Academic literature on the topic 'Epidemics; pandemics'
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Journal articles on the topic "Epidemics; pandemics":
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An, Lu Vi. "Epidemics and pandemics in human history: Origins, effects and response measures." Science & Technology Development Journal - Social Sciences & Humanities 4, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): first. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjssh.v4i4.612.
Abstract:
Epidemics and pandemics are kind of the regular disasters that not only threaten human health, but also affect economy, social and politic life of many societies and civilizations. In the timeline of human history, there have long been a lot of catastrophic epidemics, rapidly spreading all over the world, leading to massive deaths and becoming horrible challenges to human existence. They included the plague of Antonine in Ancient Rome; the Justinian pandemic and ``the Black Death'' in the Medieval period; the pandemic of cholera and the Asian plague in the modern age; the 1918- 1919 flu pandemic, the HIV/AIDS pandemic, the influenza pandemic in 2009 and the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019-2020. The main infectious diseases that cause pandemics in human history are plagued, smallpox, cholera and flu. By approaching the macrohistory and environmental history, the article made some overviews of epidemics and pandemics in human history from ancient ages to modern ages. Firstly, the article researches the terms ``epidemic, pandemic" and their levels. Next, the article analyzes the origins of epidemics and pandemics, the causes of their appearance, including biological factors, natural conditions and social conditions. Then, the article presents the outbreaks, spreads and impacts of some significant epidemics and pandemics in human history. Hence, the article also initially evaluates some response measures to epidemics and pandemics in history.
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Kelly, B. D. "Plagues, pandemics and epidemics in Irish history prior to COVID-19 (coronavirus): what can we learn?" Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 37, no. 4 (April 15, 2020): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ipm.2020.25.
Abstract:
Objectives:This paper seeks to provide a brief overview of epidemics and pandemics in Irish history and to identify any lessons that might be useful in relation to psychiatry in the context of COVID-19.Methods:A review of selected key reports, papers and publications related to epidemics and pandemics in Irish history was conducted.Results:Viruses, epidemics and pandemics are recurring features of human history. Early Irish sources record a broad array of plagues, pandemics and epidemics including bubonic plague, typhus, cholera, dysentery and smallpox, as well as an alleged epidemic of insanity in the 19th century (that never truly occurred). Like the Spanish flu pandemic (1918–20), COVID-19 (a new coronavirus) presents both the challenge of the illness itself and the problems caused by the anxiety that the virus triggers. Managing this anxiety has always been a challenge, especially with the Spanish flu. People with mental illness had particularly poor outcomes with the Spanish flu, often related to the large, unhygienic mental hospitals in which so many were housed.Conclusions:Even today, a full century after the Spanish flu pandemic, people with mental illness remain at increased risk of poor physical health, so it is imperative that multi-disciplinary care continues during the current outbreak of COVID-19, despite the manifest difficulties involved. The histories of previous epidemics and pandemics clearly demonstrate that good communication and solidarity matter, now more than ever, especially for people with mental illness.
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Jones, Roger A. C. "Disease Pandemics and Major Epidemics Arising from New Encounters between Indigenous Viruses and Introduced Crops." Viruses 12, no. 12 (December 4, 2020): 1388. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12121388.
Abstract:
Virus disease pandemics and epidemics that occur in the world’s staple food crops pose a major threat to global food security, especially in developing countries with tropical or subtropical climates. Moreover, this threat is escalating rapidly due to increasing difficulties in controlling virus diseases as climate change accelerates and the need to feed the burgeoning global population escalates. One of the main causes of these pandemics and epidemics is the introduction to a new continent of food crops domesticated elsewhere, and their subsequent invasion by damaging virus diseases they never encountered before. This review focusses on providing historical and up-to-date information about pandemics and major epidemics initiated by spillover of indigenous viruses from infected alternative hosts into introduced crops. This spillover requires new encounters at the managed and natural vegetation interface. The principal virus disease pandemic examples described are two (cassava mosaic, cassava brown streak) that threaten food security in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and one (tomato yellow leaf curl) doing so globally. A further example describes a virus disease pandemic threatening a major plantation crop producing a vital food export for West Africa (cacao swollen shoot). Also described are two examples of major virus disease epidemics that threaten SSA’s food security (rice yellow mottle, groundnut rosette). In addition, brief accounts are provided of two major maize virus disease epidemics (maize streak in SSA, maize rough dwarf in Mediterranean and Middle Eastern regions), a major rice disease epidemic (rice hoja blanca in the Americas), and damaging tomato tospovirus and begomovirus disease epidemics of tomato that impair food security in different world regions. For each pandemic or major epidemic, the factors involved in driving its initial emergence, and its subsequent increase in importance and geographical distribution, are explained. Finally, clarification is provided over what needs to be done globally to achieve effective management of severe virus disease pandemics and epidemics initiated by spillover events.
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Bagal, Dilip Kumar, and Pravajyoti Patra. "COVID-19: A Never Seen Pandemic." YMER Digital 21, no. 08 (August 8, 2022): 321–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.37896/ymer21.08/27.
Abstract:
People have long been affected by epidemics and pandemics of communicable illnesses. The outbreaks have been around for thousands of years. Even in our modern day, epidemics have ravaged civilization till it leads people to despair. In the meanwhile, viruses have always offered huge difficulties that have ignited horrific epidemics and pandemics. A pandemic is the widespread spread of a new sickness. Viral respiratory diseases, such as those caused by a novel influenza virus or the coronavirus COVID-19, are the most likely to evolve into a pandemic. A pandemic is not the same as an epidemic. In an epidemic, many more cases of a health condition occur than would typically develop in a community or area, however the ailment does not move outside. The World Health Organization (WHO) is responsible for declaring when a worldwide epidemic is underway. The WHO achieves this by monitoring outbreaks of a disease and receiving advice from worldwide health experts. This paper depicts the impact of COVID-19 in globally in various fields and also visualize the current status of this pandemic. Keywords: COVID-19; Confirmed Case; Pandemic; WHO
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A. Aljeshi, Abdulsamad, Hussain A. Aljeshi, and Zakiyah A. Aljeshi. "Pandemics and Epidemics Throughout History." JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE SCIENCES 03, no. 10 (2023): 374–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.52533/johs.2023.31003.
Abstract:
Despite the advancements in medicine and community health, epidemics and pandemics continue to pose a significant challenge to modern society. Population growth, urbanization, climate change, and globalization contribute to their spread, while transportation facilitates rapid transmission. Throughout history, epidemics and pandemics have significantly affected human civilizations, wiping out entire populations, causing economic collapse and political unrest, and changing the course of history. This article provides a summary of some of the most significant epidemics and pandemics throughout history, including the oldest known pandemic in China, the Plague of Athens, the Antonine Plague, the Black Plague, and the Spanish Flu, as well as the history of epidemics in the Arabian Gulf region. While the impact of these epidemics and pandemics has been devastating, they have also led to advancements in medicine and public health, helping us better prepare for future outbreaks. Continuous research and vigilance are essential in addressing the threat of epidemics and pandemics in our modern age.
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Gupta, Nidhi. "Exploring Pandemics and Epidemics." Geography Teacher 20, no. 4 (October 2, 2023): 173–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19338341.2023.2273810.
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Weber-Chuliá, Nalleli, Germán Bazán-Miranda, Lucía Guadalupe Cruz Maldonado, and Alberto Manuel Ángeles-Castellanos. "Aspectos relevantes de las epidemias y pandemias en México: desde la perspectiva del derecho sanitario." Revista de la Facultad de Medicina 65, no. 4 (July 10, 2022): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/fm.24484865e.2022.65.4.06.
Abstract:
Throughout history, Mexico has been affected by major epidemics and pandemics, for this reason the health system of each era has had to develop, adopt and perpetuate multiple actions and health security measures, in which the following measures stand out: vaccination, adequate personal hygiene, a balanced diet, water chlorination, suspension of some activities, adequate disinfection of public places, preventive and disinfection measures in homes, quarantine, isolation or confinement, correct use of face masks, avoid crowded places, prohibit or avoid collective meetings, this just to mention the most relevant. The aforementioned cares have been implemented with the intention of mitigating and eradicating its spread, as well as reducing its morbidity and mortality from it. The COVID-19 pandemic, like other pandemics that have arisen over time in México, have affected various aspects such as economic, social, political and especially sanitary health. As time has passed, the crisis that the health sector is going through has become evident, which has forced the corresponding health authorities to make multiple efforts to face it and try to cope with these epidemics and pandemics. In this article we make a brief account of the epidemics and pandemics that have affected Mexico from the year 1450 to 2020, as well as the historical evolution of the pertinent health authorities and the general aspects of health law. Keywords: Health law; epidemic; pandemic; preventive medicine; COVID-19.
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Jones, Roger A. C. "Global Plant Virus Disease Pandemics and Epidemics." Plants 10, no. 2 (January 25, 2021): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10020233.
Abstract:
The world’s staple food crops, and other food crops that optimize human nutrition, suffer from global virus disease pandemics and epidemics that greatly diminish their yields and/or produce quality. This situation is becoming increasingly serious because of the human population’s growing food requirements and increasing difficulties in managing virus diseases effectively arising from global warming. This review provides historical and recent information about virus disease pandemics and major epidemics that originated within different world regions, spread to other continents, and now have very wide distributions. Because they threaten food security, all are cause for considerable concern for humanity. The pandemic disease examples described are six (maize lethal necrosis, rice tungro, sweet potato virus, banana bunchy top, citrus tristeza, plum pox). The major epidemic disease examples described are seven (wheat yellow dwarf, wheat streak mosaic, potato tuber necrotic ringspot, faba bean necrotic yellows, pepino mosaic, tomato brown rugose fruit, and cucumber green mottle mosaic). Most examples involve long-distance virus dispersal, albeit inadvertent, by international trade in seed or planting material. With every example, the factors responsible for its development, geographical distribution and global importance are explained. Finally, an overall explanation is given of how to manage global virus disease pandemics and epidemics effectively.
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Iqrar, Irum, Muhammad Ali, and Zabta Khan Shinwari. "Proceedings of the ANSO-PAS-MAAP Conference on Epidemic and Pandemic Preparedness." Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: B. Life and Environmental Sciences 60, S (January 29, 2023): 115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.53560/ppasb(60-sp1)proceedings845.
Abstract:
An EPIDEMIC is a disease that affects many people within a community, population, or region. ENDEMIC is something that belongs to a particular people or country. A PANDEMIC is an epidemic that’s spread over multiple countries or continents. Epidemics and pandemics are some of the leading threats to global health security. They not only affect people’s health and well-being, but they can also have a massive impact on livelihoods and entire societies too. Pandemics can cause sudden, widespread morbidity and mortality as well as social, political, and economic disruption. The world has endured several notable pandemics, including the Black Death, Spanish flu, and human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS). Most new pandemics have originated through the “zoonotic” transmission of pathogens from animals to humans, and the next pandemic is likely to be a zoonosis as well. Zoonoses enter human populations from both domesticated animals (such as farmed swine or poultry) and wildlife. Many historically significant zoonoses were introduced through increased human-animal interaction following domestication, and potentially high-risk zoonoses (including avian influenzas) continue to emerge from livestock production systems. Some pathogens (including Ebola) have emerged from wildlife reservoirs and entered human populations through the hunting and consumption of wild species (such as bushmeat), the wild animal trade, and other contacts with wildlife. Spending and costs specifically associated with pandemic preparedness and response efforts are poorly tracked. There is no widely accepted, consistent methodology for estimating the economic impacts of pandemics.
To highlight strategies to combat pandemics, a three-day ANSO-PAS-MAAP Conference on Epidemic and Pandemic Preparedness was jointly organized by the Pakistan Academy of Sciences (PAS), Alliance of International Science Organization (ANSO), and MonbukagakushoMEXT Alumni Association of Pakistan (MAAP) organized a three-day ANSO-PAS-MAAP Conference on “Epidemic and Pandemic Preparedness” from December 5 - 7, 2022 in the Pakistan Academy of Sciences, Islamabad. In total, 31 lectures were delivered at the ANSOPAS-MAAP Conference by leading experts in five technical sessions focused on the surveillance and preparedness against global Pandemics and epidemics. Of these, seven (07) lectures were presented by international speakers and twenty-six (26) lectures were presented by Pakistani speakers. The resource persons were leading foreign experts from different countries i.e., China, New Zealand, Italy, USA, and Pakistan. While 32 posters were presented on various themes of pandemics and epidemics in the Poster competition, in which young scientists from across the country participated. Over 400 academicians, scientists, researchers, and postgraduate students from Pakistan and abroad have registered to participate in the deliberations of the conference through physical and/or virtual (online) presence. In addition to the technical sessions, four group works were conducted to formulate recommendations. Recommendations of the conference will be shared with national and international bodies and research institutions dealing with the development of vaccines for the control of potential epidemic and pandemic-related issues worldwide.
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Sergeant, Anjali, Emma Alaine van Reekum, Nitika Sanger, Alexander Dufort, Tea Rosic, Stephanie Sanger, Sandra Lubert, Lawrence Mbuagbaw, Lehana Thabane, and Zainab Samaan. "Impact of COVID-19 and other pandemics and epidemics on people with pre-existing mental disorders: a systematic review protocol and suggestions for clinical care." BMJ Open 10, no. 9 (September 2020): e040229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040229.
Abstract:
IntroductionThe current COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in high rates of infection and death, as well as widespread social disruption and a reduction in access to healthcare services and support. There is growing concern over how the pandemic, as well as measures put in place to curb the pandemic, will impact people with mental disorders. We aim to study the effect of pandemics and epidemics on mental health outcomes for people with premorbid mental disorders.Methods and analysisWith our predefined search strategy, we will search five databases for studies reporting on mental health outcomes in people with pre-existing mental disorders during pandemic and epidemic settings. Search dates are planned as follows: 5 May 2020 and 23 July 2020. The following databases will be searched: MEDLINE/PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, MedRxiv and EMBASE. Data will be screened and extracted in duplicate by two independent reviewers. Studies involving non-clinical populations or patients diagnosed with a mental disorder during a pandemic/epidemic will be excluded. We will include data collected from all pandemics and epidemics throughout history, including the present COVID-19 pandemic. If possible, study findings will be combined in meta-analyses, and subgroup analyses will be performed. We hope that this review will shed light on the impact of pandemics and epidemics on those with pre-existing mental disorders. Knowledge generated may inform future intervention studies as well as healthcare policies. Given the potential implications of the current pandemic measures (ie, disruption of healthcare services) on mental health, we will also compile a list of existing mental health resources.Ethics and disseminationNo ethical approval is required for this protocol and proposed systematic review as we will only use data from previously published papers that have themselves received ethics clearance and used proper informed consent procedures.Systematic review registrationPROSPERO registration number: CRD42020179611.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Epidemics; pandemics":
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Ahmed, Wasim. "Using Twitter data to provide qualitative insights into pandemics and epidemics." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/20367/.
Abstract:
Background: One area of public health research specialises in examining public views and opinions surrounding infectious disease outbreaks. Although interviews and surveys are valid sources of this information, views and opinions are necessarily generated by the context, rather than spontaneous. As such, social media has increasingly been viewed as legitimate source of pragmatic, unfiltered public opinion. Objectives: This research attempts to better understand how users converse about infectious disease outbreaks on the social media platform Twitter. The study was undertaken in order to address a gap in knowledge because previous empirical studies that have analysed infectious disease outbreaks on Twitter have focused on employing quantitative methods as the primary form of data analysis. After analysing individual cases on Ebola, Zika, and swine flu, the study performs an important comparison in the types of discussions taking place on Twitter and is the first empirical study to do so. Methods: A number of pilot studies were initially designed and conducted in order to help inform the main study. The study then manually labels tweets on infectious disease outbreaks assisted by the qualitative analysis programme NVivo, and performs an analysis using the Health Belief Model, concepts around information theory, and a number of sociological principles. The data were purposively sampled according to when Google Trends Data showed a heightened interest in the respective outbreaks, and a case study approach was utilised. Results: A substantial number of themes were uncovered which were not reported in previous literature, demonstrating the potential of qualitative methodologies for extracting greater insight into public health opinions from Twitter data. The study noted several limitations of Twitter data for use in qualitative research. However, results demonstrated the potential of Twitter to identify discussions around infectious diseases that might not emerge in an interview and/or which might not be included in a survey.
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Ng, Sophia, and 吳鈺陪. "The role of antivirals and vaccines in the control of influenza epidemics and pandemics." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B49617849.
Abstract:
Influenza vaccination is the best preventive measure against influenza virus infection, and antivirals including oseltamivir are effective treatments. From a public health point of view, it is important to evaluate whether vaccination and antiviral treatment reduces transmission of the virus. I analyzed data from a community-based study of influenza virus transmission in households, and identified effectiveness of antiviral treatment in reducing duration of illness and some evidence that treatment reduced transmission to household contacts. I also analyzed data from a community-based placebo-controlled trial of influenza vaccination and confirmed efficacy of vaccination against seasonal influenza but differential efficacy against pandemic influenza possibly because of timing and mediation of seasonal influenza epidemics. In further analyses I found that antibody titers of 1:40 correlated with 50% protection against infection, and repeated vaccination with the same strains tended to be associated with reduced responses to those strains although there was no evidence of reduced efficacy. In the study, one child in each household was randomly allocated to receive vaccine or placebo and I did not identify any evidence of indirect benefits to the household members of vaccinated children. I reviewed vaccine target groups in different countries, and noted that some countries now include school-age children in their target groups based mainly on the principle of herd immunity. My findings did not support the inclusion of school-age children as a target group for vaccination in Hong Kong. Further studies should examine the indirect as well as direct benefits of vaccination in different settings in order to guide optimal influenza vaccination policies.published_or_final_version
Community Medicine
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
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Hyder, Ayaz. "Validation and integration in spread models of influenza: scientific insights and policy implications during influenza epidemics/pandemics." Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=110462.
Abstract:
Influenza presents many challenges to society, leading to severe impacts in terms of social, economic and health-care costs. To minimize these impacts, models for the spatial spread of influenza help us prepare and plan for epidemic/pandemic events. These models also increase our scientific understanding about the epidemic process and identify optimal mitigation strategies during such events. Given the human experience with past pandemics and severe seasonal epidemics, modeling studies will continue to be a useful tool for policy-makers in reducing the burden of influenza on society. I highlight two avenues of research which may enhance our understanding of the epidemic process and improve the use of models for setting and implementing policy.Validation remains limited and predictive validation is almost non-existent in complex simulation models of influenza spread. This is a serious concern because policy-makers use predictions from such models as inputs for making important decisions. Current models of influenza spread are coming under increased scrutiny for their lack of predictive ability, but it seems that no one has actually evaluated their predictive ability in the first place. To fill this gap in knowledge, I demonstrate the process of predictive validation by generalizing an individual-based model for the spread of influenza to the urban area of Montreal, Canada. Using this model and extensive data on several past epidemics, I show that the reliability and timing of several epidemic metrics depends on two important factors: the method of forecasting and the type of the epidemic metric which we want to forecast.Predictors of health disparities are not included in current models of influenza spread. This is despite an extensive literature showing that these predictors are related to burden of influenza in vulnerable subpopulations of society. Through formulating two different integrated models, I illustrate novel approaches to address this limitation. In the first model, I integrate social deprivation within an individual-based model for the spread of influenza. Using this model, I examine hypotheses about the relationship between social deprivation and influenza burden. In the second model, I integrate socioeconomic information in a metapopulation model. I develop a novel social-attributes gravity model to describe local-scale contact processes. I perform a theoretical analysis of this model to show the consequences of local-scale heterogeneity, in contact and susceptibility, on large-scale epidemic patterns. For both models, I show their practical application through evaluating vaccination strategies which make use of never-before-available data within complex and dynamic models of influenza spread.L'influenza présente de nombreux défis pour la société, entre autres des conséquences sociales, économiques et sanitaires. Afin de minimiser les impacts de la propagation spatiale de l'influenza, certains modèles sont développés pour aider à préparer et planifier des épidémies et pandémies. Ces modèles augmentent aussi notre compréhension scientifique des processus d'épidémie et identifient les stratégies optimales d'atténuation de ces évènements. Étant donné l'expérience précédente des humains lors de pandémies et les dynamiques saisonnières de celles-ci, les études de modélisation continueront d'être un outil utile pour les politiciens afin de réduire le fardeau de l'influenza pour la société. Ici, je souligne deux axes de recherche qui peut améliorer notre compréhension du processus de l'épidémie et améliorer l'utilisation de modèles pour l'élaboration des politiques.La validation des modèles demeure limitée et la validation prévisible n'existe pas dans de modèles complexes de la propagation de l'influenza. Ce manque de validation est une grande préoccupation car les politiciens utilisent ces prévisions pour faire des décisions importantes. Les modèles actuels de la propagation de la grippe sont soumis à une surveillance accrue pour leur manque de capacité prédictive, mais il semble que personne ne sont effectivement évalué leur capacité prédictive en premier lieu. Pour combler cette lacune dans les connaissances. Je démontre le processus de validation prévisible en généralisant le modèle courant, basé sur l'individu dans la région urbaine de Montréal, Canada. J'utilise un grand jeu de données comportant plusieurs épidémies en plus de perturbations réelles pour démontrer que la méthode de prévision et la métrique du type d'épidémie peuvent avoir de grands enjeux sur le temps de détection et la fiabilité lorsque de telles estimées sont possibles.Les disparités de santé ne sont pas incluses dans les modèles courant de la répartition de l'influenza malgré le fait que la littérature démontre que les prédictions de celles-ci sont reliées au fardeau de l'influenza. Par la formulation de deux modèles intégraux différents, je démontre une nouvelle approche qui adresse cette limitation. Dans le premier modèle, j'intègre la privation sociale dans un modèle basé sur l'individu. En utilisant ce modèle, j'examine les hypothèses concernant le lien entre la privation sociale et le fardeau de l'influenza. Dans le deuxième modèle, j'intègre de l'information socioéconomique dans un modèle de métapopulations. Je développe un nouveau modèle gravitationnel d'attributs sociaux pour décrire l'état local des processus de contact. J'effectue une analyse théorique pour démontrer les conséquences de l'hétérogénéité à l'échelle locale, du contact et de la susceptibilité sur les patrons épidémiques à grande échelle. Pour les deux modèles, je démontre leur application pratique par rapport à l'évaluation des stratégies de vaccination. Ces stratégies utilisent des jeux de données complexes, jamais utilisés auparavant, et des modèles dynamiques de propagation de l'influenza.
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Shi, Pengyi. "Stochastic modeling and decision making in two healthcare applications: inpatient flow management and influenza pandemics." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/50367.
Abstract:
Delivering health care services in an efficient and effective way has become a great challenge for many countries due to the aging population worldwide, rising health expenses, and increasingly complex healthcare delivery systems. It is widely recognized that models and analytical tools can aid decision-making at various levels of the healthcare delivery process, especially when decisions have to be made under uncertainty. This thesis employs stochastic models to improve decision-making under uncertainty in two specific healthcare settings: inpatient flow management and infectious disease modeling.
In Part I of this thesis, we study patient flow from the emergency department (ED) to hospital inpatient wards. This line of research aims to develop insights into effective inpatient flow management to reduce the waiting time for admission to inpatient wards from the ED. Delayed admission to inpatient wards, also known as ED boarding, has been identified as a key contributor to ED overcrowding and is a big challenge for many hospitals. Part I consists of three main chapters. In Chapter 2 we present an extensive empirical study of the inpatient department at our collaborating hospital. Motivated by this empirical study, in Chapter 3 we develop a high fidelity stochastic processing network model to capture inpatient flow with a focus on the transfer process from the ED to the wards. In Chapter 4 we devise a new analytical framework, two-time-scale analysis, to predict time-dependent performance measures for some simplified versions of our proposed model. We explore both exact Markov chain analysis and diffusion approximations.
Part I of the thesis makes contributions in three dimensions. First, we identify several novel features that need to be built into our proposed stochastic network model. With these features, our model is able to capture inpatient flow dynamics at hourly resolution and reproduce the empirical time-dependent performance measures, whereas traditional time-varying queueing models fail to do so. These features include unconventional non-i.i.d. (independently and identically distributed) service times, an overflow mechanism, and allocation delays. Second, our two-time-scale framework overcomes a number of challenges faced by existing analytical methods in analyzing models with these novel features. These challenges include time-varying arrivals and extremely long service times. Third, analyzing the developed stochastic network model generates a set of useful managerial insights, which allow hospital managers to (i) identify strategies to reduce the waiting time and (ii) evaluate the trade-off between the benefit of reducing ED congestion and the cost from implementing certain policies. In particular, we identify early discharge policies that can eliminate the excessively long waiting times for patients requesting beds in the morning.
In Part II of the thesis, we model the spread of influenza pandemics with a focus on identifying factors that may lead to multiple waves of outbreak. This line of research aims to provide insights and guidelines to public health officials in pandemic preparedness and response. In Chapter 6 we evaluate the impact of seasonality and viral mutation on the course of an influenza pandemic. In Chapter 7 we evaluate the impact of changes in social mixing patterns, particularly mass gatherings and holiday traveling, on the disease spread.
In Chapters 6 and 7 we develop agent-based simulation models to capture disease spread across both time and space, where each agent represents an individual with certain socio-demographic characteristics and mixing patterns. The important contribution of our models is that the viral transmission characteristics and social contact patterns, which determine the scale and velocity of the disease spread, are no longer static. Simulating the developed models, we study the effect of the starting season of a pandemic, timing and degree of viral mutation, and duration and scale of mass gatherings and holiday traveling on the disease spread. We identify possible scenarios under which multiple outbreaks can occur during an influenza pandemic. Our study can help public health officials and other decision-makers predict the entire course of an influenza pandemic based on emerging viral characteristics at the initial stage, determine what data to collect, foresee potential multiple waves of attack, and better prepare response plans and intervention strategies, such as postponing or cancelling public gathering events.
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Mak, Ka-ki Peter. "The potential trade-offs between treatment and prophylaxis with antivirals in households during a pandemic." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B38479631.
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Ma, Sau-mui Rhoda. "Self-evaluation on emergency preparedness for influenza pandemic by public health nurses in Hong Kong /." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B38296299.
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Mak, Ka-ki Peter, and 麥家麒. "The potential trade-offs between treatment and prophylaxis with antivirals in households during a pandemic." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B39724517.
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Ferreira, Jackson Andrade. "Um modelo multiescalas de autômatos celulares para pandemia da dengue." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2009. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/4233.
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Previous issue date: 2009-02-09Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais
The dramatic resurgence and emergence of epidemic dengue and dengue hemorragic fever in the last two decades neatly define a global pandemic. The dispersion of dengue viruses combines local infections of humans bited by infective mosquitoes inside a city with long-range transmissions to non-infective vectors that feed the blood of infected people arriving from other urban areas. In the present work a cellular automata model for dengue epidemic is proposed and investigated through large-scale computer simulations. The model takes into account the main features concerning the population dynamics of mosquitoes and humans and the disease transmission cycle. Furthermore, the model is defined on a scale-free network in which each node is a square lattice in order to properly describe the environment as urban centers interconnected through a national transportation system. A nonzero epidemic threshold is found and it is approached with a power law behavior by the density of infected individuals, as observed in the small-world network of Watts and Strogatz. Also, it is studied the importance of three parameters for the dengue spreading: the diffusivity of the mosquitoes, the probability of a mosquito bites humans, and the travel's probability of people between two interconnected cities. Finally, maps of infected individuals are obtained in order to caracterise the epidemic spreading.
O dramático ressurgimento e a emergência da epidemia de dengue e dengue hemorrágica nas últimas duas décadas claramente definem uma pandemia global. A dispersão do vírus da dengue combina infecções locais dos seres humanos picados por mosquitos infectados dentro de uma cidade com transmissões de longo alcance por vetores não-infecciosos que se alimentam do sangue de pessoas infectadas provenientes de outras zonas urbanas. No presente trabalho um modelo de autômatos celulares para epidemias de dengue é proposto e investigado através de siulação por computador, em larga escala. O modelo leva em conta as principais características relativas à dinâmica das populações de mosquitos e seres humanos e o ciclo de transmissão da doença. Além disso, o modelo é definido em uma rede livre de escala, em que cada nó é uma rede quadrada, a fim de descrever adequadamente o meio ambiente como os centros urbanos interligados através do sistema de transporte nacional. Um limiar epidêmico diferente de zero é encontrado e é aproximado com um comportamento tipo lei de potência pela densidade de indivíduos infectados, como observado na rede mundo-pequeno de Watts-Strogatz. Também, é estudada a importância de três parâmetros na dispersão da dengue: a difusividade do mosquito, a probabilidade do mosquito picar um ser humano, e a probabilidade de viagem de pessoas entre duas cidades conectadas. Por fim, mapas de indivíduos infectados são obtidos a fim de caracterizar a difusão da epidemia.
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Cuny, Gérard. "Les crises épidémiques de l'empire romain, 27 av. J.-C. - 476 ap. J.-C." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Montpellier 3, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023MON30036.
Abstract:
De nombreuses sources attestent d’épidémies, et divers récits font référence à des « pestes », noms génériques pour désigner de graves maladies infectieuses épidémiques qui ont marqué l’Empire Romain. Les récits qui nous sont parvenus ne donnent pas ou très rarement des indications sur l’épidémiologie, les symptômes, les signes ou l’évolution des maladies responsables, mais à défaut de pouvoir poser un diagnostic précis il parait plausible, compte-tenu de nos connaissances actuelles, d’avancer des hypothèses sur leur nature. Pour chaque épidémie, l’identification des agents pathogènes potentiellement responsables, et leurs interactions avec les populations du passé, est réalisée. Ensuite, une recherche/compréhension est menée, afin d’expliquer l’apparition de la maladie infectieuse, la dynamique de son comportement temporel et spatial, la taille critique des populations hôtes, l’importance et les effets de modifications environnementales ou bioclimatiques qui ont contribué à sa diffusion. Pour mieux expliciter ces événements épidémiques, un état des lieux des connaissances médicales de l’époque était indispensable : quelles conceptions avaient les médecins des maladies, de leurs causes et de leurs variétés, des notions de transmissibilité des maladies infectieuses. Sont abordés ensuite les différents facteurs démographiques (densité de peuplement, état sanitaire, migrations), socio-économiques (pauvreté, carences nutritionnelles, pressions humaines sur l'environnement), climatiques et écologiques qui, individuellement ou en conjonction, pouvaient favoriser le développement d’une épidémie. Enfin, la perception du risque épidémique, dans ses dimensions cognitives (connaissance et compréhension du risque) et émotionnelle (ressenti du risque et comportement), ainsi que la manière dont l’Etat et les populations s’attachaient à se prémunir ou à subir les flambées épidémiques sont considérées. L’Empire romain a été confronté à des épidémies majeures, premières pandémies meurtrières décrites dans l’histoire qui vont contribuer à son affaiblissement et indirectement à l’essor du christianismeMany sources attest to epidemics, and various stories refer to "plagues", generic names to designate serious epidemic infectious diseases that marked the Roman Empire. The stories that have come down to us do not or very rarely give any information on the epidemiology, symptoms, signs or evolution of the diseases responsible, but in the absence of being able to make a precise diagnosis, it seems plausible, taking into account our current knowledge, to put forward hypotheses on their nature. For each epidemic, the identification of potentially responsible pathogens, and their interactions with past populations, is carried out. Then, a research/understanding is carried out, in order to explain the appearance of the infectious disease, the dynamics of its temporal and spatial behavior, the critical size of the host populations, the importance and the effects of environmental or bioclimatic modifications which have contributed to its dissemination. To better explain these epidemic events, an inventory of medical knowledge of the time was essential: what were the conceptions that doctors had of diseases, their causes and their varieties, notions of the transmissibility of infectious diseases. The various demographic (population density, health status, migrations), socio-economic (poverty, nutritional deficiencies, human pressures on the environment), climatic and ecological factors which individually or in conjunction could favor the development of a epidemic. Finally, the perception of the epidemic risk, in its cognitive (knowledge and understanding of the risk) and emotional (feeling of the risk and behavior) dimensions, as well as the way in which the State and the populations endeavored to protect themselves or to suffer the epidemic outbreaks are considered. The Roman Empire was confronted with major epidemics, the first deadly pandemics described in history which will contribute to its weakening and indirectly to the rise of Christianity
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Svensson, Ida, and Desirée Bard. "Upplevelser av aktivitetsbalans och dess påverkan på stress för studenter under pandemin covid-19 : En kvalitativ intervjustudie." Thesis, Jönköping University, HHJ, Avd. för rehabilitering, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-52608.
Abstract:
Titel: Upplevelser av aktivitetsbalans och dess påverkan på stress för studenter under pandemin covid-19. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva hur studenter på en svensk högskola upplever aktivitetsbalans och dess påverkan på stress under pandemin covid-19. Metod: En kvalitativ intervjustudie med 10 svenska informanter där materialet analyserades med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: I resultatet kom det fram 3 kategorier: Minskade möjligheter i att delta i aktiviteter påverkar aktivitetsbalansen, Strategier för att upprätthålla aktivitetsbalans och Relationen mellan aktivitetsbalans och stress. Resultatet visade upplevelserna av aktivitetsbalans och dess påverkan på stress hos informanterna. Slutsats: Fungerande rutiner och anpassade aktiviteter var av betydelse för upplevd aktivitetsbalans under pandemin covid-19. Upplevelsen av att pandemin påverkat aktivitetsbalans negativt var på grund av bristande rutiner och anpassningar i vardagen. Vid upplevd aktivitetsobalans sågs en verkan på stress men med tidigare erfarenhet av stresshantering kunde det undvikas.Title: The experiences of occupational balance and its impact on stress for students during the covid-19 pandemic. Aim: The purpose of the study was to describe how students at a Swedish university experience occupational balance and its impact on stress during the pandemic covid-19. Method: A qualitative interview study was used with 10 Swedish participants and the material was analyzed with a qualitative content analysis. Result: The result revealed 3 categories: Reduced opportunities in participating in activities affect the occupational balance, Strategies for maintaining occupational balance and The relationship between occupational balance and stress. The results showed experiences of occupational balance and its impact on between informants Conclusion: Functioning routines and adapted activities were important for the perceived occupational balance during the covid-19 pandemic. The experience that the pandemic had a negative effect on the balance of activities was due to a lack of routines and adaptations in everyday life. In the case of perceived occupational imbalance, an effect on stress was seen, but with previous experience of stress management, it could be avoided.
Books on the topic "Epidemics; pandemics":
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Hays, J. N. Epidemics and Pandemics. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2008.
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Pratt, Mary K. Pandemics. Edina, Minn: ABDO Pub., 2011.
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Inc, World Book, ed. Pandemics. Chicago: World Book, 2008.
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1969-, Haugen David M., and Musser Susan, eds. Pandemics. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2007.
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Rolfes, Nina. Examining pandemics. Minneapolis, MN: Clara House Books, an imprint of The Oliver Press, Inc., 2015.
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Langwith, Jacqueline. Pandemics. Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhaven Press, 2011.
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Cunningham, Kevin. Pandemics. New York: Children's Press, 2012.
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Venkatesan, Sathyaraj, Antara Chatterjee, A. David Lewis, and Brian Callender, eds. Pandemics and Epidemics in Cultural Representation. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1296-2.
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H, Phillips. Plague, pox and pandemics. Auckland Park, South Africa: Jacana, 2012.
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Pigoli, Giuseppe. I dardi di Apollo: Dalla peste all'AIDS, la storia scritta dalle pandemie. [Turin, Italy]: UTET libreria, 2009.
Book chapters on the topic "Epidemics; pandemics":
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Huntington, Mark K. "Epidemics and Pandemics." In Family Medicine, 1–15. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0779-3_189-1.
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Huntington, Mark K. "Epidemics and Pandemics." In Family Medicine, 607–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54441-6_189.
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Nicoletti, Michele, and Alessandro Palazzo. "Conclusion." In Epidemics and Pandemics, 321–27. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols Publishers, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.stph-eb.5.136418.
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Di Segni, Diana. "Latin-into-Hebrew Treatises on the Black Death." In Epidemics and Pandemics, 105–30. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols Publishers, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.stph-eb.5.136408.
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Zack, Naomi. "Epidemics and Pandemics: Philosophical Perspectives. What’s Philosophy Got to Do with It?" In Epidemics and Pandemics, 7–11. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols Publishers, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.stph-eb.5.136403.
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Lacková, Ľudmila. "Crisis of the Subject in Mediated Communication." In Epidemics and Pandemics, 279–96. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols Publishers, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.stph-eb.5.136415.
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Abdolmohammadi, Pejman. "The COVID-19 Pandemic. An Exogenous Shock into Political Systems in the Middle East and North Africa?" In Epidemics and Pandemics, 309–19. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols Publishers, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.stph-eb.5.136417.
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Meroi, Fabrizio. "Contagion and Epidemics in Twentieth-Century Thought. A Hypothesis about Bergson." In Epidemics and Pandemics, 189–213. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols Publishers, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.stph-eb.5.136411.
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Nicoletti, Michele. "Fear and Dispossession." In Epidemics and Pandemics, 235–52. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols Publishers, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.stph-eb.5.136413.
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Priarolo, Mariangela. "New Sciences and Old Diseases. Seventeenth-Century Readings of the Causes of the Plague." In Epidemics and Pandemics, 167–88. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols Publishers, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.stph-eb.5.136410.
Conference papers on the topic "Epidemics; pandemics":
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ROHRBACH, Wolfgang. "PANDEMIJE I POLITIKA OSIGURANjA KROZ VREME." In MODERNE TEHNOLOGIJE, NOVI I TRADICIONALNI RIZICI U OSIGURANjU. Association for Insurance Law of Serbia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xxsav21.132r.
Abstract:
Th e corona pandemic is incredible and, allegedly, a new phenomenon for many Europeans. Th at is why few people know the history of European pandemics. Th e lack of interest (disinterest) in historical development is due to the misconception of many experts. Preventive care and advances in medicine and technology always require only “looking ahead”. Th is (future-oriented) advanced way of thinking and acting meant that any disease that has epidemic proportions can, in the shortest possible time, be “defeated”. However, history shows that in Europe, from the Middle Ages until today, not a century has passed without epidemics or pandemics, and that signifi cant lessons and conclusions for the future could be drawn from any such crisis. Since the 18th century, development has tended more and more towards an insurance-oriented health and social policy, which in the 19th century was called insurance policy. By combining traditional experience with new or modifi ed concepts based on the principle of “preserving tradition, shaping the future”, the insurance industry can adapt to the new requirements of health and social policy, even in a crisis caused by the coronavirus. In this case, there is digitization, with the help of which it is possible to network with new studies and data, in order to improve quality.
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Mishatkina, T. V. "EXTREME ETHICS IN EXTREME SITUATIONS." In SAKHAROV READINGS 2021: ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE XXI CENTURY. International Sakharov Environmental Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46646/sakh-2021-1-68-71.
Abstract:
The problems of the ethical paradigm changing in the extreme conditions of human existence (global climate change and the coronavirus pandemic) are considered. The question of the revision for the category “nonexistence” status is raised; the necessity to move from an activity-aggressive approach in relation to nature to adaptive approach including the attitude to environmental and other disasters (including epidemics and pandemics) as objective forms of self-regulation resulted via the balance of population and natural resources are under discussion.
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Silva, Roberto, Fernando Xavier, Antonio Saraiva, and Carlos Cugnasca. "Unsupervised machine learning and pandemics spread: the case of COVID-19." In Anais Principais do Simpósio Brasileiro de Computação Aplicada à Saúde. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/sbcas.2020.11548.
Abstract:
Epidemics have severe impacts on people's health. The COVID-19 has infected more than 3 million people in 3 months. In this work, we explore the use of unsupervised machine learning to evaluate and monitor the disease spread worldwide in three points in time: January, February, and March of 2020. Besides the features related to the disease spread, we consider HDI, population density, and age structure. We define the number of clusters using the elbow and agglomerative clustering methods, then implement and evaluate the k-means algorithm with 3, 4, and 5 clusters. We conclude that four clusters better represent the data, analyze the clusters over time, and discuss the impacts on each depending on the measures adopted.
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Ragulskaya, Mariya. "SPACE WEATHER AND SOCIAL REGULATION: COVID-19 PANDEMIC GENOGEOGRAPHIC." In NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN MEDICINE, BIOLOGY, PHARMACOLOGY AND ECOLOGY. Institute of information technology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47501/978-5-6044060-1-4.42.
Abstract:
A feature of the COVID-19 pandemic is a significant variability in the number of deaths per 1 million of population in different countries (4-10 times), while the norm for ordinary flu is 1.5-2 times. The maximum mortality are observed in countries with a high level of development and organization of medicine, but with a dominant haplogroup R1b.The report examines the significant role of solar activity, genetic composition of the population and the degree of social regulation in the geographical unevenness of the severity of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Low solar activity is expected to persist for the next 40 years. Under these conditions, a twofold increase in the number of pandemics can be expected (every 5-6 years instead of 10-11 years) with pronounced genogeographic differences in the development of local epidemics.
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Roland, Damian, Adam Gardiner, Darakhshan Razzaq, Katy Rose, Silvia Bressan, Katy Honeyford, Danilo Buonsenso, et al. "663 Utilisation of children’s emergency care services during epidemics and pandemics: a systematic review." In Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, Abstracts of the RCPCH Conference, Liverpool, 28–30 June 2022. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2022-rcpch.24.
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Anglim, Christopher Thomas. "COVID-19 in Context: A Pandemic in Its Historical Context." In 3rd Annual Faculty Senate Research Conference. AIJR Publisher, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.148.2.
Abstract:
Mindful of history’s value in providing context for contemporary issues, this essay compares selected issues surrounding the effectiveness of government messaging during COVID-19 with previous pandemics and epidemics on selected public policy choices, specifically addressing the role of disinformation, misinformation, and information suppression in contending with disease outbreaks. During the Spanish Flu of 1918, governments worldwide ignored the crisis and suppressed information on the pandemic, because they were concerned that it would interfere with the ongoing war effort. Similar to the impacts of COVID-19, leaders dismissed science in favor of ideology which occurred in the cold war era for several reasons, and with profound impacts. In the case of the Cold War, anti-Communist hysteria led Dr. Albert Sabin to test his anti-polio vaccine in the Soviet Union as opposed to the United States. In exploring various historical parallels to COVID-19, this essay also explores racism, ethnocentrism, and various forms of othering that have historically characterized the response to pandemics, often assigning blame to various “outside” groups. The essay concludes by arguing for science-based solutions to pandemic emergencies (as opposed to ideological-oriented objectives) and argues for a fair, prudent, and judicious balancing of cherished individual rights and individual autonomy, a collective science-based response to public health emergencies, and with the intent to protect the public health of all Americans in a fair, inclusive and equitable manner.
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"Demographic Development of Omsk Oblast in the Context of the Pandemic." In XII Ural Demographic Forum “Paradigms and models of demographic development”. Institute of Economics of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17059/udf-2021-2-5.
Abstract:
A study raises issues of the influence of quarantine restrictions and pandemic on the regional socio-demographic development. Even though the consequences of COVID-19 will become fully evident only at the end of 2021, this pandemic is already negatively affecting fertility and fertility behaviour. According to the Federal State Statistics Service, in 2020, the demographic situation was unfavourable: the number of births decreased in 78 constituent entities, and the number of deaths increased in 62 regions. Simultaneously, in the whole country, there were almost 1.5 times more deaths than births (last year, this difference was 1.2 times). Migration in an increasingly globalised world has triggered the accelerated spread of the disease. Therefore, border closures and quarantine measures (classic methods of combating epidemics and pandemics) for regions at high risk of infection drastically reduce the scale of population movement, change traditional migration directions, and create significant problems for migrants. Thus, this study aims to identify and substantiate risk factors to reduce the destabilisation of the regional socio-demographic development and form a sustainable regional policy.
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Khaled, Salma, Peter Haddad, Majid Al-Abdulla, Tarek Bellaj, Yousri Marzouk, Youssef Hasan, Ibrahim Al-Kaabi, et al. "Qatar - Longitudinal Assessment of Mental Health in Pandemics (Q-LAMP)." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0287.
Abstract:
Aims: Q-LAMP aims to identify risk factors and resilience factors for symptoms of psychiatric illness during the pandemic. Study strengths include the 1-year longitudinal design and the use of standardized instruments already available in English and Arabic. The results will increase understanding of the impact of the pandemic on mental health for better support of the population during the pandemic and in future epidemics. Until an effective vaccine is available or herd immunity is achieved, countries are likely to encounter repeated ‘waves’ of infection. The identification of at-risk groups for mental illness will inform the planning and delivery of individualized treatment including primary prevention. Methodology: Longitudinal online survey; SMS-based recruitment and social media platforms advertisements e.g. Facebook, Instagram; Online consent; Completion time for questionnaires: approx. 20 to 30 minute; Baseline questionnaire with follow up at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months; Study completion date: Sept. 2021. Inclusion criteria: Currently living in Qatar; Qatari residents: citizens and expatriates; Age 18 years; read Arabic or English (questionnaire and consent form available in both languages). Instruments: Sociodemographic questionnaire including personal and family experience of COVID-19 infection; Standard instruments to assess psychiatric morbidity including depression, anxiety and PTSD; research team-designed instruments to assess social impact of pandemic; standard questionnaires to assess resilience, personality, loneliness, religious beliefs and social networks. Results: The analysis was based on 181 observations. Approximately, 3.5% of the sample was from the sms-recruitment method. The sample of completed surveys consisted of 65.0% females and 35.0% males. Qatari respondents comprised 27.0% of the total sample, while 52% of the sample were married, 25% had Grade 12 or lower level of educational attainment, and 46.0% were unemployed. Covid-19 appears to have affected different aspects of people’s lives from personal health to living arrangements, employment, and health of family and friends. Approximately, 41% to 55% of those who responded to the survey perceived changes in their stress levels, mental health, and loneliness to be worse than before the pandemic. Additionally, the wide availability of information about the pandemic on the internet and social media was perceived as source of pandemic-related worries among members of the public. Conclusion: The continued provision of mental health service and educational campaigns about effective stress and mental health management is warranted.
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Roccetti, Marco. "A Pedagogy of COVID-19: Facts from 30 Pandemic Months." In 8th International Conference on Human Interaction and Emerging Technologies. AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002788.
Abstract:
While the scientific community, health authorities, international media and the public are still arguing about several characteristics of this virus and the patterns of its spread, after 30 months of pandemics there are now some facts, along with their dynamics, over which a scientific consensus has been finally reached. In science, it is well known that facts and observations should be explained by a hypothesis, which should be tested until it is refuted. This is not, unfortunately, still the case for many of the aforementioned agreed facts. Nonetheless, the time has come for a rapid review of those facts and relative data, which is the specific goal of this short article, while avoiding all the myriads of logical fallacies that have pervaded the universe of discussions about COVID in these months. The undisputed facts we will cite and comment include the following: mechanisms through which the virus spreads (including what is meant with a COVID wave), transmissibility and virulence (i.e. the degree to which this virus sickens and kills), role of meteorological and environmental factors in the transmission, role of control measures and vaccination, role of variants and their evolution, preparedness for pandemics and epidemics, societal impact of COVID (including factors that could explain the variation in infections and mortality across different countries). At the end, it will be evident that, even if many of these facts represent unchallenged and accepted truths, they are not still meaningfully associated with precise causes and clear underlying phenomena on any possible level, including biological, biochemical, bio-statistical, economic and social. And the conclusion is that this just means we need to do more of what we have already done so far.
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Öksüz, Hatice. "Measures Against the Pandemic as the Panoptical Eye of the Power: The Example of Coronavirus Pandemic." In COMMUNICATION AND TECHNOLOGY CONGRESS. ISTANBUL AYDIN UNIVERSITY, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17932/ctcspc.21/ctc21.019.
Abstract:
Epidemics threatened the daily life activities of human societies in certain periods of history. Epidemic diseases, known as disasters that resulted in the death of millions of people, have always been issues that occupy humanity, to be detected from the moment they emerged and to seek solutions to end the epidemic. Having knowledge means having power. Therefore, the easiest way to retain information is through surveillance. Considering the history of epidemic diseases, it is seen that surveillance practices are frequently used. In the information society that emerged with new communication technologies, it is seen that individuals voluntarily participate in surveillance and the walls of the prison have changed by demolishing. Covid-19, which rapidly increased in coronavirus cases and turned into a global epidemic, is known to increase the use of surveillance practices by all states globally to control the epidemic. Fear of the epidemic in societies has become considerable than the privacy of personal data, and their voluntary participation in these practices has been a matter of concern. This consent-based process brings with it criticisms of legitimizing the surveillance society, which has been at the center of discussions since the past. Surveillance played an important role in the rise of totalitarian regimes. The legitimacy of a supervised social structure will accelerate the rise of totalitarian regimes, depriving people of living in an unlimited but self- controlled prison.
Reports on the topic "Epidemics; pandemics":
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Vaishnav, Y. Coronaviruses: Epidemics and Pandemics. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1618194.
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Caparini, Marina. Multilateral Peace Operations and the Challenges of Epidemics and Pandemics. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/awyk9746.
Abstract:
This paper provides a broad overview of how multilateral peace operations have responded to cholera and Ebola epidemics and the HIV/ AIDS and Covid-19 pandemics over the past 20 years. Such public health crises can be especially lethal in fragile and conflict-affected areas. Peace operations possess resources and capacities that enable them to contribute in varying ways to state and humanitarian responses. Multilateral peace operations have acted to protect the health of peacekeepers and to prevent peacekeepers from spreading infectious diseases. They have also directly provided security to health and humanitarian personnel, health services and supplies to some non-mission personnel and local communities, and communications capacities to dispel dis/misinformation and inform local populations about health measures. Another area where peace operations have given indirect support to epidemic/ pandemic response measures is by offering political engagement, coordination, training and material support to host state actors as well as supporting the rule of law and capacity building of local security and police personnel. The paper concludes by considering arguments against and in favour of more strategic involvement of peace operations in future epidemics and pandemics.
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Goren, Talia, Itai Beeri, and Dana Rachel vashdi. Trust in government and compliance with health instructions during respiratory epidemics and pandemics: A systematic review protocol. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.10.0041.
Abstract:
Review question / Objective: We will use the Condition-Context-Population (CoCoPop) framework (Munn et al., 2015) in this review, which aims to explore the following question: Do the features of respiratory epidemics and pandemics (e.g., magnitude, duration) impact the associations between (types of) trust in government and compliance with health guidelines? Condition being studied: The association between trust in government and authorities and civic compliance with health guidelines during respiratory epidemics and pandemics. Eligibility criteria: 1. Studies that explore the relationship between trust in government and authorities and civic compliance or compliance intentions with real or simulated health guidelines, during respiratory epidemics and pandemics; 2. Studies that focus on the following pandemics: avian influenza (H5N1), swine influenza (H1N1), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and COVID-19; 3. Studies on the general healthy population (excluding health care professionals) 4. Studies that were published since 2002 to present.
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Palmer, Jennifer, and Diane Duclos. Key Considerations: Community-Based Surveillance in Public Health. Institute of Development Studies, May 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2023.010.
Abstract:
Recent large-scale epidemics and pandemics have demonstrated the importance of engaging communities as partners in preventing, detecting and responding to public health emergencies. Community-based surveillance (CBS), which relies on communities to report public health information, can be an important part of effective, inclusive and accountable responses to humanitarian and public health emergencies, as well as long-term disease control. This brief offers key considerations for CBS programming to guide policymakers, public health officials, civil society organisations, health workers, researchers, advocates, and others interested in health surveillance. It is based on a rapid review of CBS guidance and social science literature. It was written by Jennifer Palmer and Diane Duclos (both London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, LSHTM) with contributions by Mariam Sharif (École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, EHESS). It was reviewed by Ruwan Ratnayake (LSHTM), Maysoon Dahab (LSHTM) and Luisa Enria (LSHTM). This brief is the responsibility of the Social Science in Humanitarian Action Platform (SSHAP).
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Schmidt-Sane, Megan, Tabitha Hrynick, and Eva Niederberger. Community Resilience: Key Concepts and their Applications to Epidemic Shocks. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2021.003.
Abstract:
The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed long-standing social inequalities and vulnerabilities, with the most disadvantaged and marginalised groups bearing the greatest health, social, and economic burdens. Beyond documenting these vulnerabilities, there is a need to mitigate them and support the resilience of marginalised communities. ‘Community resilience’ can bolster community capacity to cope with the pressures of various shocks; this brief explores how its concepts can be applied to epidemics. It reviews the grey and academic literature on different approaches to community resilience. It covers 1) terminology, 2) lessons from practice, 3) the context of community resilience, 4) a systems approach, and 5) key human and social capacities. Social justice, inequality, equity, and fairness are highlighted as themes in need of further development for resilience as it relates to epidemic preparedness and response. This brief was developed for SSHAP by IDS (led by Megan Schmidt-Sane with Tabitha Hrynick) with Anthrologica (Eva Niederberger).
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Schmidt-Sane, Megan, Tabitha Hrynick, and Eva Niederberger. Community Resilience: Key Concepts and their Applications to Epidemic Shocks. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2021.027.
Abstract:
The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed long-standing social inequalities and vulnerabilities, with the most disadvantaged and marginalised groups bearing the greatest health, social, and economic burdens. Beyond documenting these vulnerabilities, there is a need to mitigate them and support the resilience of marginalised communities. ‘Community resilience’ can bolster community capacity to cope with the pressures of various shocks; this brief explores how its concepts can be applied to epidemics. It reviews the grey and academic literature on different approaches to community resilience. It covers 1) terminology, 2) lessons from practice, 3) the context of community resilience, 4) a systems approach, and 5) key human and social capacities. Social justice, inequality, equity, and fairness are highlighted as themes in need of further development for resilience as it relates to epidemic preparedness and response. This brief was developed for SSHAP by IDS (led by Megan Schmidt-Sane with Tabitha Hrynick) with Anthrologica (Eva Niederberger).
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Schmidt-Sane, Megan, Tabitha Hrynick, and Eva Niederberger. Community Resilience: Key Concepts and their Applications to Epidemic Shocks. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2021.026.
Abstract:
The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed long-standing social inequalities and vulnerabilities, with the most disadvantaged and marginalised groups bearing the greatest health, social, and economic burdens. Beyond documenting these vulnerabilities, there is a need to mitigate them and support the resilience of marginalised communities. ‘Community resilience’ can bolster community capacity to cope with the pressures of various shocks; this brief explores how its concepts can be applied to epidemics. It reviews the grey and academic literature on different approaches to community resilience. It covers 1) terminology, 2) lessons from practice, 3) the context of community resilience, 4) a systems approach, and 5) key human and social capacities. Social justice, inequality, equity, and fairness are highlighted as themes in need of further development for resilience as it relates to epidemic preparedness and response. This brief was developed for SSHAP by IDS (led by Megan Schmidt-Sane with Tabitha Hrynick) with Anthrologica (Eva Niederberger).
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Baker, Scott, R. A. Farrokhnia, Steffen Meyer, Michaela Pagel, and Constantine Yannelis. How Does Household Spending Respond to an Epidemic? Consumption During the 2020 COVID-19 Pandemic. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w26949.
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Wang, Xiaohang, and Quzhi Liu. Prevalence of anxiety symptoms among Chinese university students amid the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.10.0104.
Abstract:
Review question / Objective: The prevalence of anxiety disorders among Chinese college students during the COVID-19 epidemic. Eligibility criteria: The inclusion criteria for eligible studies are: (a) The prevalence of anxiety symptoms is reported in the article (b) The subjects of the study are Chinese college students, including overseas Chinese students (c) Anxiety symptoms are measured with standardized measurement tools (d) All studies It was carried out during the COVID-19 epidemic. We excluded the participants from non-Chinese college students, a mixed study that did not separately report the results of a group of college students, and a study that did not use standardized test tools for anxiety.
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Forero-Alvarado, Santiago, Nicolás Moreno-Arias, and Juan J. Ospina-Tejeiro. Humans Against Virus or Humans Against Humans: A Game Theory Approach to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Banco de la República, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1160.
Abstract:
Externalities and private information are key characteristics of an epidemic like the Covid-19 pandemic. We study the welfare costs stemming from the incomplete information environment that these characteristics foster. We develop a framework that embeds a game theory approach into a macro SIR model to analyze the role of information in determining the extent of the health-economy trade-off of a pandemic. We apply the model to the Covid-19 epidemic in the US and find that the costs of keeping health information private are between USD $5.9$ trillion and USD $6.7$ trillion. We then find an optimal policy of disclosure and divulgation that, combined with testing and containment measures, can improve welfare. Since it is private information about individuals' health what produces the greatest welfare losses, finding ways to make such information known as precisely as possible, would result in significantly fewer deaths and significantly higher economic activity.