Journal articles on the topic 'Enzymatic regulations'
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Xu, Chiwei, Brian Franklin, Hong-Wen Tang, Yannik Regimbald-Dumas, Yanhui Hu, Justine Ramos, Justin A. Bosch, Christians Villalta, Xi He, and Norbert Perrimon. "An in vivo RNAi screen uncovers the role of AdoR signaling and adenosine deaminase in controlling intestinal stem cell activity." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 1 (December 18, 2019): 464–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1900103117.
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Metabolites are increasingly appreciated for their roles as signaling molecules. To dissect the roles of metabolites, it is essential to understand their signaling pathways and their enzymatic regulations. From an RNA interference (RNAi) screen for regulators of intestinal stem cell (ISC) activity in theDrosophilamidgut, we identifiedadenosine receptor(AdoR) as a top candidate gene required for ISC proliferation. We demonstrate that Ras/MAPK and Protein Kinase A (PKA) signaling act downstream of AdoR and that Ras/MAPK mediates the major effect of AdoR on ISC proliferation. Extracellular adenosine, the ligand for AdoR, is a small metabolite that can be released by various cell types and degraded in the extracellular space by secreted adenosine deaminase. Interestingly, down-regulation ofadenosine deaminase-related growth factor A(Adgf-A) from enterocytes is necessary for extracellular adenosine to activate AdoR and induce ISC overproliferation. AsAdgf-Aexpression and its enzymatic activity decrease following tissue damage, our study provides important insights into how the enzymatic regulation of extracellular adenosine levels under tissue-damage conditions facilitates ISC proliferation.
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Noree, Chalongrat, and Naraporn Sirinonthanawech. "Coupled regulations of enzymatic activity and structure formation of aldehyde dehydrogenase Ald4p." Biology Open 9, no. 4 (April 15, 2020): bio051110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/bio.051110.
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Naka, Takashi. "The partition representation of enzymatic reaction networks and its application for searching bi-stable reaction systems." PLOS ONE 17, no. 1 (January 26, 2022): e0263111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263111.
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The signal transduction system, which is known as a regulatory mechanism for biochemical reaction systems in the cell, has been the subject of intensive research in recent years, and its design methods have become necessary from the viewpoint of synthetic biology. We proposed the partition representation of enzymatic reaction networks consisting of post-translational modification reactions such as phosphorylation, which is an important basic component of signal transduction systems, and attempted to find enzymatic reaction networks with bistability to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed representation method. The partition modifiers can be naturally introduced into the partition representation of enzymatic reaction networks when applied to search. By randomly applying the partition modifiers as appropriate, we searched for bistable and resettable enzymatic reaction networks consisting of four post-translational modification reactions. The proposed search algorithm worked well and we were able to find various bistable enzymatic reaction networks, including a typical bistable enzymatic reaction network with positive auto-feedbacks and mutually negative regulations. Since the search algorithm is divided into an evaluation function specific to the characteristics of the enzymatic reaction network to be searched and an independent algorithm part, it may be applied to search for dynamic properties such as biochemical adaptation, the ability to reset the biochemical state after responding to a stimulus, by replacing the evaluation function with one for other characteristics.
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Novoselov, M. A., I. I. Iline, Z. Sinovcic, and C. B. Phillips. "Is this imported food compliant with biosecurity regulations." New Zealand Plant Protection 67 (January 8, 2014): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2014.67.5761.
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Imported food products can carry biosecurity hazards such as animal plant and human diseases To reduce this risk imported foods that contain ingredients of animal origin must be retorted in compliance with a New Zealand Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) Import Health Standard AgResearch and MPI have developed a proofofconcept enzymatic colorimetric assay (Iline et al 2013; Proof of concept for a biochemical test that differentiates between heattreated and nonheattreated food products New Zealand Plant Protection 66 3439) In April 2014 MPI asked for a test to determine if a tinned food imported from India had been retorted to standard Using the proofofconcept assay all 10 samples showed weak enzyme activity while control samples heated to the MPI standard produced no enzyme activity Normally the test detects activity of the enzyme glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI) but additional testing showed that GPI was inactive A possible source of the activity was a bacterial enzyme The results suggested the product had not been retorted to the MPI standard
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Sassone-Corsi, Paolo. "Minireview: NAD+, a Circadian Metabolite with an Epigenetic Twist." Endocrinology 153, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2011-1535.
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Abstract A wide variety of endocrine, physiological, and metabolic functions follow daily oscillations. Most of these regulations are controlled at the level of gene expression by the circadian clock and, a remarkably coordinated transcription-translation machinery that exerts its function in virtually all mammalian cells. A large fraction of the genome is under control of the circadian clock, a regulation that is achieved through dynamic changes in chromatin states. Recent findings have demonstrated intimate connections between the circadian clock and epigenetic control. The case of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, which modulates the circadian activity of the deacetylase sirtuin 1, constitutes a paradigmatic example of the link between cyclic cellular metabolism and chromatin remodeling. Indeed, the clock transcriptional feedback loop is interlocked with the enzymatic loop of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide salvage pathway.
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Teparić, Renata, Mateja Lozančić, and Vladimir Mrša. "Evolutionary Overview of Molecular Interactions and Enzymatic Activities in the Yeast Cell Walls." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 23 (November 26, 2020): 8996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21238996.
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Fungal cell walls are composed of a polysaccharide network that serves as a scaffold in which different glycoproteins are embedded. Investigation of fungal cell walls, besides simple identification and characterization of the main cell wall building blocks, covers the pathways and regulations of synthesis of each individual component of the wall and biochemical reactions by which they are cross-linked and remodeled in response to different growth phase and environmental signals. In this review, a survey of composition and organization of so far identified and characterized cell wall components of different yeast genera including Saccharomyces, Candida, Kluyveromyces, Yarrowia, and Schizosaccharomyces are presented with the focus on their cell wall proteomes.
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Gu, Bon-Hee, Myunghoo Kim, and Cheol-Heui Yun. "Regulation of Gastrointestinal Immunity by Metabolites." Nutrients 13, no. 1 (January 7, 2021): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13010167.
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The gastrointestinal tract contains multiple types of immune cells that maintain the balance between tolerance and activation at the first line of host defense facing non-self antigens, including dietary antigens, commensal bacteria, and sometimes unexpected pathogens. The maintenance of homeostasis at the gastrointestinal tract requires stringent regulation of immune responses against various environmental conditions. Dietary components can be converted into gut metabolites with unique functional activities through host as well as microbial enzymatic activities. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that gastrointestinal metabolites have significant impacts on the regulation of intestinal immunity and are further integrated into the immune response of distal mucosal tissue. Metabolites, especially those derived from the microbiota, regulate immune cell functions in various ways, including the recognition and activation of cell surface receptors, the control of gene expression by epigenetic regulation, and the integration of cellular metabolism. These mucosal immune regulations are key to understanding the mechanisms underlying the development of gastrointestinal disorders. Here, we review recent advancements in our understanding of the role of gut metabolites in the regulation of gastrointestinal immunity, highlighting the cellular and molecular regulatory mechanisms by macronutrient-derived metabolites.
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Gu, Bon-Hee, Myunghoo Kim, and Cheol-Heui Yun. "Regulation of Gastrointestinal Immunity by Metabolites." Nutrients 13, no. 1 (January 7, 2021): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13010167.
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The gastrointestinal tract contains multiple types of immune cells that maintain the balance between tolerance and activation at the first line of host defense facing non-self antigens, including dietary antigens, commensal bacteria, and sometimes unexpected pathogens. The maintenance of homeostasis at the gastrointestinal tract requires stringent regulation of immune responses against various environmental conditions. Dietary components can be converted into gut metabolites with unique functional activities through host as well as microbial enzymatic activities. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that gastrointestinal metabolites have significant impacts on the regulation of intestinal immunity and are further integrated into the immune response of distal mucosal tissue. Metabolites, especially those derived from the microbiota, regulate immune cell functions in various ways, including the recognition and activation of cell surface receptors, the control of gene expression by epigenetic regulation, and the integration of cellular metabolism. These mucosal immune regulations are key to understanding the mechanisms underlying the development of gastrointestinal disorders. Here, we review recent advancements in our understanding of the role of gut metabolites in the regulation of gastrointestinal immunity, highlighting the cellular and molecular regulatory mechanisms by macronutrient-derived metabolites.
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Medina-Herrera, Miriam del Rocío, María de la Luz Xochilt Negrete-Rodríguez, José Luis Álvarez-Trejo, Midory Samaniego-Hernández, Leopoldo González-Cruz, Aurea Bernardino-Nicanor, and Eloy Conde-Barajas. "Evaluation of Non-Conventional Biological and Molecular Parameters as Potential Indicators of Quality and Functionality of Urban Biosolids Used as Organic Amendments of Agricultural Soils." Applied Sciences 10, no. 2 (January 10, 2020): 517. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10020517.
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Biosolids are waste from wastewater treatment and have a high content of organic matter and nutrients. In this study, not conventional physicochemical and biological properties of biosolids produced during different seasons of the year were evaluated. These properties are not considered in environmental regulations; however, they are of agronomic interest as indicators of quality and functionality in soils. Also, molecular analysis by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) was conducted, enzymatic analysis using the APIZYM® system was performed and two indices of functional and microbial diversity were established. The results showed that the biosolids had a high content of total organic carbon, total nitrogen, P, and K. FTIR analyses showed that chemical composition of biosolids was similar during all year. The C and N of microbial biomass demonstrated presence of active microorganisms, as well as a uniformity in its richness and abundance of species that could present a positive synergy with soil microorganisms. The enzymatic activities showed that the biosolids contained an enzymatic machinery available to promote the mineralisation of the organic matter of biosolids and could even transcend into the soil. Finally, biological properties can be used as indicators of quality and functionality of biosolids before being used as an organic amendment, especially in agricultural soils.
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Batool, Sadia, Hafiz Naeem Asghar, Muhammad Asif Shehzad, Sanaullah Yasin, Muhammad Sohaib, Fahim Nawaz, Gulzar Akhtar, Khuram Mubeen, Zahir Ahmad Zahir, and Muhammad Uzair. "Zinc-Solubilizing Bacteria-Mediated Enzymatic and Physiological Regulations Confer Zinc Biofortification in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)." Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 21, no. 3 (June 28, 2021): 2456–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42729-021-00537-6.
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Sun, Mo E., and Qingfei Zheng. "The Tale of DJ-1 (PARK7): A Swiss Army Knife in Biomedical and Psychological Research." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 8 (April 18, 2023): 7409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24087409.
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DJ-1 (also known as PARK7) is a multifunctional enzyme in human beings that is highly conserved and that has also been discovered in diverse species (ranging from prokaryotes to eukaryotes). Its complex enzymatic and non-enzymatic activities (such as anti-oxidation, anti-glycation, and protein quality control), as well as its role as a transcriptional coactivator, enable DJ-1 to serve as an essential regulator in multiple cellular processes (e.g., epigenetic regulations) and make it a promising therapeutic target for diverse diseases (especially cancer and Parkinson’s disease). Due to its nature as a Swiss army knife enzyme with various functions, DJ-1 has attracted a large amount of research interest, from different perspectives. In this review, we give a brief summary of the recent advances with respect to DJ-1 research in biomedicine and psychology, as well as the progress made in attempts to develop DJ-1 into a druggable target for therapy.
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Rbies, Antoni, Albert Cabrera, and Francesc Centrich. "Determination of Synthetic Hormones in Animal Urine by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 90, no. 2 (March 1, 2007): 626–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/90.2.626.
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Abstract A method was developed for the extraction of stanozolol, taleranol, zeranol, hexestrol, dienestrol, ethynylestradiol, diethylstilbestrol, and trenbolone from animal urine. The analytes were extracted from the matrix by enzymatic hydrolysis, solid-phase extraction, and liquidliquid extraction. Detection and quantitation were performed on a high-performance liquid chromatography system coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The identification criteria met the European Union regulations. Validation of this method established a decision limit between 0.2 and 0.9 μg/L and a detection capability between 0.3 and 1.0 μg/L, depending on the analyte.
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Defer, Nicole, Martin Best-Belpomme, and Jacques Hanoune. "Tissue specificity and physiological relevance of various isoforms of adenylyl cyclase." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 279, no. 3 (September 1, 2000): F400—F416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.2000.279.3.f400.
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The present review focuses on the potential physiological regulations involving different isoforms of adenylyl cyclase (AC), the enzymatic activity responsible for the synthesis of cAMP from ATP. Depending on the properties and the relative level of the isoforms expressed in a tissue or a cell type at a specific time, extracellular signals received by the G protein-coupled receptors can be differently integrated. We report here on various aspects of such regulations, emphasizing the role of Ca2+/calmodulin in activating AC1 and AC8 in the central nervous system, the potential inhibitory effect of Ca2+ on AC5 and AC6, and the changes in the expression pattern of the isoforms during development. A particular emphasis is given to the role of cAMP during drug dependence. Present experimental limitations are also underlined (pitfalls in the interpretation of cellular transfection, scarcity of the invalidation models, and so on).
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Espinoza, Deyvis, and Augusto Castillo. "Technological advances in obtaining, identifying and producing protein hydrolysates from fish residues by enzymatic action: bioactive and techno-functional properties, application in food, market and regulation." Scientia Agropecuaria 13, no. 2 (May 18, 2022): 135–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17268/sci.agropecu.2022.012.
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At present, numerous methodologies have been developed to obtain the maximum use of fish proteins, to satisfy human nutritional demand, this use has been made both from whole fish and from its residues or by-products (liver, head, skin, gonads, skeleton, and viscera) which represent up to 60% of the whole fish. Whole fish and by-products can potentially be used as sources of essential amino acids, collagen, gelatin, polyunsaturated lipids, and enzymes. Using enzymatic technology, protein hydrolysates have been obtained with ample potential for their application as ingredients in the development and production of fortified foods, due to their functional properties (antihypertensive, antioxidant, antimicrobial and immunomodulatory), which can reduce the risk of cancer, aging, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. In addition, these hydrolysates have important techno-functional properties (foaming, solubility, emulsification, gelation, water, and oil retention) that provide desirable technological characteristics for processing, storage and product quality, as well as for behavior during processing. and storage. This review analyzes the advances in the technology for obtaining, identifying, and producing fish protein hydrolysates (FPH) by enzymatic action, with an emphasis on fish residues, highlighting the application of FPH in food, market analysis and global regulations. It is recommended to continue the studies to optimize the enzymatic production of FPH to improve the flavor and its application in the fortification of mass consumption foods.
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Babotă, Mihai, Oleg Frumuzachi, Alexandru Nicolescu, Maria Inês Dias, José Pinela, Lillian Barros, Mikel Añibarro-Ortega, et al. "Thymus Species from Romanian Spontaneous Flora as Promising Source of Phenolic Secondary Metabolites with Health-Related Benefits." Antioxidants 12, no. 2 (February 6, 2023): 390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020390.
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Wild thyme aerial parts (Serpylli herba) are recognized as a valuable herbal product with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial effects. Although pharmacopoeial regulations allow its collection exclusively from Thymus serpyllum, substitution with other species is frequent in current practice. This study analyzed the phenolic composition, antioxidant, and enzyme-inhibitory and antimicrobial activity of the hydroethanolic extracts obtained from five Romanian wild thyme species (Thymus alpestris, T. glabrescens, T. panonicus, T. pulcherimus and T. pulegioides). The analysis of individual phenolic constituents was performed through LC-ESI-DAD/MS2, while for the in vitro evaluation of antioxidant potential, TEAC, FRAP, DPPH, TBARS and OxHLIA assays were employed. The anti-enzymatic potential was tested in vitro against tyrosinase, α-glucosidase and acetylcholinesterase. High rosmarinic acid contents were quantified in all species (20.06 ± 0.32–80.49 ± 0.001 mg/g dry extract); phenolic acids derivatives (including salvianolic acids) were confirmed as the principal metabolites of T. alpestris and T. glabrescens, while eriodictyol-O-di-hexoside was found exclusively in T. alpestris. All species showed strong antioxidant potential and moderate anti-enzymatic effect against α-glucosidase and acetylcholinesterase, showing no anti-tyrosinase activity. This is the first detailed report on the chemical and biological profile of T. alpestris collected from Romanian spontaneous flora.
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Zhang, Wei-Ni, Ding-Ping Bai, Yi-Fan Huang, Chong-Wei Hu, Qing-Xi Chen, and Xiao-Hong Huang. "Enzymatic characterizations and activity regulations of N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase from the spermary of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)." Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering 117, no. 2 (February 2014): 153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiosc.2013.07.014.
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Shan, Shujun, Yue Qi, Jihong Jiang, and Song Guo. "Prediction and Analysis of Protein Ubiquitin Sites in the Model Plant A. thaliana." Scientific Programming 2021 (February 21, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6694846.
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Ubiquitin is an important type of protein after translational modification. Ubiquitin has the ability to take part in several cellular regulations among several biological processions. At the same time, ubiquitin plays key roles in the enzymatic process. So as to construct the new tool to classify the ubiquitin amino acid residues, we employed the random forest model to classify the ubiquitin sites utilizing the experimentally identified ubiquitinated protein sequences of A. thaliana. More detailed, we utilized the k-spaced amino acid pair (CKSAAP) encoding and binary encoding to deal with the potential protein segments. The proposed tools can obtain 72.83% in Sp, 72.42% in Sn, 72.63% in Acc, and 0.4525 in MCC. With these performances, such tools can obtain the available results in the dataset of Arabidopsis.
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Staszewska, Ewelina, and Małgorzata Pawłowska. "Control of Landfill Gases Emission with Particular Emphasis on Btex." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 19, no. 2 (January 1, 2012): 239–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10216-011-0018-7.
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Control of Landfill Gases Emission with Particular Emphasis on BtexLandfilling is the most popular way for waste disposal and has been widely applied globally. A large quantity of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is released from landfills. Among them, BTEX (benzene, toluene ethylbenzene and xylene) is a major group of pollutants, which have now become a cause for concern worldwide because of their toxic properties. For this reason, strict regulations have come into force which induce researchers to find methods to reduce their emissions. This article contains descriptions of several aerobic metabolic pathways for the degradation of BTEX, which are provided by two enzymatic systems (dioxygenases and monooxygenases). Special attention was paid to biofiltration - a method for improving the efficiency of treatment of BTEX released from landfills.
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Harsanto, Budi, Ina Primiana, Vita Sarasi, and Yayan Satyakti. "Sustainability Innovation in the Textile Industry: A Systematic Review." Sustainability 15, no. 2 (January 13, 2023): 1549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15021549.
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The aim of this review study is to understand the current state and practice of sustainability innovation in the textile industry. The textile industry is regarded as one of the industries that faces the biggest challenges in incorporating sustainability in its business practices. In this study, we conducted a systematic review to synthesize empirical knowledge relevant to sustainable innovation in the textile industry. From the systematic search process, 41 papers that were identified met the criteria of inclusion and were then analyzed qualitatively using thematic analysis. The findings showed that the attention of researchers toward sustainability innovation has increased in the recent years. Sustainability innovation practices in the textile industry were identified. Sustainability product innovation includes ecodesign, ecolabel, life cycle assessment, materials, and packaging. Sustainability process innovation includes cleaner production, ecoefficiency, waste handling, supply chain management, and enzymatic textile processing in process innovation. Sustainability organizational innovation includes the environmental management system (EMS) and corporate policy, collaboration, business model innovation, culture and knowledge management, and enzymatic textile processing. This study found that the dominant sustainability innovation practice discussed in the textile industry is more related to the ecological innovation aspect compared to social innovation. As consumer demand for ecofriendly products is growing, as are more stringent regulations, it is important for business players and policymakers to develop sustainability innovation in the textile industry together.
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Filgueira, Daniel, Cristian Bolaño, Susana Gouveia, and Diego Moldes. "Enzymatic Functionalization of Wood as an Antifouling Strategy against the Marine Bacterium Cobetia marina." Polymers 13, no. 21 (November 2, 2021): 3795. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13213795.
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The protection of wood in marine environments is a major challenge due to the high sensitivity of wood to both water and marine microorganisms. Besides, the environmental regulations are pushing the industry to develop novel effective and environmentally friendly treatments to protect wood in marine environments. The present study focused on the development of a new green methodology based on the laccase-assisted grafting of lauryl gallate (LG) onto wood to improve its marine antifouling properties. Initially, the enzymatic treatment conditions (laccase dose, time of reaction, LG concentration) and the effect of the wood specie (beech, pine, and eucalyptus) were assessed by water contact angle (WCA) measurements. The surface properties of the enzymatically modified wood veneers were assessed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Antifouling properties of the functionalized wood veneers against marine bacterium Cobetia marina were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and protein measurements. XPS and FTIR analysis suggested the stable grafting of LG onto the surface of wood veneers after laccase-assisted treatment. WCA measurements showed that the hydrophobicity of the wood veneers significantly increased after the enzymatic treatment. Protein measurements and SEM pictures showed that enzymatically-hydrophobized wood veneers modified the pattern of bacterial attachment and remarkably reduced the bacterium colonization. Thus, the results observed in the present study confirmed the potential efficiency of laccase-assisted treatments to improve the marine antifouling properties of wood.
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Lokman, Ezarul Faradianna, Siti Mastura Abdul Aziz, Aina Shafiza Ibrahim, Nurleyna Yunus, Awang Zulfikar Rizal Awang Seruji, and Sal Hazreen Bugam. "Hepatic Glucose Regulations by Sago (Metroxylon sagu) Resistant Starch in Diabetic Goto Kakizaki Rat." International Journal of Biomedical Science 17, no. 3 (September 15, 2021): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.59566/ijbs.2021.17028.
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Resistant starch (RS) Sago (Metroxylon sagu) intake has been linked with the improvement in postprandial hyperglycemia and diabetes management via several modes of action including delayed glucose absorption and inhibition of carbohydrate digestion in the gastrointestinal tract. However, to our knowledge, studies on local Malaysian sago RS associated with hepatic glucose production has not been reported elsewhere. Thus, this study was done to identify the underlying mechanisms of local Malaysian RS sago native and modified known as sago RS type 2 (sago RS2) and type 4 (sago RS4) respectively in glucose regulations by analyzing the targeted genes in hepatic glucose pathways. In this study, gene expression associated with Glucose and Glycogen Metabolism Pathways analysis in the liver of spontaneously type 2 diabetic rat, Goto kakizaki treated with water (control), Hi Maize (positive control), sago RS2 and RS4 was done using Rat Glucose Metabolism RT² Profiler PCR Array which consist of 84 genes. The results showed that several genes were significantly up- and down-regulated in the diabetic rats treated with Sago. Taldo1 was significantly upregulated whereas G6PC, Sdhb and Rplp1 genes were significantly downregulated in the rat liver treated with sago RS2. In the rat liver treated with sago RS4, Idh3g gene was significantly upregulated whereas G6pc, Pdk3, Eno3, Sdhb, Galm and Tkt genes were significantly downregulated. The gene expressions identified are associated in the blood glucose homeostasis involving the regulation and enzymatic pathways of glucose and glycogen metabolisms. In conclusion, the genes identified might be useful for therapeutic targets in glucose lowering effects by reducing hepatic glucose output indicating potential of our local sago in managing diabetes.
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Raffa, Carla Maria, and Fulvia Chiampo. "Bioremediation of Agricultural Soils Polluted with Pesticides: A Review." Bioengineering 8, no. 7 (July 2, 2021): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering8070092.
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Pesticides are chemical compounds used to eliminate pests; among them, herbicides are compounds particularly toxic to weeds, and this property is exploited to protect the crops from unwanted plants. Pesticides are used to protect and maximize the yield and quality of crops. The excessive use of these chemicals and their persistence in the environment have generated serious problems, namely pollution of soil, water, and, to a lower extent, air, causing harmful effects to the ecosystem and along the food chain. About soil pollution, the residual concentration of pesticides is often over the limits allowed by the regulations. Where this occurs, the challenge is to reduce the amount of these chemicals and obtain agricultural soils suitable for growing ecofriendly crops. The microbial metabolism of indigenous microorganisms can be exploited for degradation since bioremediation is an ecofriendly, cost-effective, rather efficient method compared to the physical and chemical ones. Several biodegradation techniques are available, based on bacterial, fungal, or enzymatic degradation. The removal efficiencies of these processes depend on the type of pollutant and the chemical and physical conditions of the soil. The regulation on the use of pesticides is strictly connected to their environmental impacts. Nowadays, every country can adopt regulations to restrict the consumption of pesticides, prohibit the most harmful ones, and define the admissible concentrations in the soil. However, this variability implies that each country has a different perception of the toxicology of these compounds, inducing different market values of the grown crops. This review aims to give a picture of the bioremediation of soils polluted with commercial pesticides, considering the features that characterize the main and most used ones, namely their classification and their toxicity, together with some elements of legislation into force around the world.
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Janic-Hajnal, Elizabet, Aleksandra Torbica, and Jasna Mastilovic. "Influence of degree of wheat infestation with Fusarium on its technological quality and safety." Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, no. 120 (2011): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn1120061j.
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Climatic conditions prior to wheat harvest 2010 were favorable for the development of field molds. The most important wheat contamination that should be determined is the presence and frequency of grain lots infected with Fusarium. This paper presents the results of content of fusarious kernels found in samples collected from all wheat growing regions of Serbia. Investigations were performed according to the regulations which foresee sensory determination of content of infected kernels. Determined average content of fusarious kernels was 6.01%, varying in range from 0% to 29.65 %. The obtained results, which exceeded the upper limits of permitted contents defined by national and EU regulations, pointed to the need for investigation of presence of Fusarium metabolic products, i.e. mycotoxins (zearalenone (ZEA) and deoxinivalenol (DON)) in wheat. Mycotoxin content was determined in average wheat samples and in wheat samples with increased content of fusarious kernels. Direct enzymatic immunoaffinity test (ELISA) was applied for determination of mycotoxin content. Although high content of fusarious kernels characterizes wheat crop in 2010, the determined quantities of two investigated mycotoxins did not exceed maximal permitted content. Consequences of unfavorable quantity and structure of total impurities in wheat crop in 2010 reflect decreased commercial and technological quality of wheat and point out to the need of necessary wheat safety control.
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Jahnová, Jana, Lenka Luhová, and Marek Petřivalský. "S-Nitrosoglutathione Reductase—The Master Regulator of Protein S-Nitrosation in Plant NO Signaling." Plants 8, no. 2 (February 21, 2019): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants8020048.
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S-nitrosation has been recognized as an important mechanism of protein posttranslational regulations, based on the attachment of a nitroso group to cysteine thiols. Reversible S-nitrosation, similarly to other redox-base modifications of protein thiols, has a profound effect on protein structure and activity and is considered as a convergence of signaling pathways of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species. In plant, S-nitrosation is involved in a wide array of cellular processes during normal development and stress responses. This review summarizes current knowledge on S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR), a key enzyme which regulates intracellular levels of S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) and indirectly also of protein S-nitrosothiols. GSNOR functions are mediated by its enzymatic activity, which catalyzes irreversible GSNO conversion to oxidized glutathione within the cellular catabolism of nitric oxide. GSNOR is involved in the maintenance of balanced levels of reactive nitrogen species and in the control of cellular redox state. Multiple functions of GSNOR in plant development via NO-dependent and -independent signaling mechanisms and in plant defense responses to abiotic and biotic stress conditions have been uncovered. Extensive studies of plants with down- and upregulated GSNOR, together with application of transcriptomics and proteomics approaches, seem promising for new insights into plant S-nitrosothiol metabolism and its regulation.
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Foltzer-Jourdainne, C., M. Kedinger, and F. Raul. "Perinatal expression of brush-border hydrolases in rat colon: hormonal and tissue regulations." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 257, no. 4 (October 1, 1989): G496—G503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1989.257.4.g496.
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The evolution pattern of brush-border digestive hydrolases and their hormonal regulation were studied in the proximal colon of newborn rats. The potentiality of the colon to express a small intestinal enzymatic pattern was also examined in associations made up of colonic endoderm and small intestinal mesenchyme, developed as either intracelomic grafts in 3-day-old chick embryos or as intrarenal grafts in adult rats. A transient increase of lactase- and aminopeptidase-specific activities occurred in the colon from the 19th day of gestation to 14 days after birth, but sucrase activity could never be detected. Immunocytochemical studies with antibodies specific for rat lactase, aminopeptidase, and sucrase confirmed these results. However, the levels of hydrolase activities were lower in the colon than in the jejunum at the same age. Thyroxine or hydrocortisone treatment during the first 4 days postpartum decreased lactase activity by 70 and 30%, respectively, but did not affect aminopeptidase activity. A slight but significant induction of sucrase activity was obtained with both hormones. In contrast, in the jejunum, only thyroxine decreased lactase activity with a lesser effect (30%), but both hormones increased aminopeptidase activity and induced the marked well-known appearance of sucrase activity. The fetal small intestinal mesenchyme was not able to induce the colonic endoderm to achieve a small intestinal-like differentiation. But the exposure of the developed hybrid intestines to glucocorticoids in organ culture allowed expression of sucrase in one-third of the cases. These results demonstrate the presence of brush-border hydrolases in the proximal colon of newborn rats, normally expressed in the small intestine, but never in the adult colon.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Strunecka, Anna, and Otakar Strunecky. "Mechanisms of Fluoride Toxicity: From Enzymes to Underlying Integrative Networks." Applied Sciences 10, no. 20 (October 13, 2020): 7100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10207100.
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Fluoride has been employed in laboratory investigations since the early 20th century. These studies opened the understanding of fluoride interventions to fundamental biological processes. Millions of people living in endemic fluorosis areas suffer from various pathological disturbances. The practice of community water fluoridation used prophylactically against dental caries increased concern of adverse fluoride effects. We assessed the publications on fluoride toxicity until June 2020. We present evidence that fluoride is an enzymatic poison, inducing oxidative stress, hormonal disruptions, and neurotoxicity. Fluoride in synergy with aluminum acts as a false signal in G protein cascades of hormonal and neuronal regulations in much lower concentrations than fluoride acting alone. Our review shows the impact of fluoride on human health. We suggest focusing the research on fluoride toxicity to the underlying integrative networks. Ignorance of the pluripotent toxic effects of fluoride might contribute to unexpected epidemics in the future.
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Zhen, Yongkang, Pipatpong Chundang, Yu Zhang, Mengzhi Wang, Wanwipa Vongsangnak, Chantima Pruksakorn, and Attawit Kovitvadhi. "Impacts of Killing Process on the Nutrient Content, Product Stability and In Vitro Digestibility of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae Meals." Applied Sciences 10, no. 17 (September 2, 2020): 6099. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10176099.
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The black soldier fly (BSF, Hermetia illucens) is considered a potential sustainable insect alternative source of protein for animal feed. The quality of a BSF meal is greatly influenced by the killing method and the purpose of this article is to compare the influences of different killing methods. BSFs at the 18-day-old prepupae stage were separated into six different killing methods with three replicates: 1. blending, 2. freezing, 3. CO2 treatment, 4. vacuum, 5. blanching and 6. CO2 plus blanching. After killing, BSF larvae meals were obtained by hot air oven drying and grinding. The chemical composition and in vitro digestibility calculated from sediments were not affected by the killing method, except that blending provided the worst BSF quality for all measured parameters (p < 0.05). The highest quality of BSF was obtained from the heat treatment procedures (blanching and the CO2 plus blanching methods), as they produced lower acidity after killing, total viable counts, browning reaction (enzymatic and non-enzymatic), darkness, moisture, fat acidity, protein and lipid oxidation during storage compared with other killing procedures (p < 0.05). Interestingly, the highest free amino acids in the supernatant after in vitro digestibility of BSF samples was observed with the CO2 plus blanching killing method (p < 0.05), whereas other parameters were similar to those obtained with blanching. The CO2 plus blanching method did not produce clearly different outcomes to blanching; therefore, the selection of one of these techniques over the other should depend on the regulations in each country.
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Mejrhit, Najlae, Yousra Azdad, Ouarda Azdad, and Lotfi Aarab. "Determination of histamine levels in commonly consumed fish in the region of Fez." British Food Journal 120, no. 10 (October 1, 2018): 2388–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-12-2017-0670.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is, first, to evaluate the quality of commonly consumed fish species in Fez region (Morocco) by quantifying the levels of histamine in fresh fish samples using competitive enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA), and then to study the effect of heating and enzymatic digestion on the level of fish-histamine. Design/methodology/approach Histamine content was tested on 80 fresh fish samples of 11 species collected from various local stores in Fez region, from February to March 2016. The analyses were performed using a competitive ELISA assay to measure histamine in fish samples. Findings ELISA results showed that 80 percent of 80 fish samples analyzed was found to contain much lower levels of histamine (<1 mg/kg) and can be considered to be safe for human consumption. However, 20 percent of the samples (16/80) had histamine level higher than the tolerance limit of 200 mg/kg established by Moroccan and International regulations, which the maximum level reached up to 7,331 mg/kg in horse mackerel. Concerning the effect of heating and enzymatic treatments on fish-histamine levels, results have shown a low reduction in histamine contents in the majority of fish samples under these treatments. Originality/value In conclusion, good quality of the fish product, demonstrated by histamine levels, was found in the most of fish samples analyzed, while 20 percent of the samples are non-compliant and exceed the tolerance limit established by the national and international regulatory limit.
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Levchyk, Nataliia, Alla Liubinska, Tetiana Todosiichuk, Jamal Rakhmetov, and Maria Diakova. "THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIOLOGICAL PRODUCT FOR PLANT GROWING ON THE BASIS OF STREPTOMYCES ALBUS." EUREKA: Life Sciences 5 (September 30, 2016): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2504-5695.2016.00235.
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In this work the influence of experimental forms of biological product from Streptomyces albus UN44 on the growth processes of agricultural plants (wheat, peas, corn) was studied. The advantages of the preparation are demonstrated, which contains not only antibiotic and enzymatic complexes, synthesized by the producer, but also its biomass for the stimulation of seed germination processes, growth and development of the said plants seedlings. The proposed process description of biological product Streptofungin-Phyto production in two forms is the basis for engineering development and operating regulations. The preparation can be developed as a suspension with a cell titer of 109 CFU/cm3 in PET-containers (2 – 5 l) or as a dried mass in plastic bags (1 – 2 kg). The biological product can be recommended for use on the stage of pre-planting treatment of seeds by soaking, as well as deep root watering and irrigation. The remedy is safe for humans, animals and plants and can be used together with other microbial mass-based biofertilizers.
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Kosar, Firdos, Khalid S. Alshallash, Nudrat Aisha Akram, Muhammad Sadiq, Muhammad Ashraf, Dalal Hussien M. Alkhalifah, Arafat Abdel Hamed Abdel Latef, and Amr Elkelish. "Trehalose-Induced Regulations in Nutrient Status and Secondary Metabolites of Drought-Stressed Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Plants." Plants 11, no. 20 (October 20, 2022): 2780. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11202780.
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Trehalose regulates key physio-biochemical parameters, antioxidants, and the yield of plants exposed to a dry environment. A study was conducted to assess the regulatory roles of exogenously applied trehalose in drought-stressed sunflower plants. Two cultivars of sunflowers (Hysun 33 and FH 598) were subjected to drought stress (60% field capacity) and varying (0, 10, 20, and 30 mM) concentrations of trehalose. The data indicated that water stress significantly reduced the shoot length, root length, total soluble proteins, shoot Ca2+, root P, relative water content (RWC), and achene yield per plant. The foliar spray of trehalose was effective at improving plant growth, RWC, total soluble proteins, total soluble sugars, the activities of enzymatic antioxidants, Ca2+ (shoot and root), root K+, and the yield attributes. Exogenously supplemented trehalose considerably suppressed relative membrane permeability (RMP), but did not alter ascorbic acid, malondialdehyde, the total phenolics, shoot K+, or P (shoot and root) in both sunflower cultivars. The cv. Hysun 33 had better ascorbic acid, total soluble sugars, non-reducing sugars, shoot P, and root P than the other cultivar, whereas cv. FH 598 was relatively better at regulating RMP, malondialdehyde, peroxidase, and root Ca2+ concentration. Overall, exogenously supplemented trehalose, particularly at 10 mM, was effective at improving the physiochemical parameters and yield of sunflower plants under stress conditions. Therefore, a better performance of sunflower cv. Hysun 33 under drought stress can be suggested as a trehalose-induced enhancement of yield and oxidative defense potential.
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Salcedo Reyes, Juan Carlos, Octavio Alejandro Castañeda Uribe, Luis David Gomez Méndez, Aura Marina Pedroza Rodríguez, and Raul Alberto Poutou Piñales. "A scoping and critical review of properties, standards, and regulations of oxo-biodegradable plastics." Universitas Scientiarum 28, no. 1 (April 3, 2023): 65–139. http://dx.doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.sc281.asac.
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Based on recent scientific-technical developments referring to the transformation and biodegradation mechanisms of plastic compounds, progress has been made both in the conceptualization of relevant definitions and in the development of technical standards that allow determining, in a more precise and reproducible way, the ratio of biodegradability of a determined material. From these advances, they have developed, furthermore, the so-called oxo-biodegradable plastics, in which pro-oxidant additives are added to the raw polymer in such a way that allow a optimal abiotic transformation process (photo/thermo oxidation), producing the fragmentation of the material under suitable conditions for its simultaneous or successive biotic degradation (enzymatic oxidation). Although, currently, oxobiodegradable plastics are widely used in different applications such as, for example, in agriculture andsingle-use plastics, until very recently a technical standard was developed that allows determining the relative degradation ratio of different types of plastics under abiotic and biotic conditions. This process implies that for producers to be able to use specific terms of bio-degradation and oxo-biodegradation for advertising purposes that claim to offer an environmentally friendly product, the relevant entities must carry out metrological tests in light of the new definitions and technical standards. Furthermore, a large amount of specialized literature has been generated in which the bio-degradation ratio of oxobiodegradable plastics is determined in very specific environments and conditions. This review gives a detailed account of the different definitions and scientific concepts involved in oxo-/bio- degradation and shows how these concepts have evolved over time. It also shows the evolution of the technical standards, which, in general, are adapted to the new scientific and technical developments in the field of plastics. Finally, a detailed analysis of results reported in the scientific literature shows the dependence of oxo-biodegradation on different parameters (UV radiation, temperature, exposure time, type of enzymes), specific environments (soil, composting, waste, recycling, etc.), different types of plastics (LDPE, HDPE, LLDPE, pro-oxidant additives) and, finally, on different analytical techniques used (FTIR, DSC, TGA, SEM, tensile test).
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Salter, Robert S., John Fitchen, B. Bain, M. Bella, S. Bergman, A. C. Biotelle, M. Bulthaus, et al. "Evaluation of a Chemiluminescence Method for Measuring Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in WholeMilk of Multiple Species and Bovine Dairy Drinks: Interlaboratory Study." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 89, no. 4 (July 1, 2006): 1061–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/89.4.1061.
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Abstract Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is a ubiquitous enzyme in milk with timetemperature destruction similar to that of certain pathogens destroyed in pasteurization. Measurement of ALP to indicate proper pasteurization is a common practice. Recently the public health level for ALP was decreased to 350 mU/L, a level below the sensitivity of older colorimetric ALP methods. This study was conducted within the structure of the International Dairy Federation and the International Organization for Standardization to evaluate the reproducibility of the chemiluminescence method (Charm PasLite) for ALP at 50, 100, 350, and 500 mU/L in whole milk of multiple species to meet new regulations in the United States and proposed regulations in the European Union (EU). Fifteen laboratories from 8 countries evaluated bovine, goat, sheep, and buffalo milk, bovine skim milk, 20% fat cream, and 2% fat chocolate milk. At ALP levels of 350 and 500 mU/L, the average relative standard deviation for repeatability (RSDr) was 7.5%, and the average relative standard deviation of reproducibility was (RSDR) 15%. For ALP at 100 and 50 mU/L, the average RSDr values were 10.5 and 12.6%, respectively, and the average RSDR values were 18 and 25%, respectively. The limit of detection was 20 mU/L. Results are comparable to those obtained with other enzymatic photo-activated system methods such as the fluorometric method. Results indicate that the method is suitable for measuring ALP in the milk of multiple species and in dairy drinks at U.S. and proposed EU levels.
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Ferrito, Raffa, Rossitto, Federico, Saccone, and Pappalardo. "Swordfish or Shark Slice? A Rapid Response by COIBar–RFLP." Foods 8, no. 11 (November 1, 2019): 537. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods8110537.
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Market transparency is in strong demand by consumers, and the authentication of species is an important step for seafood traceability. In this study, a simple molecular strategy, COIBar–RFLP (cytochrome oxidase I barcode–restriction fragment length polymorphism), is proposed to unveil commercial fraud based on the practice of species substitution in the swordfish trade. In particular, COI barcoding allowed the identification of the species Prionace glauca, Mustelus mustelus, and Oxynotus centrina in slices labeled as Xiphias gladius. Furthermore, the enzymatic digestion of COI amplicons using the MboI restriction endonuclease allowed the simultaneous discrimination of the four species. Interestingly, an intraspecific differential MboI pattern was obtained for the swordfish samples. This pattern was useful to differentiate the two different clades revealed in this species by phylogenetic analyses using several molecular markers. These results indicate the need to strengthen regulations and define molecular tools for combating the occurrence of fraud along the seafood supply chain and show that COIBar–RFLP could become a standardized molecular tool to assess seafood authenticity.
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Ramzan, Rabia, Amalia M. Dolga, Susanne Michels, Petra Weber, Carsten Culmsee, Ardawan J. Rastan, and Sebastian Vogt. "Cytochrome c Oxidase Inhibition by ATP Decreases Mitochondrial ROS Production." Cells 11, no. 6 (March 14, 2022): 992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11060992.
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This study addresses the eventual consequence of cytochrome c oxidase (CytOx) inhibition by ATP at high ATP/ADP ratio in isolated rat heart mitochondria. Earlier, it has been demonstrated that the mechanism of allosteric ATP inhibition of CytOx is one of the key regulations of mitochondrial functions. It is relevant that aiming to maintain a high ATP/ADP ratio for the measurement of CytOx activity effectuating the enzymatic inhibition as well as mitochondrial respiration, optimal concentration of mitochondria is critically important. Likewise, only at this concentration, were the differences in ΔΨm and ROS concentrations measured under various conditions significant. Moreover, when CytOx activity was inhibited in the presence of ATP, mitochondrial respiration and ΔΨm both remained static, while the ROS production was markedly decreased. Consubstantial results were found when the electron transport chain was inhibited by antimycin A, letting only CytOx remain functional to support the energy production. This seems to corroborate that the decrease in mitochondrial ROS production is solely the effect of ATP binding to CytOx which results in static respiration as well as membrane potential.
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Parashar, Abhinav, Daniel Andrew Gideon, and Kelath Murali Manoj. "Murburn Concept: A Molecular Explanation for Hormetic and Idiosyncratic Dose Responses." Dose-Response 16, no. 2 (April 1, 2018): 155932581877442. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1559325818774421.
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Recently, electron transfers and catalyses in a bevy of redox reactions mediated by hemeproteins were explained by murburn concept. The term “murburn” is abstracted from “ mur ed burn ing” or “ m ild u n r estricted burn ing” and connotes a novel “ m olecule- u nbound ion– r adical” interaction paradigm. Quite unlike the genetic regulations and protein-level affinity-based controls that govern order and specificity/selectivity in conventional treatments, murburn concept is based on stochastic/thermodynamic regulatory principles. The novel insight necessitates a “reactivity outside the active-site” perspective, because select redox enzymatic activity is obligatorily mediated via diffusible radical/species. Herein, reactions employing key hemeproteins (as exemplified by CYP2E1) establish direct experimental connection between “additive-influenced redox catalysis” and “unusual dose responses” in reductionist and physiological milieu. Thus, direct and conclusive molecular-level experimental evidence is presented, supporting the mechanistic relevance of murburn concept in “maverick” concentration-based effects brought about by additives. Therefore, murburn concept could potentially explain several physiological hormetic and idiosyncratic dose responses.
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Denizot, Yves, Thierry Chianéa, François Labrousse, Véronique Truffinet, Manuela Delage, and Muriel Mathonnet. "Platelet-activating factor and human thyroid cancer." European Journal of Endocrinology 153, no. 1 (July 2005): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje.1.01947.
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Objective: Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a pro-inflammatory and angiogenic lipid mediator involved in several types of cancer in humans. The levels of PAF, lyso-PAF (the PAF precursor), phospholipase A2 activity (PLA2, the enzymatic activity implicated in lyso-PAF formation) and acetylhydrolase activity (AHA, the PAF-degrading enzyme) were investigated in various diseased thyroid tissues. Subjects: Control and diseased tissue of patients with a hyperplastic goitre (n = 14), a benign adenoma (n = 12) and a papillary thyroid carcinoma (n = 15) were investigated. Results: PAF receptor transcripts were found in the human thyroid tissue. PAF, lyso-PAF, PLA2 and AHA were present in control thyroid tissues, their levels being significantly correlated with each other, suggesting tiny regulations of the PAF metabolic pathways inside the thyroid gland. PAF, lyso-PAF, PLA2 and AHA levels remained unchanged in diseased tissues of patients with a hyperplastic goitre, a benign adenoma and a papillary thyroid carcinoma. No difference was found between PAF, lyso-PAF, PLA2 and AHA levels with respect to the TNM tumour status and the histological sub-type of papillary thyroid carcinoma. No correlation was found between tissue PAF levels and those of vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor, two angiogenic growth factors involved in thyroid cancer and that mediate their effect through PAF release in breast and colorectal cancer. Conclusion: PAF, PAF receptor transcripts and the enzymatic activities implicated in PAF production and degradation are present in the thyroid gland. While the physiological role of PAF is presently unknown in thyroid physiology, this study highlights no evidence for a potentially important role of PAF during human thyroid cancer, a result that markedly differs from breast and colorectal ones.
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Botelho, Renato Vasconcelos, Roberta Roberti, Paola Tessarin, José María Garcia-Mina, and Adamo Domenico Rombolà. "Physiological responses of grapevines to biodynamic management." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 31, no. 5 (October 6, 2015): 402–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170515000320.
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AbstractA 3-year (2011–2013) field trial was carried out in a mature vineyard (Vitis vinifera L., cv. Sangiovese), planted in 2003, to assess physiological responses of grapevines to biodynamic management. Starting in 2007, the vineyard was managed with organic production protocols in accordance with EC Regulations (834/2007). In 2008, the vineyard (2 ha) was divided in two large plots, with each plot having similar soil physico-chemical properties. One of the plots was managed with organic protocols per EC Regulations and the other with biodynamic practices, consisting of spray application of preparations 500, 500 K, fladen and 501. During the 2011–2013 season, the biodynamic preparations were used at least twice per year, with the exception of 501 that was applied only once in 2013. Concentration of hormones and mineral elements in biodynamic preparations were determined. Biodynamically managed vines showed lower stomatal conductance in all years and lower leaf water potential in 2012. Leaf photosynthetic activity was not influenced by cultivation method. Biodynamic management led to an increase in leaf enzymatic activities of endochitinase (EC 3.2.1.14), exochitinase (β-N-acetylhexosaminidase, EC 3.2.1.52 and chitin 1,4-β-chitobiosidase) and β-1,3-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.39), which are typically correlated with plant biotic and abiotic stresses and associated with induced plant resistance. Year effects were observed with 1,3-β-glucanase, whose activity in 2012 was 4.1-fold higher than in 2013. Disease incidence and grape yields were not different between organic and biodynamic treatments. This study provided a strong indication of a stimulation of natural defense compounds in grapes grown under biodynamic cultivation, but subsequent effects on plant protection and productivity require further evaluation.
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Petrovic, Marija, Gerrit Borchard, and Olivier Jordan. "Polyethylenimine/cGAMP Nanocomplexes for STING-Mediated Cancer Immunotherapy: Formulation and Characterization Using Orthogonal Techniques." Processes 10, no. 5 (April 29, 2022): 882. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10050882.
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Cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) has lately been extensively investigated in cancer immunotherapy due its activation of the innate immunity stimulation of interferon genes (STING) pathway within antigen presenting cells (APC) leading to an increase in tumor specific CD8+ T cells. As negatively charged dinucleotides are prone to enzymatic degradation before being taken up by APC, there is a need for an appropriate carrier. Therefore, polyethylenimine (PEI), a gold standard for oligonucleotide delivery, was selected. Molecular weight, type of PEI and N/P ratio between PEI/cGAMP were investigated in terms of toxicity, efficacy and physicochemical properties of the nanocomplexes (NCs) such as size, zeta potential and shape. Due to lack of nano-medicine regulations and the need for a case-by case assessment, here we examine these parameters by several orthogonal methods, such as dynamic light scattering (DLS), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and online asymmetric flow field flow fractionation (AF4) connected to DLS. N/P ratio of 2/1 ratio using linear PEI 25 kDa resulted in larger, positively charged particles of elongated shape, which were shown to have the best toxicity/efficacy ratio among different PEIs and ratios tested.
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Pylak, Michał, Karolina Oszust, and Magdalena Frąc. "Searching for New Beneficial Bacterial Isolates of Wild Raspberries for Biocontrol of Phytopathogens-Antagonistic Properties and Functional Characterization." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 24 (December 8, 2020): 9361. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21249361.
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The threat caused by plants fungal and fungal-like pathogens is a serious problem in the organic farming of soft fruits. The European Commission regulations prohibit some commercially available chemical plant protection products, and instead recommend the use of natural methods for improving the microbial soil status and thus increasing resistance to biotic stresses caused by phytopathogens. The solution to this problem may be biopreparations based on, e.g., bacteria, especially those isolated from native local environments. To select proper bacterial candidates for biopreparation, research was provided to preliminarily ensure that those isolates are able not only to inhibit the growth of pathogens, but also to be metabolically effective. In the presented research sixty-five isolates were acquired and identified. Potentially pathogenic isolates were excluded from further research, and beneficial bacterial isolates were tested against the following plant pathogens: Botrytis spp., Colletotrichum spp., Phytophthora spp., and Verticillium spp. The eight most effective antagonists belonging to Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and Rhodococcus genera were subjected to metabolic and enzymatic analyses and a resistance to chemical stress survey, indicating to their potential as components of biopreparations for agroecology.
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Morita, Mitsuhiro, Hiroko Ikeshima-Kataoka, Marko Kreft, Nina Vardjan, Robert Zorec, and Mami Noda. "Metabolic Plasticity of Astrocytes and Aging of the Brain." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 4 (February 21, 2019): 941. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20040941.
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As part of the blood-brain-barrier, astrocytes are ideally positioned between cerebral vasculature and neuronal synapses to mediate nutrient uptake from the systemic circulation. In addition, astrocytes have a robust enzymatic capacity of glycolysis, glycogenesis and lipid metabolism, managing nutrient support in the brain parenchyma for neuronal consumption. Here, we review the plasticity of astrocyte energy metabolism under physiologic and pathologic conditions, highlighting age-dependent brain dysfunctions. In astrocytes, glycolysis and glycogenesis are regulated by noradrenaline and insulin, respectively, while mitochondrial ATP production and fatty acid oxidation are influenced by the thyroid hormone. These regulations are essential for maintaining normal brain activities, and impairments of these processes may lead to neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. Metabolic plasticity is also associated with (re)activation of astrocytes, a process associated with pathologic events. It is likely that the recently described neurodegenerative and neuroprotective subpopulations of reactive astrocytes metabolize distinct energy substrates, and that this preference is supposed to explain some of their impacts on pathologic processes. Importantly, physiologic and pathologic properties of astrocytic metabolic plasticity bear translational potential in defining new potential diagnostic biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets to mitigate neurodegeneration and age-related brain dysfunctions.
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Lemaire-Chamley, Martine, Fabien Mounet, Catherine Deborde, Mickaël Maucourt, Daniel Jacob, and Annick Moing. "NMR-Based Tissular and Developmental Metabolomics of Tomato Fruit." Metabolites 9, no. 5 (May 9, 2019): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo9050093.
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Fruit is a complex organ containing seeds and several interconnected tissues with dedicated roles. However, most biochemical or molecular studies about fleshy fruit development concern the entire fruit, the fruit without seeds, or pericarp only. We studied tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit at four stages of development (12, 20, 35, and 45 days post-anthesis). We separated the seeds and the other tissues, exocarp, mesocarp, columella with placenta and locular tissue, and analyzed them individually using proton NMR metabolomic profiling for the quantification of major polar metabolites, enzymatic analysis of starch, and LC-DAD analysis of isoprenoids. Pericarp tissue represented about half of the entire fruit mass only. The composition of each fruit tissue changed during fruit development. An ANOVA-PCA highlighted common, and specific metabolite trends between tissues e.g., higher contents of chlorogenate in locular tissue and of starch in columella. Euclidian distances based on compositional data showed proximities within and between tissues. Several metabolic regulations differed between tissues as revealed by the comparison of metabolite networks based on correlations between compounds. This work stressed the role of specific tissues less studied than pericarp but that impact fruit organoleptic quality including its shape and taste, and fruit processing quality.
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Stiawan, Elva. "Evaluation of The Biochemical Contents in Guillard f/2 and Walne Growth Medium to Fulfill the Animal-Free Aspects of Microalgal Bioprocessing." Indonesian Journal of Chemical Studies 1, no. 2 (December 13, 2022): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.55749/ijcs.v1i2.16.
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Marine microalgae with their diverse biomolecule contents could be used as potential sources of food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical ingredients. In accordance with regulations in some countries and to competitively engage huge numbers of consumers, microalgae-based products should be properly manufactured using non-animal-derived materials. As a cultivable microorganism using a scalable bioreactor technique, consideration of the origin of the material used in the upstream process of marine microalgae was inevitable. Currently, the material origin of chemical contents within common artificial microalgal seawater medium had not been evaluated. This article evaluated Guillard f/2 and Walne medium as common artificial microalgal nutrients used in marine microalgal bioprocess-related activities. The risk assessment results showed that the largest portion of Guillard f/2 and Walne media were inorganic salts considered as low, while the remaining biochemical contents of vitamins were categorized as high risk due to their relatively complex chemical synthesis and enzymatic stages during the manufacturing process. As a suggestion, several plant-based bioproducts were proposed as alternative sources to substitute related biochemical actions to fulfill non-animal-origin aspects in the initial stages of the bioprocessing of marine microalgal-based products.
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Fabris, Elena, Michela Bulfoni, Alessandro Nencioni, and Emanuele Nencioni. "Intra-Laboratory Validation of Alpha-Galactosidase Activity Measurement in Dietary Supplements." Molecules 26, no. 6 (March 12, 2021): 1566. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26061566.
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Introduction: Alpha-galactosidase (α-Gal) is an enzyme responsible for the hydrolyzation of glycolipids and glycoprotein commonly found in dietary sources. More than 20% of the general population suffers from abdominal pain or discomfort caused by intestinal gas and by indigested or partially digested food residuals. Therefore, α-Gal is used in dietary supplements to reduce intestinal gases and help complex food digestion. Marketed enzyme-containing dietary supplements must be produced in accordance with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations for Current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMPs). Aim: in this work we illustrated the process used to develop and validate a spectrophotometric enzymatic assay for α-Gal activity quantification in dietary supplements. Methods: The validation workflow included an initial statistical-phase optimization of materials, reagents, and conditions, and subsequently a comparative study with another fluorimetric assay. A final validation of method performance in terms of specificity, linearity, accuracy, intermediate-precision repeatability, and system precision was then executed. Results and conclusions: The proven method achieved good performance in the quantitative determination of α-Gal activity in commercial food supplements in accordance with the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals (ICH) guidelines and is suitable as a rapid in-house quality control test.
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Sarasquete, C., M. Úbeda-Manzanaro, and JB Ortiz-Delgado. "Soya isoflavones, genistein and daidzein, induce differential transcriptional modulation in the ovary and testis of zebrafish Danio rerio." Aquatic Biology 29 (April 30, 2020): 79–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/ab00726.
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Most research into the effects of phytochemical isoflavones has focussed on endocrine disruptions, and especially on oestrogenic imbalances; however, little is known about their effects on other molecular signals such as transcriptional coregulators and choriolytic enzymatic pathways, which are also important in reproductive processes. In male and female zebrafish Danio rerio, the soya isoflavones genistein and daidzein (provided at 10 mg l-1 for 15 d) modulated the basal expression levels of oestrogen receptor transcripts (ERβ) in variable and differential ways. Exposure to genistein resulted in decreased levels of ERβ in the zebrafish ovary; conversely, this isoflavone increased the basal expression levels of the hatching enzyme (HE1) in both gonads. On the other hand, daidzein increased the basal expression levels of the bromodomain testis-specific gene (BRDT) in the male gonad, but not in the ovary. Both isoflavones also differentially modulated (up-down regulations) the basal expression patterns of the 3 molecular signals studied in other regions of the body (e.g. head, digestive system, skeletal musculature). Despite all these transcriptional imbalances, neither of the phytoestrogens modified gonadal histomorphology or the baseline histochemical pattern of proteins, carbohydrates and glycoconjugates distributed in either the vitelline structures or in the developing and maturing germ cells of Danio rerio.
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Abdel Latef, Arafat Abdel Hamed, Mona F. A. Dawood, Halimeh Hassanpour, Maryam Rezayian, and Nabil A. Younes. "Impact of the Static Magnetic Field on Growth, Pigments, Osmolytes, Nitric Oxide, Hydrogen Sulfide, Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase Activity, Antioxidant Defense System, and Yield in Lettuce." Biology 9, no. 7 (July 17, 2020): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology9070172.
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Magnetic fields are an unavoidable physical factor affecting living organisms. Lettuce seeds (Lactuca sativa var. cabitat L.) were subjected to various intensities of the static magnetic field (SMF) viz., MF0 (control), SMF1 (0.44 Tesla (T), SMF2 (0.77 T), and SMF3 (1 T) for three exposure times (1, 2, and 3 h). SMF-treated seedlings showed induction in growth parameters and metabolism comparing to control. All photosynthetic pigments were induced markedly under SMF, especially chlorophyll a. SMF at different intensities boosted osmolytes, non-enzymatic antioxidants, and the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity over non-magnetized seedlings. Oxidative damage criteria viz., hydrogen peroxide, superoxide radical, and lipid peroxidation, as well as polyphenol oxidase activity, were kept at low values under SMF-treated seeds relative to control, especially SMF2. Electron donors to antioxidant enzymes including nitrate reductase, nitric oxide, and hydrogen sulfide induced via SMF exposure and consequently the activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S-transferases, catalase, and peroxidases family enzymes were also stimulated under SMF, whatever the intensity or the exposure period applied. All these regulations reflected on the enhancement of lettuce yield production which reached 50% over the control at SMF3. Our findings offered that SMF-seed priming is an innovative and low-cost strategy that can improve the growth, bioactive constituents, and yield of lettuce.
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Diaz-Sosa, Veronica R., Mireya Tapia-Salazar, Jiri Wanner, and Diana L. Cardenas-Chavez. "Monitoring and Ecotoxicity Assessment of Emerging Contaminants in Wastewater Discharge in the City of Prague (Czech Republic)." Water 12, no. 4 (April 10, 2020): 1079. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12041079.
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Emerging contaminants (ECs) are not monitored nor regulated consistently, but may have negative effects on human health and ecosystem balance. Although pharmaceuticals and personal care products are among the main ECs found in surface and wastewater, their toxicity and fate are currently not sufficiently studied. In this study, we analyzed for the first time a group of 46 ECs in the secondary effluent of the wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) of Prague. Thirty-seven compounds were identified in the discharge to surface water. Three compounds had no toxicology information on Artemia salina: furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, and tramadol. We performed acute toxicity (LC50) tests and enzyme assays after 24 and 48 h at room temperature and 28 °C for these three compounds. LC50 ranged from 225.01 mg/L for furosemide, the most toxic, up to above 14,000 mg/L for tramadol. Changes in enzymatic activity for GST, GPx, AChE, and LDH when A. salina were exposed to LC25 for each contaminant were conspicuous and significant in a contaminant-, exposure time-, and temperature-dependent manner. These biochemical markers complement the toxicity profile of these contaminants in aquatic ecosystems and highlight the need for further research on other ECs and their implications, and the regulations required to protect human and ecological health.
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Pujol-Lereis, Luciana M. "Alteration of Sphingolipids in Biofluids: Implications for Neurodegenerative Diseases." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 14 (July 21, 2019): 3564. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20143564.
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Sphingolipids (SL) modulate several cellular processes including cell death, proliferation and autophagy. The conversion of sphingomyelin (SM) to ceramide and the balance between ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), also known as the SL rheostat, have been associated with oxidative stress and neurodegeneration. Research in the last decade has focused on the possibility of targeting the SL metabolism as a therapeutic option; and SL levels in biofluids, including serum, plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), have been measured in several neurodegenerative diseases with the aim of finding a diagnostic or prognostic marker. Previous reviews focused on results from diseases such as Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), evaluated total SL or species levels in human biofluids, post-mortem tissues and/or animal models. However, a comprehensive review of SL alterations comparing results from several neurodegenerative diseases is lacking. The present work compiles data from circulating sphingolipidomic studies and attempts to elucidate a possible connection between certain SL species and neurodegeneration processes. Furthermore, the effects of ceramide species according to their acyl-chain length in cellular pathways such as apoptosis and proliferation are discussed in order to understand the impact of the level alteration in specific species. Finally, enzymatic regulations and the possible influence of insulin resistance in the level alteration of SL are evaluated.
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Attah, Timothy A., Benjamin Ayantunji, Abubakar Adamu, Ameh Omede, Jeffree Leleji, Solomon Hussiani, John-Paul Enemali, et al. "Biological Effects of High Radiofrequency Radiation on Wistar Rats: A Literature Review." Journal of Public Health International 5, no. 2 (June 23, 2022): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.14302/issn.2641-4538.jphi-22-4197.
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Aim and Objective Despite the growing concerns about the relationship between exposure to radiofrequency radiation (RFR) and detrimental health effects due to the changes in biological processes of experimental animals, there is still ongoing debate on the significance of these findings in causing significant public health problems with the growing advancement in internet technology. The aim of this study is to review existing literature on the effects of high RFR on wistar rats. Method A search was conducted on Google scholar and PubMed to identify relevant peer-reviewed articles to be included into the review. Studies eligible for inclusion included free full text articles on wistar rats exposed to ≥ 2.45GHz RFR conducted in the past 5 years. Studies included in this review were written or transcribed in English language. From 286 titles, 36 eligible studies were included in the review and assessed for quality using the Strengthening the Report of Observational Studies in Epidemiology – Veterinary Extension (STROBE-Vet) quality assessment tool. Results Studies included in this review generally had good quality (>60%) based on the STROBE-Vet assessment. This review identified numerous biological changes in wistar rats exposed to high RFR including variations in biochemical, cholinergic, genetic, histopathologic, psychological, optical, and dermatological parameters. In this review, studies identified variations in protein and liver enzymes while high RFR was found to induce oxidative stress and cellular damage of exposed wistar rats compared to the unexposed groups. This was seen in the changes in protein, lipids, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. Studies also identified changes in expression of genes and neurotransmitters with imbalance in hormones. In addition, this review identified structural changes of cells, tissues and organs indicative of apoptosis, damage and death. Exposed rats were identified to have behavioral changes indicative of anxiety and memory decline while studies identified optical and dermatologic changes in exposed rats compared to the unexposed. Conclusion With numerous biological changes identified in wistar rats exposed to high RFR, there is an increasing risk of detrimental health events giving the advancement in internet technology and limited regulations to control exposures to RFR. Therefore, studies should be conducted to identify strategies to mitigate human exposure to RFR while policies are developed and enforced to protect human health.
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Mahato, Ansuman, Samir Vyas, and Niladri Sekhar Chatterjee. "HPLC-UV Estimation of Folic Acid in Fortified Rice and Wheat Flour using Enzymatic Extraction and Immunoaffinity Chromatography Enrichment: An Interlaboratory Validation Study." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 103, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.19-0207.
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Abstract Background: In India, fortification of cereals with folic acid has been voluntary for many years. However, The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India’s recent Fortification of Foods Regulations (2018) has prompted us to develop and validate a simple analytical method for estimation of folic acid in fortified cereals. Objective: The aim was to develop and validate a simple and rugged HPLC–UV method for quantitative analysis of folic acid in fortified rice and wheat flour. Methods: The enzymatic sample extract was diluted with phosphate buffer, centrifuged, filtered, and then passed slowly through an immunoaffinity cartridge for cleanup. Folic acid in the sample extract was retained by the cartridge and subsequently eluted with 30% acetonitrile [+0.2% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)]. The elute was collected and analyzed by HPLC–UV at 280 nm. The chromatographic separation of folic acid was achieved on an Agilent Poroshell SB-C18 column (3.0 × 100 mm, 2.7 µm) with 0.1% TFA in methanol as mobile phase. Results: The linearity range of the vitamin was established in the concentration range of 50–800 µg/L, and the regression coefficient was more than 0.999. The LOQ was 5 µg/L. The average spike recovery values of folic acid in rice and wheat flour samples were 90.9 and 80.5%, respectively. The method was subjected to an interlaboratory validation; eight accredited food testing laboratories across India participated in it and resulted in satisfactory z-scores for the reported results. Conclusions: The method will be useful in regulatory compliance testing of folic acid in fortified cereals and processed products. Highlights: A sensitive analysis method is reported for estimation of folic acid in fortified rice and wheat flour. The scope, selectivity, repeatability, and reproducibility of the method establishes it as fit for regulatory compliance check purposes.
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Pecorini, Isabella, Eleonora Peruzzi, Elena Albini, Serena Doni, Cristina Macci, Grazia Masciandaro, and Renato Iannelli. "Evaluation of MSW Compost and Digestate Mixtures for a Circular Economy Application." Sustainability 12, no. 7 (April 10, 2020): 3042. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12073042.
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In order to obtain a product with agronomic characteristics and biological stability consistent with the EU fertilizer decree for the market of EU fertilising products three different mixtures obtained from sludge digestate from municipal wastewater treatment plant, fresh compost and mature compost have been studied and characterized. For the experimental activity, the raw samples and three mixing ones were collected for the analytical characterization. The biological stability was then assessed for all samples using different stability criteria such as Specific Oxygen Uptake Rate, Rottegrad self-heating factor, Residual biogas potential. Specific enzymatic tests provided information about the status of nutrient cycles (C, P and S) and to overall microbial activity. Physical (bulk density, particle density, air capacity and water content), nutritional (C, N, P, K, Mg, and Ca) and toxicological properties (seedling growth tests on Lepidum sativum L., Cucumis sativus L., Lolium perenne L.) were also evaluated in order to assess the feasibility of agronomic use of the digestate-based mixtures. All the digestate-based mixtures responded to the main characteristics of compost quality requirements proposed in national and international regulations. The evidence found in this study highlighted that the strategy of mixing of sludge digestates with the composts allowed to mitigate the environmental risk posed by each starting material and to valorize their nutrient content.