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Journal articles on the topic 'Epidemics – History'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Lu, Di. "History of Epidemics in China." Asian Medicine 16, no. 1 (August 13, 2021): 137–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15734218-12341487.

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Abstract The global pandemic of COVID-19 as a zoonotic disease invites new reflections on the human-animal relationship in the history of epidemics. Historians have explored medical concepts, social impacts, and other aspects of epidemics in China at different geographical and temporal scales. Relevant research significantly enriches historical understanding, yet animals seldom occupy the center of attention despite the fact that a variety of human infectious diseases such as plague are zoonotic in origin. This article suggests the need for a reappraisal of epidemics in Chinese history, with particular consideration of historical information on the multifold involvement of animals in human infections and anticontagious measures. Rethinking historically the interactions between humans and animals within the epidemic context helps to raise our awareness that Chinese medical thinkers were sensitive to the possibility of zoonotic infection, and prompt new analyses of how they understood the human-animal boundary and beyond.

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2

Kaur, Harmanjot, Shashwat Garg, Himanshu Joshi, Sumbul Ayaz, Surabhi Sharma, and Maulshree Bhandari. "A Review: Epidemics and Pandemics in Human History." International Journal of Pharma Research and Health Sciences 8, no. 2 (April 2020): 3139–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/ijprhs.2020.02.01.

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3

Sakhno, Natalya. "The worst epidemics in human history." Spravočnik vrača obŝej praktiki (Journal of Family Medicine), no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 66–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-10-2003-08.

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Today the world's attention is focused on China, on the epidemic caused by coronavirus infection. As of the end of February, more than 77 thousand people affected with the disease had been registered, fatal outcome had been observed in more than 2500 cases. The Chinese authorities announced the beginning of a new epidemic at the very end of 2019. Moreover, if fatal outcomes were observed a month after the onset of mass incidence only within the country, then, in February, they went beyond its borders and were registered in Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, Iran, the Philippines, France and Italy. It is noteworthy that China became a source of the spread of the epidemic process not for the first time. So, in 2002 it was in this country, in Guangdong, that an outbreak of SARS was recorded, and in 1997, avian influenza spread from Hong Kong around the world. To tell the truth, the death rate from these diseases did not exceed thousands of people in both cases, and in the case of bird flu (or avian influenza), development of the disease was observed only in people eating chicken meat. It should be noted that in the entire history of the development of mankind, more people died as a result of epidemics and pandemics, than in all wars combined. Let us recall the worst epidemics in the history of mankind, the victims of which were millions of people.

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4

Hide, Geoff. "History of Sleeping Sickness in East Africa." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 12, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 112–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.12.1.112.

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SUMMARY The history of human sleeping sickness in East Africa is characterized by the appearance of disease epidemics interspersed by long periods of endemicity. Despite the presence of the tsetse fly in large areas of East Africa, these epidemics tend to occur multiply in specific regions or foci rather than spreading over vast areas. Many theories have been proposed to explain this phenomenon, but recent molecular approaches and detailed analyses of epidemics have highlighted the stability of human-infective trypanosome strains within these foci. The new molecular data, taken alongside the history and biology of human sleeping sickness, are beginning to highlight the important factors involved in the generation of epidemics. Specific, human-infective trypanosome strains may be associated with each focus, which, in the presence of the right conditions, can be responsible for the generation of an epidemic. Changes in agricultural practice, favoring the presence of tsetse flies, and the important contribution of domestic animals as a reservoir for the parasite are key factors in the maintenance of such epidemics. This review examines the contribution of molecular and genetic data to our understanding of the epidemiology and history of human sleeping sickness in East Africa.

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5

Sanatkar, M. R., C. Scoglio, B. Natarajan, S. A. Isard, and K. A. Garrett. "History, Epidemic Evolution, and Model Burn-In for a Network of Annual Invasion: Soybean Rust." Phytopathology® 105, no. 7 (July 2015): 947–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-12-14-0353-fi.

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Ecological history may be an important driver of epidemics and disease emergence. We evaluated the role of history and two related concepts, the evolution of epidemics and the burn-in period required for fitting a model to epidemic observations, for the U.S. soybean rust epidemic (caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi). This disease allows evaluation of replicate epidemics because the pathogen reinvades the United States each year. We used a new maximum likelihood estimation approach for fitting the network model based on observed U.S. epidemics. We evaluated the model burn-in period by comparing model fit based on each combination of other years of observation. When the miss error rates were weighted by 0.9 and false alarm error rates by 0.1, the mean error rate did decline, for most years, as more years were used to construct models. Models based on observations in years closer in time to the season being estimated gave lower miss error rates for later epidemic years. The weighted mean error rate was lower in backcasting than in forecasting, reflecting how the epidemic had evolved. Ongoing epidemic evolution, and potential model failure, can occur because of changes in climate, host resistance and spatial patterns, or pathogen evolution.

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6

Dine, Sarah B. "Law, History, And Epidemics." Health Affairs 40, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 678–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2021.00319.

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7

Ahmad, Wasim, Sayed Tauleha, Mohammad Zulkifle, and Ghulamuddin Sofi. "Role of Unani Medicine in Prevention and Treatment of Waba (Epidemics) including COVID-19: A Review." European Journal of Cell Science 2, no. 1 (August 15, 2020): 01–09. http://dx.doi.org/10.34154/2020-ejcs-0201-01-09/euraass.

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Mankind has faced many hardships like natural disaster, drought and epidemics. Study focuses on epidemics caused by microbes.Unani medicine has a long experience in treating epidemic diseases because its history is as old as the history of human being itself. More or less entire of the civilisations throughout the history became the basis for evolution of Unani medicine. Hippocrates (460-380BC) regarded it asbothart and science, discussed the epidemics and wrote a book on Epidemics. Body is assumed healthy when the humours are balanced. So, Unani scholars have rightly said Fa’il (Active agent) is not able to produce any change (Actions & Reactions) in the body without the prior presence of Munfa’il(Pertinent) having the capacity to accept it like in Waba(epidemic). The aim is to explore the fundamental concept of Waba from the Unani literature and understand COVID-19 in reference to existing literature of Unani medicine. The literature of Unani medicine was surveyed for concept of Waba(Epidemic) & related concepts. Internet was used to access indexed papers using search engines like Medline, PubMed, Science Direct, etc. Logical preventive strategies like quarantine, and useof fumigants, prophylactic drugs are mentioned in Unani literature that have been used in epidemics with flue like symptoms. This knowledge and experience may be used for achieving methods for prophylaxis, cure or add on therapeutic measures for COVID-19 epidemic.

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8

An, Lu Vi. "Epidemics and pandemics in human history: Origins, effects and response measures." Science & Technology Development Journal - Social Sciences & Humanities 4, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): first. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjssh.v4i4.612.

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Epidemics and pandemics are kind of the regular disasters that not only threaten human health, but also affect economy, social and politic life of many societies and civilizations. In the timeline of human history, there have long been a lot of catastrophic epidemics, rapidly spreading all over the world, leading to massive deaths and becoming horrible challenges to human existence. They included the plague of Antonine in Ancient Rome; the Justinian pandemic and ``the Black Death'' in the Medieval period; the pandemic of cholera and the Asian plague in the modern age; the 1918- 1919 flu pandemic, the HIV/AIDS pandemic, the influenza pandemic in 2009 and the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019-2020. The main infectious diseases that cause pandemics in human history are plagued, smallpox, cholera and flu. By approaching the macrohistory and environmental history, the article made some overviews of epidemics and pandemics in human history from ancient ages to modern ages. Firstly, the article researches the terms ``epidemic, pandemic" and their levels. Next, the article analyzes the origins of epidemics and pandemics, the causes of their appearance, including biological factors, natural conditions and social conditions. Then, the article presents the outbreaks, spreads and impacts of some significant epidemics and pandemics in human history. Hence, the article also initially evaluates some response measures to epidemics and pandemics in history.

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9

Shrum, Wesley, John Aggrey, Andre Campos, Janaina Pamplona da Costa, Jan Joseph, Pablo Kreimer, Rhiannon Kroeger, et al. "Who’s afraid of Ebola? Epidemic fires and locative fears in the Information Age." Social Studies of Science 50, no. 5 (June 29, 2020): 707–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306312720927781.

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Epidemics have traditionally been viewed as the widespread occurrence of infectious disease within a community, or a sudden increase above what is typical. But modern epidemics are both more and less than the diffusion of viral entities. We argue that epidemics are ‘fire objects’, using a term coined by Law and Singleton: They generate locative fears through encounters that focus attention on entities that are unknown or imprecisely known, transforming spaces and humans into indeterminate dangers, alternating appearance and absence. The Ebola epidemic of 2014 had more complex impacts than the number of infections would suggest. We employ multi-sited qualitative interviews to argue that locative fear is the essence of modern global epidemics. In the discussion we contrast Ebola with both the Zika epidemic that followed and the ongoing coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.

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10

Kleczkowski, A., and C. A. Gilligan. "Parameter estimation and prediction for the course of a single epidemic outbreak of a plant disease." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 4, no. 16 (July 17, 2007): 865–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2007.1036.

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Many epidemics of plant diseases are characterized by large variability among individual outbreaks. However, individual epidemics often follow a well-defined trajectory which is much more predictable in the short term than the ensemble (collection) of potential epidemics. In this paper, we introduce a modelling framework that allows us to deal with individual replicated outbreaks, based upon a Bayesian hierarchical analysis. Information about ‘similar’ replicate epidemics can be incorporated into a hierarchical model, allowing both ensemble and individual parameters to be estimated. The model is used to analyse the data from a replicated experiment involving spread of Rhizoctonia solani on radish in the presence or absence of a biocontrol agent, Trichoderma viride . The rate of primary (soil-to-plant) infection is found to be the most variable factor determining the final size of epidemics. Breakdown of biological control in some replicates results in high levels of primary infection and increased variability. The model can be used to predict new outbreaks of disease based upon knowledge from a ‘library’ of previous epidemics and partial information about the current outbreak. We show that forecasting improves significantly with knowledge about the history of a particular epidemic, whereas the precision of hindcasting to identify the past course of the epidemic is largely independent of detailed knowledge of the epidemic trajectory. The results have important consequences for parameter estimation, inference and prediction for emerging epidemic outbreaks.

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11

Musumari, Patou Masika, Teeranee Techasrivichien, S. Pilar Suguimoto, Masako Ono-Kihara, and Masahiro Kihara. "History and epidemics in modern Asia." Lancet Infectious Diseases 16, no. 12 (December 2016): 1344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(16)30488-1.

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12

YÜKSEL MAYDA, Pelin, and Harika Öykü DİNÇ. "History of Epidemics and COVID-19." Bezmialem Science 8, no. 3 (December 18, 2020): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.14235/bas.galenos.2020.4932.

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13

Kelly, B. D. "Plagues, pandemics and epidemics in Irish history prior to COVID-19 (coronavirus): what can we learn?" Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 37, no. 4 (April 15, 2020): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ipm.2020.25.

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Objectives:This paper seeks to provide a brief overview of epidemics and pandemics in Irish history and to identify any lessons that might be useful in relation to psychiatry in the context of COVID-19.Methods:A review of selected key reports, papers and publications related to epidemics and pandemics in Irish history was conducted.Results:Viruses, epidemics and pandemics are recurring features of human history. Early Irish sources record a broad array of plagues, pandemics and epidemics including bubonic plague, typhus, cholera, dysentery and smallpox, as well as an alleged epidemic of insanity in the 19th century (that never truly occurred). Like the Spanish flu pandemic (1918–20), COVID-19 (a new coronavirus) presents both the challenge of the illness itself and the problems caused by the anxiety that the virus triggers. Managing this anxiety has always been a challenge, especially with the Spanish flu. People with mental illness had particularly poor outcomes with the Spanish flu, often related to the large, unhygienic mental hospitals in which so many were housed.Conclusions:Even today, a full century after the Spanish flu pandemic, people with mental illness remain at increased risk of poor physical health, so it is imperative that multi-disciplinary care continues during the current outbreak of COVID-19, despite the manifest difficulties involved. The histories of previous epidemics and pandemics clearly demonstrate that good communication and solidarity matter, now more than ever, especially for people with mental illness.

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14

PESEN, Birgül, and Musaye KONAK ÖZÇELİK. "THE IMPACT OF SOME OUTSTANDING DISEASES FROM PAST TO PRESENT ON SOCIETY." Zeitschrift für die Welt der Türken / Journal of World of Turks 13, no. 1 (April 15, 2021): 227–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.46291/zfwt/130112.

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Diseases can be seen in people in different periods throughout history. Some of these diseases have become epidemics. Epidemic diseases from the past to the present have left deep marks in the society. Measures against epidemics have also been attempted in the past. Since the source of the epidemic diseases seen in the history and the effects of the disease are unknown, fear prevailed in the society. With the changes in the process and the steps taken in the field of health, the appropriate vaccine against epidemic diseases was found and the quarantine system was put into operation. However, despite the steps taken, it was understood that the public did not have enough information, so efforts were made to raise the awareness of the public. Despite the studies, the lethal effect of epidemics has led to ruptures in relations within society. The epidemic also had an impact on the economy and famines appeared in the society. Epidemic diseases affect the socio-economic life of the society very badly, and negativities have been noticed in individuals due to the epidemic. It has been found that the epidemic mostly affects people with weak body resistance (elderly, children). The Ottoman State continued its determination and acted within the framework of its activities in the fight against epidemic diseases. This determination continues today, and the state continues its struggle against the epidemic with its policies. In this study, after giving historical information about some epidemic diseases such as plague, syphilis, cholera, smallpox, malaria, measles, new coronavirus (covit-19), the effect of these diseases on the society was tried to be explained. Keywords: Epidemic, Society, Ottoman State, Disease, Health.

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15

Bencko, Vladimír, Petr Šíma, and Milena Bušová. "Epidemics, pandemics: lessons learned from the history of infections." Hygiena 66, no. 2 (June 12, 2021): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21101/hygiena.a1779.

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16

Cerman, Ivo. "Bibliography of the History of Epidemics 1500-1918." Opera Historica 21, no. 2 (September 30, 2020): 329–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.32725/oph.2020.042.

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17

Bjørnar Storfjell, J. "Epidemics." Palestine Exploration Quarterly 152, no. 2 (April 2, 2020): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00310328.2020.1769343.

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18

Lycett, Samantha J., Florian Duchatel, and Paul Digard. "A brief history of bird flu." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1775 (May 6, 2019): 20180257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0257.

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In 1918, a strain of influenza A virus caused a human pandemic resulting in the deaths of 50 million people. A century later, with the advent of sequencing technology and corresponding phylogenetic methods, we know much more about the origins, evolution and epidemiology of influenza epidemics. Here we review the history of avian influenza viruses through the lens of their genetic makeup: from their relationship to human pandemic viruses, starting with the 1918 H1N1 strain, through to the highly pathogenic epidemics in birds and zoonoses up to 2018. We describe the genesis of novel influenza A virus strains by reassortment and evolution in wild and domestic bird populations, as well as the role of wild bird migration in their long-range spread. The emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, and the zoonotic incursions of avian H5 and H7 viruses into humans over the last couple of decades are also described. The threat of a new avian influenza virus causing a human pandemic is still present today, although control in domestic avian populations can minimize the risk to human health. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Modelling infectious disease outbreaks in humans, animals and plants: approaches and important themes’. This issue is linked with the subsequent theme issue ‘Modelling infectious disease outbreaks in humans, animals and plants: epidemic forecasting and control’.

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19

Kim, Kiseong, Sunyong Yoo, Sangyeon Lee, Doheon Lee, and Kwang-Hyung Lee. "Network Analysis to Identify the Risk of Epidemic Spreading." Applied Sciences 11, no. 7 (March 26, 2021): 2997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11072997.

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Several epidemics, such as the Black Death and the Spanish flu, have threatened human life throughout history; however, it is unclear if humans will remain safe from the sudden and fast spread of epidemic diseases. Moreover, the transmission characteristics of epidemics remain undiscovered. In this study, we present the results of an epidemic simulation experiment revealing the relationship between epidemic parameters and pandemic risk. To analyze the time-dependent risk and impact of epidemics, we considered two parameters for infectious diseases: the recovery time from infection and the transmission rate of the disease. Based on the epidemic simulation, we identified two important aspects of human safety with regard to the threat of a pandemic. First, humans should be safe if the fatality rate is below 100%. Second, even when the fatality rate is 100%, humans would be safe if the average degree of human social networks is below a threshold value. Nevertheless, certain diseases can potentially infect all nodes in the human social networks, and these diseases cause a pandemic when the average degree is larger than the threshold value. These results indicated that certain infectious diseases lead to human extinction and can be prevented by minimizing human contact.

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20

Wilkinson, L. "Epidemics and history: Disease, power and imperialism." Endeavour 22, no. 4 (January 1998): 170–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0160-9327(99)80032-5.

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21

Alchon, Suzanne Austin, and Sheldon Watts. "Epidemics and History: Disease, Power and Imperialism." American Historical Review 103, no. 5 (December 1998): 1554. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2649972.

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22

Cohen, William B., and Sheldon Watts. "Epidemics and History: Disease, Power, and Imperialism." Journal of Military History 64, no. 1 (January 2000): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/120802.

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23

Muendel, J. "Epidemics and History: Disease, Power and Imperialism." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 280, no. 11 (September 16, 1998): 1023–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.280.11.1023.

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24

McNeur, Catherine. "Epidemics of Fear." Reviews in American History 48, no. 3 (2020): 380–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rah.2020.0050.

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25

Engelmann, Lukas. "Configurations of Plague." Social Analysis 63, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 89–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/sa.2019.630405.

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Diagrams are found at the heart of the modern history of epidemiology. Epidemiologists used spatial diagrams to visualize concepts of epidemics as arrangements of biological, environmental, historical, as well as social factors and to analyze epidemics as configurations. Often, they provided a representation of the networks of relationships implied by epidemics, rather than to offer conclusions about origin and causation. This article will look at two spatial diagrams of plague across a period in which an epidemiological way of reasoning stood in stark contrast to arguments provided about plague in the rising field of bacteriology and experimental medicine. This historical genealogy of epidemiologists working with diagrams challenges perceptions of epidemic diagrams as mere arguments of causality to emphasize diagrammatic notions of uncertainty, crisis, and invisibility.

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26

Néfissa, Kmar Ben, Anne Marie Moulin, and Koussay Dellagi. "La rage en Tunisie au XIXe siècle: recrudescence ou émergence?" Gesnerus 64, no. 3-4 (November 11, 2007): 173–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22977953-0640304001.

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At the end of the 19th century, a canine rabies epidemics started in Tunis and in several other cities of the Beylik. Archives’ data trace the epidemics back to 1870 and at that time its rapid progression was ascribed to the increase of immigration from Europe.Whether the European “street rabies virus”was also imported with the settlers’ pet dogs is controversial.The epidemics might rather be linked to other factors such as socio-cultural or ecological changes. The authors try to reconstruct the history of rabies in Tunisia during this period. Changes in canine ecology and increase of dog populations in urban and suburban areas might account for the emergence of rabies at the end of 19th century and its persistence in an endemo-epidemic state.

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Brabin, Bernard. "An Analysis of the United States and United Kingdom Smallpox Epidemics (1901–5) – The Special Relationship that Tested Public Health Strategies for Disease Control." Medical History 64, no. 1 (December 19, 2019): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2019.74.

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At the end of the nineteenth century, the northern port of Liverpool had become the second largest in the United Kingdom. Fast transatlantic steamers to Boston and other American ports exploited this route, increasing the risk of maritime disease epidemics. The 1901–3 epidemic in Liverpool was the last serious smallpox outbreak in Liverpool and was probably seeded from these maritime contacts, which introduced a milder form of the disease that was more difficult to trace because of its long incubation period and occurrence of undiagnosed cases. The characteristics of these epidemics in Boston and Liverpool are described and compared with outbreaks in New York, Glasgow and London between 1900 and 1903. Public health control strategies, notably medical inspection, quarantine and vaccination, differed between the two countries and in both settings were inconsistently applied, often for commercial reasons or due to public unpopularity. As a result, smaller smallpox epidemics spread out from Liverpool until 1905. This paper analyses factors that contributed to this last serious epidemic using the historical epidemiological data available at that time. Though imperfect, these early public health strategies paved the way for better prevention of imported maritime diseases.

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Baranov, Evgeny Yurievich. "Epidemic situation in the Soviet Union during the 1930s (historiographical aspect)." Genesis: исторические исследования, no. 12 (December 2020): 62–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2020.12.34658.

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The goal of this article consists in determination of the key vectors and results of historical research dedicated to epidemic situation in the Soviet Union during the 1930s at the present stage of development of Russian historiography. Its relevance is substantiated by profound understanding of historical and modern trends in development of epidemic processes, as well as assessment of historical experience in the fights against epidemics. The epidemic situation in the Soviet Union during the 1930s has not previously become the subject of separate historiographical analysis. Two key vectors are determined: the first is  associated with conducting historical-demographic research; while the second in related to research on the history of establishment and development of Soviet healthcare system. It is demonstrated that the results of historical research consist in outlining the political, socioeconomic, and environmental factors of epidemic morbidity, as well as positive and negative trends in the development of healthcare system, quantitative characteristics of morbidity rate, role of infections within the structure of mortality. Historiography assesses the level and resource capacity of healthcare system, analyzes the epidemics preventive measures, characterizes the role of epidemics in the advent of demographic crises, and describes their negative impact upon the processes of demographic modernization. The conclusion is made on transformation of the approaches towards historical-demographic research: from determination of demographic crises, the scholars shifted to historical generalizations, analysis of morbidity and mortality rates based on the concept of “epidemiological transition”. The acquired results demonstrate that the development of healthcare system was based on consideration of the experience of population losses caused by epidemics, and despite the shortage of resources. In the fight against epidemics, efforts were concentrated on the preventive measures, the effective instrument of which was vaccination of population.

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Gräf, Tiago, Hegger Machado Fritsch, Rúbia Marília de Medeiros, Dennis Maletich Junqueira, Sabrina Esteves de Matos Almeida, and Aguinaldo Roberto Pinto. "Comprehensive Characterization of HIV-1 Molecular Epidemiology and Demographic History in the Brazilian Region Most Heavily Affected by AIDS." Journal of Virology 90, no. 18 (July 6, 2016): 8160–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00363-16.

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ABSTRACTThe high incidence of AIDS cases and the dominance of HIV-1 subtype C infections are two features that distinguish the HIV-1 epidemic in the two southernmost Brazilian states (Rio Grande do Sul [RS] and Santa Catarina [SC]) from the epidemic in other parts of the country. Nevertheless, previous studies on HIV molecular epidemiology were conducted mainly in capital cities, and a more comprehensive understanding of factors driving this unique epidemic in Brazil is necessary. Blood samples were collected from individuals in 13 municipalities in the Brazilian southern region. HIV-1envandpolgenes were submitted to phylogenetic analyses for assignment of subtype, and viral population phylodynamics were reconstructed by applying Skygrid and logistic coalescent models in a Bayesian analysis. A high prevalence of subtype C was observed in all sampled locations; however, an increased frequency of recombinant strains was found in RS, with evidence for new circulating forms (CRFs). In the SC state, subtype B and C epidemics were associated with distinct exposure groups. Although logistic models estimated similar growth rates for HIV-1 subtype C (HIV-1C) and HIV-1B, a Skygrid plot reveals that the former epidemic has been expanding for a longer time. Our results highlight a consistent expansion of HIV-1C in south Brazil, and we also discuss how heterosexual and men who have sex with men (MSM) transmission chains might have impacted the current prevalence of HIV-1 subtypes in this region.IMPORTANCEThe AIDS epidemic in south Brazil is expanding rapidly, but the circumstances driving this condition are not well known. A high prevalence of HIV-1 subtype C was reported in the capital cities of this region, in contrast to the subtype B dominance in the rest of the country. This study sought to comparatively investigate the HIV-1 subtype B and C epidemics by sampling individuals from several cities in the two states with the highest AIDS incidences in Brazil. Our analyses showed distinct epidemic growth curves for the two epidemics, and we also found evidence suggesting that separate transmission chains may be impacting the viral phylodynamics and the emergence of new recombinant forms.

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Svintsova, Marina. "Fighting epidemics in the Kirov region during the Great Patriotic War." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2020, no. 11-1 (November 1, 2020): 148–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202011statyi15.

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The article analyzes the experience of fighting epidemics and infectious diseases on the territory of the Kirov region of the USSR during the great Patriotic war. During the war period, the region experienced outbreaks of various types of typhus, scarlet fever, measles, tularemia and other infections among the population and the military contingent. The set of anti-epidemic measures was a system of effective interaction of various agencies, services and organizations of the region. The analysis of the epidemic situation is based on the study of materials from the Central and regional state archives of the Russian Federation.

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Kondrashin, Viktor V., and Gennady E. Kornilov. "RUSSIA’S FAMINE AND EPIDEMICS HISTORY IN RUSSIA: HISTORIOGRAPHICAL SITUATION." Ural Historical Journal 70, no. 1 (2021): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2021-1(70)-6-13.

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The article is devoted to the analysis of Russian and foreign historiography of the problem of famine and epidemics in Russia’s history. It notes the undoubted success of Russian and foreign scholars in the study of famine in Russia, especially in the Soviet period. Turning to the theme of the 1932–1933 famine in the USSR, the authors conclude that the assessments of its causes, scales and consequences in the works of Russian and the most authoritative foreign researchers coincide. The article points to the achievements of Russian and foreign historians in the study of the famine of 1891–1892, as well as the period of the Great Patriotic War. In the latter case, studying the history of the Leningrad blockade and the Nazi policy of organizing famine in the occupied territories of the USSR is meant. The article also analyzes the results of the study of epidemics in the history of Russia. Knowledge has been accumulated about the largest epidemics, the government’s measures to combat and prevent them. At the same time, epidemics and their threats in the second half of the 20th century have been poorly studied. The problem is not being actively investigated within the framework of an interdisciplinary approach and social history. The authors of the article point to the need to create a generalizing work on Russia’s famine and epidemics history using an interdisciplinary approach and with an emphasis on the regional aspect of the problem.

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32

Frick, Melissa. "Cholera in Present-Day Haiti: Interpretations of and Responses to a Contemporary Enemy." Swarthmore Undergraduate History Journal, no. 2 (2020): 94–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.24968/2693-244x.2.4.

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Note: In lieu of an abstract, this is the article's first paragraph. "In his introduction to Epidemics and Ideas, Paul Slack calls to revive the study of social history of epidemics, wanting to show how societies cope with, react to, and interpret crises of disease. He reviews historian Richard Evans’ notion of the “common dramaturgy” to all epidemics, which states that human society responds to mass infection through an inherent response mechanism. Disease presents common dilemmas - including decisions on how the disease is transmitted, whom it infects, who is to blame, and incites common responses. Furthermore, Slack suggests that the society’s understanding of infection, interpreted through different social, cultural, and political contexts, shapes the specificity of these responses. Such variables of understanding include the novelty of the disease, violence of infection, geographical and social incidence, and the ‘disease-environment’ preceding the epidemic."

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Frick, Melissa. "Cholera in Present-Day Haiti: Interpretations of and Responses to a Contemporary Enemy." Swarthmore Undergraduate History Journal 1, no. 2 (2020): 94–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.24968/2693-244x.1.2.4.

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Note: In lieu of an abstract, this is the article's first paragraph. "In his introduction to Epidemics and Ideas, Paul Slack calls to revive the study of social history of epidemics, wanting to show how societies cope with, react to, and interpret crises of disease. He reviews historian Richard Evans’ notion of the “common dramaturgy” to all epidemics, which states that human society responds to mass infection through an inherent response mechanism. Disease presents common dilemmas - including decisions on how the disease is transmitted, whom it infects, who is to blame, and incites common responses. Furthermore, Slack suggests that the society’s understanding of infection, interpreted through different social, cultural, and political contexts, shapes the specificity of these responses. Such variables of understanding include the novelty of the disease, violence of infection, geographical and social incidence, and the ‘disease-environment’ preceding the epidemic."

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34

Charters, Erica, and Kristin Heitman. "How epidemics end." Centaurus 63, no. 1 (February 2021): 210–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1600-0498.12370.

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35

Rogers, Naomi, and Mary Kilbourne Matossian. "Poisons of the Past: Molds, Epidemics, and History." Journal of American History 77, no. 3 (December 1990): 984. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2079009.

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36

Schmid, Rudolf, and Mary Kilbourne Matossian. "Poisons of the Past: Molds, Epidemics, and History." Taxon 39, no. 2 (May 1990): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1223041.

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37

Kiple, Kenneth F., and Mary Kilbourne Matossian. "Poisons of the Past: Molds, Epidemics, and History." American Historical Review 96, no. 3 (June 1991): 826. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2162439.

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38

Hardy, Anne, and Mary Kilbourne Matossian. "Poisons of the past: Molds, Epidemics and History." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 21, no. 3 (1991): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/204962.

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39

Alexander, John T., and Mary Kilbourne Matossian. "Poisons of the Past: Molds, Epidemics, and History." Russian Review 49, no. 4 (October 1990): 495. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/130538.

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40

Cook, Noble David. "Epidemics and History: Disease, Power, and Imperialism (review)." Journal of World History 10, no. 2 (1999): 434–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jwh.1999.0002.

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Simpson, Beryl B., and Mary Kilbourne Matossian. "Poisons of the Past. Molds, Epidemics, and History." Brittonia 44, no. 1 (January 1992): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2807448.

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Austin C. Okigbo. "South African Music in the History of Epidemics." Journal of Folklore Research 54, no. 1-2 (2017): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/jfolkrese.54.2.04.

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Gradmann, Christoph. "Big-game hunting in the history of epidemics." Lancet Infectious Diseases 20, no. 3 (March 2020): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30081-5.

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De Jesus, Nidia H. "Epidemics to eradication: the modern history of poliomyelitis." Virology Journal 4, no. 1 (2007): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1743-422x-4-70.

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Beatty, William K. "Poisons of the Past: Molds, Epidemics, and History." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 263, no. 9 (March 2, 1990): 1280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1990.03440090118039.

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Heidel], [Robert, and Mary Kilbourne Matossian. "Poisons of the Past: Molds, Epidemics, and History." Population and Development Review 16, no. 3 (September 1990): 590. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1972845.

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Xenos, Peter. "Parish Records and the History of Philippine Epidemics." Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints 68, no. 3-4 (2020): 311–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/phs.2020.0023.

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Humphreys, Margaret. "Epidemics and History: Disease, Power, and Imperialism (review)." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 73, no. 4 (1999): 747–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bhm.1999.0168.

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Schuttes, Richard Evans. "Poison of the past — Molds, epidemics and history." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 34, no. 2-3 (September 1991): 289–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(91)90052-f.

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Sharma, Mahak. "Outbreaks in India: Impact on Socio-economy and Health." Journal of Communicable Diseases 53, no. 01 (March 31, 2021): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202107.

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The research activity regarding infectious diseases has been increased significantly in the past few years in India. The main cause of infectious disease is pathogenic microorganisms and the infection can spread from direct or indirect contact between individuals. Once the infection spread throughout the country or world, is classified as an epidemic or pandemic. India is not unfamiliar with pandemic and epidemics, as they occur throughout history. This review paper highlights the major epidemics and pandemic occur in India. More than 90 national and global papers were reviewed. The research papers were chosen from PubMed, Google scholar, science direct, research gate, and organization like WHO. This paper dealt with the impact of pandemic and epidemic on India’s economy, health sector and social power. The study concluded that there were around 10 epidemics and pandemics occur in India from the 18th century to the 21st century. The major impact on the social life and health sector has mainly affected in COVID-19, chikungunya, Plague in India.Meningococcal disease and dengue had a negative impact on health sector.Nipah Virus, plague, and COVID-19 had more impact on tourism. Whereas, economy was majorly affected in Plague, and COVID-19.

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