditions with serious consequences, our vulnerability to them and the need to invest in global health
Bédubourg, Gabriel. "Place des outils d'analyse des séries temporelles dans la surveillance épidémiologique pour la détection des épidémies et leur analyse : élaboration de nouveaux outils de détection et d'analyse étiologique des épidémies appliqués à la surveillance épidémiologique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0739.
Full textPublic health surveillance is the ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of data for use in public health action to reduce morbidity and mortality of health-related events and to improve health. One of its objectives is the detection of unusualevents, i.e. outbreaks, requiring the rapid implementation of countermeasures.The objectives of this work are: (i) to evaluate the main published statistical methods for outbreak detection commonly implemented in different public health surveillance systems, (ii) to propose a new approach based on the optimal combination of statistical methods foroutbreak detection and benchmark it to other methods; and (iii) develop a new statistical method for the etiological analysis of an outbreak from public health surveillance data routinely collected by the system. To achieve these objectives, as a first step, we evaluate the main statistical methods, from a published set of simulated public health surveillance data. Statistical methods have been evaluated for an operational purpose: for all simulated time series, we used the tuning parameters recommended by their authors for each algorithm when available. We propose sensitivity and specificity metrics suitable for these tools. Then we propose an original approach for outbreak detection based on combination of methods selected in the previous step. The performance of this approach is compared to the previous ones according to the methodology implemented in the first step.Finally, we propose a method for the etiological analysis of an outbreak from surveillance data by using statistical models suitable for time series analysis
Chabot, Line. "Le Conseil d'hygiène de la Province de Québec et la lutte contre la variole au Québec : l'épidémie de 1901-1902 et le cas du Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28568.
Full textVoinson, Marina. "Émergence et contrôle des épidémies dans les populations humaines." Thesis, Lille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1R063.
Full textInfectious diseases have shaped the history of the human species. Nowadays, the emergence of new pathogens threatens public health. Understanding the interaction between pathogen ecology and human behaviour can help understanding the dynamics observed in human populations. In this thesis, two main axes were studied: the epidemic dynamics of emerging infectious diseases (EID's) in human populations and the impact of human behaviour on the control of infectious diseases. The epidemic dynamics of emerging pathogens is poorly understood because it is often studied without taking into account the effect of their characteristics, namely their persistence in a reservoir population and their ability to emerge in a broad range of species. For the first time, we modeled the dynamics of EID's and highlighted that transmission from both the reservoir and intermediate populations are critically important to consider in order to understand the many and unpredictable outbreaks that can be observed. Thereafter, the impact of human behaviour on infectious diseases control was studied by considering two aspects, vaccination decision-making and cultural practices. We show that consideration of cognitive biases related to vaccination decision-making and the interaction between behaviour and epidemiology can lead to the fluctuations observed in vaccination coverage. Finally, the study of cultural practices has shown that, although often assumed to favour the spread of pathogens in a population, certain practices can limit disease transmission. The results taken together suggest that an ecological approach is key for predicting the dynamics underpinning the emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases and adapt control strategies
Leclère, Brice. "Algorithmes de détection précoce des épidémies hospitalières : synthèse et propositions." Thesis, Nantes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NANT4023.
Full textDespite the development of syndromic surveillance and of modern decision making methods, outbreak surveillance within hospitals remains mainly manual. Yet, the use of detection algorithms could improve surveillance efficiency, broaden its scope and overall reduce the time spent to accomplish this task. However, the methodological quality of the evaluations published to this date is too low to conclude about the real utility of these tools. We propose in this memoir several key elements of an adequate methodological framework for early outbreak detection, as well as a first data set containing labelled potential outbreaks. This data set can be used by researchers to develop, evaluate and compare detection algorithms. However, as research on surveillance systems and healthcare artificial intelligence tools has shown, implementing these tools can be difficult, and the results observed in real life can be quite different from those of the development phase. It is therefore necessary to use alternative indicators and evaluation methods to assess the real utility of these tools in real life, measuring for example their acceptability, ease of use, costs and impacts on daily practices
Younsi, Fatima-Zohra. "Mise en place d'un Système d'Information Décisionnel pour le suivi et la prévention des épidémies." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE2005/document.
Full textToday, infectious diseases represent a major public health problem. With the increase of bacterial resistance, the emergence of new pathogens and the rapid spread of epidemic, monitoring and surveillance of disease transmission becomes important. In the face of such a threat, the society must prepare in advance to respond quickly and effectively if an outbreak is declared. This requires setting up monitoring mechanisms and prevention.In this context, we are particularly interested by development a Spatiotemporal decision support system for monitoring and preventing the phenomenon of seasonal influenza epidemic spread in the population of Oran (city at Algeria).The objective of this system is twofold: on one hand, to understand how epidemic is spreading through the social network by using SEIR (Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Removed) compartmental model within Small World network, and on the other hand, to store multiple data in data warehouse and analyzing it by a specific online analysis tool Spatial OLAP (Spatial on-line Analytical Processing)
Gaudart, Jean. "Analyse spatio-temporelle et modélisation des épidémies : application au paludisme à P. falciparum." Aix-Marseille 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX20692.
Full textBen, Hassine Faten. "Les pouvoirs du maire en matière de prévention de la délinquance : Police, prévention et répression de la délinquance, contrôle social et familial depuis la loi du 5 mars 2007 relative à la prévention de la délinquance." Thesis, Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EVRY0053/document.
Full textFrance has been involved for the past ten years in a fight against crime policy. The new faces of crime requires a diverse response and intervention of several local actors: police, judges, local councilors, social workers, voluntary sector, Education. The law of 5 March 2007 on the prevention of delinquency has put the mayor in the heart of delinquency prevention device. Now, the mayor, by his police power, not only contributes to public security missions but also to that of crime prevention missions
Auclert, Lisa. "Moyens de prévention et contrôle d'une maladie émergente infectieuse : cas de la maladie d'Aujeszky." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/67884.
Full textThis master's thesis focuses on the study of Aujeszky's disease, its evolution and ways to control it. Aujeszky's disease is caused by the pseudo-rabies virus (PRV). This virus mainly affects pigs and wild boars and can also be transmitted to many other species, including humans. The pseudo-rabies virus can be divided into two main strains with many inter-clade and intra-clade recombinations. Variant strains are currently the most common in the world, involved in interspecies transmission events. The study of this virus has shown that populations carrying the variant strain have increased since 2011. Thus, PRV can still circulate in pig farms and still poses a risk compared to wild life species, such as wild boar, where the virus is frequently detected. The work carried out has allowed us to present the evolution of this virus through genetic comparisons and analyses. This provides a better understanding of the dynamics of transmission and the interspecies evolution of the virus in the same host and between different hosts. This underlines the importance of the establishment of surveillance networks in domestic pig farms as well as in wildlife, as well as the need for strict and appropriate prophylactic measures such as and sacrifices of contaminated animals to prevent the spread of the disease on farms.
Fang, Ming. "Fonctionnalisation antibactérienne d'un primer expérimental auto-mordançant par incorporation d'agents inorganiques : évaluations physico-chimiques, biologiques et microbiologiques." Lille 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LIL2S019.
Full textAlthough there have been various strategies for caries control, and prevalence has been greatly reduced, current methods still cannot eradicate such bacteria-originated of tooth structures, even the restored teeth cannot eliminate the risk of recurrence due to the limitations of contemporary dental materials. Since cariogenic bacteria are prerequisite to caries initiation and progression, developing antibacterial series of dental materials, which can inactivate the bacteria remaining in cavitated tooth surface and those invading from the interface between materials and tooth structure, constitutes a new reasonable way for caries control. An experimental self-etching primer ESP with good etching effect and bond strength was previously developed. The aim of the present study was to investigate the feasibility of antibacterial functionalization of ESP by incorporating inorganic antibacterial functionalization of ESP by incorporating inorganic antibacterial agents (ABAs), which are advantageous over organic ones. Antibacterial activities of ESP containing any one of six different ABAs at different incorporating concentrations, different exposure duration, before or after curing, were examined. The influences of ABA incorporation on the intrinsic physico-chemical characteristics and biocompatibility of ESP were also evaluated. It can be concluded that the here tested ABAs can be effectively incorporated in ESP to provide potential antibacterial activity against cariogenic bacteria, especially S. Mutans, without adverse influences to its inherent physico-chemical properties and biocompatibility. ZnOw AT-83 was the most promising one. The optimal concentration of incorporation ranges from 0. 5% w/v to 2. 5% w/v. The incorporated ABAs were immobilized after curing of ESP; although not so effective in killing the bacteria as before curing, they were deducted to act as a " contact inactivator ", thereby safer and would not lead to the imbalance of oral flora. By the incorporation of inorganic ABAs, it is hopeful to develop antibacterial self-etching primers and series of other antibacterial dental materials, which will favor the maximal conservation of tooth tissues, thereby establishing a substantial basis for a new " preventive-oriented " pattern of caries treatment
Lepaux, Dominique-Jeanne. "Amélioration de la qualité en milieu hospitalier : concepts, méthodes et application à la prévention de la maladie thromboembolique veineuse." Nancy 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999NAN19906.
Full textThe objective of this work was to investigate whether clinical audit was applicable in various settings. We have shown that clinical audit was adequate to improve quality of clinical practice when evidence-based guidelines were available. This was the case for deep venous thrombosis prophylaxis in surgical patients. On the other hand, for medical patients, controversial guidelines that are not based on a high level of evidence did not allow clinical audit to be performed. However, we suggest that quality improvement is possible by the means of problem-solving. To improve daily practice, further research with rigorous methodological patterns (i. E. Epidemiological surveys and/or clinical trials which could eventually lead to evidence-based guidelines) is needed. Our research was conducted using sequences of clinical audit or implementation of practice surveys, critical review of the literature and redesign of quality improvement methods
Sepulveda, Lilian Sofia. "Optimisation et contrôle viable de modèles épidémiologiques de dengue." Thesis, Paris Est, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PESC1034/document.
Full textHuman epidemics are an important problem of public health in the world. Mathematical modelling is part of the instruments to fight them. The thesis «Optimization and viable control of epidemiological models of dengue» deals with the case of the dengue, an endemic disease in Colombia. The document is organized in two parts, a more theoretical Part I, and a Part II centered on applications. In Part I, the dynamics of propagation of an infectious vector-borne disease (such as dengue, transmitted by mosquitoes) is represented by systems of differential equations, connecting populations of individuals and vectors. We consider the epidemic model of Ross-Macdonald, and an endemic model of SIR-SI type. After the stability analysis of these dynamical models, this work brings forward two original theoretical contributions. The study of the transitory behavior deals with the control of an epidemic episode in its acute phase, before its possible asymptotic extinction. We look, by playing on the variable of control that is the mortality of the vector, to maintain human infected proportion (state) under a given threshold for all times (viability constraint). By definition, the viability kernel is the set of all initial states for which there is at least a trajectory of controls which allows to satisfy the viability constraint. Our main contribution is a complete description of the kernel. We discuss possible viable controls, whose application guarantees the satisfaction of the constraint. Then, we analyze two problems of optimal control. First problem is concerned with handling of an epidemic outbreak over a short timescale. Second one deals with an endemic infectious disease over a longer scale, where births and deaths within both populations (human and vector) are taken into account. We determine the necessary conditions of existence of an optimal solution by using the maximum principle of Pontryagin. We also tackle the case of resources limited over the time span. In part II, we apply the theoretical approaches of part I to the management of episodes of dengue in the city of Santiago of Cali. We estimate the parameters of the models by least squares, with the data supplied by the Program of epidemiological vigilance of the Municipal Secretariat of Public Health. We calculate numerically the viability kernel, fitted to the data observed during the epidemic episodes of 2010 and 2013.As for optimal control, we use the traditional forward-backward sweep algorithm, and compare several alternatives for the chemical control of the mosquito. The best strategy is a combination of spraying of an insecticide of low lethality, together with implementation of protective measures, which moderately reduce the biting rate of the mosquitos. Finally, we tackle the problem of dynamic control of the dengue under uncertainty. We develop a Ross-Macdonald model at discrete time with uncertainties. The robust viability kernel is the set of all initial states such as there is at least a strategy of insecticide spraying which guarantees that the number of infected people remains below a threshold, for all times, and whatever the uncertainties. Under proper assumptions on the set of scenarios of uncertainties (corresponding to temporal independence), an equation of dynamic programming allows to numerically calculate kernels. Having chosen three nested subsets of uncertainties a deterministic one (without uncertainty), a medium one and a large one we can measure the incidence of the uncertainties on the size of the kernel, in particular on its reduction with respect to the deterministic case (without uncertainty)
Hunsmann, Moritz. "Dépolitisations d'une épidémie - La lutte internationale contre le sida et les politiques de santé en Tanzanie." Phd thesis, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01055458.
Full textSuàrez-Quiroz, Mirna Leonor. "Etude des conditions de reproduction d'ochratoxine A dans le café : Contrôle et prévention de sa formation." Montpellier 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON20009.
Full textCabanes, Christine. "Discours officiel et religieux sur la prévention du sida auprès des jeunes hétérosexuels en France." Bordeaux 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BOR2M092.
Full textAblise, Mourboul. "Préparation et évaluation in vitro de l'activité anti-oxydante d'extraits et de principes actifs (naturels et synthétiques) de plantes médicinales chinoises : liens éventuels avec le vieillissement et la longévité." Nancy 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NAN12503.
Full textDubé, Marie-Christine. "Diabète de type 1 et contrôle glycémique : au-delà de l'hémoglobine glyquée." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23794/23794.pdf.
Full textGiorgetti, Carole. "Part relative de l’architecture et de la résistance partielle dans le contrôle génétique du ralentissement des épidémies d’ascochytose à Didymella pinodes chez le pois." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NSARC113.
Full textPlant architecture is one of the plant levers that may allow the reduction of aerial epidemics through escape, through modifying either directly (spore dispersal) or indirectly (micro-climate, organ receptivity) processes likely to slow down epidemic development. Frequent co-localizations of QTL controlling architectural or development traits and of QTL controlling partial resistance suggest interactions between underlying genetic factors, either through genetic linkage or through pleiotropy. In pea, internode length, Leaf Area Index and tissue receptivity are likely to reduce, through escape, the development of D. Pinodes, an aerial fungal pathogen. Co-localizations between QTL/genes controlling plant height, flowering and aerial biomass and QTL controlling partial resistance were identified raising the issue of a common genetic control. The aim of the thesis was to first have an overview of genetic regions involved in the control of architectural and developmental traits known to influence D. Pinodes epidemics and those controlling partial resistance, under experimental conditions where escape was reduced. Experiments on Recombinant Inbred Lines populations were conducted under controlled conditions and field conditions. Ten genomic regions showing co-localizations were identified. Among them, four regions located on linkage groups III, V and VI were highly stable under controlled conditions and included QTL controlling stipule length, branch number, plant height and flowering traits, all associated to QTL controlling partial resistance. The hypothesis of genetic linkage to explain these co-localizations was then investigated using recombinant inbred lines showing residual heterozygosity in the CLR located on linkage groups III and V, based on the production of HIF. This allowed to validate QTL effects and to potentially reduce their confidence intervals, but did not show any strong evidence for a genetic linkage disruption. The rational use of these genetic regions in breeding strategies can now be considered in order to construct pea ideotypes combining architecture and resistance allowing a better control of D. Pinodes epidemics
Duranteau, Marie. "Rôle de la kinase BUBR1 dans le contrôle de la division mitotique et dans la prévention de l’aneuploïdie." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCC260.
Full textThe protein is a key-component of the mitotic surveillance mechanism called the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint which occurs during metaphase-anaphase transition. The SAC is essential in eukaryotes because it ensures the equal transmission of the genetic content between the two future daughter cells. In one aspect of my thesis work, I looked in more detail at the "mitotic timer" function of BubR1, responsible for regulating the basal timing of mitotic division, in Drosophila melanogaster. My results showed that a new Linear motif, localized in the N-terminal domain of BubR1, is involved in the recruitment of Fzy/Cdc20 to kinetochore and consequently in the SAC activation. Moreover, my data provide evidence that the mitotic function of BubR1 is correlated with the level of recruitment of Fzy/Cdc20 to the kinetochore in Drosophila. In the second part, I looked for new partners of BubRI during mitosis. Using Mass Spectrometry, we were able to identify the protein Gnfl as a new BubR1 partner. Moreover, the in vivo analysis of the mitotic phenotype associated with the endogenous loss of Gnfl expression (by Gnfl RNAi expression) has provided new evidence for a role of Gnfl in the spindle microtubules dynamics. Finally, I got interested in the kinase catalytic activity of BubRI which has been so far controversial. I showed by in vitro kinase assays that Drosophila BubRI kinase is indeed catalytically active and that it phosphorylates in vitro two novel substrates, Eip63E and Pontin. Using the same approach as for Gnfl, in vivo phenotypic analysis were carried out in ARNi expressing neuroblasts and preliminary data show defects in the mitotic spindle assembly. Altogether, my data has provided novel insights to better understand the "mitotic timer" function of BubR1 as well as its SAC function during mitosis via the identification of novel BubRI partners and substrates
Rochefort, Lucie. "Étude exploratoire d'une approche globale d'intervention en contrôle du tabagisme pour les adolescents selon l'âge et le genre." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25715/25715.pdf.
Full textCastanié, Sylvie. "Les positions des Français concernant les politiques de contrôle : alcool, tabac et jeux de hasard et d'argent." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU20050.
Full textIntroduction: Using a scenario-based technique, this study explored and charted, the positions of the French concerning policies to control tobacco, alcohol and gambling. Method: A sample of 344 adults (including health professionals and lawyers) were polled on the acceptability of the policies of control via a presentation of 54 cases. Each one of them aims at a policy of control relative to potentially addictive consumption (tobacco, alcohol or gambling), including preventive measures, regulation and sanctions. Results: As a result of the typological analysis, eight qualitatively different positions were found. They are presented on a continuum – from total rejection of any policy of control or weak regulation, to favouring strong regulation and severe sanctions. These eight positions are: never acceptable (9%), weak or moderate regulation (5%), moderate regulation associated with strong prevention (11%), moderate or strong regulation (11%), strong regulation with strong prevention (23%), moderate sanctions (9%), severe sanctions (9%) and always favourable (9%). Some participants (14%) are described as « undecided ». These positions were associated with the sociodemographic characteristics of the participants, their political opinions and their consumption habits of potentially addictive products. Conclusion: This study confirms that these practices - smoking, drinking alcohol, and gambling - are no longer considered private but rather have come to be seen as public issues. They are viewed as choices made by society, with implications for the overall social order. A majority of participants agree with the regulations currently applied in France. The type of measure preferred by respondents varies according to the product under consideration as well as the respondent's own consumption patterns (e.g. the more the respondent is a consumer of addictive products, the less favourable he / she is to strong control measures). The analysis of the results shows a convergence in the treatment of these areas of consumption. All participants are in favour of prevention, regardless of the product under consideration. In general, participants confirmed an acceptance of strong regulatory measures, especially for gambling, as well as severe penalties with respect to the consumption of alcohol
Espié, Emmanuelle. "Contribution à la connaissance de l'épidémiologie des infections à Escherichia coli producteurs de Shiga-toxines chez l'homme, à partir de l'expérience française." Lyon 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007LYO10342.
Full textMounanga, Christian-Nazaire. "Outils biocliniques d'évaluation et de contrôle dans les programmes internationaux de lutte contre les filarioses humaines." Tours, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOUR4050.
Full textFilariasis affects more 600 million people in the world and their consequences drove the World Health Organization (WHO) to launch the campaign against filariasis. We studied tools for evaluation and control of these programmes. We measured parasitological indice by thick, thin blood films, skin snips, leucoconcentration and serological indice by ELISA, western blotting, electrosyneresis, immunoelectrophoresis bidimensional, immunochromatographic Test ICT. Antigens fractions of Ascaris lumbricoides (FSom, FLpc, FOg) have been tested. Serums have been gotten to Gabon, to the Comores and Yemen. We showed in assessment, the clinic diagnosis, the leucoconcentration and the skin snip are reference tools. In control, the ICT for detection of circulating antigens of Wuchereria bancrofti and the ELISA are absolutely necessary. The other tools remain difficult to use in mass campaign against filariasis. Ascaris antigen was revealed of a sufficient value for the diagnosis
Lyasse-Sanchez, Sylvane. "L'agressivité en clinique : de l'étiopathologie à la chimiothérapie." Nancy 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002NAN11021.
Full textGaudreau, Marie-Andrée. "Description de l’évolution du savoir infirmier chez les infirmières en prévention et contrôle des infections ayant suivi un cours en microbiologie et infectiologie." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/7707.
Full textAbstract : As the Ordre des infirmières et infirmiers du Québec (OIIQ) has created in 2011 a specialty, making it possible for nurses to develop their expertise in infection prevention and control (IPC). In order to become an IPC clinical nurse specialist, nurses must fulfil a graduate program, which includes a course in microbiology and infectious diseases (MID), among others. Until now, there has been no study evaluating the influence of this training or course on patterns of knowing in nursing for IPC nurses. The goal of this study was to determine the evolution of the patterns of knowing in nursing for IPC nurses who have completed an MID course as part of a graduate program in IPC. A qualitative descriptive evaluation made it possible to determine the evolution of the patterns of knowing. Johns’ model (1995) for structured reflection (MSR) which was used in semi-structured, individual interviews before and after an MID course, helped identify patterns of knowing through a deductive process. Furthermore, Miles and Huberman’s (2003) codification method ensured a semi-inductive process. A horizontal analysis allowed for the detection of recurrence or change in patterns of knowing between each participant’s interviews, as well as between participants. The illustration of the scope of the patterns of knowing in nursing, as defined by Johns and influenced by Carper (1978), as well as the evolution of the patterns of knowing after completing an MID course, were described. The topics that surfaced during the interviews were: the development of a vocabulary fostering team communication, the capacity to go beyond protocols, a greater confidence in their abilities, and the expansion of an ethical view that includes all stakeholders in the community. The benefits of the study are at the level of training and research. Training is represented by the development of nursing perspective in the MID courses and the development of nursing knowledge after completing a course in MID. Finally, towards the research, this has put forward a new approach to assess the contribution of a university course.
Aspord, Caroline. "Étapes initiales du diabète autoimmun et prévention de son développement par tolérance muqueuse chez la souris NOD." Lyon 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LYO1T152.
Full textLoeffert, Sophie. "Prévention, contrôle et maîtrise du risque d’aspergillose invasive au Groupement Hospitalier Edouard Herriot lors de travaux : apport de la surveillance et de l’alerte environnementale et épidémiologique." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1246/document.
Full textInvasive aspergillosis (IA) due to Aspergillus has been associated with building construction, which may increase spores emission nearby immunocompromised patients. In 2015, one blocks of 6,000 m2 (60 beds) form our hospital has been entirely demolished. The aim of this study was to evaluate possible association between concentration of A. fumigatus (AF) spores in the outdoor and indoor environment and also with the clinical cases in order to propose some improvements in actuals methods and practices. A daily surveillance of fungal contamination was implemented during 11-months. Environmental survey was realized by air samplings, outdoor and indoor, with an automatic agar sampler. In parallel, surveillance of IA infection cases was conducted by epidemiological investigation. A total of 3885 air samples (1744 outdoor samples and 2141 indoor samples) were collected, allowing calculation of ratios (outdoor vs indoor) to confirm efficacy of preventives measures applied to reduce indoor aerocontamination. Outdoor continuous sampling of Aspergillaceae spores (spore/m3/day) was also realized by a Hirst collector. This collector was useful as alarm system to detect contamination peaks. Similarly, monitoring of meteorological parameters seems to be an interesting tool, to prevent Aspergillus peaks. Finally, 394 isolates of AF, susceptible to antifungals (383 environmental and 11 clinical isolates) were genotyped using MLVA. Analysis of genotypes showed 7 similar genotypes shared by environmental and clinical isolates, suggesting that clinical colonization and/or infection may originate from the hospital environment
Fabre, Pascal. "Le contrôle des associations par les mairies françaises : étude comparative portant sur les secteurs sports, culture et prévention de la délinquance." Orléans, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ORLE0507.
Full textAkif, Nora. "Etude des hépatites virales sériques B et C d'origine professionnelle répertoriées par la caisse nationale des assurances sociales (C. N. A. S. ) de 1986 à 2002." Alger, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AMIED001.
Full textSauzé, Bruno. "Prévention des escarres en gériatrie : enquête prospective et nutritionnelle, charge de travail du personnel soignant." Bordeaux 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR2M024.
Full textProvost, Laurence. "La lutte contre la peste en France au cours des siècles." Angers, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988ANGE1005.
Full textLindquist, Claudio. "Contrôle électromagnétique d'écoulements : études expérimentale et numérique sur le forçage d'écoulements initialement au repos et en tunnel hydrodynamique." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00097976.
Full textMinary, Laetitia. "Tabado : évaluation d'un programme d'aide au sevrage TABagique pour les ADOlescents en centres de formation des apprentis (CFA)." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NAN10009/document.
Full textContext - Most smokers start smoking during adolescence and became smoking dependent before the age of 20. Efforts to fight against smoking in the teenage population have focused largely on programs to prevent rather than quit smoking. On this basis, we implemented an original approach of help to smoking cessation based on a nearness offer associating pharmacologic and cognitive-behavioural strategy with. In a perspective of reducing social health inequalities, we wanted to focus our efforts on a particularly vulnerable population usually not sought, the apprentices. Before expanding such programs, their efficacy must be assessed.Objective- 1) describe the characteristics of smoking in a socially disadvantaged population, the apprentices 2) then highlight the determinants of tobacco addiction in this population 3) and finally meet the main objective which is the evaluation of the effectiveness of offering a smoking cessation program in this population. Method - This quasi-experimental, prospective, comparative study was conducted during two years ofvocational training. The population was composed of all the students from eight VTC (Vocational Training Center) in Lorraine (France). The intervention group (3 CFA) has benefited from the TABADO program, and the control group (5 CFA) received no specific intervention other than educational services generally available. Results - Among the 1,814 students included (770 in the intervention group, 1044 in the control group), 52.0 % were smokers among whom 89.4 % daily smokers, and 5.7 % were ex-smokers. The average age of tobacco use initiation was 12.1 years (SD=2.1) and the average age at inception of regular cigarette smoking was 13.8 years (SD=1.6). Current consumption of the smokers was 12.8 cigarettes per day (SD = 7.8). The average score of smoking addiction was 6.1 (SD = 2.8), according to the Hooked On Nicotine Checklist test (score from 0 to 10 = strongly dependent). Factors significantly associated with dependence were female gender, daily cigarette use, high mean daily cigarette use, co-consumption of cannabis, a smoking environment and a high score of perceived vulnerability. Factors perceived as leading to smoking (automatic gesture, combating stress and supporting morale) were also dependence factors. Of 584 original smokers at 12-month follow-up, 17% in the intervention group were abstinent vs. 11.9% in the control group (univariate p=0.08; adjusted p=0.008; odds ratio [OR] 2.1; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2-3.6). Conclusions - Our study has produced original data on the effectiveness of a smoking cessation in a socially disadvantaged young people who had hardly been investigated so far. The combination of proximity to the action of information and psychological support, and an offer of free nicotine replacement therapy seems to be a prerequisite for success. The demonstration effect of a group should allow the future to develop programs that facilitate this effect of social networks
Nougein, Patrice. "L'évolution du concept de contagion à travers les siècles en occident et les mesures de protection sanitaire qui en ont decoulé." Paris 7, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA07B183.
Full textPairot, de Fontenay Benoît. "Récupération après reconstruction du ligament croisé antérieur et prévention des ruptures : étude biomécanique d'un mouvement pluri-articulaire." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10212/document.
Full textSurgical reconstruction is the common treatment after Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) injury in athletes. It usually requires a long period of rehabilitation and the results in terms of return to sport and re-injury rates are not fully satisfactory. The present work has two aims: the enhancement of recovery after ACL tear and the prevention of initial injury. Firstly, we assessed the kinematic and kinetic alterations during a jump task in patients 7 months after ACL reconstruction. Our findings highlight both a lower jumping performance, and greater asymmetries in patients, particularly considering the total joint mechanical work. The operated leg presents deficits at the knee, hip and ankle joints on parameters such as joint range of motion, joint moments and powers. In addition, changes are also found on the non-operated leg, characterized by a modification of the knee and ankle joint angles, and by a lower total joint moment. Secondly, we focused on ACL injury prevention in female athletes. We determinate a way to detect and reduce the neuromuscular risk factors, including “dynamic valgus”, while increasing jumping performance in young basketball female players. In conclusion, maximizing the recovery after ACL tear requires, in the rehabilitation protocol and the patients follow-up, a particular emphasis on the quality of execution of multi-joint task, on each of both lower limbs. Moreover, the detection and management of the neuromuscular risk factors should be systematized in sports or public at risk in order to prevent ACL injury
Barbu, Corentin. "Dynamique de population et contrôle des vecteurs non domiciliés de la maladie de Chagas." Phd thesis, Université de Perpignan, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00495619.
Full textHonado, Sedonoude Aristide. "Adaptation et validation du questionnaire international de l'activité physique (IPAQ) chez les personnes saines et les survivants d'un accident vasculaire cérébral au Bénin." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/36964.
Full textThe practice of physical activity significantly reduces the risk of stroke. It is also used as a therapeutic strategy to maximize functional recovery during the rehabilitation of stroke survivors. Therefore, it is important to monitor the level of physical activity of healthy people and stroke survivors. Tracking the level of physical activity depends on the availability of valid and reliable tools for measuring and assessing physical activity. Unfortunately, the lack of such tools is observed in Benin, a French-speaking country in Africa. Also, in the circumstances of countries with limited financial resources such as Benin, questionnaires, subjective methods of measuring physical activity, are the most used methods because of their low cost and ease of implementation. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) is a frequently tool used for measuring the level of physical activity of healthy subjects and different groups of patients. However, this questionnaire, to our knowledge, is not validated in the context of French-speaking African countries as in the context of Benin. The goal of this Master thesis was to adapt and validate IPAQ in healthy people and stroke survivors in Benin. Consequently, following well-established methods, we adapted the IPAQ according to the culture and specific linguistic aspects of French as spoken in Benin. Then, the convergent validity and test-retest reliability of the Beninese experimental version of the questionnaire were examined from a sample of 60 healthy subjects and 60 post-stroke subjects recruited in Benin. The results of the study show excellent convergent validity and excellent test-retest reliability of the Benin version of IPAQ for measuring the physical activity of healthy people and stroke survivors.
Kessentini, Imed. "La prévention et le règlement non juridictionnel des litiges fiscaux : contribution à l'étude des voies de prévention et règlement non juridictionnel des litiges fiscaux en droit fiscal interne." Thesis, Paris 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA020082.
Full textAs part of the ongoing search for the reinforcement of consent to taxation and, more broadly, to legitimize taxing authority action in general, the public authorities have created and accumulated various processes designed to prevent and resolve the amicable settlement oftax disputes in the domestic order. The aim ofthis is this thesis is the study of the roles of modes of prevention and the non-jurisdictional resolution of tax disputes following the public authorities approach which tend to reinforce the taxpayer's situation in its relationship with the tax administration. lt is specifically designed to demonstrate their contribution in the constant process that wishes to establish a relationship of trust between these actors, while revealing their limitations proved in their implementation and the major issues that will face the taxpayer who resorts to them. The first part will be dedicated to present the development of the modes of prevention and amicable resolution of tax disputes to be an expression of the movement toward improvement of the relationship between the taxpayer and the administration. The second part will deal with the limits of these procedures and the conceivable prospects for their improvement, in particular to counter their drawbacks and thereby protecting the taxpayer
Haddad, Hocine. "Comment décide-t-on d'encourager la conformité à une norme sociale ? : Essai de modélisation et application dans le domaine de la prévention routière." Paris 5, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA05A003.
Full textHalimi, Laurence. "Observance et asthme sévère : aspects psychologiques." Montpellier 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON30050.
Full textAsthma is a chronic disease and its severity is increasing. In France, 2000 asthma-related deaths are reported annually and therapeutic adherence is partly to blame. It is a well-known fact that psychopathological problems may influence adherence, but the literature continues to question the biopsychosocial characteristics linked to this behaviour. The aim of the study is to evaluate the psychosocial aspects that are involved in the adoption of this type of behaviour. Sixty people with severe asthma were followed-up at the University Hospital of Montpellier (6 visits a year by each patient). General therapeutic adherence was assessed by a lung specialist and specific adherence was monitored electronically using a peak-flow meter. Control beliefs about life events (Locus of Control), extraversion and neuroticism were all examined at the beginning and at the end of the study. The stability of these variables was analysed. Perceived control and self-image were evaluated at the end of the study. The results obtained using the evaluation of specific adherence would suggest that external control beliefs and extraversion both interfere with therapeutic adherence. These variables are constant. Self-image also differs depending on adherence. Neuroticim and perceived control are not related to adherence. Results also indicate that age and social desirability are linked to the adoption of this behaviour. Doctors' assessment of general adherence is variable and individuals cannot be distinguished on a psychological basis. The results lead to questions such as the concept and measurement of therapeutic adherence
Gélis, Anthony. "Mesure du niveau d’éducation des lésés médullaires aux règles de prévention des escarres et de gestion du risque cutané grâce au SMnac : validation de la version française." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON14002/document.
Full textPressure ulcer is a multi-factor complication after spinal cord injury. The risk factors are different between the acute stage and the chronic stage. During the chronic stage, the impact of health behavior risk factors still needs to be determined. Furthermore, most educational therapeutic programs conducted on persons with spinal cord injury are aimed to act on these risk factors allowing the patient to be in charge of his or her health. On a skin level the Skin Management Needs Assessment Checklist is the only tool found in the literature to assess behavioral risks in persons with spinal cord injury. It is a questionnaire in the English language including 12 items exploring skin monitoring, pressure ulcer and wound preventions. It met with our expectations both on conceptual and clinical levels. This work consisted in providing a translation, transcultural adaptation and complete validation of the French version of the SMnac. The revised SMnac obtained after the translation and transcultural adaptation is made of 19 items. Questionnaire's reproducibility is excellent. Construct validity was evaluated with 7 convergence hypotheses and 3 divergence hypotheses and is satisfactory. Internal coherence is high and responsiveness to change, evaluated during the acute phase of SCI management, is also high
Silva, Pires Viviane. "Synthèse, étude structurale et évaluation biologique de peptides et de peptidomimétiques à visée anti-thrombotique." Amiens, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AMIED002.
Full textThis doctoral thesis aimed at synthesizing peptides and analogous peptides with an anti-thrombosis activity profile. The peptides allowed us to study the importance of peptide sequences as well as their structure as recognized by the TIIICBP receptor. The KBGEBGPK and KPGEPGPK reference octapeptides show an anti-thrombosis activity in vitro and in vivo. The incorporation of these reference sequences into the simple trimers increases the anti-thrombosis activity of the octapeptide sequences. However, when the reference octapeptide is incorporated into a peptide that mimics the collagen triple helix, the anti-thrombosis activity is suppressed in favor of a pro-thrombosis activity. The incorporation of a thiouracile-type probe into the side chain of the lysines in the positions 1 and/or 3 of the reference octapeptide sequence does not lead to a major change in the anti-thrombosis activity. This will make it possible to use these analogous peptides as a molecular tool to characterize TIIICBP
Le, Menach Arnaud. "Epidémiologie prévisionnelle de la dynamique spatio-temporelle des maladies infectieuses pour l'évaluation des stratégies de contrôle : application aux épizooties et aux maladies vectorielles." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066326.
Full textChampenois, Karen. "VIH : comment la recherche en épidémiologie s’est orientée de l’évaluation thérapeutique au dépistage et à la prévention." Thesis, Lille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL2S043/document.
Full textIn years following the onset of HIV infection, priority was given to therapeutic research. Since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy in 1996, mortality and morbidity related to HIV have decreased dramatically. However, the epidemic remains active, especially among men who have sex with men (MSM), highlighting the need for changes in testing and prevention policies. This thesis presents the evolution of a part of research in epidemiology of HIV in Northern countries, focusing first on HIV treatments effectiveness then moving toward to limitations of current HIV testing strategies, new strategies of HIV testing, and finally addressing prevention. This Ph.D thesis contains five epidemiological studies conducted in France.The first study, conducted in 175 HIV-1 infected antiretroviral-naive patients, showed that lopinavir/ritonavir was efficient regardless to polymorphisms carried by the viral protease.The second study, based on an economic model accounting changes in medical practices and the impact of new drugs, showed that lifetime cost associated with HIV care is €535,000/patient (€320,700 discounted) for a life expectancy of 26.5 years under current conditions. Moreover, it highlighted that annual cost of care increases with late access to care (€21,600/year if AIDS or CD4 count <200 cells/mm3 at HIV care initiation, vs. €19,400 if CD4 count >500 cells/mm3, undiscounted costs).The third study conducted in 1,008 HIV-infected patients newly diagnosed, showed that 93% of patients had seen a general practitioner within 3-year period prior to HIV diagnosis. Of patients enrolled, 82 who sought care for HIV-related symptoms within this period had a missed opportunity for HIV testing proposition. Similarly, 55% of MSM who notified to a healthcare setting that they belonged to this risk group had a missed opportunity for HIV testing proposition. The fourth study assessed a community-based HIV testing strategy targeting MSM (532 MSM tested into the program studied). This HIV testing reached people at high risk of HIV, on third of these was little or not tested in other testing facilities. Among the 15 patients who tested positive (2.8%), 12 (80%) received confirmation and linked to care (median CD4 count =550 cells/mm3). The fifth study, a case-control study conducted in MSM in northern France (53 cases of early syphilis and 90 controls) showed receptive oral sex without a condom and anal sex toy use as the main risk factors for syphilis acquisition. Our results highlight limitations of current HIV testing strategies. They show the importance of promoting routine HIV testing in primary care settings, and extension of testing facilities that target populations with specific risk. In addition, they enhanced prevention for risk reduction measures for HIV and STIs. In the era of effective and well tolerated but expensive antiretroviral therapy, testing and prevention are significant issues in the control of the HIV epidemic
Lehalle, Sandra. "Le contrôle social des établissements de détention : les cas de la France et du Canada." Thèse, Pau, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6782.
Full textLe, Vu Stéphane. "Estimation de l'incidence de l'infection par le VIH en France à l'aide d'un test biologique d'infection récente." Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA11T013.
Full textKnowledge of HIV incidence is essential to provide a timely picture of the HIV epidemie, in arder to target and evaluate prevention efforts. However, current methods of HIV incidence estimation can hardly provide data on current transmission patterns. A new approach based on biological procedures that discriminate recent from long-standing HIV infection has been developed since the mid 1990s. Its major advantage is that it can provide incidence estimates from a single population sample without the need for a longitudinal follow-up. The French national HIV/AIDS case reporting system has included aroutine testing for recent infection since its debut in 2003. The objective of this PhD thesis is to estimate population-based HIV incidence in France by using HIV case reporting data and results from recent infection testing. Its first part is a review of laboratory-based methods for HIV incidence estimation. The second part is dedicated to the calibration of the test for recent infection used in France using a reference sample of population. The third partis giving estimates of population-based HIV incidence in France. Based on this new method applied at a national scale, HIV incidence will be tracked over time in arder to monitor the HIV transmission dynamics in the various risk groups of the population and to better target prevention
Guerrier, Aude. "Régulations et marges de manœuvre situationnelles des encadrants de proximité en sous-traitance : un enjeu de prévention des TMS." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAH039.
Full textThe occurrence of MSDs can be related to the forms of work organization which does not allow operators to regulate their work situations. Acting for MSD prevention in the meat cutting activities, implies the development of their situational operational leeway. The purpose of this work is to describe and analyze the effect of critical situation regulation by subcontractor supervisors on supervised operators work environment. The methodology is based on the analysis of two cases mobilizing interviews, observations of the activity of two subcontractor proximity supervisors and self-confrontations. The “critical situations” regulating processes related to the components of the situational operational leeway of the supervisors and its effect on the working environment of supervised operators was reconstituted. Our results show that in order to create the performance conditions, the supervisors participate indirectly and on condition in designing the environment characteristics of the supervised operators for MSD prevention. These conditions refer to the possibility of developing situational operational leeway which is the combination of individual, collective and organizational components. The regulations are implemented on a vertical plane based on the provision of resources for the development of collective work within the team. On an horizontal plan, it gives place to entraid and cooperation with the team, the operators and the supervisors of user company. These regulatory activities in the "here and now" within the critical situation can also be a way for supervisors to influence more widely their working conditions beyond the scope of the work situation
Saïb, Souad. "Prévention des chutes, effet d'un programme d'entraînement neuromoteur multisensoriel sur le contrôle postural chez les personnes âgées de 75 ans et plus à risque de chutes et vivant à domicile." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ62110.pdf.
Full textSaïb, Souad. "Prévention des chutes effet d'un programme d'entraînement neuromoteur multisensoriel sur le contrôle postural chez les personnes âgées de 75 ans et plus à risque de chutes et vivant à domicile." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2000. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/740.
Full textMoroni, Olivier. "Contribution à l'étude du rôle des probiotiques dans le contrôle et la prévention des infections entériques à Listeria monocytogenes: analyse in vitro et étude in vivo des mécanismes d'action antimicrobiens." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24212/24212.pdf.
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