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Academic literature on the topic 'Enzymes épigénétiques'
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Journal articles on the topic "Enzymes épigénétiques"
Rey, R., S. Ragot, J. C. Chauvet-Gelinier, B. Bonin, and J. R. Teyssier. "Surexpression des gènes impliqués dans les mécanismes épigénétiques réprimant la transcription dans le cortex cérébral et les leucocytes sanguins des patients dépressifs." European Psychiatry 30, S2 (November 2015): S118—S119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.09.227.
Full textMarek, Martin, Tajith B. Shaik, Manfred Jung, Wolfgang Sippl, Raymond J. Pierce, and Christophe Romier. "Combattre les maladies négligées en ciblant sélectivement leurs enzymes épigénétiques : le cas de la désacétylase 8 (HDAC8) deSchistosoma mansoni." Biologie Aujourd'hui 210, no. 4 (2016): 311–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jbio/2017001.
Full textMoog, Sophie, and Judith Favier. "Rôle de la succinate déshydrogénase dans le cancer." médecine/sciences 38, no. 3 (March 2022): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/medsci/2022024.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Enzymes épigénétiques"
Pellanda, Hélène. "Expression des enzymes de la reméthylation de l'homocystéine et effets épigénétiques de la mycotoxine FB1 (fumonisine) dans l'hépatocarcinome." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0028/document.
Full textFolate-mediated 1-carbon metabolism is a conduit that links cellular metabolism to the epigenetic machinery through the common molecule, AdoMet. There is strong evidence that changes in the cellular methylation potential (AdoMet/AdoHcy ratio) is involved in several types of disease notably tumor proliferation like hepatocarcinoma and developmental disease like neural tube defects. Perturbation of AdoMet/AdoHcy ratio may be related to a cellular cause like enzyme defect or to exposure to an environmental factor. The remethylation of homocysteine to methionine is catalyzed either by methionine synthase (MTR) or by betaine-homocysteine methyltrnasferase (BHMT) in the liver. By comparing tumor tissue to surrounding healthy tissue in the liver we have found that BHMT transcripts, but not MTR, are strongly decreased in tumor samples. Consistently, BHMT protein was not detected in HepG2 cells and in 5/6 tumors investigated. Abolition of BHMT expression was due to a genetic variant producing a premature termination codon. Prenatal methyl deficient diet (MDD) enhances susceptibility to disease. Fumonisin FB1 is a corn contaminating mycotoxin identified as a risk factor for tumor occurrence and neural tube defects. We have investigated folate receptors and 4 heterochromatin markers in rat foetuses liver derived from dams exposed to MDD and/or FB1 administered at a dose twice higher than the Provisional Maximum Tolerable Daily Intake. We found that MDD and even FB1 by itself decrease the AdoMet/AdoHcy ratio. FB1 reverses the adaptation mechanism consisting in upregulating folate receptors in case of folate depletion. MDD decreased H4K20me3 but combined MDD/FB1 decreased H4K20me3 even more and increased H3K9me3. The elevated H3K9me3 can be viewed as a defence mechanism inciting the cell to resist heterochromatin disorganisation. H3R2me2 and H4K16Ac varied according to this mechanism. This study is relevant because it suggests that low doses of FB1 interact with methyl depletion to disrupt the epigenetic landscape
Largeot, Anne. "Contrôle de l'expression du gène HOXA9 dans les cellules souches/progénitrices hématopoïétiques : rôle des enzymes épigénétiques MOZ et MLL, et du facteur de polyadénylation Symplekin." Thesis, Dijon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013DIJOS080/document.
Full textMy thesis project has consisted of the study of MOZ, and MLL. They are epigenetic regulators. MOZ and MLL activate transcription of HOX genes, which are transcription factors essential during haematopoiesis. MOZ and MLL have some target genes in common. In our study, we characterised a cooperation between MOZ and MLL in human haematopoietic stem/progenitor cells CD34+. They are both recruited onto HOX promoters. MOZ is essential for MLL recruitment, and this is reciprocal. In conclusion, we provided an example of a mechanism involving a direct cross-talk between two histone modifying enzymes.In order to dissect the mechanism of action of this complex, we decided to identify novel proteins interacting with both MOZ and MLL. A member of the RNA polyadenylation machinery has been isolated: Symplekin. We confirmed the interaction between MOZ, MLL and Symplekin in the human haematopoietic immature cell line KG1. We showed that Symplekin is co-recruited to HOXA9 promoter along with MOZ and MLL. We demonstrated the dual role of this member of the polyadenylation machinery. Indeed, besides the fact that Symplekin is important for Hoxa9 polyadenylation, thus its stability, it prevents MOZ and MLL recruitment onto HOXA9 promoter, leading to a decrease of HOXA9 transcription.Our work improved the understanding of the mechanism of action of MOZ and MLL in HOX control
Baudre, Léa. "Non-genetic regulation of chemopersistence in Triple Negative Breast Cancers." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024SORUS261.
Full textResistance to anti-cancer therapies remains a major challenge, particularly in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), which primarily relies on chemotherapy for treatment. The acquisition of resistance is a multi-step process that begins with the survival of a rare subpopulation of cancer cells. These cells, known as persister cells, form a reservoir from which resistant cells will emerge. The persister state being transient and reversible, it offers opportunities for therapeutic intervention. However, understanding the recurrent mechanisms leading to the emergence of persister cells during treatment remains a challenge, particularly due to their limited accessibility in patients. The goal of this thesis was to improve our understanding of persistence and propose new pharmacological targets to enhance chemotherapy responses in TNBC. To this end, we studied the epigenetic characteristics, such as chromatin landscape remodeling, and transcriptomic profiles of persister cells using numerous in vitro and in vivo TNBC models. These models reproduce the emergence of persister cells during treatment with a panel of chemotherapies. They allow us to dissect the phenotypic evolution of cells during cancer treatment and identify at the transcriptomic and epigenomic levels the molecular regulators driving the transition from a chemo-naive state to a chemo-persister state. This way, we have previously shown a key role for the repressive histone mark H3K27me3, acting as a barrier that, once removed at specific genes after treatment, enables cancer cells to tolerate therapeutic stress. Through this work, we refined the definition of persister cells in TNBC by identifying commonalities between the persister programs of several patients in response to chemotherapies with varying modes of action. The persister state is shared and characterized by the activation of signaling pathways such as stress response and inflammation, representing potential targets to prevent persistence before resistance even develops.We also gained insights into the mechanisms of action of the molecular players driving the expression of the persister program. Using predictions from gene regulatory networks, we observed that key transcription factors, such as the AP-1 family proteins, are master regulators capable of activating genes involved in chemotherapy persistence. Among the AP-1 factors, we showed that FOSL1 binds enhancers and reprograms the transcriptome of cancer cells to confer them the ability to persist under chemotherapy. In parallel, by testing how epigenetic enzymes control the persister program, we demonstrated that the methyltransferase EZH2, responsible for H3K27 trimethylation, is a master regulator of the persister program, which itself may be regulated by other partners. In summary, the master regulators that we have identified orchestrate the activation of specific genes at the genomic, epigenomic, and transcriptomic levels and are necessary and/or sufficient to drive the persister state. Through these discoveries, we propose promising strategies to overcome persistence and improve treatment responses in TNBC: inhibiting key regulators such as the transcription factor FOSL1 and the demethylases KDM6A/B responsible for H3K27 demethylation; as well as targeting specific pathways of the persistence program
Kebir, Oussama. "Épigénétique & psychose : Étude génétique des enzymes de la machinerie de régulation épigénétique." Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05T019.
Full textGenetic factors and environment are involved in the etiopathogeny of schizophrenia with an interaction model. The biological substratum of this interaction is unknown but could be explained by an epigenetic model. In the first part of this work, we chose to examine in detail, through a critical review of the literature data, the environmental factor of prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol, a synthetic estrogen considered as endocrine disruptor which also perturbs epigenetic regulation particularly DNA methylation. Although epidemiological data do not incriminate or exclude prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol as a factor increasing the risk of psychiatric disorders, there are several arguments in favor of this hypothesis. In the second part of this work, we tested the hypothesis of genetic polymorphisms of enzymes of the machinery of epigenetic regulation as a genetic vulnerability factor for schizophrenia. A family-based association study (325 trios) was conducted involving 10 genes encoding HDACs. SNP markers (n = 551) were extracted by the method of tagSNP. Statistical analysis identified 10 SNPs associated with schizophrenia with a threshold significance less than 0. 01. They are located on HDAC3, HDAC9, HDAC10, and HDAC11. An epistatic interaction was identified between HDAC3, HDAC9 and HDAC10. Although this study is exploratory and without correction for multiple testing, our results support data for the involvement of these genes with neurodevelopmental disorders
Bui, Catherine. "Exploration des enzymes de biosynthèse des protéoglycanes et leurs altérations lors de pathologies articulaires." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NAN10100/document.
Full textLocated at the cell-tissue-organ interface, heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) facilitate ligand-receptor interactions crucial to many physiopathological processes. The synthesis of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) requires the coordinated action of an array of glycosyltransferases (GTs) and sulfotransferases (STs). Although the biosynthetic scheme of HSPGs has been outlined, little is known about the regulation of this complex process. In the first part of our work, we performed structure-function studies of the human ß1,4-galactosyltransferase 7 (ß4GalT7) which catalyses a key step of the initiation of GAG synthesis and identified two conserved domains D163VD165 and 221FWGWGREDDE230 in the ß4GalT family. In vitro studies combined to ex vivo analysis of PG synthesis by 35S incorporation allowed us to determine the impact of site-directed mutations on the catalytic and functional properties of ß4GalT7. We identified key residues for donor UDP-galactose/Mn2+ and acceptor substrate binding, and catalysis. Secondarily, to investigate more in depth the mechanisms involved in the regulation of PG biosynthetic pathway, we inspected the 5’ region of the genes coding for GT and ST enzymes and identified the presence of typical CpG islands with the most striking hypermethylation pattern for the 3-OST gene subfamily in the chondrosarcoma cell line H-EMC-SS (HEMC). Aberrant methylation was associated with downregulation of these genes and altered HS-GAG chains, as demonstrated both at biochemical and cellular levels. Treatment of cells with an inhibitor of DNA methyltransferases (5-aza-2’deoxycytidine) or reintroduction of 3-OST cDNA expression into HEMC cells resulted in a decrease in the proliferative and migration capacities of HEMC cells, and augmented adhesion ability of the cells. These findings underline the significance of HS alterations in the invasive phenotype of HEMC and identify 3-O-sulfation as a contributing factor to this process. We show for the first time that a specific set of HS-O-sulfotransferases is regulated via an epigenetic mechanism in HEMC cells, may be of particular relevance in understanding the process of cartilage tumor pathogenesis, towards the development of therapies targeting DNA methylation
Ajebbar, Samira. "Synthèse de ligands à la proteine CARM1 pour l'étude de son activité enzymatique et la synthèse d'inhibiteurs sélectifs." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00769956.
Full textFaucet-Marquis, Virginie. "L'ochratoxine A, contaminant alimentaire, est-elle un cancérogène génotoxique ou épigénétique ? Recherche des effets génotoxiques par la technique de post-marquage de l'ADN au 32P en relation avec la métabolisation de l'ochratoxine A." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2005. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7418/1/faucet.pdf.
Full textFaucet-Marquis, Virginie. "L'ochratoxine A, contaminant alimentaire, est-elle un cancérogène génotoxique ou épigénétique? : recherche des effets génotoxiques par la technique de post-marquage de l'ADN au 32P en relation avec la métabolisation de l'ochratoxine A." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005INPT020A.
Full textTabouy, Laure. "Mise au point d'un dosage de l'activité kinase de la protéine DYRK1A et Régulation épigénétique de l'expression du gène codant le facteur de transcription ISL1." Paris 7, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA077169.
Full textLa GnRH joue un rôle essentiel en régulant la sécrétion et la synthèse de LH et de FSH via des récepteurs spécifiques (GnRHR) exprimés à la surface des cellules gonadotropes hypophysaires. L'expression tissulaire spécifique du Gnrhr est contrôlée par une combinatoire bien définie de facteurs de transcription comportant trois acteurs majeurs, SF1, LHX3 et ISL1. Au contraire du Gnrhr, nous montrons que les séquences régulatrices d'M7 en amont du site d'initiation de transcription (TSS) sont insuffisantes pour diriger l'expression hypophysaire spécifique, suggérant l'existence de mécanismes additionnels. De fait, les régions régulatrices (ou promoteurs) ainsi que les "corps" des gènes sont altérés par des modifications épigénétiques. Les résultats, obtenus par immunoprécipitation de la chromatine, montrent que dans les lignées cellulaires exprimant Isl1, notamment les cellules gonadotropes, Isl1 est complexé avec des histones H3 triméthylées sur la Lys4 (H3K4Me3) au niveau du TSS, une marque d'histones corrélée avec les gènes actifs. En revanche, dans les lignées cellulaires où Isll est silencieux, il est complexé avec des histones H3 triméthylées sur la Lys27, marque liée à la répression des gènes. On observe cette même corrélation au niveau du TSS du Gnrhr. De plus, notre étude suggère que la méthylation de F ADN, en amont de l'îlot CpG est inversement corrélée à l'activité de ce gène. Ces données suggèrent que les modifications épigénétiques sont essentiellement responsables de l'expression hypophysaire spécifique d'/s/ycontrairement à l'expression du Gnrhr qui semble principalement dépendante de la présence de facteurs de transcription tissulaires spécifiques majeurs
Down syndrome is the most common aneuploidy, it originates from the presence of an extra 21st chromosome. The establishment of genotype/phenotype correlations in patients with Down's syndrome made it possible to highlight the DYRKIA kinase, encoded by the DYRKIA gene localized in the region DCR-1 on 21st chromosome, as a good candidate in the onset of mental retardation. Understandïng the role and regulation of DYRKIA is thus necessary and for that, to get a reliable kinase activity assay is essential. First, we focused on the establishment of a new method of DYRKIA kinase activity assay using High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). This method proved to be highly sensitive and affordable. Second, we sought to confirm previous data on in vitro activity of DYRKIA by using this new method. We also characterized the behavior of known inhibitors of DYRKIA (harmine) and the results obtained are in agreement with the literature. In collaboration with Dr. Dodd's team, we screened various molecules as potential inhibitors of DYRKIA. Finally, the activity assay was tested ex vivo, in mice brain extracts. Our results indicate that this new method of kinase activity assay is specific, reproducible and fast. This method can be potentially applied to other kinases, phosphatases and more broadly to other enzyme catalyzing a reaction of protein modification
GnRH plays a critical role by regulating LH and FSH secretion and synthesis via specific receptors (GnRHR) expressed at the surface of gonadotrope cells. Tissue-specific expression of Gnrhr is arbitrated by a combinatorial code of transcription factors that involves SF1, LHX3 and ISLL Unlike for Gnrhr, we showed that Ml regulatory sequences upstream of the transcription start site (TSS) were not sufficient to direct pituitary-specific expression, suggesting the existence of additional regulatory mechanisms. Indeed regulatory regions (or promoters) as well as gene bodies, are altered by epigenetic modifications. Results of chromatin immunoprecipitation reveal that in cell lines expressing Isll, namely gonadotrope cells, Isll was linked to histone H3 tri-methylated on Lys4 (H3K4Me3) at thé TSS, an histone mark correlated with gène activity. In contrast, in cell Unes where Isll was silent, Isll was bound by histone H3 tri-methylated on Lys27, a histone mark linked to gene repression. Similar correlation between histone modifications and gene activities where observed at the Gnrhr TSS. Our study further suggests that DNA methylation upstream of the CpG Island of Isll was inversely correlated with gene activity. Together, these data suggest that epigenetic modifications predominantly direct Isll tissue-specific expression whereas Gnrhr expression is primarily dependent on the presence of master tissue-specific transcription factors
Armand, Marine. "Régulation transcriptionnelle et épigénétique de la différenciation B normale et tumorale : rôle des enzymes Tet et du facteur de transcription SPI1 TET2 Deficiency Causes Germinal Center Hyperplasia, Impairs Plasma Cell Differentiation and Promotes B-Cell Lymphomagenesis A Recurrent Activating Missense Mutation in Waldenström Macroglobulinemia Affects the DNA Binding of the ETS Transcription Factor SPI1 and Enhances Proliferation." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASL035.
Full textB-cell development involves a first phase of differentiation in the bone marrow, in the absence of any specific antigenic stimulation, leading to immature B-cells. The second phase, staging activation and final maturation, is antigen-dependent and takes place in the secondary lymphoid organs, within transient structures called germinal centers (GC). It generates antigen-specific plasma cells and memory B cells.This thesis work focuses on different actors involved in the epigenetic and transcriptional regulation of B-cell differentiation: the enzymes TET2 and TET3 and the transcription factor (TF) SPI1/PU.1. Mutations in genes encoding these proteins are found in human neoplasms, we used in vivo and in vitro models to determine their functional consequences.I analyzed the impact of TET2 loss of function on the differentiation and maturation of B-cells. The results show an impaired plasma cell differentiation associated with GC hyperplasia and an increase in the percentage and absolute number of GC B-cells (BGC). Quantitative PCR analysis of the expression of key BGC and plasma cell TF showed that Tet2-deficient cells exhibit repression of the Prdm1 gene encoding BLIMP1, a master regulator of plasma cell differentiation. I then turned my attention to TET3, another TET family protein expressed in the B-cell lineage. In vivo and in vitro Tet3-deficient models show that the loss of TET3 does not significantly affect terminal B differentiation.In addition, I studied a somatic mutation of SPI1/PU.1, identified by our team in patients with Waldenström's disease (WM). In more than 95% of cases, the L265P activating mutation of MYD88 gene is also present. We have shown that SPI1 mutation, although not preventing its binding to DNA, alters its binding affinity at sites normally recognized by the wild-type form. The mutation appears to cause this class III ETS protein to behave in a manner similar to a class I/IIa ETS protein. I then sought to document the basis for oncogenic cooperation between SPI1 and MYD88 in two ways. First, by studying the proliferation and differentiation of naïve B-cells from a locally developped mouse model knock-in for the SPI1 mutation, transduced with a retrovirus carrying the MYD88 mutation. The results show an increase in proliferation in the double mutant condition as well as an increase of the terminal differentiation. Second, by modifying the human BCWM1 WM cell line by CRISPR/Cas9 in order to introduce the SPI1 mutation at the same time as the expression of the GFP. This model will be used in particular to perform ChIP-seq experiments to identify the targets of the mutant protein in a MW-like context.In conclusion, compliance to transcriptional programs is essential for the smooth progress of B-terminal differentiation and can be impacted either directly, by mutations affecting TF such as SPI1, or indirectly when the methylation profile of key TF-encoding genes (PRDM1) is altered following mutations in enzymes such as TET2