Journal articles: 'Enzymatic cleaning'

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Bdiri, Bensghaier, Chaabane, Kozmai, Baklouti, and Larchet. "Preliminary Study on Enzymatic-Based Cleaning of Cation-Exchange Membranes Used in Electrodialysis System in Red Wine Production." Membranes 9, no. 9 (September 3, 2019): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes9090114.

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The use of enzymatic agents as biological solutions for cleaning ion-exchange membranes fouled by organic compounds during electrodialysis (ED) treatments in the food industry could be an interesting alternative to chemical cleanings implemented at an industrial scale. This paper is focused on testing the cleaning efficiency of three enzyme classes (β-glucanase, protease, and polyphenol oxidase) chosen for their specific actions on polysaccharides, proteins, and phenolic compounds, respectively, fouled on a homogeneous cation-exchange membrane (referred CMX-Sb) used for tartaric stabilization of red wine by ED in industry. First, enzymatic cleaning tests were performed using each enzyme solution separately with two different concentrations (0.1 and 1.0 g/L) at different incubation temperatures (30, 35, 40, 45, and 50 °C). The evolution of membrane parameters (electrical conductivity, ion-exchange capacity, and contact angle) was determined to estimate the efficiency of the membrane′s principal action as well as its side activities. Based on these tests, we determined the optimal operating conditions for optimal recovery of the studied characteristics. Then, cleaning with three successive enzyme solutions or the use of two enzymes simultaneously in an enzyme mixture were tested taking into account the optimal conditions of their enzymatic activity (concentration, temperatures, and pH). This study led to significant results, indicating effective external and internal cleaning by the studied enzymes (a recovery of at least 25% of the electrical conductivity, 14% of the ion-exchange capacity, and 12% of the contact angle), and demonstrated the presence of possible enzyme combinations for the enhancement of the global cleaning efficiency or reducing cleaning durations. These results prove, for the first time, the applicability of enzymatic cleanings to membranes, the inertia of their action towards polymer matrix to the extent that the choice of enzymes is specific to the fouling substrates.

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Graßhoff, A. "Enzymatic Cleaning of Milk Pasteurizers." Food and Bioproducts Processing 80, no. 4 (December 2002): 247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1205/096030802321154736.

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Gonzalez, Jonathan, Thomas Vanzieleghem, Axelle Dumazy, Christelle Meuris, Jacques Mutsers, Genevieve Christiaens, Philippe Leclercq, Jean-Philippe Loly, Edouard Louis, and Pierrette Gast. "On-site comparison of an enzymatic detergent and a non-enzymatic detergent-disinfectant for routine manual cleaning of flexible endoscopes." Endoscopy International Open 07, no. 04 (March 21, 2019): E412—E420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0838-4995.

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Abstract Background and study aims Flexible endoscopes are potential vectors of pathogen transmission to patients that are subjected to cleaning and high-level disinfection after each procedure. Efficient manual cleaning is a prerequisite for effective high-level disinfection. The goal of this study was to demonstrate the impact of the cleaning chemistry in the outcome of the manual cleaning of endoscopes. Materials and methods Twelve endoscopes were included in this study: four colonoscopes, four gastroscopes, two duodenoscopes and two bronchoscopes. This study was designed with two phases; in each of them, the manual cleaning procedure remained identical, but a different detergent was used: a non-enzymatic detergent-disinfectant (NEDD) and an enzymatic detergent (ED). Biopsy and suction channels of endoscopes were sampled using 10 mL of physiological saline at two points: before and after manual cleaning, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was measured on each sample. In total, 208 procedures were analyzed for the NEDD phase and 253 for the ED phase. Results For each endoscope type, cleaning endoscopes with ED resulted in larger median decrease in ATP than with NEDD: respectively 99.43 % and 95.95 % for bronchoscopes (P = 0.0007), 99.28 % and 96.93 % for colonoscopes (P < 0.0001) and 98.36 % and 95.36 % for gastroscopes (P < 0.0001). In addition, acceptability rates of endoscopes based on defined post-manual cleaning ATP thresholds (200, 150, 100 or 50 relative light units) for all endoscope types were significantly higher with ED compared to NEDD. Conclusions With all other parameters of manual cleaning remaining unchanged, the enzymatic chemistry of ED provided more consistent and improved cleaning of endoscopes compared to NEDD. Therefore, choice of the detergent for endoscope cleaning has an impact on the outcome of this process.

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Persson, Mette, K. Bilgrav, Lone Jensen, and F. Gottrup. "Enzymatic Wound Cleaning and Absorbable Sutures." European Surgical Research 18, no. 2 (1986): 122–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000128514.

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Chernobai, V. T., P. I. Kabachnyi, V. F. Rudyuk, L. N. Korchagina, Zh A. Lyubetskaya, N. F. Maslova, L. I. Dranik, et al. "Asperase ? An enzymatic preparation for cleaning wounds." Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal 25, no. 1 (January 1991): 60–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00766368.

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Bárbara Guandalini, Ivana Vendramini, Denise Piotto Leonardi, Flávia Sens Fagundes Tomazinho1, and Paulo Henrique Tomazinho. "Comparative analysis of four cleaning methods of endodontic files." RSBO 11, no. 2 (June 30, 2015): 154–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21726/rsbo.v11i2.837.

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Due to the size and design of endodontic files, these instruments have been considered one of the most difficult to clean among all dental instruments. The debris maintenance within the sulcus prevents the effective sterilization and may compromise the disinfection of root canal systems in endodontic therapy. However, there is neither a method nor technique that standardized the cleaning of these instruments. Objective: To evaluate the cleaning ability of four techniques used in dentistry. Material and methods: For this purpose, 30 new size #40 Flexofile were used for the preparation of the canals of mandibular molars of pigs. After instrumentation, the contamination and the presence of debris in the sulcus was confirmed and the files were randomly divided into four groups: control group (without cleaning), group 1 (enzymatic detergent + manual brushing with nylon bristle brush), group 2 (ultrasound + enzymatic detergent), group 3 (ultrasound + water) and group 4 (gauze embedded in 70% alcohol). Next, all files were photographed and photographs were printed at high quality. The spirals containing debris were counted.Results: Manual cleaning with enzymatic detergent and nylon bristle brush, ultrasound with either water or detergent showed the best cleaning capacity in which respectively 100%, 98.9% and 96.2%, of the spirals were free of debris. Cleaning with alcohol and gauze proved to be ineffective, showing debris in more than 40% of the spirals by visual analysis. In control group, 91% of the spirals presented debris. It can be concluded that the association between manual and ultrasound cleaning may be promising in ensuring a cleaning protocol for endodontic files cleaning.

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Walker, Natalie, FJ Trevor Burke, and Charles J. Palenik. "Comparison of Ultrasonic Cleaning Schemes: A Pilot Study." Primary Dental Care os13, no. 2 (April 2006): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/135576106776337904.

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Objective Ultrasonic cleaning is an effective method for cleaning dental instruments prior to sterilisation. However, there are few studies that directly compare precleaning and ultrasonic cleaning solutions. This study evaluated the efficacy of different ultrasonic cleaning schemes. Method and Materials Twenty representative dental instruments, five of which were soiled with a mixture of blood and hydroxyapatite, were used in a series of cleaning runs. Cleaning employed a presoaking agent, ultrasonic cleaning, or a combination of both. Two presoaking agents (Non-ionic Ultrasonic Cleaning Solution and ProEZ Foaming Enzymatic Spray) plus five ultrasonic cleaners (UltraDose, General Purpose Cleaner, Co-enzyme Concentrate, Enzol Enzymatic Detergent, and Non-ionic Ultrasonic Cleaning Solution) were compared, with tap water serving as a control. There were two cleaning times: seven and 15 minutes. After rinsing, the working ends of the instruments underwent scrubbing for 20 seconds using a dental polishing brush held in a haemostat. After scrubbing, the brush and instrument were placed in a tube containing sterile saline. Vortexing of the tube lasted 30 seconds. Testing for the post-cleaning presence of blood involved Hemastix dipsticks. These sticks measure minute amounts of blood in urine and can detect as few as 35 red blood cells per ml. Comparisons of colour change were made to a standard scale followed by assignment of numeric values. Results Tap water was the poorest cleaning solution, while UltraDose was the most effective. Blood removal improved when cleaning time was increased from seven to 15 minutes. The combined effect of a presoak immersion followed by ultrasonic cleaning was the most effective cleaning scheme overall. Cleaning by either ultrasound or presoaking only was less effective. Some instruments were more difficult to clean than others. Conclusion Within the constraints of the small number of test runs performed, it was concluded that application of a presoak agent before ultrasonic cleaning produced the most effective instrument-cleaning regimen.

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Rudolph, Gregor, Herje Schagerlöf, Kristian Morkeberg Krogh, Ann-Sofi Jönsson, and Frank Lipnizki. "Investigations of Alkaline and Enzymatic Membrane Cleaning of Ultrafiltration Membranes Fouled by Thermomechanical Pulping Process Water." Membranes 8, no. 4 (October 10, 2018): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes8040091.

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The pulp and paper industry is one of the most important industrial sectors worldwide, and has considerable potential for the sustainable fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass to provide valuable compounds. Ultrafiltration (UF) is a suitable separation technique for the profitable production of hemicelluloses from process water from thermomechanical pulping (ThMP), but is limited by membrane fouling. Improvements in cleaning protocols and new alternative cleaning agents are required to ensure a long membrane lifetime, and thus a sustainable process. This study, therefore, focuses on the cleaning of polymeric UF membranes after the filtration of ThMP process water, comparing alkaline with enzymatic cleaning agents. The aim was to develop a cleaning procedure that is efficient under mild conditions, resulting in a lower environmental impact. It was not possible to restore the initial permeability of the membrane when cleaning the membrane with enzymes alone, but the permeability was restored when using a two-step cleaning process with enzymes in the first step and an alkaline cleaning agent in the second step. Scanning electron microscopy gave a deeper inside into the cleaning efficiency. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed that not only polysaccharides, but also extractives are adsorbed onto the membrane surface.

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Allie, Z., E. P. Jacobs, A. Maartens, and P. Swart. "Enzymatic cleaning of ultrafiltration membranes fouled by abattoir effluent." Journal of Membrane Science 218, no. 1-2 (July 1, 2003): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0376-7388(03)00145-5.

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te Poele, Sandy, and Jaap van der Graaf. "Enzymatic cleaning in ultrafiltration of wastewater treatment plant effluent." Desalination 179, no. 1-3 (July 2005): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2004.11.056.

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Lawson, Victoria A., James D. Stewart, and Colin L. Masters. "Enzymatic detergent treatment protocol that reduces protease-resistant prion protein load and infectivity from surgical-steel monofilaments contaminated with a human-derived prion strain." Journal of General Virology 88, no. 10 (October 1, 2007): 2905–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.82961-0.

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The unconventional nature of the infectious agent of prion diseases poses a challenge to conventional infection control methodologies. The extraneural tissue distribution of variant and sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease has increased concern regarding the risk of prion disease transmission via general surgical procedures and highlighted the need for decontamination procedures that can be incorporated into routine processing. In this study, the ability of preparations of enzymatic medical instrument cleaners to reduce the infectivity associated with a rodent-adapted strain of human prion disease, previously reported to be resistant to decontamination, was tested. Efficient degradation of the disease-associated prion protein by enzymatic cleaning preparations required high treatment temperatures (50–60 °C). Standard decontamination methods (1 M NaOH for 1 h or autoclaving at 134 °C for 18 min) reduced infectivity associated with the human-derived prion strain by less than 3 log10 LD50. In contrast, a 30 min treatment with the optimized enzymatic cleaning preparation protocols reduced infectivity by more than 3 log10 LD50 and when used in conjunction with autoclave cycles eliminated detectable levels of infectivity. The development of prion decontamination procedures that are compatible with routine cleaning and sterilization of medical and surgical instruments may reduce the risk of the transmission of prion disease in general surgery.

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Fagerlund, Annette, Even Heir, Trond Møretrø, and Solveig Langsrud. "Listeria Monocytogenes Biofilm Removal Using Different Commercial Cleaning Agents." Molecules 25, no. 4 (February 12, 2020): 792. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25040792.

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Effective cleaning and disinfection (C&D) is pivotal for the control of Listeria monocytogenes in food processing environments. Bacteria in biofilms are protected from biocidal action, and effective strategies for the prevention and removal of biofilms are needed. In this study, different C&D biofilm control strategies on pre-formed L. monocytogenes biofilms on a conveyor belt material were evaluated and compared to the effect of a conventional chlorinated, alkaline cleaner (agent A). Bacterial reductions up to 1.8 log were obtained in biofilms exposed to daily C&D cycles with normal user concentrations of alkaline, acidic, or enzymatic cleaning agents, followed by disinfection using peracetic acid. No significant differences in bactericidal effects between the treatments were observed. Seven-day-old biofilms were more tolerant to C&D than four-day-old biofilms. Attempts to optimize biofilm eradication protocols for four alkaline, two acidic, and one enzymatic cleaning agent, in accordance with the manufacturers’ recommendations, were evaluated. Increased concentrations, the number of subsequent treatments, the exposure times, and the temperatures of the C&D agents provided between 4.0 and >5.5 log reductions in colony forming units (CFU) for seven-day-old L. monocytogenes biofilms. Enhanced protocols of conventional and enzymatic C&D protocols have the potential for improved biofilm control, although further optimizations and evaluations are needed.

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Vanangamudi, Anbharasi, Ludovic Dumée, Mikel Duke, and Xing Yang. "Dual Functional Ultrafiltration Membranes with Enzymatic Digestion and Thermo-Responsivity for Protein Self-Cleaning." Membranes 8, no. 3 (September 19, 2018): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes8030085.

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Controlling surface–protein interaction during wastewater treatment is the key motivation for developing functionally modified membranes. A new biocatalytic thermo-responsive poly vinylidene fluoride (PVDF)/nylon-6,6/poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)(PNIPAAm) ultrafiltration membrane was fabricated to achieve dual functionality of protein-digestion and thermo-responsive self-cleaning. The PVDF/nylon-6,6/PNIPAAm composite membranes were constructed by integrating a hydrophobic PVDF cast layer and hydrophilic nylon-6,6/PNIPAAm nanofiber layer on to which trypsin was covalently immobilized. The enzyme immobilization density on the membrane surface decreased with increasing PNIPAAm concentration, due to the decreased number of amine functional sites. An ultrafiltration study was performed using the synthetic model solution containing BSA/NaCl/CaCl2, where the PNIPAAm containing biocatalytic membranes demonstrated a combined effect of enzymatic and thermo-switchable self-cleaning. The membrane without PNIPAAm revealed superior fouling resistance and self-cleaning with an RPD of 22%, compared to membranes with 2 and 4 wt % PNIPAAm with 26% and 33% RPD, respectively, after an intermediate temperature cleaning at 50 °C, indicating that higher enzyme density offers more efficient self-cleaning than the combined effect of enzyme and PNIPAAm at low concentration. The conformational volume phase transition of PNIPAAm did not affect the stability of immobilized trypsin on membrane surfaces. Such novel surface engineering design offer a promising route to mitigate surface–protein contamination in wastewater applications.

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Bilad, M. R., M. Baten, A. Pollet, C. Courtin, J. Wouters, T. Verbiest, and Ivo F. J. Vankelecom. "A novel In-situ Enzymatic Cleaning Method for Reducing Membrane Fouling in Membrane Bioreactors (MBRs)." Indonesian Journal of Science and Technology 1, no. 1 (May 2, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ijost.v1i1.2211.

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A novel in-situ enzymatic cleaning method was developed for fouling control in membrane bioreactors (MBRs). It is achieved by bringing the required enzymes near the membrane surface by pulling the enzymes to a magnetic membrane (MM) surface by means of magnetic forces, exactly where the cleaning is required. To achieve this, the enzyme was coupled to a magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) and the membrane it self was loaded with MNP. The magnetic activity was turned by means of an external permanent magnet. The effectiveness of concept was tested in a submerged membrane filtration using the model enzyme-substrate of Bacillus subitilis xylanase-arabinoxylan. The MM had almost similar properties compared to the unloaded ones, except for its well distributed MNPs. The enzyme was stable during coupling conditions and the presence of coupling could be detected using a high-performance anion-exchange chromatography (HPAEC) analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The system facilitated an in-situ enzymatic cleaning and could be effectively applied for control fouling in membrane bioreactors (MBRs).

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Argüello, Maria A., Silvia Álvarez, Francisco A. Riera, and Ricardo Álvarez. "Enzymatic Cleaning of Inorganic Ultrafiltration Membranes Fouled by Whey Proteins." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 50, no. 7 (March 2002): 1951–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf0107510.

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PETRUS, H., H. LI, V. CHEN, and N. NORAZMAN. "Enzymatic cleaning of ultrafiltration membranes fouled by protein mixture solutions." Journal of Membrane Science 325, no. 2 (December 1, 2008): 783–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2008.09.004.

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Stiefel, Philipp, Stefan Mauerhofer, Jana Schneider, Katharina Maniura-Weber, Urs Rosenberg, and Qun Ren. "Enzymes Enhance Biofilm Removal Efficiency of Cleaners." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 60, no. 6 (April 4, 2016): 3647–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00400-16.

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Efficient removal of biofilms from medical devices is a big challenge in health care to avoid hospital-acquired infections, especially from delicate devices like flexible endoscopes, which cannot be reprocessed using harsh chemicals or high temperatures. Therefore, milder solutions such as enzymatic cleaners have to be used, which need to be carefully developed to ensure efficacious performance.In vitrobiofilm in a 96-well-plate system was used to select and optimize the formulation of novel enzymatic cleaners. Removal of the biofilm was quantified by crystal violet staining, while the disinfecting properties were evaluated by a BacTiter-Glo assay. The biofilm removal efficacy of the selected cleaner was further tested by using European standard (EN) for endoscope cleaning EN ISO 15883, and removal of artificial blood soil was investigated by treating TOSI (Test Object Surgical Instrument) cleaning indicators. Using the process described here, a novel enzymatic endoscope cleaner was developed, which removed 95% ofStaphylococcus aureusand 90% ofPseudomonas aeruginosabiofilms in the 96-well plate system. With a >99% reduction of CFU and a >90% reduction of extracellular polymeric substances, this cleaner enabled subsequent complete disinfection and fulfilled acceptance criteria of EN ISO 15883. Furthermore, it efficiently removed blood soil and significantly outperformed comparable commercial products. The cleaning performance was stable even after storage of the cleaner for 6 months. It was demonstrated that incorporation of appropriate enzymes into the cleaner enhanced performance significantly.

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Lucimara Albrecht, Erica Lopes Ferreira, Maria Luiza Minuzzi Passos, and Rossana Tais Cecchetti. "Teeth processing in human teeth bank – proposal of protocol." RSBO 10, no. 4 (December 15, 2014): 386–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.21726/rsbo.v10i4.955.

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Dentistry courses conduct preclinical laboratory trainings and research using extracted human teeth. For a safe usage of those teeth, it is necessary to subject them to cleaning, disinfection and/or sterilization and proper storage to ensure they are free of biological residues. Each of these steps should be properly described in standard operating procedures (SOPs) and in the processing protocol of the Human Tooth Bank (HTB). Objective:To create a processing protocol for Human Tooth Bank based on a literature review on cleaning, disinfection and/or sterilization and storage methods for extracted human teeth. Literature review: The hand hygiene and use of personal protective equipment are essential at all stages of processing. The previous cleaning of the tooth is essential, preferably with enzymatic detergent, and complemented by ultrasonic washing machine. The water quality should be considered in cleaning, washing, dilution of the enzymatic detergent and in the ultrasonic washing machine. Due to the prohibition of immersion use of chemical solution as sterilizing agents, saturated steam under pressure is widely used. Freezing is the recommended storage method because neither it alters dental structures nor affects research results. All this information should be consider for the elaboration of the processing protocol for extracted human teeth. Each action taken requires a detailed description and must be validated by the institution. Conclusion: The adoption of a protocol with SOPs for cleaning, disinfecting and/or sterilization and storage of human teeth in HTB standardize the processing and minimize exposure to biological agents, enabling the use of the tooth under appropriate conditions for research and laboratory preclinical training.

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Lopes, Cristiane de Lion Botero Couto, Kazuko Uchikawa Graziano, and Terezinha de Jesus Andreoli Pinto. "Evaluation of single-use reprocessed laparoscopic instrument sterilization." Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem 19, no. 2 (April 2011): 370–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-11692011000200020.

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This experimental, comparative, laboratory study evaluated the effectiveness of the sterilization of single-use laparoscopic instruments - SULIs (grasper, dissector, scissors, Veress needle and electrosurgical probe system), after contamination-challenge with bacterial spores and sheep blood, and compared the results of the sterilization tests with those of the equivalent reusable instruments. The cleaning methods used were; ultrasonic washer with pulsatile water jet and enzymatic detergent, manual cleaning, cleaning with pressurized water and rinsing. The SULIs were sterilized with ethylene oxide and the reusable instruments in an autoclave. Sterility tests showed 100% negative results for recovery of contaminate microorganisms in both groups. It was concluded that, regarding the sterilization, that it is possible to reprocess SULIs.

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Penna, Thereza Christina Vessoni, and Carlos Augusto M. Ferraz. "Cleaning of Blood-Contaminated Reprocessed Angiographic Catheters and Spinal Needles." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 21, no. 8 (August 2000): 499–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/501793.

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Objectives:To evaluate the efficacy of a multistep cleaning method using a cleaner and a chemical disinfectant on blood-contaminated angiographic catheters and spinal needles intended to be sterilized by hydrogen peroxide gas plasma.Method:A mixture of radiopaque iodine contrast, bovine blood (plus ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), and a suspension of Bacillus subtilis spores was used to simulate catheterization and needle use. The mixture was a 1:1 proportion of contrast and blood, inoculated so that there was a final concentration of B subtilis spores of 1.0×106 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL. The inoculated devices were cleaned using a hydrogen peroxide solution at a concentration of 1.5±0.5 percent by weight, followed by distilled water with enzymatic detergent. After drying, the devices were sterilized with hydrogen peroxide gas plasma.Results:The initial B subtilis spore concentration inoculated into catheters and needles varied from 2.12×104 to 2.74×107 CFU/mL. The residual load of B subtilis spores after cleaning varied from zero (no count) to a maximum of 200 CFU/device. The multistep cleaning procedure was responsible for an average 5-log10 reduction of B subtilis spores in the catheter and needle lumens.Conclusions:The hydrogen peroxide and enzymatic detergent aqueous solutions were shown to be efficacious when used as part of a multistep cleaning method. The low level of microbial contamination prior to sterilization with hydrogen peroxide gas plasma assured that the intended sterility assurance level was reached.

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Whitworth, Christine L., Karen Davies, and Nikolaus OA Palmer. "Can Protein Contamination be Removed from Hand Endodontic Instruments?" Primary Dental Care os16, no. 1 (January 2009): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/135576109786994569.

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Aim The aim of this study was to quantify total protein adhering to hand endodontic files and to measure and compare the efficacy of ultrasonic cleaning and washer-disinfectors, with and without presoaking, in protein removal from clinically contaminated endodontic files. Method Total protein contamination of the endodontic files was quantified using an assay reagent colorimetric method. Twelve general dental practitioners were recruited to collect clinically contaminated files. One hundred and fifty clinically contaminated files were allowed to air-dry in sterile plastic containers and a further 60 files were immersed, working end down, in enzymatic detergent immediately following clinical use. Thirty clinically contaminated files were tested for total protein contamination as a positive control. Sixty files were subjected to ultrasonic cleaning and 30 to processing in each of the washer-disinfectors. The presoaked files were divided into two groups of 30 for processing in the washer-disinfectors. A further group of brand-new, unused files were tested for protein contamination as a negative control. Results Protein was present on 29 of the 30 new files tested. The median total mass of protein recovered from clinically contaminated hand endodontic instruments was 2.046 μg. The most effective method of presterilisation cleaning tested was a presoak in Alkazyme™ followed by processing in the Miele G7881 washer-disinfector. Conclusion The most effective method of presterilisation cleaning for hand endodontic files is a presoak in Alkazyme™, an alkaline enzymatic detergent, followed by processing in a Miele G7881 washer-disinfector. This study provides up-to-date evidence that newer methods of presterilisation cleaning may fail to remove protein from endodontic hand instruments totally. This may have implications for all reusable dental instruments.

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Phalalo, Betty Lame, James Hungo Kimotho, and Naomi Maina. "An enzymatic based formulation for cleaning and disinfection of medical devices." Advanced Studies in Biology 13, no. 1 (2021): 45–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.12988/asb.2021.91297.

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Argüello, M. "Enzymatic cleaning of inorganic ultrafiltration membranes used for whey protein fractionation." Journal of Membrane Science 216, no. 1-2 (May 1, 2003): 121–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0376-7388(03)00064-4.

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Onaizi, Sagheer A., Lizhong He, and Anton P. J. Middelberg. "The construction, fouling and enzymatic cleaning of a textile dye surface." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 351, no. 1 (November 2010): 203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2010.07.030.

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Costa, Dayane, Roel Castillo, Lillian Kelly Lopes, Anaclara Tipple, Honghua Hu, and Karen Vickery. "Efficacy of Double Manual Cleaning Versus Automated Cleaning for Removal of Biofilm of Hinged Surgical Instruments." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 41, S1 (October 2020): s518—s519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.1200.

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Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of double manual cleaning (DMC) with enzymatic followed by alkaline detergent for removing biofilm on hinged surgical instruments compared to automated cleaning by the washer-disinfector. Methods: Biofilm of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) was formed in vitro on hemostatic forceps (Fig. 1). Biofilm-covered forceps were rinsed in distilled water and subjected to one of the following cleaning regimes (n = 5 forceps each): Group 1 forceps were soaked in sterile water for 5 minutes. Group 2-DMC forceps were soaked in enzymatic detergent, brushed 5 times on each face, rinsed with filtrated water (0.2 µm), soaked in alkaline detergent, brushed 5 times each face, rinsed with filtrated water (0.2 µm), and dried with sterile cloth. For group 3-DMC plus hinge inner brushing (n = 5), the forceps were soaked in detergents and brushed as in group 2, including hinge inner brushing (2-mm lumen brush) (Fig. 1). In group 4 (automated cleaning in a washer/disinfector), forceps were prewashed, washed once, washed again, rinsed, thermally rinsed, and dried. After the treatments, forceps were evaluated for microbial load (counting of colony-forming units), residual protein (BCA protein assay kit), and biofilm (scanning electron microscopy). Results: There was no statistically significant differences between the microbial load and protein level contaminating the forceps subjected to DMC (group 2) and the positive control group. The DMC with hinge inner brushing group (group 3) and the automated cleaning group (group 4) demonstrated a significantly reduced microbial load: reduction averages of 2.8 log 10 (P = .038) and 7.6 log10 (P ≤ .001), respectively. The protein level remaining on the forceps also significantly decreased: 2.563 μg (P = .016) and 1,453 μg (P = .001), respectively, compared to the positive control group. There was no statistically significant difference between DMC with hinge inner brushing and automated cleaning (groups 3 and 4) for all of the tests performed. None of the cleaning methods completely removed biofilm and/or soil from the forceps hinge internal region (Fig. 1). Conclusions: Automated cleaning had the best efficacy for removing biofilm. However, DMC with hinge inner brushing was an acceptable alternative cleaning method for sterilizing service units with only manual cleaning available, as is the case in most low- and middle-income countries. Neither automated nor any manual cleaning regimes were able to completely remove biofilm and soil from the forceps hinged area, and the amount of protein left after automated and DMC plus hinge brushing was higher than the recommended. Cleaning is the most important step for the reprocessing of reusable medical devices; thus, efforts must be undertaken to improve cleaning in different social and economic realities and scenarios.Funding: This study was supported by Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – CAPES.Disclosures: None

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Wang, Yi-Fan, Yu Wu, Xiao-Wei Liu, Jian-Guo Li, Yan-Qiong Zhan, Bin Liu, Wen-Ling Fan, et al. "Effect of a disposable endoscope precleaning kit in the cleaning procedure of gastrointestinal endoscope: A multi-center observational study." World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 15, no. 12 (December 16, 2023): 705–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4253/wjge.v15.i12.705.

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BACKGROUND Precleaning is a key step in endoscopic reprocessing. AIM To develop an effective and economic endoscope cleaning method by using a disposable endoscope bedside precleaning kit. METHODS Altogether, 228 used gastrointestinal endoscopes were selected from five high-volume endoscopy units and precleaned by a traditional precleaning bucket (group T) or a disposable endoscope bedside precleaning kit (group D). Each group was further subdivided based on the replacement frequency of the cleaning solution, which was replaced every time in subgroups T1 and D1 and every several times in subgroups Ts and Ds. The adenosine triphosphate (ATP) level and residual proteins were measured three times: Before and after precleaning and after manual cleaning. RESULTS After precleaning, the precleaning kit significantly reduced the ATP levels (P = 0.034) and has a more stable ATP clearance rate than the traditional precleaning bucket. The precleaning kit also saved a quarter of the cost of enzymatic detergent used during the precleaning process. After manual cleaning, the ATP levels were also significantly lower in the precleaning kit group than in the traditional precleaning bucket group (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the number of uses of the cleaning solution (up to four times) has no significant impact on the cleaning effect (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Considering its economic cost and cleaning effect, the use of a disposable endoscope bedside precleaning kit can be an optimal option in the precleaning stage with the cleaning solution being replaced several times in the manual cleaning stage.

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Khan, Mohiuddin Md Taimur, William Mickols, Steffen Danielsen, Keith Thomsen, and Anne Camper. "Cryosectioning diagnosis and enzymatic cleaning of reverse osmosis membrane biofouling: Part I." Membrane Technology 2020, no. 8 (August 2020): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0958-2118(20)30142-7.

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Khan, Mohiuddin Md Taimur, William Mickols, Steffen Danielsen, Keith Thomsen, and Anne Camper. "Cryosectioning diagnosis and enzymatic cleaning of reverse osmosis membrane biofouling: Part II." Membrane Technology 2020, no. 9 (September 2020): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0958-2118(20)30158-0.

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Tsiaprazi-Stamou, Artemis, Irene Ylla Monfort, Anna M. Romani, Serafim Bakalis, and Konstantinos Gkatzionis. "The synergistic effect of enzymatic detergents on biofilm cleaning from different surfaces." Biofouling 35, no. 8 (September 14, 2019): 883–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08927014.2019.1666108.

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Portes Canongia, Ana Carolina, Daniela Sales Alviano Moreno, Leida Gomes Abraçado, Matheus Melo Pithon, and Mônica Tirre Araújo. "Effectiveness of methods for cleaning arch wire: an in vitro study." Bioscience Journal 37 (February 25, 2021): e37017. http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/bj-v37n0a2021-55339.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate various methods of removing bacterial and fungus biofilm, to simulate orthodontic arch wires cleaning before reinsertion in the patients appliance. Rectangular Nickel Titanium (NiTi), Stainless Steel (SS) and Titanium Molybdenum (TMA) wires were divided into five groups, then contaminated with strains of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicas. Four segments of each group served as control and were not contaminated. Six cleanings methods were used to remove the biofilm: cotton roll and a chemical agent (chlorhexidine, sodium hypochlorite, 70% alcohol), cotton roll and water, steel woll and immersion on enzymatic detergent. There was a control group not decontaminated Then wires were placed in broth separately, and after an incubation period the optical density (OD) was measured, observing whether there was microbial growth. A wire segment of each subgroup of SS 3M® was taken to the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) for visualization of the treatment response. The results were submitted to one-way ANOVA test and Tukey post-test. With the exception of 70% alcohol, the disinfection means behaved similarly regardless the type of wire. Two percent Chlorhexidine and 1% Sodium Hypochlorite totally removed the microorganisms while other agents left a high microbial concentration. Chemical cleaning is necessary to remove biofilm in orthodontic wires; 1% Sodium Hypochlorite and 2% Chlorhexidine are good disinfectants for this purpose.

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Bryndina, L. V., O. V. Baklanova, and N. M. Il’ina. "Biopreparats for Soil Cleaning from Pollution Based on Organic Waste." Ecology and Industry of Russia 23, no. 10 (October 9, 2019): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2019-10-20-23.

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Studies have been carried out to obtain combined biopreparats obtained on the basis of sewage sludge (WWS) and activated carbon (AC) from plant materials for cleaning soils from contaminants with herbicides. The content of organic matter in the settled sludge is 57.3 %. The organic matter of sewage sludge activates its enzymatic activity. Catalase activity in samples treated with combined sorbents, 2.5 to 2.9 times higher than in control soil samples. The combined use of WWS and activated carbons from plant residues significantly accelerates the decomposition of the herbicide. The presence of WWS increases the efficiency of detoxification of the herbicide (active substance metsulfuron-methyl) with active carbons by 1.7 times.

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Arpan Choudhary, Manas Sharma, Deep Kumar Jain, and Vishal Kirti Jain. "An insight into outbreak of atypical mycobacterial infection following percutaneous nephrolithotomy - Role of cleaning and sterilization techniques inspected." Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 14, no. 11 (November 1, 2023): 202–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v14i11.56419.

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Background: Atypical wound infections following minimal access surgery continue to affect smooth recovery. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) for renal stones involves various small-sized nephroscopes and accessories. Improper cleaning and disinfection of which may result in bacterial biofilms formation and infections. Aims and Objectives: We inspected an outbreak of atypical wound infection after PCNL to find the responsible factor. Materials and Methods: This retrospective observational study had three groups based on cleaning and sterilization methods. In group A, manual cleaning of instruments was done followed by high-level disinfection using glutaraldehyde 2% solution with 20 min submersion. In group B, manual cleaning was supplemented with multienzyme cleaning with 10 min submersion but disinfection method was same as in group A. In group C, manual and enzyme cleaning was combined with ethylene oxide (ETO) sterilization. The outcome was assessed as wound infection occurrence at 1-month follow-up. Results: The study had 81 participants with 61 male and 20 females. The mean age was 36±16 years. Group A, B, and C had 32, 24, and 25 participants, respectively. Pre-operative parameters were comparable among the groups. Late wound infection (at 1-month follow-up) occurred in 11 cases from group A, but none from others (P=0.004). Culture-revealed atypical mycobacterial growth in four cases, while Staphylococcus in another. Rests were sterile. Six patients were relieved after clarithromycin course for 1–5 months. Three patients needed scar excision. Conclusion: Manual cleaning with high-level disinfection is not adequate against atypical mycobacterial infections. A combination of enzymatic cleaning and high-level disinfection with glutaraldehyde or ETO sterilization effectively minimizes these infections.

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ALVAREZ PENEDO, Berta, Sandra FORSTNER, and Alexandru RUSU. "ENTHALPY EU PROJECT: ENABLING THE DRYING PROCESS TO SAVE ENERGY AND WATER, REALISING PROCESS EFFICIENCY IN THE DAIRY CHAIN." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Food Science and Technology 73, no. 2 (November 28, 2016): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-fst:12299.

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The EU funded ENTHALPY project aims to significantly reduce the consumption of water and energy in milk powder production to increase efficiency in the dairy production chain. Using a systematic approach, ENTHALPY project focusses on innovations within the post-harvest chain representing the highest energy and water consumption such as RF heating, solar thermal energy, mono-disperse atomising, dryer modelling, inline monitoring, enzymatic cleaning and membrane technology,

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Maartens, A., P. Swart, and E. P. Jacobs. "An enzymatic approach to the cleaning of ultrafiltration membranes fouled in abattoir effluent." Journal of Membrane Science 119, no. 1 (October 1996): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0376-7388(96)00015-4.

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Irfan, Sarah, Seema Irfan, Mubassar Fida, and Israr Ahmad. "Contamination assessment of orthodontic bands after different pre-cleaning methods at a tertiary care hospital." Journal of Orthodontics 46, no. 3 (June 13, 2019): 220–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1465312519855402.

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Introduction: Infection control in dentistry is a major concern due to risk of transmission of communicable diseases. The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare the efficacy of various pre-cleaning methods for the tried-in orthodontic bands. Material and methods: An in-vitro experimental study was conducted at the Central Sterilization Services Department (Dental Clinic) and the Microbiology lab at our university hospital. A total of 130 bands were included in our study which comprised 10 controls and the rest were equally divided into three groups according to the pre-cleaning methods, i.e. manual scrubbing, enzymatic solution and a combination of both. The orthodontic bands were incubated in the brain heart infusion broth at 37 °C for five days after pre-cleaning and sterilisation in a steam autoclave and were assessed for any bacterial growth. The chi-square test was applied to determine any significant association between the various pre-cleaning methods and the frequency of bands that showed growth. Effect size was calculated using the phi coefficient. Results: The enzyme method revealed 5% of the sample to exhibit bacterial growth, whereas manual scrubbing and the combination of both showed no growth. There was no statistically significant difference among the three methods ( P = 0.131). Further investigations showed the presence of Staphylococcus non-aureus bacterial species in contaminated bands from group II. Conclusions: All pre-cleaning methods were found to be equally effective in the decontamination of bands. Hence, the tried-in bands can be safely reused after pre-cleaning and sterilisation.

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Alfa, Michelle J., Harminder Singh, Zoann Nugent, Donald Duerksen, Gale Schultz, Carol Reidy, Pat DeGagne, and Nancy Olson. "Simulated-Use Polytetrafluorethylene Biofilm Model: Repeated Rounds of Complete Reprocessing Lead to Accumulation of Organic Debris and Viable Bacteria." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 38, no. 11 (October 17, 2017): 1284–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2017.215.

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OBJECTIVEBiofilm has been implicated in bacterial persistence and survival after endoscope reprocessing. In this study, we assessed the impact of different methods of reprocessing on organic residues and viable bacteria after repeated rounds of biofilm formation when each was followed by full reprocessing.METHODSATS-2015, an artificial test soil containing 5–8 Log10 colony-forming units (CFU) of Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, was used to form biofilm in polytetrafluroethylene channels overnight on 5 successive days. Each successive day, full pump-assisted cleaning using bristle brushes or pull-through devices in combination with enzymatic or nonenzymatic detergents followed by fully automated endoscope reprocessor disinfection using peracetic acid was performed. Residuals were visualized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Destructive testing was used to assess expected cutoffs for adenosine triphosphate (ATP; <200 relative light units), protein (<2 µg/cm2), and viable bacteria count (0 CFU).RESULTSProtein residuals were above 2 µg/cm2, but ATP residuals were <200 relative light units for all methods tested. Only when enzymatic cleaner was used for cleaning were there no viable bacteria detected after disinfection irrespective of whether bristle brushes or pull-through devices were used. SEM revealed that some residual debris remained after all reprocessing methods, but more residuals were detected when a nonenzymatic detergent was used.CONCLUSIONSSurviving E. faecalis and P. aeruginosa were only detected when the non-enzymatic detergent was used, emphasizing the importance of the detergent used for endoscope channel reprocessing. Preventing biofilm formation is critical because not all current reprocessing methods can reliably eliminate viable bacteria within the biofilm matrix.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2017;38:1284–1290

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Smith, Edward, Q. Zhang, B. Farrand, V. Kokol, and Jin Song Shen. "The Development of a Bio-Scouring Process for Raw Wool Using Protease." Advanced Materials Research 441 (January 2012): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.441.10.

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The use of protease in the raw wool scouring process was investigated. Both native protease and an enlarged protease prepared by chemical modification were used. It was demonstrated that enzymatic treatment with protease in the scouring process (bio-scouring) can achieve cleaning of the fibre and modification of the cuticle layer leading to shrink-resistance. A reduction of lipid content was found and led to an improvement in dyeability of the fibre.

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Wehner, F., L. Garretson, K. Dawson, Y. Segal, and L. Reuss. "A nonenzymatic preparation of epithelial basolateral membrane for patch clamp." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 258, no. 6 (June 1, 1990): C1159—C1164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1990.258.6.c1159.

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A preparation has been developed that permits patch clamping of the basolateral membrane of Necturus gallbladder epithelial cells with a high success rate. The epithelium is separated from the underlying tissues mechanically, without enzymatic treatment. Its apical surface is attached to a plastic cover slip, and the basolateral surface, facing up, is cleaned with a suction pipette under microscopic observation. With this cleaning procedure, the success rate in obtaining gigaohm seals increases from less than 1% to approximately 10% of the attempts. The cells appear to retain their structural and functional integrity, as evidenced by electron-microscopic appearance and magnitude of cell membrane voltages. Major advantages of the preparation are that the basolateral membrane domain is preserved and that enzymatic treatment, which could potentially alter membrane proteins, is not necessary.

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Nadjafova, S. I., and F. S. Keyserukhskaya. "Investigation of the Number and Enzymatic Activity of Microorganisms in Soils Contaminated with Pesticides." Агрохимия, no. 3 (June 16, 2024): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0002188124030086.

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The results of a study of the number and enzymatic activity of microorganisms in the soils of the Zardob district (Azerbaijan), from the territory of the pesticide storage base, are presented. It was revealed that the soils of the base were polluted to a very strong extent, and the content of pesticides (including DDT) exceeded the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) by tens to hundreds of times. Microbiological studies of soil samples showed that, unlike pure soil, in all soil samples contaminated with pesticides, the number of microorganisms and enzymatic activity decreased, which indicated the negative impact of soil contamination with pesticides on the structure and activity of microbiocenosis and was an indicator of limited assimilation potential and low self-cleaning ability of these soils in relation to pollutants.

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Song, Ji Eun, Su Mi Kim, and Hye Rim Kim. "Improvement of dye affinity in natural dyeing using Terminalia chebula retzius (T. chebula) applied to leather." International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 29, no. 5 (September 4, 2017): 610–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcst-03-2017-0029.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to improve the dye affinity of natural dye of Terminalia chebula retzius (T. chebula) using the dye substrate of leather. Design/methodology/approach The dyeing conditions such as temperature, concentration of dye, and time are controlled by measuring the dye affinity. The effect of enzymatic post-tanning process on dye affinity is evaluated by using different type of proteases such as flavourzyme, alcalase, and bromelain. The optimum conditions for enzymatic post-tanning process are evaluated depending on different pH, temperature, and concentration of enzyme. Findings The highest dye affinity was obtained at 50°C using a dye concentration of 200 percent (owf) for 30 min treatment by measuring of K/S values of dyed leather. Distilled water was proved as a better extraction liquid to improve the dye affinity of T. chebula. The K/S values of dyed leather were enhanced after the enzymatic post-tanning process by flavourzyme. Moreover, the fastness properties against the rubbing and dry cleaning of the dyed leather were improved by the enzymatic post-tanning process. Originality/value In this paper, the enzymatic post-tanning process is introduced as the method to improve the dye affinity in natural dyeing using Terminalia chebula retzius (T. chebula) applied to leather. The results of the study could be applied for further natural dyeing of leather using various natural dyes.

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Allen, George. "Enzymatic detergent use for gastroscope cleaning; surgical hand disinfectants; instrument decontamination; residual protein levels." AORN Journal 84, no. 5 (November 2006): 863–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-2092(06)63973-2.

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Muñoz-Aguado, M. J., D. E. Wiley, and A. G. Fane. "Enzymatic and detergent cleaning of a polysulfone ultrafiltration membrane fouled with BSA and whey." Journal of Membrane Science 117, no. 1-2 (August 1996): 175–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0376-7388(96)00066-x.

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Lyu, Bin, Kun Cheng, Jianzhong Ma, Xueyan Hou, Dangge Gao, He Gao, Jing Zhang, and Yuliang Qi. "A cleaning and efficient approach to improve wet-blue sheepleather quality by enzymatic degreasing." Journal of Cleaner Production 148 (April 2017): 701–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.01.170.

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Liu, Jinwei, Weichang Xu, Feng Yan, Xinqi Liu, and Yuan Wang. "Cleaning Process of Diosgenin from Dioscorea nipponica." Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy 18, no. 1 (January 1, 2024): 134–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbmb.2024.2335.

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This investigation employed HPLC and LC-MS techniques to elucidate the enzymolysis and acid hydrolysis mechanisms of diosgenin obtained through a cleaning process. The findings revealed that the enzymolysis led to the cleavage and subsequent recombination of the glycosidic bond at the C-26 position of protodioscin, resulting in the formation of dioscin present in the enzymatic hydrolysis filter residue. Leveraging this observation, a streamlined and eco-friendly method for diosgenin extraction was devised. Incorporating the Box-Behnken response surface methodology alongside wastewater assessment, the optimal parameters for the cleaning process were established: a sulfuric acid concentration of 3 mol · L−1, a solid–liquid ratio of 1:10, an acid hydrolysis temperature of 100 °C, and an acid hydrolysis duration of 3 h. Under these parameters, the yield and purity of diosgenin were 31.07±0.56% and 72.30±0.24% respectively. When benchmarked against the direct acid hydrolysis approach, there was an increase of 133.08% in diosgenin yield, 44.08% enhancement in diosgenin purity, 50% reduction in wastewater generation and acid utilization, and an 83.57% decrease in wastewater’s chemical oxygen demand (COD). This optimized cleaning process is viable for large-scale production and offers a sustainable method for diosgenin production.

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Klein, Allan E., John Freiberg, Steven Same, and Maryanne Carroll. "Rapid Colorimetric Determination of Activity of Subtilisin Enzymes in Cleaning Products." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 72, no. 6 (November 1, 1989): 881–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/72.6.881.

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Abstract A new colorimetric method is described for the determination of enzymatic activity of subtilisin in cleaning products. The procedure is more rapid and precise than the casein digestion methods commonly used to assay protease activity. The principle of the colorimetric method depends on the determination rate of p-nitrophenol released on hydrolysis of N-CBZ-L-leucine-/Miitrophenyl ester at pH 8.0 by subtilisin, with correction for any nonenzymatic (spontaneous) hydrolysis of the substrate. Because of the broad range of hydrolytic activity of this enzyme, and the difficulties in predicting its proteolytic activity, this hydrolytic rate was chosen as a general indicator of subtilisin enzyme behavior. The slope for 7 replicate standard curves generated over a 6 week period exhibited a relative standard deviation of 7.5%, and 8.0% for 20 replicates with an enzyme cleaning product. Papain does not interfere with this assay.

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Collins, William O. "A Review of Reprocessing Techniques of Flexible Nasopharyngoscopes." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 141, no. 3 (September 2009): 307–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.otohns.2009.05.027.

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To provide assistance to otolaryngologists to decide the best manner in which to reprocess flexible nasopharyngoscopes, a review of existing English language medical literature regarding the methods of flexible endoscope reprocessing was performed, including previously published guidelines from other medical disciplines. Multiple steps were confirmed to be critical to effectively reprocess flexible nasopharyngoscopes. High-level disinfection has been determined to be the minimum level of disinfection required for reprocessing of flexible nasopharyngoscopes. Several steps are important in all reprocessing techniques, including manual cleaning, leak testing, cleaning with an enzymatic agent, high-level disinfection, and drying with vertical storage. Three techniques are available to achieve high-level disinfection: manual disinfection with a liquid disinfectant/sterilant, use of an automated endoscope reprocessor, and use of a disposable sheath. Achieving high-level disinfection of flexible nasopharyngoscopes can be accomplished by a variety of methods. Strict adherence to recommended procedures is critical.

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Colantonio, Claudia, Luca Lanteri, Ramona Bocci, Valeria Valentini, and Claudia Pelosi. "“A Woman Clothed with the Sun”: The Diagnostic Study and Testing of Enzyme-Based Green Products for the Restoration of an Early 17th Century Wall Painting in the Palazzo Gallo in Bagnaia (Italy)." Applied Sciences 13, no. 23 (November 30, 2023): 12884. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app132312884.

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A 17th century wall painting, representing the Virgin between two Saints, in a noble Italian renaissance palace, the Palazzo Gallo in Bagnaia (Viterbo, Italy), was restored in 2021 in the context of a wider restoration campaign involving the main room of the palace built by cardinal Sansoni Riario. Diagnostic analyses performed using traditional characterization techniques (optical microscopy on micro-stratigraphic sections, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) provided the identification of both the original painting and its restoration materials, while imaging investigations using the ultraviolet fluorescence photography, false color images and multispectral mapping provided by the hypercolorimetric multispectral imaging (HMI) technique enabled the evaluation of the state of conservation, the location of restoration interventions and supported the monitoring of the cleaning procedure. An altered protective Paraloid®-based coating dating from the early 2000s had to be removed due to the unpleasant glossy finishing it had given to the painted surface, making the scene barely readable. To pursue a restoration protocol based on environmental sustainability and green chemistry, enzyme-based gels marketed by the Nasier-Brenta© and CTS© companies were tested in different protocols for the cleaning of the mixture (known as beverone) covering the painting. Although some interesting results were observed, the enzymatic cleaning had limited effectiveness, and was more timing-consuming than was reasonable. Traditional chemical solvents such as Dowanol PM (methoxy propanol) and benzyl alcohol were necessary to complete the cleaning of the painting surface.

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Berg, T., R. Ipsen, Niels Ottosen, A. Tolkach, and F. van den Berg. "Influence of Reduced Cleaning-In-Place on Aged Membranes during Ultrafiltration of Whey." International Journal of Food Engineering 11, no. 4 (August 1, 2015): 447–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijfe-2014-0240.

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Abstract Optimization of cleaning-in-place (CIP) procedures using bench-scale equipment is severely restricted by the short testing times (typically 1–3 days) compared with the normal lifespans of industrial membrane materials (years). In our research, industrially used polyethersulfone membrane material (“aged membrane”) was migrated to a lab-scale filtration apparatus. Performance (flux) of aged membranes was found to be 10% lower compared to new membranes of the same specification. For each set of membranes, performance was on the same level during multiple filtrations with intermediate CIPs. Reducing the CIP from a three-step procedure (caustic, enzymatic, acid) to only one step (caustic) had no influence on subsequent filtration performance even though flux recovery after reduced CIP was as low as 38% compared to 90% after three-step CIP. Consequences of reduced cleaning could first be observed in the subsequent CIP where the level of resistance during the respective CIP steps was increased.

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Nikolaychuk, Pavel Anatolyevich. "Spectrophotometric determination of L-α-glycerylphosphorylcholine in pharmaceutical formulations and industrial equipment cleaning rinse water with the WAKO Phospholipids C assay kit." PeerJ Analytical Chemistry 5 (June 2, 2023): e24. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj-achem.24.

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A simple spectrophotometric method for the determination of L-α-glycerylphosphorylcholine in pharmaceutical formulations and industrial equipment cleaning rinse water using the enzyme glycerophosphocholine phosphodiesterase and the WAKO Phospholipids C assay kit was proposed. The method is based on the enzymatic hydrolysis of α-GPC to choline by glycerophosphocholine phosphodiesterase, the reaction of choline with the components of the assay kit, and the colourimetric determination of the formed product. The calibration graph is linear in the range from 1 to 40 mg/l of α-GPC, the molar attenuation coefficient is 1,110 m2/mol, the limit of detection is 1 mg/l, the limit of quantification is 3.3 mg/l, the method is selective with respect to the common excipients, shows a good accuracy (the relative uncertainty does not exceed 7%) and precision (the relative standard deviation does not exceed 5.5%), does not require lengthy sample preparation and sophisticated laboratory equipment and is suitable for the routine analysis of pharmaceutical formulations and industrial equipment cleaning rinse water.

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N, Sahu. "Exploring Fruit Peels for Eco-Friendly Bio-Enzymes: Synthesis, Properties, and Sustainable Applications." Food Science & Nutrition Technology 9, no. 2 (April 2, 2024): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/fsnt-16000338.

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Current work focuses on the production of bio-enzymes derived from fruit peels, specifically orange, banana, lemon, pineapple, and pomegranate, employing a meticulous three-month fermentation process. The resulting bio-enzymes exhibit substantial antibacterial and antioxidant properties, offering diverse applications in eco-friendly domains such as disinfectants, organic fertilizers, and cleaning agents. A comprehensive evaluation encompasses physicochemical properties, enzymatic activity, and antibacterial efficacy, providing insights into their effectiveness against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The significance of utilizing fruit waste for bio-enzyme synthesis aligns with sustainable practices, contributing to environmental conservation and waste reduction objectives. The study underscores the versatility of these bio-enzymes, emphasizing their potential impact on various industries, from agriculture to household cleaning. Overall, this research not only contributes valuable insights into the synthesis and properties of bio-enzymes from fruit peels but also advocates for the adoption of environmentally conscious practices by repurposing agricultural by-products for sustainable and multifaceted applications.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Enzymatic cleaning'

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