Journal articles on the topic 'Epidemics; pandemics'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Epidemics; pandemics.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Epidemics; pandemics.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
An, Lu Vi. "Epidemics and pandemics in human history: Origins, effects and response measures." Science & Technology Development Journal - Social Sciences & Humanities 4, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): first. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjssh.v4i4.612.
Abstract:
Epidemics and pandemics are kind of the regular disasters that not only threaten human health, but also affect economy, social and politic life of many societies and civilizations. In the timeline of human history, there have long been a lot of catastrophic epidemics, rapidly spreading all over the world, leading to massive deaths and becoming horrible challenges to human existence. They included the plague of Antonine in Ancient Rome; the Justinian pandemic and ``the Black Death'' in the Medieval period; the pandemic of cholera and the Asian plague in the modern age; the 1918- 1919 flu pandemic, the HIV/AIDS pandemic, the influenza pandemic in 2009 and the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019-2020. The main infectious diseases that cause pandemics in human history are plagued, smallpox, cholera and flu. By approaching the macrohistory and environmental history, the article made some overviews of epidemics and pandemics in human history from ancient ages to modern ages. Firstly, the article researches the terms ``epidemic, pandemic" and their levels. Next, the article analyzes the origins of epidemics and pandemics, the causes of their appearance, including biological factors, natural conditions and social conditions. Then, the article presents the outbreaks, spreads and impacts of some significant epidemics and pandemics in human history. Hence, the article also initially evaluates some response measures to epidemics and pandemics in history.
2
Kelly, B. D. "Plagues, pandemics and epidemics in Irish history prior to COVID-19 (coronavirus): what can we learn?" Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 37, no. 4 (April 15, 2020): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ipm.2020.25.
Abstract:
Objectives:This paper seeks to provide a brief overview of epidemics and pandemics in Irish history and to identify any lessons that might be useful in relation to psychiatry in the context of COVID-19.Methods:A review of selected key reports, papers and publications related to epidemics and pandemics in Irish history was conducted.Results:Viruses, epidemics and pandemics are recurring features of human history. Early Irish sources record a broad array of plagues, pandemics and epidemics including bubonic plague, typhus, cholera, dysentery and smallpox, as well as an alleged epidemic of insanity in the 19th century (that never truly occurred). Like the Spanish flu pandemic (1918–20), COVID-19 (a new coronavirus) presents both the challenge of the illness itself and the problems caused by the anxiety that the virus triggers. Managing this anxiety has always been a challenge, especially with the Spanish flu. People with mental illness had particularly poor outcomes with the Spanish flu, often related to the large, unhygienic mental hospitals in which so many were housed.Conclusions:Even today, a full century after the Spanish flu pandemic, people with mental illness remain at increased risk of poor physical health, so it is imperative that multi-disciplinary care continues during the current outbreak of COVID-19, despite the manifest difficulties involved. The histories of previous epidemics and pandemics clearly demonstrate that good communication and solidarity matter, now more than ever, especially for people with mental illness.
3
Jones, Roger A. C. "Disease Pandemics and Major Epidemics Arising from New Encounters between Indigenous Viruses and Introduced Crops." Viruses 12, no. 12 (December 4, 2020): 1388. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12121388.
Abstract:
Virus disease pandemics and epidemics that occur in the world’s staple food crops pose a major threat to global food security, especially in developing countries with tropical or subtropical climates. Moreover, this threat is escalating rapidly due to increasing difficulties in controlling virus diseases as climate change accelerates and the need to feed the burgeoning global population escalates. One of the main causes of these pandemics and epidemics is the introduction to a new continent of food crops domesticated elsewhere, and their subsequent invasion by damaging virus diseases they never encountered before. This review focusses on providing historical and up-to-date information about pandemics and major epidemics initiated by spillover of indigenous viruses from infected alternative hosts into introduced crops. This spillover requires new encounters at the managed and natural vegetation interface. The principal virus disease pandemic examples described are two (cassava mosaic, cassava brown streak) that threaten food security in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and one (tomato yellow leaf curl) doing so globally. A further example describes a virus disease pandemic threatening a major plantation crop producing a vital food export for West Africa (cacao swollen shoot). Also described are two examples of major virus disease epidemics that threaten SSA’s food security (rice yellow mottle, groundnut rosette). In addition, brief accounts are provided of two major maize virus disease epidemics (maize streak in SSA, maize rough dwarf in Mediterranean and Middle Eastern regions), a major rice disease epidemic (rice hoja blanca in the Americas), and damaging tomato tospovirus and begomovirus disease epidemics of tomato that impair food security in different world regions. For each pandemic or major epidemic, the factors involved in driving its initial emergence, and its subsequent increase in importance and geographical distribution, are explained. Finally, clarification is provided over what needs to be done globally to achieve effective management of severe virus disease pandemics and epidemics initiated by spillover events.
4
Bagal, Dilip Kumar, and Pravajyoti Patra. "COVID-19: A Never Seen Pandemic." YMER Digital 21, no. 08 (August 8, 2022): 321–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.37896/ymer21.08/27.
Abstract:
People have long been affected by epidemics and pandemics of communicable illnesses. The outbreaks have been around for thousands of years. Even in our modern day, epidemics have ravaged civilization till it leads people to despair. In the meanwhile, viruses have always offered huge difficulties that have ignited horrific epidemics and pandemics. A pandemic is the widespread spread of a new sickness. Viral respiratory diseases, such as those caused by a novel influenza virus or the coronavirus COVID-19, are the most likely to evolve into a pandemic. A pandemic is not the same as an epidemic. In an epidemic, many more cases of a health condition occur than would typically develop in a community or area, however the ailment does not move outside. The World Health Organization (WHO) is responsible for declaring when a worldwide epidemic is underway. The WHO achieves this by monitoring outbreaks of a disease and receiving advice from worldwide health experts. This paper depicts the impact of COVID-19 in globally in various fields and also visualize the current status of this pandemic. Keywords: COVID-19; Confirmed Case; Pandemic; WHO
5
A. Aljeshi, Abdulsamad, Hussain A. Aljeshi, and Zakiyah A. Aljeshi. "Pandemics and Epidemics Throughout History." JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE SCIENCES 03, no. 10 (2023): 374–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.52533/johs.2023.31003.
Abstract:
Despite the advancements in medicine and community health, epidemics and pandemics continue to pose a significant challenge to modern society. Population growth, urbanization, climate change, and globalization contribute to their spread, while transportation facilitates rapid transmission. Throughout history, epidemics and pandemics have significantly affected human civilizations, wiping out entire populations, causing economic collapse and political unrest, and changing the course of history. This article provides a summary of some of the most significant epidemics and pandemics throughout history, including the oldest known pandemic in China, the Plague of Athens, the Antonine Plague, the Black Plague, and the Spanish Flu, as well as the history of epidemics in the Arabian Gulf region. While the impact of these epidemics and pandemics has been devastating, they have also led to advancements in medicine and public health, helping us better prepare for future outbreaks. Continuous research and vigilance are essential in addressing the threat of epidemics and pandemics in our modern age.
6
Gupta, Nidhi. "Exploring Pandemics and Epidemics." Geography Teacher 20, no. 4 (October 2, 2023): 173–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19338341.2023.2273810.
7
Weber-Chuliá, Nalleli, Germán Bazán-Miranda, Lucía Guadalupe Cruz Maldonado, and Alberto Manuel Ángeles-Castellanos. "Aspectos relevantes de las epidemias y pandemias en México: desde la perspectiva del derecho sanitario." Revista de la Facultad de Medicina 65, no. 4 (July 10, 2022): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/fm.24484865e.2022.65.4.06.
Abstract:
Throughout history, Mexico has been affected by major epidemics and pandemics, for this reason the health system of each era has had to develop, adopt and perpetuate multiple actions and health security measures, in which the following measures stand out: vaccination, adequate personal hygiene, a balanced diet, water chlorination, suspension of some activities, adequate disinfection of public places, preventive and disinfection measures in homes, quarantine, isolation or confinement, correct use of face masks, avoid crowded places, prohibit or avoid collective meetings, this just to mention the most relevant. The aforementioned cares have been implemented with the intention of mitigating and eradicating its spread, as well as reducing its morbidity and mortality from it. The COVID-19 pandemic, like other pandemics that have arisen over time in México, have affected various aspects such as economic, social, political and especially sanitary health. As time has passed, the crisis that the health sector is going through has become evident, which has forced the corresponding health authorities to make multiple efforts to face it and try to cope with these epidemics and pandemics. In this article we make a brief account of the epidemics and pandemics that have affected Mexico from the year 1450 to 2020, as well as the historical evolution of the pertinent health authorities and the general aspects of health law. Keywords: Health law; epidemic; pandemic; preventive medicine; COVID-19.
8
Jones, Roger A. C. "Global Plant Virus Disease Pandemics and Epidemics." Plants 10, no. 2 (January 25, 2021): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10020233.
Abstract:
The world’s staple food crops, and other food crops that optimize human nutrition, suffer from global virus disease pandemics and epidemics that greatly diminish their yields and/or produce quality. This situation is becoming increasingly serious because of the human population’s growing food requirements and increasing difficulties in managing virus diseases effectively arising from global warming. This review provides historical and recent information about virus disease pandemics and major epidemics that originated within different world regions, spread to other continents, and now have very wide distributions. Because they threaten food security, all are cause for considerable concern for humanity. The pandemic disease examples described are six (maize lethal necrosis, rice tungro, sweet potato virus, banana bunchy top, citrus tristeza, plum pox). The major epidemic disease examples described are seven (wheat yellow dwarf, wheat streak mosaic, potato tuber necrotic ringspot, faba bean necrotic yellows, pepino mosaic, tomato brown rugose fruit, and cucumber green mottle mosaic). Most examples involve long-distance virus dispersal, albeit inadvertent, by international trade in seed or planting material. With every example, the factors responsible for its development, geographical distribution and global importance are explained. Finally, an overall explanation is given of how to manage global virus disease pandemics and epidemics effectively.
9
Iqrar, Irum, Muhammad Ali, and Zabta Khan Shinwari. "Proceedings of the ANSO-PAS-MAAP Conference on Epidemic and Pandemic Preparedness." Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: B. Life and Environmental Sciences 60, S (January 29, 2023): 115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.53560/ppasb(60-sp1)proceedings845.
Abstract:
An EPIDEMIC is a disease that affects many people within a community, population, or region. ENDEMIC is something that belongs to a particular people or country. A PANDEMIC is an epidemic that’s spread over multiple countries or continents. Epidemics and pandemics are some of the leading threats to global health security. They not only affect people’s health and well-being, but they can also have a massive impact on livelihoods and entire societies too. Pandemics can cause sudden, widespread morbidity and mortality as well as social, political, and economic disruption. The world has endured several notable pandemics, including the Black Death, Spanish flu, and human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS). Most new pandemics have originated through the “zoonotic” transmission of pathogens from animals to humans, and the next pandemic is likely to be a zoonosis as well. Zoonoses enter human populations from both domesticated animals (such as farmed swine or poultry) and wildlife. Many historically significant zoonoses were introduced through increased human-animal interaction following domestication, and potentially high-risk zoonoses (including avian influenzas) continue to emerge from livestock production systems. Some pathogens (including Ebola) have emerged from wildlife reservoirs and entered human populations through the hunting and consumption of wild species (such as bushmeat), the wild animal trade, and other contacts with wildlife. Spending and costs specifically associated with pandemic preparedness and response efforts are poorly tracked. There is no widely accepted, consistent methodology for estimating the economic impacts of pandemics.
To highlight strategies to combat pandemics, a three-day ANSO-PAS-MAAP Conference on Epidemic and Pandemic Preparedness was jointly organized by the Pakistan Academy of Sciences (PAS), Alliance of International Science Organization (ANSO), and MonbukagakushoMEXT Alumni Association of Pakistan (MAAP) organized a three-day ANSO-PAS-MAAP Conference on “Epidemic and Pandemic Preparedness” from December 5 - 7, 2022 in the Pakistan Academy of Sciences, Islamabad. In total, 31 lectures were delivered at the ANSOPAS-MAAP Conference by leading experts in five technical sessions focused on the surveillance and preparedness against global Pandemics and epidemics. Of these, seven (07) lectures were presented by international speakers and twenty-six (26) lectures were presented by Pakistani speakers. The resource persons were leading foreign experts from different countries i.e., China, New Zealand, Italy, USA, and Pakistan. While 32 posters were presented on various themes of pandemics and epidemics in the Poster competition, in which young scientists from across the country participated. Over 400 academicians, scientists, researchers, and postgraduate students from Pakistan and abroad have registered to participate in the deliberations of the conference through physical and/or virtual (online) presence. In addition to the technical sessions, four group works were conducted to formulate recommendations. Recommendations of the conference will be shared with national and international bodies and research institutions dealing with the development of vaccines for the control of potential epidemic and pandemic-related issues worldwide.
10
Sergeant, Anjali, Emma Alaine van Reekum, Nitika Sanger, Alexander Dufort, Tea Rosic, Stephanie Sanger, Sandra Lubert, Lawrence Mbuagbaw, Lehana Thabane, and Zainab Samaan. "Impact of COVID-19 and other pandemics and epidemics on people with pre-existing mental disorders: a systematic review protocol and suggestions for clinical care." BMJ Open 10, no. 9 (September 2020): e040229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040229.
Abstract:
IntroductionThe current COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in high rates of infection and death, as well as widespread social disruption and a reduction in access to healthcare services and support. There is growing concern over how the pandemic, as well as measures put in place to curb the pandemic, will impact people with mental disorders. We aim to study the effect of pandemics and epidemics on mental health outcomes for people with premorbid mental disorders.Methods and analysisWith our predefined search strategy, we will search five databases for studies reporting on mental health outcomes in people with pre-existing mental disorders during pandemic and epidemic settings. Search dates are planned as follows: 5 May 2020 and 23 July 2020. The following databases will be searched: MEDLINE/PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, MedRxiv and EMBASE. Data will be screened and extracted in duplicate by two independent reviewers. Studies involving non-clinical populations or patients diagnosed with a mental disorder during a pandemic/epidemic will be excluded. We will include data collected from all pandemics and epidemics throughout history, including the present COVID-19 pandemic. If possible, study findings will be combined in meta-analyses, and subgroup analyses will be performed. We hope that this review will shed light on the impact of pandemics and epidemics on those with pre-existing mental disorders. Knowledge generated may inform future intervention studies as well as healthcare policies. Given the potential implications of the current pandemic measures (ie, disruption of healthcare services) on mental health, we will also compile a list of existing mental health resources.Ethics and disseminationNo ethical approval is required for this protocol and proposed systematic review as we will only use data from previously published papers that have themselves received ethics clearance and used proper informed consent procedures.Systematic review registrationPROSPERO registration number: CRD42020179611.
11
Zihan, Li, and Wang Xiao. "Psychological science in the communist era: experience of cooperation and interaction between the USSR and China." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2021, no. 04-1 (April 1, 2021): 177–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202104statyi15.
Abstract:
The article analyzes the development of mental epidemiology, the practice of psychological support for the population during pandemics at different historical stages. The time frame of the study ranges from 430-426, when the outbreak of the Athenian plague occurred, until now - the 2019-2020 COVID-19 pandemic. It turns out that the emergence of all kinds of methods of psychological work with the population during such social crises was preceded by an epidemic of viral infections, various diseases and other adverse events that, in one way or another, disrupt the mental balance and well-being of the world community. The key problems that existed in the practice of providing psychological assistance and support to the population during different types and scales of epidemics and pandemics were identified. Based on the results of the analysis, some directions for improving the policy in the field of maintaining the mental health of the population during periods of epidemics, pandemics and social crises are proposed.
12
Samaranayake, Lakshman, and Kausar Sadia Fakhruddin. "Epidemics, pandemics and dentistry: a commentary." Dental Update 50, no. 5 (May 2, 2023): 454–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/denu.2023.50.5.454.
Abstract:
There is no doubt that epidemics and pandemics have transformed dentistry beyond recognition. In this commentary we recapitulate the possible reasons for the emergence of major global epidemics and pandemics, how and why they emerge, and the successful attempts of the dental profession to mitigate infectious transmission in the clinic, which in turn has metamorphosed our profession today. We also peer into the future of dentistry through the prism of the new conceptual approach of ‘one world, one health’ recently declared by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Finally, we discuss five realms of dentistry that have been irretrievably impacted by the recent COVID-19 pandemic, viz vaccines, point of care diagnostics, teledentistry, reinforced infection control, and dental pedagogy. CPD/Clinical Relevance: Vaccines and vaccinations have become integral to societal wellbeing and the prevention of global pandemics.
13
Larson, H. Elliott, and Daniel O'Neill. "Responding to Epidemics and Pandemics." Christian Journal for Global Health 7, no. 4 (November 9, 2020): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.15566/cjgh.v7i4.477.
14
Glick, Michael. "Vaccines, epidemics, pandemics and us." Journal of the American Dental Association 137, no. 6 (June 2006): 706–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.2006.0269.
15
Delos Reyes, Carmina. "Of Pandemics, Epidemics, and Outbreaks." Pediatric Infectious Disease Society of the Philippines Journal 22, no. 1 (May 21, 2021): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.56964/pidspj2021220101.
Abstract:
It’s been 1 year 4 months and 15 days since the world dealt with this pandemic head on. At the onset, we struggled with COVID-19 diagnosis, treatment and prevention. It was a tough process. We know better now as we continue to discover new things.
16
Osés RR, Llanes CO, del Valle LD, Vogt PR, Wilford GFM, and Fimia DR. "Can pandemics be predicted?" International Journal of Science and Research Archive 10, no. 1 (October 30, 2023): 686–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2023.10.1.0801.
Abstract:
Epidemics are global phenomena that need to be prevented in advance to save lives and resources. The objective of the research was to predict in the long term when the next pandemic might occur, and how many deaths it might bring, as well as modeling the pandemics that have struck humanity from 165 AD to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019. Having a forecast in advance would allow Global Health Organizations, such as PAHO and WHO, to be aware of these predictions, and to take measures in a precise and timely manner, so that this does not happen, and if it does happen, to minimize its consequences as much as possible. The Bubonic Plague has been the Epidemic that has caused the most deaths, with 200 million, where the average value throughout history is 27,792,857; generally, epidemics are below 50 million deaths. In this research, 100% of the cases are explained with zero errors, both for deaths and years of occurrence, where the trend of deaths is increasing, and the model depends on the deaths regressed on 11 events. It was possible to predict the number of deaths, as well as the year of occurrence of possible future global pandemics. Health entities, agencies and bodies (PAHO/WHO) should be aware of these predictions and take measures accordingly.
17
Bhatti, Omer Shujat, Muhammad Asad Ghufran, and Atta Ullah Shah. "Transforming Adversity Into Opportunity: Assessing User Satisfaction in Hospital Transformation in Lieu of a Pandemic Through the Multi-Corridor Expansion Model for Epidemic Management and Environmental Design Enhancement." Nakhara : Journal of Environmental Design and Planning 22, no. 2 (October 6, 2023): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.54028/nj202322308.
Abstract:
The COVID-19 pandemic brought the world to a standstill, demonstrating the critical importance of preparedness and adaptation in the face of pandemics and epidemics. Pandemics and epidemics have been a persistent threat throughout human history, causing significant mortality and morbidity, as well as disrupting economies, societies, and politics. The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, had a profound impact on healthcare systems worldwide, leading to hospitals transforming into pandemic centers. This case study, conducted at Riphah International Hospital (RIH) in Islamabad, Pakistan, explores the transformation of an existing facility into a pandemic center, highlighting the challenges faced in managing the pandemic conditions and ensuring the safety of the public and medical teams. The study was based on an observational study and data collection from end users with respect to transformation satisfaction and issues faced. Spatial segregation, logistics, air flow control, managing infection control, etc were major challenges faced and managed. Stress was high for the end users who facilitated in medical teams. The study emphasizes the critical importance of preparedness and adaptation in the face of pandemics/epidemics, including the need for specialized training of medical personnel, dedicated COVID-19 units in hospitals, and a robust and resilient healthcare system that can manage future epidemics.
18
Kaur, Harmanjot, Shashwat Garg, Himanshu Joshi, Sumbul Ayaz, Surabhi Sharma, and Maulshree Bhandari. "A Review: Epidemics and Pandemics in Human History." International Journal of Pharma Research and Health Sciences 8, no. 2 (April 2020): 3139–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/ijprhs.2020.02.01.
19
Hafidi, Hakima, and Fauzi Mauhub. "Prevention Practices and Legal Rules for Handling Pandemics in The Prophetic Sirah." Jurnal Online Studi Al-Qur an 17, no. 02 (July 30, 2021): 147–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/jsq.017.2.01.
Abstract:
This study focuses on highlighting the devotional and social preventive applications related to the epidemics, by shedding the lights on some stations from the biography and the sunnah of the Prophet peace be upon him, this will contribute to the prevention of epidemics, especially Coronavirus, by following the teaching of Sharia and the approach of the Prophet, peace be upon him, in dealing with such types of epidemics that appeared in his era. To achieve the goal of this study, we followed two approaches: inductive and analytical. We start by presenting the Hadiths that dealt with the topic of prevention in the Sunnah and biography, then we analyze the most prominent methods and applications followed by the Prophet in the prevention of epidemics. The research reached the following results, most of them, the precedence of Sunnah through what was illustrated in the Prophet’s biography in demonstrating the means of devotional and medical prevention against epidemics and their effectiveness in people’s lives. Finally, worshipping by obeying orders and avoiding prohibitions is a reason to prevent the epidemic.
20
Chowell, Gerardo, Sushma Dahal, Amna Tariq, Kimberlyn Roosa, James M. Hyman, and Ruiyan Luo. "An ensemble n-sub-epidemic modeling framework for short-term forecasting epidemic trajectories: Application to the COVID-19 pandemic in the USA." PLOS Computational Biology 18, no. 10 (October 6, 2022): e1010602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010602.
Abstract:
We analyze an ensemble of n-sub-epidemic modeling for forecasting the trajectory of epidemics and pandemics. These ensemble modeling approaches, and models that integrate sub-epidemics to capture complex temporal dynamics, have demonstrated powerful forecasting capability. This modeling framework can characterize complex epidemic patterns, including plateaus, epidemic resurgences, and epidemic waves characterized by multiple peaks of different sizes. We systematically assess their calibration and short-term forecasting performance in short-term forecasts for the COVID-19 pandemic in the USA from late April 2020 to late February 2022. We compare their performance with two commonly used statistical ARIMA models. The best fit sub-epidemic model and three ensemble models constructed using the top-ranking sub-epidemic models consistently outperformed the ARIMA models in terms of the weighted interval score (WIS) and the coverage of the 95% prediction interval across the 10-, 20-, and 30-day short-term forecasts. In our 30-day forecasts, the average WIS ranged from 377.6 to 421.3 for the sub-epidemic models, whereas it ranged from 439.29 to 767.05 for the ARIMA models. Across 98 short-term forecasts, the ensemble model incorporating the top four ranking sub-epidemic models (Ensemble(4)) outperformed the (log) ARIMA model 66.3% of the time, and the ARIMA model, 69.4% of the time in 30-day ahead forecasts in terms of the WIS. Ensemble(4) consistently yielded the best performance in terms of the metrics that account for the uncertainty of the predictions. This framework can be readily applied to investigate the spread of epidemics and pandemics beyond COVID-19, as well as other dynamic growth processes found in nature and society that would benefit from short-term predictions.
21
MIR, Veaceslav. "Post-Pandemic City: Historical Context for New Urban Design." Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences, Special Issue 2020 (November 23, 2020): 94–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/tras.si2020.6.
Abstract:
Cities have been almost completely unprepared for the COVID-19 pandemic. Urban history has known many epidemics and pandemics, and there are clear historical parallels between the 13th and 19th century plague pandemics and cholera epidemics and the 21th century COVID-19 pandemic, from an administrative point of view. However, the cities’ public administration did not take into account the experience of the cities of the past to be prepared for the future problems. This requires developing flexible pandemic strategies and focusing on the decentralization of urban space through an even distribution of population in the urban environment. The COVID-19 pandemic will change the city, as previous pandemics and epidemics did. Urbanism v.3.0. will emerge, combining a green vector of development and digital technologies to ensure the autonomy and sustainability of buildings, districts and cities. At the same time, the role of culture will increase, which will become an effective tool for consolidating the soft power of the city in order to attract new people as the opposition of nowadays trend for living in the countryside.
22
Sharma, Mahak. "Outbreaks in India: Impact on Socio-economy and Health." Journal of Communicable Diseases 53, no. 01 (March 31, 2021): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202107.
Abstract:
The research activity regarding infectious diseases has been increased significantly in the past few years in India. The main cause of infectious disease is pathogenic microorganisms and the infection can spread from direct or indirect contact between individuals. Once the infection spread throughout the country or world, is classified as an epidemic or pandemic. India is not unfamiliar with pandemic and epidemics, as they occur throughout history. This review paper highlights the major epidemics and pandemic occur in India. More than 90 national and global papers were reviewed. The research papers were chosen from PubMed, Google scholar, science direct, research gate, and organization like WHO. This paper dealt with the impact of pandemic and epidemic on India’s economy, health sector and social power. The study concluded that there were around 10 epidemics and pandemics occur in India from the 18th century to the 21st century. The major impact on the social life and health sector has mainly affected in COVID-19, chikungunya, Plague in India.Meningococcal disease and dengue had a negative impact on health sector.Nipah Virus, plague, and COVID-19 had more impact on tourism. Whereas, economy was majorly affected in Plague, and COVID-19.
23
Knopov, P., and O. Bogdanov. "Epidemics modeling." Cybernetics and Computer Technologies, no. 2 (July 24, 2020): 30–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.34229/2707-451x.20.2.4.
Abstract:
Introduction. Due to the spread of COVID-19 in the world, mathematical modeling of epidemiological processes is an important and relevant scientific problem. There are many models describing the dynamics of pandemics, such as the standard SIR model, but most of them are deterministic, while in reality, the processes of infecting and recoveries are random in nature. Also, most of the models either do not include the existence of vaccines or medication or do not take into consideration the price of such medication. Sometimes, because of the high price, the widespread use of contemporary medication is impossible, especially in poor countries. In this case, there is a problem of finding a compromise between the purchase of a low amount of medication and a low amount of human deaths as a result of a pandemic. We propose a stochastic model, which describes this situation. The purpose of the paper is to develop a mathematical model corresponding to the minimization of losses from certain pandemics, as well as the analysis of such a model. Results. In this paper, we propose a stochastic model that describes the behavior of an epidemic with a certain amount of medication administered among the population. We present several estimates for the parameters of the epidemic, such as its duration and the total number of infected people at a certain time, given an initial number of infected people. The first two moments of the number of infected people at a given time were found. Furthermore, we found an estimate of the total losses as a result of the pandemic, which includes medication costs and losses from deaths. Several formulas are presented, which simplify the search for the minimal amount of medication needed to minimize the losses. Conclusions. The presented problem and its solution can be used for models of certain epidemics to minimize the medication costs and losses from deaths. Keywords: epidemic, epidemic modeling, loss minimization.
24
Read, Ian William Olivo, and Aldo Musacchio. "Influenza pandemics throughout Brazilian history." História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos 29, no. 4 (December 2022): 1013–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-59702022000400008.
Abstract:
Abstract Brazil has experienced several major epidemics of influenza, and the most destructive was in 1918-1919. This article focuses on mortality, mitigation policies, and the consequences of pandemic influenza during the national period. We provide the first mortality estimates for the 1890-1894 influenza pandemic and correct figures for later epidemics. The 1918-1919 episode cost more lives than assumed, although some cities suffered less, possibly because of public health actions. Influenza caused pandemics in 1957, 1968, 1976, and 2009, but these did not cause unusual outbreaks in Brazil.
25
Vaishnavi Yadav, Waqar M. Naqvi, and Tasneem Burhani. "Pandemics and Physiotherapy: An overview of the role of the Physiotherapists in restoring functions and quality of life." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, SPL1 (December 21, 2020): 1898–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl1.4550.
Abstract:
Pandemic is an epidemic that has becomes very widespread and affects the entire vicinity, a continent, and the world because of the vulnerable population. Management of pandemic consequence puts a great load on the healthcare sector. It demands great manpower from every sector for the smooth run of the daily essential services. Health care workers play a crucial role in delivering health care services during such pandemics. Physiotherapists are the allied health care professionals which provide primary, secondary, and tertiary level of health care services. The report provides a brief idea about the different roles played by physiotherapists for restoring ability and better functioning of an individual and society as a whole during various epidemics and pandemics.
26
Mitrokhin, Oleg V., Nina A. Ermakova, Ekaterina I. Akimova, and Ekaterina A. Sidorova. "COVID-19 — ways to improve the state preparedness for pandemia." HEALTH CARE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION 66, no. 1 (March 4, 2022): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0044-197x-2022-66-1-5-10.
Abstract:
Introduction. Tasks are to execute a study of the preparedness of government and health systems for a pandemic to develop proposals for their modernization. The author proceeds from the hypothesis that epidemic and pandemic diseases will threaten society in the foreseeable future, and therefore it is necessary to develop preventive strategies for states to be prepared for new threats. The article summarizes the experience of government and public health in a pandemic of coronavirus infection. Purpose. To examine pandemic preparedness of public administration and health systems and develop proposals for their modernization. Material and methods. There was made an expert analysis of the problematic issues of public administration in the implementation of preventive and anti-epidemic measures using statistical materials and publications of domestic and foreign authors. The study applied information and legal databases, documents of the World Health Organization, health authorities of countries in conditions of coronavirus infection pandemic, analytical, informational, statistical methods of research. Results. Measures are proposed to modernize states’ preparedness for possible pandemics (epidemics) for the medium and long term. Conclusion. The author has proposed an algorithm for the activities of the government in preparedness to combat a pandemic (epidemic). It is necessary to introduce the principles of “double” (including epidemics) use of premises, buildings and structures and “double” (including epidemics) education of specialists in the field of veterinary medicine and biology, as well as paramedical personnel.
27
Eroshenko, G. A., E. F. Batieva, and V. V. Kutyrev. "Paleogenomics of the Plague Agent and Prospects for Paleogenomic Studies in Russia." Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections, no. 2 (July 11, 2023): 13–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21055/0370-1069-2023-2-13-28.
Abstract:
The review contains information on paleogenomic studies of the plague pathogen, Yersinia pestis, covering the prehistoric epoch, the periods of the first and second plague pandemics, epidemics and outbreaks of plague of the late XIX–XX centuries. We have summarized the data on the reconstruction of ancient Y. pestis genomes of the Late Neolithic, Bronze and Iron Ages, the Justinian Plague epidemic of the first plague pandemic, the Black Death epidemic and the subsequent epidemics of the second plague pandemic of the XIV–XVIII centuries, as well as on tracing the pathways of plague propagation waves in Eurasia and the course of plague agent evolution with the formation of a vector-borne transmission route with the help of arthropods. We present the results of our own research of Y. pestis genomes from the key sites of formation of etiological agents of the first and second plague pandemics in the Tien Shan Mountains, historical outbreaks in the Northern and North-Western Caspian sea region and other regions of Russia and adjoining countries in the late XIX–XX centuries. The paper discusses the areas of the Caucasus, Crimea, Northern Caspian, Siberia, and Tien Shan in the territory of Russia and neighboring states that are promising for national paleogenomic studies of plague.
28
Rath, Padmalaya, and Shib Narayan Jana. "A Brief Account of Homoeopathic Approach to Fight COVID-19 Disaster." Homœopathic Links 33, no. 03 (September 2020): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1715889.
Abstract:
AbstractDisasters are unfortunate but integral part of civilisation. While the incidence of disaster cannot be prevented altogether, the effects can be modified to the extent that there will be minimum or no loss of life, minimum loss to property and quick restoration to normalcy. Virtually in many instances effects can be reduced to nil or negligible if sufficient diligence is practiced. Epidemic diseases are regarded as disasters too. Homoeopathy is a medical system of therapeutics which claims to have effective intervention in epidemics. Any system of medicine that offers to intervene in any epidemic should be embraced. Epidemics have occurred in the past not only in India but in other countries as well, such as Cholera, Asian flu, Spanish flu, severe acute respiratory syndrome and Avian influenza. When an epidemic spreads in wider geographical area and affects large number of people, it is termed as pandemic. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic that began in December 2019.Homoeopathic system of medicine claims to have effective treatment in epidemics. But hardly any effort seems to have been made to correlate the limited documented studies on epidemics that may consolidate the positive results of homoeopathy in such a way that can help policy makers to give a serious thought to the fact that homoeopathy can be trusted to combat epidemic diseases. This article involves data collection using existing published articles on case series/individual cases in peer-reviewed journals assessing the applicability of homoeopathy in epidemics/pandemics and in COVID-19. With such a background finding suitable solutions is a necessary step toward prevention and treatment of epidemic diseases.
29
Cinelli, Ilaria, and Thais Russomano. "Advances in Space Medicine Applied to Pandemics on Earth." Space: Science & Technology 2021 (April 5, 2021): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2021/9821480.
Abstract:
Preparation and planning are critical when facing an epidemic or pandemic. Timely solutions must be incorporated in addition to existing guidelines in the case of a fast-spreading epidemic. Advances in space health have been driven by the need to preserve human health in an austere environment, in which medical assistance or resupply from the ground is not possible. This paper speculates on the similarities between human spaceflight and epidemics, extended to pandemics, identifying implementable solutions for immediate use by healthcare personnel and healthcare systems. We believe aerospace medical research can be seen as a resource to improve terrestrial medical care and the management of patients on Earth.
30
Schaltegger, Stefan. "Unsustainability as a key source of epi- and pandemics: conclusions for sustainability and ecosystems accounting." Journal of Accounting & Organizational Change 16, no. 4 (November 26, 2020): 613–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jaoc-08-2020-0117.
Abstract:
Purpose The purpose of this study is to identify sources of epidemics and deduct conclusions for management, accounting and reporting. Design/methodology/approach Review of scientific literature on epidemics; conceptualization. Findings Three key sources and paths of zoonotic diseases are distinguished and conclusions drawn for organizational change and accounting. Research limitations/implications Accounting for ecosystems and ecosystem management needs to receive more attention in research and practice to combat key sources of epidemics and pandemics. Social implications To reduce the likelihood of future pandemics the paths of epidemics development need to be broken. Originality/value Conceptual systematization of key sources of epidemics and pandemics; concluding management, accounting and reporting consequences.
31
Marino, Renan. "Flu pandemics: homeopathic prophylaxis and definition of the epidemic genius." International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 8, no. 28 (December 28, 2021): 100–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.51910/ijhdr.v8i28.354.
Abstract:
Recent studies on viral genetics establish swine-H1N1 – responsible for the ongoing pandemics – as a remainder or continuation of the agent causing the flu epidemics of 1918. This study aimed at analyzing whether this common etiology also result in significant correlations of clinical manifestations. To do so, data were collected to compare the clinical evolution of cases in the 1918 and 2009 epidemics. This historical revision was the ground for evaluating the response to treatment including homeopathy in the former epidemics. It is discussed the convenience of including homeopathic prophylaxis grounded on the diagnosis of the epidemic genius among public health actions.
32
Mohan, Remiya, and Vandna Pandey. "Pandemics and epidemics: Past to present." Indian Journal of Continuing Nursing Education 21, no. 2 (2020): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijcn.ijcn_65_20.
33
Cunningham, Andrew. "Epidemics, Pandemics, and the Doomsday Scenario." Historically Speaking 9, no. 7 (2008): 29–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hsp.2008.0035.
34
Awate, Pradip. "Infection control during epidemics & pandemics." Journal of Patient Safety & Infection Control 2, no. 1 (March 2014): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsic.2014.05.008.
35
Jain, Vageesh, Adriano Duse, and Daniel G. Bausch. "Planning for large epidemics and pandemics." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 31, no. 4 (August 2018): 316–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/qco.0000000000000462.
36
Hakes, Nicholas A., Jeff Choi, David A. Spain, and Joseph D. Forrester. "Lessons from Epidemics, Pandemics, and Surgery." Journal of the American College of Surgeons 231, no. 6 (December 2020): 770–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2020.08.736.
37
Dangore-Khasbage, Suwarna. "Epidemics and Pandemics in India Since 20th Century - A Brief Review." Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 10, no. 33 (August 16, 2021): 2830–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2021/576.
Abstract:
The outbreak of an infectious disease and its spread beyond geographic boundaries which leads to a high mortality is declared as pandemic. The factors responsible for pandemic are globalization and travel of people across the world for education, employment, business etc. On March 11, 2020 the corona virus outbreak was declared as pandemic by the World Health Organization. Nevertheless, India was one of the countries affected by the coronavirus outbreak. This article describes the epidemics and pandemics in India since 20th century. But, India was a sufferer of few serious pandemics even before that which are mentioned in brief in this article. Every pandemic has some similar and some dissimilar set of characteristics. All the possible precautionary measures should be taken to avoid transmission within the country and to other countries. In this article, the sincere efforts have been put into compilation of all these natural disasters to alert the dental and medical professionals about the mistakes they might have committed in dealing with an outbreak in the past or how they would overcome or face the current issues. Fortunately India has fought against all these calamites bravely and successfully. Nevertheless during COVID-19 also, India is maintaining better control over the disease spread irrespective of its limited resources and dense population. Though overall incidence of new cases is reducing day by day, COVID-19 still exists in India and all over the world. A widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time is termed as “endemic’. However, if the outbreak of a disease occurs due to its high infectious potential it can lead to a high mortality rate, and so is declared as a pandemic. The globalization and travel of people across the world is usually responsible for pandemic. India has handled many epidemics and pandemics as revealed by history. The World Health Organization declared the coronavirus outbreak as pandemic on March 11, 2020. Basically the disease originated in China, as the first case of COVID-19 infection was diagnosed in Wuhan city of China. Large number of cases were detected to be suffering from the same disease in China as it was a highly contagious disease. Presently, the disease has spread all over the world like a storm, affecting most of the countries, with the highest number of infected cases in U.S., Italy and Spain. India is also one of the victim countries. Taking into account the rapid spread of disease COVID 19 is the topic of great worry in India due to its high population density. This article describes the epidemics and pandemics since 20th century. But, India was a sufferer of few serious pandemics even before that such as Cholera Pandemic in 5 phases, Bombay Plague Epidemic and VIth Cholera Pandemic in 19thcentury.
38
Zhang, Jun, Xiangdong Liu, and Xiting Jin. "Quantitative Assessment for the Impact of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Epidemic on Economic Viability in A Domestic Area." SHS Web of Conferences 152 (2023): 04006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202315204006.
Abstract:
To combine the economic viability of urban areas with a quantitative condition that can characterize “epidemic” and “Pandemic” diseases, we use the factor analysis method to achieve index dimensionality reduction and subjective and objective integration method to achieve optimal weight distribution. We develop a judgment model by taking into account broad factors such as the epidemic situation, population, medical care, economy, and policy. On this basis, we chose 15 common infectious diseases as detection data and used the judgment model to obtain the specific quantitative judgment conditions of “spread, outbreak, epidemic, and pandemic.” The threshold for defining epidemics is between 3 and 5, and the threshold for defining pandemics is greater than 5.
39
Friedman, Samuel R., Ashly E. Jordan, David C. Perlman, Georgios K. Nikolopoulos, and Pedro Mateu-Gelabert. "Emerging Zoonotic Infections, Social Processes and Their Measurement and Enhanced Surveillance to Improve Zoonotic Epidemic Responses: A “Big Events” Perspective." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 2 (January 17, 2022): 995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020995.
Abstract:
Zoonotic epidemics and pandemics have become frequent. From HIV/AIDS through COVID-19, they demonstrate that pandemics are social processes as well as health occurrences. The roots of these pandemics lie in changes in the socioeconomic interface between humanity and non-human host species that facilitate interspecies transmission. The degree to which zoonoses spread has been increased by the greater speed and extent of modern transportation and trade. Pre-existing sociopolitical and economic structures and conflicts in societies also affect pathogen propagation. As an epidemic develops, it can itself become a social and political factor, and change and interact with pre-existing sociobehavioral norms and institutional structures. This paper uses a “Big Events” approach to frame these processes. Based on this framework, we discuss how social readiness surveys implemented both before and during an outbreak might help public health predict how overall systems might react to an epidemic and/or to disease control measures, and thus might inform interventions to mitigate potential adverse outcomes or possibly preventing outbreaks from developing into epidemics. We conclude by considering what “pathways measures”, in addition to those we and others have already developed, might usefully be developed and validated to assist outbreak and epidemic disease responses.
40
Skórzyńska, Izabela. "When epidemics become narrative, women get bogged down in scripts?" LUD Organ Polskiego Towarzystwa Ludoznawczego i Komitetu Nauk Etnologicznych PAN 107 (November 10, 2023): 248–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/lud107.2023.09.
Abstract:
In the article, I follow the fate of women - heroines of the pandemic non-fiction literature in Poland, in order to verify the thesis that when women's experiences, such as pandemics or epidemics, become narratives, they themselves get stuck in women's narrative scripts and their variants characteristic of a specific culture. Treating storytelling, in the vein of anthropologists, as a primarily cultural practice, I wonder whether and how the attribution and/or adoption of stories about their own experiences by the heroines of the pandemic and epidemic, enables them to transgress the boundaries of scripts harmful to them, not invalidating their agency, but loudly manifesting their own point of view, different from the one established in culture.
41
Chernogor, Nikolay, Alexander Zemlin, Ivan Kholikov, and Irada Mamedova. "Impact of the spread of epidemics, pandemics and mass diseases on economic security of transport." E3S Web of Conferences 203 (2020): 05019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020305019.
Abstract:
The problem of the spread of the coronavirus epidemic is now being widely discussed not only in the media, but also in legislative and executive authorities, business and scientific circles around the world, including in Russia. The article provides a brief overview of the main epidemics that occurred in modern world history, their impact on the economy of individual countries and the world economy as a whole. The main attention is paid to the analysis of the impact degree of epidemics and pandemics on the transport sector of the economy. The specificity of the impact of the spread of mass diseases on the functioning of transport system and its’ economic security is shown. Possible directions of organizational and legal support for the activities aimed at minimizing the consequences of the pandemic on the economic security of transport are substantiated.
42
Sarti, Thiago Dias, Welington Serra Lazarini, Leonardo Ferreira Fontenelle, and Ana Paula Santana Coelho Almeida. "Organization of primary health care in pandemics." Revista Brasileira de Medicina de Família e Comunidade 16, no. 43 (July 15, 2021): 2655. http://dx.doi.org/10.5712/rbmfc16(43)2655.
Abstract:
Background: The world is experiencing one of the greatest public health emergencies in history with the global spread of COVID-19. Health systems, including Primary Health Care (PHC) services, are pillars of pandemic coping strategies. Objective: To systematic review of the literature that analyzes the effectiveness of PHC organization strategies in the context of epidemics. Methods: We performed a rapid systematic literature review on MEDLINE (via PubMed), EMBASE and LILACS (via VHL), in order to analyze empirical studies on the effectiveness of PHC organization strategies in the context of epidemics to improve access and reduce morbidity and mortality. There was no assessment of risk of bias, and the synthesis was narrative. PROSPERO CRD42020178310.Results: We selected seven articles, which studied the responses to different epidemic–s in different parts of the world. In terms of access, the studies suggest positive results with the adoption of adjustments of work processes of the teams and the structure of the services, combined with diversification of actions (including call center), adequate provision of inputs and personal protective equipment, adequate action plans and communication strategies, and effective integration with public health services and other levels of care. No study analyzed population morbidity and mortality. The included studies suggest also that community-oriented PHC is more effective in crisis scenarios, indicating the necessity of strengthening of the Family Health Strategy in the Brazilian context. Conclusion: PHC can be effective in coping with public health emergencies. Action plans should be built with broad participation by the actors involved in coping with the epidemic. Emphasis is placed on the importance of empowering the link between the healthcare service and its registered population.
43
Çetin, Eyüp, Serap Kiremitci, and Barış Kiremitci. "Developing Optimal Policies to Fight Pandemics and COVID-19 Combat in the United States." European Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics 13, no. 2 (April 29, 2020): 369–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.29020/nybg.ejpam.v13i2.3700.
Abstract:
The world has faced many outbreaks and pandemics with hundreds of millions of deaths throughout its history. Those epidemics are global health concerns and as well as serious economic issues. There is certain need to allocate scarce sources efficiently to fight such epidemics in both personal and global dimensions. Here we develop and propose two optimization models to maximize the total protection from any epidemic, pandemic or bioterror attacks; the first one is personal protection model or protocol and the other one is mass protection model that is inspired by the well-known weapon-target assignment problem of operations research. These efforts are optimal allocation of scarce medical and economic resources to save millions of lives- gift of life. We implement our general mathematical programming models with real-world data to fight the coronavirus pandemic for a person and the United States. Our personal protection protocol provides 99.99% protection from COVID-19 for an American through personal strategies when the mass protection model supplies 96.961% protection on average from coronavirus pandemic for the United States through across country policies. The mass protection model which recommends general policy frame for health care policy makers could be applied for any epidemic at any level from county to city, to state and country as well as in global scale. The mathematical relation between the personal protection protocol and the mass protection model also highlights the fact of unus pro omnibus, omnes pro uno (one for all, all for one) for fighting epidemics- particularly the moving enemy, novel coronavirus which is double invisible due to its viral nature and the availability of the high level of asymptomatic cases. Recognize the enemy, as protecting yourself means protecting people, love life, follow the rules and stay at home. That is the greatest ever social impact.
44
Chigwedere, Ottilia Cassandra, Anvar Sadath, Zubair Kabir, and Ella Arensman. "The Impact of Epidemics and Pandemics on the Mental Health of Healthcare Workers: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13 (June 22, 2021): 6695. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136695.
Abstract:
Background: There is increasing evidence that healthcare workers (HCWs) experience significant psychological distress during an epidemic or pandemic. Considering the increase in emerging infectious diseases and the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, it is timely to review and synthesize the available evidence on the psychological impact of disease outbreaks on HCWs. Thus, we conducted a systematic review to examine the impact of epidemics and pandemics on the mental health of HCWs. Method: PubMed, PsycInfo, and PsycArticles databases were systematically searched from inception to June-end 2020 for studies reporting the impact of a pandemic/epidemic on the mental health of HCWs. Results: Seventy-six studies were included in this review. Of these, 34 (45%) focused on SARS, 28 (37%) on COVID-19, seven (9%) on MERS, four (5%) on Ebola, two (3%) on H1N1, and one (1%) on H7N9. Most studies were cross-sectional (93%) and were conducted in a hospital setting (95%). Common mental health symptoms identified by this review were acute stress disorder, depression, anxiety, insomnia, burnout, and post-traumatic stress disorder. The associated risk factors were working in high-risk environments (frontline), being female, being a nurse, lack of adequate personal protective equipment, longer shifts, lack of knowledge of the virus, inadequate training, less years of experience in healthcare, lack of social support, and a history of quarantine. Conclusion: HCWs working in the frontline during epidemics and pandemics experience a wide range of mental health symptoms. It is imperative that adequate psychological support be provided to HCWs during and after these extraordinary distressful events.
45
Kosznicki, Michał. "Epidemie i pandemie w wybranych polskich podręcznikach szkolnych historii dla szkół średnich po 1989 r." Studia Historica Gedanensia 12, no. 2 (2021): 416–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/23916001hg.21.022.15004.
Abstract:
Epidemics and pandemics in selected Polish school history textbooks for secondary schools after 1989 The paper presents an analysis of the presentation of major epidemics (pandemics) in the history of mankind in Polish history textbooks for secondary schools published between 1989 and 2020. A qualitative study was carried out on a sample of forty-four textbooks and concerned issues such as: epidemics in antiquity, the so-called “Black Death’ from 1346 to 1353, epidemics in the New World during the period known as the Age of Discovery, and the Spanish flu (the Great Influenza Epidemic) of 1918–1920. This analysis made it possible to formulate conclusions: 1) the medieval “Black Death” epidemic of the XIVth century was presented most fully, both in terms of content and diversity of coverage. This is understandable because of the scale, significance, geographical proximity, and strong roots of this phenomenon in history-teaching literature. “The Black Death” was shown with a broad consideration of the genesis of the phenomenon and its multidirectional demographic, social and economic consequences; 2) the epidemics that took place in the period of antiquity were only to a small extent reflected in the textbooks analyzed. The exception are textbooks by Marek Ziółkowski (editions 1999 and 2002), in which epidemics from the times of the Roman Empire are described in greater detail; 3) in the case of the XVIth-century epidemics from the New World, as well as the Spanish flu, the school reader received what was definitely elementary information, which was not always accurate and precise, without references to the latest scholarly findings; 4) elements of teaching support (maps, tables, illustrations) appeared mainly in the contents dedicated to the “Black Death” and, to a lesser extent, to the XVIth-century epidemics on the American continent; 5) in the textbooks analyzed, there was no clear variation in the way the above-mentioned phenomena were presented in the course of the period discussed.
46
Yiallourides, Constantinos. "The Legal Duty of States to Cooperate in the Fight Against Pandemic Disease under the International Health Regulations." International Community Law Review 25, no. 2 (April 11, 2023): 213–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18719732-bja10095.
Abstract:
Abstract The paper outlines the contemporary legal framework of global health focusing on the legal duty of States to cooperate in the surveillance, prevention, and control of epidemic and pandemic disease. The paper details, in particular, the content and nature of States’ duty to cooperate under the International Health Regulations – the primary international legal instrument governing the global response to such events. It also examines the role of the World Health Organization and other UN bodies in fostering cooperation between States in the fight against epidemics and pandemics.
47
Kirubarajan, Abirami, Shawn Khan, Tiffany Got, Matthew Yau, Jennifer M. Bryan, and Steven Marc Friedman. "Mask shortage during epidemics and pandemics: a scoping review of interventions to overcome limited supply." BMJ Open 10, no. 11 (November 2020): e040547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040547.
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo characterise published evidence regarding preclinical and clinical interventions to overcome mask shortages during epidemics and pandemics.DesignSystematic scoping review.SettingsAll healthcare settings relevant to epidemics and pandemics.Search strategyEnglish peer-reviewed studies published from January 1995 to June 2020 were included. Literature was identified using four databases (Medline-OVID, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane Library), forwards-and-backwards searching through Scopus and an extensive grey literature search. Assessment of study eligibility, data extraction and evidence appraisal were performed in duplicate by two independent reviewers.ResultsOf the 11 220 database citations, a total of 47 articles were included. These studies encompassed six broad categories of conservation strategies: decontamination, reusability of disposable masks and/or extended wear, layering, reusable respirators, non-traditional replacements or modifications and stockpiled masks. Promising strategies for mask conservation in the context of pandemics and epidemics include use of stockpiled masks, extended wear of disposable masks and decontamination.ConclusionThere are promising strategies for overcoming face mask shortages during epidemics and pandemics. Further research specific to practical considerations is required before implementation during the COVID-19 pandemic.
48
Samarasekera, Udani. "CEPI prepares for future pandemics and epidemics." Lancet Infectious Diseases 21, no. 5 (May 2021): 608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(21)00216-4.
49
Perera, Jennifer. "Pandemics and epidemics: Past, present and future." Ceylon Journal of Medical Science 57, no. 1 (December 28, 2020): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/cjms.v57i1.5017.
50
Cunha, Burke A. "Influenza: historical aspects of epidemics and pandemics." Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 18, no. 1 (March 2004): 141–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0891-5520(03)00095-3.