Journal articles on the topic 'Enzimatic reactions'
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1
Wahyuningsih, Wahyuningsih, Edy Supriyo, and R. T. D. Wisnu Broto. "Biokatalisator Lipase Dedak Padi Untuk Proses Asidolisis Minyak Tuna Dan Asam Laurat." METANA 14, no. 1 (June 4, 2018): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/metana.v14i1.18658.
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Lipid terstruktur dengan medium chain fatty acid (MCFA) pada posisi luar dan polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) pada posisi sn-2 memiliki nilai gizi dan absorbsi yang sangat baik. Dalam penelitian ini lipid terstruktur disintesis secara langsung melalui asidolisis enzimatis antara minyak ikan dan asam laurat. Reaksi dikatalisis oleh lipase dedak padi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mempelajari perilaku dari reaksi asidolisis enzimatik minyak ikan tuna dan asam laurat, dengan kajian pengaruh biokatalis lipase dedak padi terhadap hasil asidolisis. Target yang ingin dicapai berupa data-data teknis laboratorium untuk perancangan, scale-up dan pengoperasian proses yang meliputi kinetika reaksi, studi produktifitas asam lemak, kondisi operasi yang optimum dan analisa tekno-ekonomi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi lipase dan suhu reaksi optimum berturut-turut 10% dan 50oC. Rasio mol optimum minyak ikan dan asam laurat adalah 1:10, dihasilkan inkorporasi asam laurat mencapai 62,8 mol%. Pada waktu inkubasi 12 jam, trigliserida menurun seiring dengan meningkatnya waktu inkubasi, sedangkan digliserida meningkat seiring dengan meningkatnya waktu inkubasi. Pada suhu reaksi di atas 50oC, trigliserida menurun seiring dengan meningkatnya suhu reaksi. Metode interesterifikasi ini cukup efektif untuk mensintesis lipid terstruktur spesifik. Lipase dapat digunakan dengan baik untuk sintesa Lipid Terstruktur dari minyak ikan tuna dengan asam laurat. Kondisi optimum reaksi adalah pada suhu 50oC, konsentrasi lipase 10%, perbandingan ratio substrat (Minyak ikan tuna : asam laurat) 1:10 selama 12 jam. Profil gliserida dari hasil asidolisis enzimatis adalah 78,1 % trigliserida, 32,2 % digliserida dan 11,9% monogliserida Lipase Rice Bran Biocatalystator For Asidolysis Process Tuna Oil And Lauric Acid Lipid structured with medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) in the outer position and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in sn-2 position has excellent nutritional value and absorption. In this study structured lipids were synthesized directly through enzymatic acididisation between fish oil and lauric acid. The reaction was catalyzed by a specific lipase of 1.3 from the tertiary carotid rugose. The aim of this study was to study the behavior of enzymatic acidic reactions of tuna and lauric acid oils, with the study of the effect of rice bran biocatalyst on acidic acid yield. The targets to be achieved are technical laboratory data for design, scale-up and operation of processes including reaction kinetics, fatty acid productivity studies, optimum operating conditions and techno-economic analysis. The results showed that the optimum lipase concentrate and temperature of the reaction were 10% and 50oC, respectively. The mole ratio of fish oil and lauric acid was 1:10 in which the incorporation of lauric acid was 62,80% (mol). Incubation time, 12 h, triglyceride decreased with an increase in incubation time. In contrast, the diglyceride increased with an increase in incubation time. At temperature higher than 50oC, triglyceride decreased with an increase in reaction temperature. The methode of interesterification was proven to be effective in synthezed specific structured lipids. Lipase rice brand, can be used successfully for the synthesis of structured lipids from tuna oil with lauric acid. Optimum reaction temperature is 50oC, lipase concentration of 10%, the ratio of substrate ratio (tuna fish oil: lauric acid) 1:10 for time incubation 12 hours. Profile gliseride from results acidolysis enzymatic triglycerides were 78.1%, 32.2% 11.9% diglycerides and monoglycerides.
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Wijonarko, Gunawan, Ike Sitoresmi Mulyo Purbowati, and Ali Maksum. "Enzimatic Kinetics of Cellulose Hydrolysis using Cellulase from Goat Rumen Fluids." Indonesian Journal of Food Technology 1, no. 1 (June 29, 2022): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/ijft.v1i1.6121.
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In line with the depletion of petroleum reserves from fossils, humans have forced people to look for alternative renewable energy sources. Nipah plant stems are organic material that contains a lot of lignocellulose. Cellulose in lignocellulose can be hydrolyzed to glucose to produce bioethanol. Problems arise because hydrolysis using pure cellulase requires relatively high costs, so it is necessary to find an alternative source of cheap cellulase. One of the cheap sources of cellulase is goat rumen fluid. Until now, there is not much information regarding the reaction kinetics and cellulase characteristics of goat rumen fluid. The purpose of this study was to isolate crude cellulase extract, determine the KM and Vmax values and determine the optimum temperature and pH. The research was carried out at the Unsoed Agricultural Technology Laboratory. The samples used were seven rumen fluids. The study began with isolation followed by enzymatic kinetics studies. Fractionation was carried out by adding ammonium sulfate salt (50, 60,70, and 80 %), and centrifugation at 7,000 rpm at 4 oC for 15 minutes. Crude cellulase extract with the highest enzyme activity value was used for the study of enzymatic reaction kinetics and characterization. The crude cellulase resistance test to temperature was carried out at 45, 55 and 65 oC and the pH was carried out at pH 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8. The KM and Vmax values were determined by measuring the activity of crude cellulase extract at various concentrations of CMC (1, 1 ,5, 2, 2.5, and 3 %). The results showed that crude cellulase extract had an average specific activity of 1.7356 IU/mg. The highest enzyme activity was 0.9854 IU/ml. The optimum crude cellulase extract was at pH 6 with an activity of 1.1015 IU/ml and a temperature of 60 oC with an activity of 0.7829 IU/ml. At a CMC concentration of 2.5% crude cellulase extract had an activity of 0.3179 IU/ml with a Vmax value of 0.0045 IU/ml and a KM of 0.0252 %.
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Wijonarko, Gunawan, Ike Sitoresmi Mulyo Purbowati, and Ali Maksum. "Enzimatic Kinetics of Cellulose Hydrolysis using Cellulase from Goat Rumen Fluids." Indonesian Journal of Food Technology 1, no. 1 (June 29, 2022): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.ijft.2022.1.1.6121.
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In line with the depletion of petroleum reserves from fossils, humans have forced people to look for alternative renewable energy sources. Nipah plant stems are organic material that contains a lot of lignocellulose. Cellulose in lignocellulose can be hydrolyzed to glucose to produce bioethanol. Problems arise because hydrolysis using pure cellulase requires relatively high costs, so it is necessary to find an alternative source of cheap cellulase. One of the cheap sources of cellulase is goat rumen fluid. Until now, there is not much information regarding the reaction kinetics and cellulase characteristics of goat rumen fluid. The purpose of this study was to isolate crude cellulase extract, determine the KM and Vmax values and determine the optimum temperature and pH. The research was carried out at the Unsoed Agricultural Technology Laboratory. The samples used were seven rumen fluids. The study began with isolation followed by enzymatic kinetics studies. Fractionation was carried out by adding ammonium sulfate salt (50, 60,70, and 80 %), and centrifugation at 7,000 rpm at 4 oC for 15 minutes. Crude cellulase extract with the highest enzyme activity value was used for the study of enzymatic reaction kinetics and characterization. The crude cellulase resistance test to temperature was carried out at 45, 55 and 65 oC and the pH was carried out at pH 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8. The KM and Vmax values were determined by measuring the activity of crude cellulase extract at various concentrations of CMC (1, 1 ,5, 2, 2.5, and 3 %). The results showed that crude cellulase extract had an average specific activity of 1.7356 IU/mg. The highest enzyme activity was 0.9854 IU/ml. The optimum crude cellulase extract was at pH 6 with an activity of 1.1015 IU/ml and a temperature of 60 oC with an activity of 0.7829 IU/ml. At a CMC concentration of 2.5% crude cellulase extract had an activity of 0.3179 IU/ml with a Vmax value of 0.0045 IU/ml and a KM of 0.0252 %.
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Karouw, Steivie, Linda Trivana, Rindengan Barlina, and Budi Santosa. "Hidrolisis Enzimatis Minyak Kelapa Hidrolisis Enzimatis Minyak Kelapa dengan Lipase dari Rhyzomucor miehei / Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Coconut Oil using Lipase from Rhyzomucor mieheiLipase dari Rhizomucor miehei." Buletin Palma 17, no. 1 (September 26, 2017): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/bp.v17n1.2016.35-40.
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<p>The objectives of the research was to find the temperature and time of enzymatic hydrolysis reaction of coconut oil by lipase from Rhizomucor miehei as biocatalyze which could produce the highest free fatty acids. Enzymatic hydrolysis reaction was held at various of reaction temperature (35, 40, 45 dan 50oC) and reaction duration (6, 12, 18 and 24 hours). Enzymatic hydrolysis reaction was carried out in waterbath shaker on pH of 7.0 and enzyme concentration of 2.5% based on substrate weight. The hydrolysis products were monitored using TLC using hexane:diethyl eter:acetic acid = 80:20:1 as developing solvent on silica gel F254, 20 cm x 20 cm aluminium plat. The results showed that hydrolyzed coconut oil contained 5 spots, they were identified as 1 spot of triglyceride at upper, 1 spot of free fatty acid, 2 spots of diglyceride at the middle and 1 spot monoglyceride at the bottom. The condition of enzymatic hydrolysis reaction produce the highest of free fatty acid (37.10%) at 50°C of temperature for 24 hours.</p><p>ABSTRAK</p><p><br />Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui suhu dan lama reaksi yang dapat menghasilkan asam lemak bebas (ALB) paling banyak pada proses hidrolisis minyak kelapa menggunakan biokatalis lipase dari Rhizomucor miehei. Hidrolisis dilakukan pada variasi suhu reaksi (35, 40, 45 dan 50oC) dan lama reaksi (6, 12, 18 dan 24 jam). Reaksi hidrolisis dilakukan dalam shaker waterbath dengan pH 7,0 dan kosentrasi enzim 2,5% dari berat substrat. Hasil hidrolisis dianalisis dengan kromatografi lapis tipis (KLT) menggunakan larutan pengembang campuran pelarut heksan:dietil eter:asam asetat = 80:20:1 pada pelat silica gel F254, pelat aluminium 20 cm x 20 cm. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hasil hidrolisis minyak kelapa teridentifikasi lima spot yaitu satu spot trigliserida pada bagian atas, 1 spot asam lemak bebas, dua spot digliserida dan satu spot monogliserida pada bagian bawah. Kondisi hidrolisis minyak kelapa dengan lipase dari R. miehei untuk menghasilkan asam lemak bebas tertinggi yaitu pada suhu 50°C selama 24 jam yaitu sebanyak 37,10%.<br /><br /></p>
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Roggero, Letizia, Sara Auricchio, and Federico Pieruzzi. "La terapia enzimatica sostitutiva nella malattia di Fabry." Giornale di Clinica Nefrologica e Dialisi 31, no. 3 (September 2, 2019): 197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.33393/gcnd.2019.528.
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Anderson-Fabry disease (FD) is a X-linked lysosomal storage disorder, which involves glycosphingolipids metabolism. Specific treatment for FD has been available in the last two decades, after the development and commercialization of recombinant human alfa-galactosidase A. Since then enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) has changed the natural history of the disease. Two different enzymatic formulations are available: agalsidase alfa and agalsidase beta at different dosages. The safety and efficacy profiles are similar. ERT induces Gb3 deposits reduction in renal and cardiac biopsies, improves quality of life, reduces pain and GI symptoms, decreases left ventricular mass and slows down renal function decline. In case of organ involvement, clinical evidence confirms the need to treat all patients with enzyme therapy, both male and female. In all other clinical settings, the decision to start ERT is controversial, because of the extremely variable clinical manifestations of FD. However, data suggest a greater response to ERT if started as early as possible in any patients. Timely treatment appears to be effective in stabilizing and possibly delaying FD progression. ERT infusion reactions due to allergic hypersensitivity or IgG antibody development could occur but can be easily managed. In-hospital and at home infusions are possible. The wide genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity observed in all FD patients requires a tailored approach to treatment options. Patients should be referred to an expert multidisciplinary team for the long term management of this challenging disease.
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Roggero, Letizia, Sara Auricchio, and Federico Pieruzzi. "La terapia enzimatica sostitutiva nella malattia di Fabry." Giornale di Tecniche Nefrologiche e Dialitiche 31, no. 3 (September 2019): 197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0394936219869498.
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Enzyme Replacement Therapy for Fabry Disease Anderson-Fabry disease (FD) is a X-linked lysosomal storage disorder, which involves glycosphingolipids metabolism. Specific treatment for FD has been available in the last two decades, after the development and commercialization of recombinant human alfa-galactosidase A. Since then enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) has changed the natural history of the disease. Two different enzymatic formulations are available: agalsidase alfa and agalsidase beta at different dosages. The safety and efficacy profiles are similar. ERT induces Gb3 deposits reduction in renal and cardiac biopsies, improves quality of life, reduces pain and GI symptoms, decreases left ventricular mass and slows down renal function decline. In case of organ involvement, clinical evidence confirms the need to treat all patients with enzyme therapy, both male and female. In all other clinical settings, the decision to start ERT is controversial, because of the extremely variable clinical manifestations of FD. However, data suggest a greater response to ERT if started as early as possible in any patients. Timely treatment appears to be effective in stabilizing and possibly delaying FD progression. ERT infusion reactions due to allergic hypersensitivity or IgG antibody development could occur but can be easily managed. In-hospital and at home infusions are possible. The wide genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity observed in all FD patients requires a tailored approach to treatment options. Patients should be referred to an expert multidisciplinary team for the long term management of this challenging disease.
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Aznury, Martha, Ahmad Zikri, Robert Junaidi, Marieska Lupikawaty, and Chintia Oktariyensi. "Pengaruh Metanol dalam Produksi Biodiesel dari Tamanu Oil Menggunakan Katalis Lipase." JURNAL SELULOSA 12, no. 01 (June 30, 2022): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.25269/jsel.v12i01.360.
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Biodiesel is a fuel derived from renewable sources, wich can be used efficiently in petrodiesel engines. This study aims to produce biodiesel from tamanu oil enzymatically using the lipase enzyme. This enzimatic method has a high value product made during the production of biodiesel. Biodiesel production through the transesterification process with methanol reactant and alkaline catalysts has many weaknesses, namely the presence of a saponification reaction and it is difficult to separate because the catalyst is homogeneus. The result of this study indicate that tamanu oil has been seccessfully converted into biodiesel with an optimum oil : methanol molar ratio of 1:5 and a yield precentage of 87,67% with a methyl ester content of 97,37%
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Lubis, Dini Sahfitri, and Supriyanto Supriyanto. "UJI KINERJA ALAT THERMALCYCLER DENGAN METODE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION PADA IDENTIFIKASI KOI HERPES VIRUS PADA IKAN MAS, Cyprinus carpio." Buletin Teknik Litkayasa Akuakultur 19, no. 2 (November 1, 2021): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/blta.19.2.2021.133-135.
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Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) adalah metode untuk amplifikasi (perbanyakan) primer oligonukleotida secara enzimatik berdasarkan urutan DNA spesifik. Teknik ini mampu memperbanyak sebuah urutan 105-106 kali lipat dari jumlah nanogram DNA template. Tujuan dari kegiatan ini adalah untuk mengetahui apakah alat thermal cycler tersebut dapat digunakan dengan baik untuk memperoleh hasil yang valid dalam melakukan pengujian deteksi KHV. Deteksi virus KHV dilakukan pada genom DNA hasil ekstraksi yang diamplifikasi dengan menggunakan Maxima hot start green PCR master mix dan diamplifikasi dengan thermal cycler PCR (Bio Rad). Primer yang digunakan adalah F:5’ –GAC ACC ACA TCT GCA AGG AG-3’ dan R:5’ –GAC ACA TGT TAC AAT GGT CGC-3’ dengan ukuran fragmen 290 bp. Uji kinerja pada alat thermal cycler (Bio Rad) menunjukkan performa hasil yang baik. Hasil visualisasi fragmen DNA KHV pada keseluruhan well teramplifikasi sempurna.
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Handayani, Rini, Rita Dwi Rahayu, and Joko Sulistyo. "PURIFIKASI SENYAWA POLIFENOL GLUKOSIDA HASIL REAKSI TRANSGLIKOSILASI ENZIMATIK DARI BIAKAN DAN UJI AKTIVITASNYA SEBAGAI ANTIMIKROBA." Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan 13, no. 2 (December 13, 2016): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/jtl.v13i2.1420.
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Polifenol-glukosida disintesis menggunakan CGTase yang berasal dari Nocardia sp. Sintesis polifenol-glukosida dilakukan dengan menggunakan resorsinol sebagai akseptor dan tepung sagu sebagai donor. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mensintesis senyawa polifenol-glukosida secara enzimatik menggunakan CGTase dari biakan Nocardia sp,menguji aktivitasnya sebagai senyawa antimikroba dan untuk mengetahui pengaruh senyawa polifenol-glukosida terhadap kerusakan morfologi sel dari biakan Bacillus subtilis. Polifenol–glukosida hasil reaksi transfer dimurnikan menggunakan kolom kromatografi yang berisi matriks oktadesil silica dan menggunakan eluen asam formatdalam methanol (40-90%). Produk yang sudah terpisah ditunjukkan sebagai noda tunggal pada plat kromatografi lapis tipis dengan nilai Rf mendekati nilai Rf standar arbutin. Nilai Rf dari produk transfer tersebut adalah sebesar 0,84 dan nilai Rf standar arbutin adalah sebesar 0.85. Polifenol-glukosida hasil sintesis menunjukkan aktivitasantimikroba terhadap biakan Bacillus subtilis dan Escherichia coli. Kata kunci : polifenol-glukosida, CGT-ase, Nocardia sp., Bacillus subtilis dan Escherichia coli AbstractPolyphenol-glucoside was synthesized by using CGTase derived from Nocardia sp. Synthesis polyphenol-glucoside of was done by using resorcinol as the acceptor and starch sago as the donor. This study aims to synthesized polyphenol-glucoside enzymatically using CGTase derived from Nocardia sp and to assay it’s activity as antimicrobial compound and to determine effect of polyphenol-glucoside on morphological damaging of Bacillus subtilis cells. The synthesized polyphenols-glucoside by transfer reaction was purified through column chromatography containing octadecyl silica matrix that was eluted with formic acid in methanol (40-90%). The separated product was demonstrated by single spot appearance on thin-layer chromatography plate with Rf value that was closed to standard of arbutin Rf. The Rf value of this transfer product was 0.84 while Rf value of arbutin as authentic standard was 0.85. The synthesized polyphenol-glucosie exhibited antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. Key words : Polyphenol-glucoside, CGT-ase, Nocardia sp., Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli.
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Arifianti, Ayun Erwina, Effionora Anwar, and Nurjanah Nurjanah. "Tyrosinase Inhibitor and Antioxidant Activity of Seaweed Powder from Fresh and Dried Sargassum plagyophyllum." Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia 20, no. 3 (January 31, 2018): 488. http://dx.doi.org/10.17844/jphpi.v20i3.19769.
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<p>Sargassum plagyophyllum from Sargassaceae family contains various bioactive compounds, namely<br />phlorotannin which is reported as an antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitor. Tyrosinase inhibitor and<br />antioxidant activity from seaweed powder that obtained from seaweed’s slurry have not been reported. Thus,<br />this study was aimed to obtain the best seaweed slurry and powder from S. plagyophyllum based on tyrosinase<br />inhibitor and antioxidant activity, so it can be used as active substance in skin lightening cosmetic formula.<br />S. plagyophyllum which prepared fresh and dried was processed into seaweed slurry and lyophilization<br />to form powder. Antioxidant activity which was determined by 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)<br />radical scavenging method found the IC50 values of ascorbic acid was 0.0035 mg/mL; fresh slurry 27.31<br />mg/mL; dried slurry 41.13 mg/mL; fresh powder 2.21 mg/mL; and dried powder 13.18 mg/mL. Moreover,<br />the tyrosinase inhibitory activity which was measured by enzimatic reaction with L-tyrosine as substrate<br />found IC50 values kojic acid 0.0076 mg/mL; fresh powder 4.97 mg/mL; and dried powder 11.35 mg/mL. Seaweed powder obtained from fresh ingredient is the most optimal result based on its tyrosinase inhibitor<br />and antioxidant activity, thus potential to be developed further as active substance for lightening cosmetic<br />formula.<br /><br /></p>
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Azhar, Salma Fadhilah, Kiki Mulkiya Y, and Reza Abdul Kodir. "Pengaruh Waktu Aging dan Metode Ekstraksi terhadap Aktivitas Antioksidan Black Garlic yang Dibandingkan dengan Bawang Putih (Allium sativum L.)." Jurnal Riset Farmasi 1, no. 1 (July 6, 2021): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.29313/jrf.v1i1.43.
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Abstract. Antioxidant is a compound that could obstruct oxidation reaction through free radical binding. Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a plant which has many benefits that could be used for traditional medication. Some of pharmacology effects which was discovered are antioxidant, anti-hypertensive, anti-cholesterol, and antimicrobial. Black garlic is the heating aging process which induces many chemical reactions of garlic such as non-enzymatically discoloration to be brown, Maillard reaction which produces antibacterial compound, caramelization, and phenol formation as antioxidant that causes discoloration from cream to dark brown or black. White and Black garlic were extracted through two methods, namely maceration (room temperature) and digestion (± 40°C) by using 96% ethanol solvent. The activity test of extract antioxidant is done using DPPH free radical reduction (2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil) with absorbance measurement uses UV-Vis spectrophotometry with DPPH maximum wavelength is 515 mm. Garlic maceration has value IC50 in the amount of 28.422 ppm, two weeks maceration of black garlic in the amount of 27.129 ppm and four weeks maceration of black garlic in the amount of 13.041 ppm. While garlic digestion in the amount of 28.524 ppm, two weeks digestion of black garlic in the amount of 28.086 ppm and four weeks digestion of black garlic in the amount of 15.160 ppm.
Abstrak. Antioksidan merupakan senyawa yang dapat menghambat reaksi oksidasi, dengan cara mengikat radikal bebas. Bawang putih (Allium sativum L.) merupakan salah satu tanaman yang mempunyai banyak khasiat yang digunakan untuk pengobatan tradisional. Efek farmakologi yang telah diketahui salah satunya adalah antioksidan, anti-hipertensi, anti-kolesterol, anti-mikroba. Bawang hitam merupakan proses aging dengan pemanasan yang menginduksi banyak reaksi kimia pada bawang putih seperti perubahan warna menjadi coklat secara non-enzimatik, reaksi Maillard yang menghasilkan senyawa antibakteri, karamelisasi, dan pembentukan fenol sebagai antioksidan yang menyebabkan warnanya berubah dari putih kekuningan menjadi coklat tua atau hitam. Bawang putih dan bawang hitam diekstraksi menggunakan dua metode yaitu maserasi (suhu kamar) dan digesti (suhu ±40°C) dengan menggunakan pelarut etanol 96%. Uji aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode peredaman radikal bebas DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil) dengan pengukuran absorbansi menggunakan spektrofotometri UV–Vis pada panjang gelombang maksimal DPPH yaitu 515 nm. Pada bawang putih maserasi memiliki nilai IC50 sebesar 28,422 ppm, bawang hitam 2 minggu maserasi 27,129 ppm dan bawang hitam 4 minggu maserasi 13,041 ppm. Sedangkan pada bawang putih digesti 28,524 ppm, bawang hitam 2 minggu digesti 28,086 ppm dan bawang hitam 4 minggu digesti 15,160 ppm.
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Aliwarga, Lienda, Reynard Reynard, Iga Putri Yasmani, and Mia Puspasari. "Pengaruh pH dan Jenis Pelarut terhadap Ekstraksi Batch Asam 6-Aminopenisilinat." Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia 18, no. 2 (February 25, 2020): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/jtki.2019.18.2.5.
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Abstrak. Asam 6-aminopenisilinat (6-APA) merupakan bahan dasar pembuatan penisilin semi-sintetis. Dalam skala komersial, 6-APA dapat diproduksi dengan cara enzimatis atau kimiawi. Pada umumnya, produksi 6-APA dilakukan secara enzimatis, yaitu dengan mengkonversi penisilin G menjadi 6-APA dengan bantuan penisilin asilase. Karena konversi merupakan reaksi kesetimbangan, maka produk yang didapat adalah campuran penisilin G, 6-APA, dan asam fenil asetat (PAA) sehingga untuk memperoleh 6-APA murni dilakukan proses ekstraksi, pemekatan, dan kristalisasi. Proses ini dipengaruhi oleh beberapa variabel operasi, yaitu temperatur, pH, dan jenis pelarut. Dalam penelitian ini akan dipelajari pengaruh pH dan jenis pelarut terhadap proses pemisahan 6-APA. Temperatur operasi adalah kondisi ruang dan perbandingan volume pelarut dengan volume larutan yang akan diekstraksi adalah 1:1. Variasi pH ekstraksi dilakukan antara rentang 2,0-5,0, sedangkan jenis pelarut yang digunakan adalah n-butil asetat, iso butil asetat, metil isobutil keton, dan iso amil asetat. Rentang pH terbaik untuk pemisahan 6-APA adalah 2,0-3,0 dengan pelarut metil isobutil keton. Pada kondisi ini, perolehan penisilin G adalah 98%, 6-APA 5%, dan PAA 99%. Sebagian besar 6-APA pada fase aquatik dapat diproses untuk pemurnian selanjutnya. Kata kunci: Penisilin G, 6-APA, PAA, ekstraksi, pelarut, pH. Abstract. Influence of pH and Solvent Types on 6-Aminopenicillinic Acid Batch Extraction. 6-aminopenicillinic acid (6-APA) is the raw material for producing semi-synthetic penicillin. In commercial scale, penicillin G is converted into 6-APA enzymatically by penicillin acylase. Due to the nature of equilibrium reaction, the products are in mixture solution of penicillin G, 6-APA, and phenyl acetic acid (PAA). In order to purify the targeted 6-APA, steps of extraction, concentration, and crystallisation are thereby compulsory. Extraction process is influenced by operation variables, among other things, temperature, pH, and solvent types. In this experiment, we observed the aspects of pH and solvent type, while temperature was set in room condition. Volume ratio of solvent to extracted solution was 1:1 and pH was varied between 2.0 and 5.0. There were four solvents tested: n-butyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, methyl isobutyl ketone, and isoamyl acetate. The results suggested that optimum process was attained from pH 2.0 to 3.0, using methyl isobutyl ketone as solvent. In this regard, the yield of penicillin G (98%), 6-APA 95%) and PAA (99%); hence, most of the 6-APA was concentrated within the aquatic phase, representing the ease of further process. Keywords: Penicillin G, 6-APA, PAA, extraction, solvent, pH. Graphical Abstract
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Amedia, Inggrit, Wijanarka Wijanarka, and Susiana Purwantisari. "Optimasi Produksi Inulinase oleh Khamir Pichia manshurica DUCC Y-015 pada Tepung Umbi Dahlia (Dahlia variabilis Willd.) dengan Variasi Konsentrasi K2HPO4 dan Waktu Inkubasi." Bioma : Berkala Ilmiah Biologi 18, no. 2 (August 10, 2016): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/bioma.18.2.48-55.
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Sugar national supply more and more decreases and can not meet the market needs. The research has been done to find alternative natural sweeteners including inulin from dahlia tubers (D. variabilis Willd). Dahlia tuber can produce 95% of yield of fructose syrup in an enzimatic reaction by inulinase (E.C.3.2.1.7). Inulinase is inductive enzyme that can be produce by P. manshurica. The production of fructose needs to be optimized to get optimum product. The optimization can be done by modifying the nutrient content in the medium such as K2HPO4 and variation of incubation time. The purpose of this study is to determine the concentration of K2HPO4 and optimum incubation time for P. manshurica. This research was conducted in Microbiology Laboratory, Biology Department, Faculty of Science and Mathematics Undip. The examined variable is the growth of yeast cell, inulinase activity, invertase, and the I/S ratio. This research was conducted experimentally using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) factorial pattern with 2 factors, the first factor was the concentration of K2HPO4 (P), with concentration level (g/L) of 0.5 (P1), 1.0 (P2), and 1.5 (P3). The second factor was incubation time (W) with 12 hours (W12), 18 hours (W18), and 24 hours (W24). Every treatment was repeated three times. The collected data were analyzed using ANOVA. If there was a treatment effect, it will be continued with Duncan test on 5% significance level. The result of analysis show that the highest cell growth and the maximum production of inulinase enzyme was in P3W24 occurs in P3W24 (K2HPO4 1.5 g/L and 24 hours incubation time) treatment at 0.428 IU, but efficient in P1W12 treatment as much as 0.365 IU. Keywords: Dahlia variabilis Willd., Inulinase, K2HPO4, Pichia manshurica DUCC Y-015, incubation time
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Addina, Syahira, Subaryono Subaryono, and Sukarno Sukarno. "Aktivitas Oligosakarida Alginat Sebagai Antioksidan dan Inhibitor Alfa glukosidase." Jurnal Pascapanen dan Bioteknologi Kelautan dan Perikanan 15, no. 1 (June 27, 2020): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/jpbkp.v15i1.646.
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Oligosakarida alginat (OSA) adalah produk hasil depolimerisasi polimer alginat yang biasanya terdiri dari 2-25 monomer. Produksi OSA dapat dilakukan melalui proses enzimatis, fisik maupun kimiawi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui karakteristik dan bioaktivitas OSA sebagai antioksidan dan inhibitor α-glukosidase. Proses produksi OSA dilakukan secara enzimatis dengan 3 cara penambahan alginat liase yaitu ditambahkan satu kali di awal reaksi (E1), ditambahkan 4 kali dengan interval 2 jam (E2) dan 2 kali interval 4 jam (E3) dengan total volume sama, yaitu 0,15 mL dan aktivitas enzim (1 unit/mL). Total waktu inkubasi adalah 8 jam. Karakterisasi OSA yang dilakukan adalah perhitungan rendemen, analisis profil TLC dan FTIR serta kadar gula pereduksi. Metode DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) digunakan untuk menguji aktivitas antioksidan OSA, sedangkan pengamatan terhadap aktivitas inhibitor α-glukosidase dilakukan dengan melihat aktivitas α-glukosidase dalam mengubah substrat yang diberikan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rendemen OSA dan kadar gula pereduksi tidak berbeda nyata antar perlakuan dengan rendemen OSA berkisar antara 77,29±1,97% hingga 85,46±9,15% dan kadar gula pereduksi OSA berkisar antara 290,32±20,42 µg/mL hingga 312,76±4,74 µg/mL. Aktivitas antioksidan tertinggi diperlihatkan oleh OSA E1 dengan penghambatan terhadap DPPH sebagai radikal bebas sebesar 41,22±2,03% pada konsentrasi 1,2 mg/mL. Aktivitas inhibitor α-glukosidase OSA E1 lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan alginat dengan nilai IC50 masing-masing sebesar 11,23±4,17 ppm dan 5,27±0,29 ppm. Proses depolimerisasi alginat meningkatkan aktivitas alginat sebagai antioksidan namun tidak meningkatkan aktivitasnya sebagai inhibitor α-glukosidase. AbstractAlginate oligosaccharides (AOS) is depolymerization of alginate polymer product that consist of 2-25 monomers. Alginate oligosaccharides can be produced by enzymatic, physical and chemical processes. This research was conducted to find out the characteristics and bioactivity of AOS as an antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitor. AOS was produced by enzymatic process with 3 procedures of the addition of the alginate lyase that was added once at the beginning reaction (E1), 4 times every 2 hours (E2) and 2 times every 4 hours (E3) with the same addition of enzyme volume (0.15 mL) and enzyme activity (1 unit/mL). Total incubation times was 8 hours. Alginate oligosaccharides was then characterized their yield, TLC, FTIR profiles and reducing sugar content. DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) method was used to determine antioxidant activity of AOS while observation of α-glucosidase activity in changing the substrate was used to determine inhibitor α-glucosidase activity of AOS. The results showed that yields and reducing sugar level of AOS were not significantly different between treatments. The AOS yields ranged from 77.29±1.97% to 85.46±9.15% and the reducing sugar levels ranged from 290.32±20.42 µg/mL to 312.76±4.74 µg/mL. The highest antioxidant activity was shown by AOS E1 with free radical (DPPH) inhibition of 41.22±2.03%. AOS E1 α-glucosidase inhibitor activity was lower than that of alginate, with the IC50 values of 5.27±0.29 ppm for alginate and 11.23±4.17 ppm for AOS. Depolymerization process of alginates increased antioxidant activity but did not enhance its activity as α-glucosidase inhibitor.
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., Tarwadi, Churiyah ., Olivia Bunga Pongtuluran, Fifit Juniarti, and Fery Azis Wijaya. "PRELIMINARY CYTOTOXIC EVALUATION OF Andrographis paniculata IN BREAST CANCER CELL LINES." Jurnal Bioteknologi & Biosains Indonesia (JBBI) 2, no. 1 (November 17, 2016): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/jbbi.v2i1.533.
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Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata) banyak digunakan untuk mengobati berbagai penyakit di Indonesia dan negara-negara Asia lainnya. Dalam studi ini, ekstrak metanol dan etanol sambiloto yang diperoleh dari B2PTO Tawangmangu telah diuji terhadap sel lini kanker payudara T47D dan MCF-7 dan sel lini normal fibroblast HFL-1 menggunakan reaksi enzimatik 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazoyl-2-yl) 2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide (MTT). Uji in vitro terhadap sel lini normal fibroblast HFL-1 menunjukkan bahwa 50 ppm ekstrak metanol sambiloto tidak menghambat pertumbuhan sel. Tetapi, ekstrak metanol dan etanolnya menghasilkan IC50 yang relatif rendah pada sel lini kanker payudara, yaitu 111 ppm dan 122 ppm pada sel lini MCF-7 dan 70 ppm dan 197 ppm pada sel lini T47D. Selain itu, campuran ekstrak sambiloto yang mengandung 25% ekstrak Thyponium divaricatum dan Anredera cordifolia memberikan daya hambat pertumbuhan pada sel kanker payudara MCF-7 yang lebih besar, dengan nilai IC50 masing-masing adalah 68 ppm dan 34 ppm. Kesimpulannya, total ekstrak metanol atau etanol sambiloto yang diperoleh dari Tawangmangu memiliki potensi sebagai sumber senyawa anti-kanker serta perlu kajian lebih lanjut.Kata kunci: Ekstrak Andrographis paniculata, MTT, sel lini normal, sel lini kanker, aktivitas anti kanker ABSTRACTSambiloto (Andrographis paniculata) is widely used as medicine to treat various diseases in Indonesia and other Asian countries. In this study, methanolic and ethanolic extracts of sambiloto collected from B2PTO Tawangmangu have been tested againts breast cancer cell lines of T47D and MCF-7 and normal fibroblast cell line of HFL-1 using enzymatic reaction of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazoyl-2-yl) 2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide (MTT). In vitro assay performed on normal fibroblast of HFL-1 cell line showed that 50 ppm of methanolic extract of sambiloto did not inhibit cell growth. However, methanolic and ethanolic extracts of sambiloto gave relatively low of IC50 on breast cancer cell lines which were 111 ppm and 122 ppm on the MCF-7 cell lines and 70 ppm and 197 ppm on the T47D cell lines, respectively. In addition, the mixture of sambiloto extract containing 25% of Thyponium divaricatum and Anredera cordifolia extracts confered greater growth inhibition on breast cancer cell line of MCF-7, where IC50 values were 68 ppm and 34 ppm, respectively. In conclusion, the total methanolic or ethanolic extract of sambiloto collected from Tawangmangu has potency as a source of anti-cancer compounds and needs further study.Key words: Andrographis paniculata extract, MTT, normal cell line, cancer cell lines, anti-cancer activity
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Rahmani, Nanik, Ade Andriani, NFN Yopi, and Sri Hartati. "Production Of Malto-Oligosaccharides From Cassava Cultivar Kuning." Jurnal Penelitian Pascapanen Pertanian 12, no. 3 (January 10, 2017): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jpasca.v12n3.2015.147-155.
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<p>Characteristic the physic-chemical of Indonesia cassava starch from four cultivated varieties has been conducted for maltooligosaccharide production. Result of proximate analysis of the extracted starch indicated that the extracted starch was quite pure. The purity of the extracted starch was visually confirmed by microscopic analysis by using SEM micrographs at 2500X magnifications show that the integrity of the granules starch as intact. Based on the amylopectin and amylase content showed that one of cultivated variety of cassava, cultivated variety Kuning contain the amylopectin higher than amylase was compared with the other cultivated variety. The next focus research was analysis potential of starch from cultivated variety Kuning for maltooligosaccharide production by enzymatic hydrolysis by ?-amylase from marine bacterium Brevibacterium sp. The optimum hydrolysis condition for cultivated variety Kuning was obtained substrate concentration 4.5% (b/v), comparison of substrate: enzyme 1:2, temperature reaction 30oC with reducing sugars concentration of 13.359 ppm. The hydrolysis products of cassava starch cultivated variety Kuning were maltooligosaccharides mixture, yielding maltose, maltotriose, maltotetraose, maltopentaose. This result showed that cassava starch of cultivated varieties Kuning potential for maltooligosaccharides production.<strong> </strong></p><p><strong><br /></strong></p><p><strong>PRODUKSI MALTOOLIGOSAKARIDA DARI UBI KAYU VARIETAS KUNING</strong></p><p><strong><br /></strong>Karakteristik fisiko kimia karbohidrat dari empat varietas kultivar asal Indonesia dilakukan untuk melihat potensinya sebagai bahan baku untuk produksi maltooligosakarida. Analisa proksimat karbohidrat hasil ekstraksi dari keempat varietas kultivar ubi kayu mengindikasikan bahwa karbohidrat yang dihasilkan cukup murni. Kemurnian dari karbohidrat tersebut terlihat setelah dikonfirmasi dengan analisa mikrokospis dengan menggunakan mikroskop electron SEM dengan pembesaran 2500X yang menunjukkan bahwa granulanya utuh. Berdasarkan kadar amilopektin dan amilosa menunjukkan bahwa salah satu varietas kultivar ubi kayu yaitu varietas Kuning mengandung amilopektin lebih tinggi dibandingkan kadar amilosanya jika dibandingkan dengan tiga varietas kultivar lainnya. Fokus penelitian selanjutnya adalah analisa potensi karbohidrat varietas kultivar Kuning tersebut untuk produksi maltooligosakarida dengan hidrolisis enzimatis oleh ?-amylase dari Brevibacterium sp. Kondisi optimum hidrolisis dari varietas kultivar Kuning diperoleh pada konsentrasi substrat 4.5% (b/v), perbandingan substrat dan enzim 1:2, suhu reaksi 30oC dengan kadar gula reduksi yang diperoleh 13.359 ppm. Produk hidrolisis dari ubi kayu varietas kultivar Kuning adalah berupa campuran maltooligosakarida yang terdiri atas maltose, maltotriose, maltotetraose, maltopentaose. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa karbohidrat ubi kayu dari varietas kultivar Kuning mempunyai potensi untuk digunakan sebagai bahan baku untuk produksi maltooligosakarida.</p>
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Mahtuti, Erni Yohani, and Farahdita Devi Masyitoh. "Isolasi dan Identifikasi Mikroba Berpotensi Pendegradasi Limbah Cair Laboratorium Kesehatan STIKes Maharani Malang." BIOSAINTROPIS (BIOSCIENCE-TROPIC) 5, no. 1 (August 6, 2019): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.33474/e-jbst.v5i1.227.
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Laboratory waste produced unique characteristics, contrast to waste produced by industrial activities. Material waste that comes from the laboratory has greater variety of waste types; although the amount of material discarded is not many. The research objective was to obtain bacterial isolates that were able to survive in laboratory waste as potential waste-degrading bacteria. Research method is observartional laboratory with isolate reaction testing that was detected by the ability to degrade starch, cellulose, proteins and non-organic compounds. The sampling method was purposive sampling. The stages in this study were divided into two; first, the manufacture of pure cultures from the inoculants previously diluted, then microscopic observations. The second, identification and biochemical test according to Bergey's Manual of Bacteriology Determination. Bacteria were rejuvenated on medium nutrient so that the isolates were obtained twenty four hours old. Then an examination was carried out include Gram staining. Enzymatic test of amylase, protease, and cellulose, and biochemical test to identify microbes that degrade chemical compounds includes; oxidase test, motility, nitrate, lysine, ornithine, H2O, Glucose, Mannitol, xylose, ONPG, Indole, urease, V-P, citrate, TDA. The results of the study were found Pseudomonas stutzeri, Proteus mirabilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Isolates that have an amylolytic index are C1, C2 and O7 namely Pseudomonas stutzeri, Proteus mirabilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The resulting index was C1 = 0.45, C2 = 0.65 and O7 = 0.87.
Keywords: Isolation, identification, laboratory liquid waste, waste degradation microbes
ABSTRAK
Limbah laboratorium menghasilkan karakteristik yang unik, kontras dengan limbah yang dihasilkan oleh kegiatan industri. Limbah bahan yang berasal dari laboratorium memiliki jenis sampah yang lebih banyak, meskipun jumlah bahan yang dibuang tidak banyak. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk memperoleh isolat bakteri yang mampu bertahan hidup di dalam limbah laboratorium sebagai bakteri pengurai limbah potensial. Metode penelitian adalah observasional laboratorium dengan melakukan tes reaksi isolat untuk mengetahui kemampuan degradasi pati, selulosa, protein dan senyawa non-organik. Teknik pengambilan sampel adalah purposive sampling. Tahapan dalam penelitian ini dibagi menjadi dua yaitu pertama, pembuatan kultur murni dari inokulan yang sebelumnya diencerkan, kemudian pengamatan mikroskopis. Kedua, identifikasi dan uji biokimia sesuai dengan Manual Penentuan Bakteriologi Bergey. Bakteri diremajakan pada nutrisi sedang sehingga isolat diperoleh dalam dua puluh empat jam. Uji pemeriksaan adalah pewarnaan Gram. Selanjutnya uji enzimatik amilase, protease, dan selulosa, dan uji biokimia untuk mengidentifikasi mikroba yang mendegradasi senyawa kimia meliputi; uji oksidase, motilitas, nitrat, lisin, ornithine, H2O, Glukosa, Mannitol, xilosa, ONPG, Indole, urease, V-P, sitrat, TDA. Hasil penelitian ditemukan Pseudomonas stutzeri, Proteus mirabilis, dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Isolat yang memiliki indeks amilolitik adalah C1, C2 dan O7 yaitu Pseudomonas stutzeri, Proteus mirabilis, dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Indeks yang dihasilkan adalah C1 = 0,45, C2 = 0,65 dan O7 = 0,87.
Kata kunci: Isolasi dan identifikasi mikroba, Limbah cair laboratorium, mikroba pendegradasi limbah
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Rahardjo, Mia, Eko Budi Koendhori, and Yuani Setiawati. "UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK ETANOL LIDAH BUAYA (Aloe vera) TERHADAP BAKTERI Staphylococcus aureus." Jurnal Kedokteran Syiah Kuala 17, no. 2 (August 1, 2017): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/jks.v17i2.8975.
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Abstrak. Staphylococcus aureus merupakan salah satu flora normal pada kulit, membran mukosa, orofaring, saluran pencernaan dan vagina yang berpotensi menjadi patogen. Pertumbuhan S. aureus yang berlebihan dapat menimbulkan infeksi yang serius baik di manusia atau hewan. Dan sekarang, beberapa S. aureus dikabarkan telah resisten terhadap antibiotik karena proses mutasi. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, penulis mencoba memberi alternatif pengobatan dengan memanfaatkan ekstrak etanol gel Aloe vera yang menurut beberapa penulis lain, gel Aloe vera mengandung antraquinone, tannin, polysaccharide, flavonoid, and saponin yang bersifat sebagai antibakteri. Jenis penelitian ini adalah eksperimental laboratorium dengan metode difusi dan dilusi. Penelitian ini menggunakan konsentrasi 100%, 75%, 50%, 25%, dan 0% pada metode difusi. Sementara itu metode dilusi menggunakan konsentrasi 100%, 50%, 25%, 12,5%, 6,25%, 3,125%, 1,5625% kontrol positif (+), dan kontrol negatif (-).Dari pengamatan hasil penelitian, tidak didapatkan zona inhibisi pada metode difusi serta tidak dapat ditentukan konsentrasi hambat minimum (KHM) dan konsentrasi bunuh minimum (KBM) terhadap pertumbuhan Staphylococcus aureus. Hal ini terkait dengan rendahnya senyawa aktif yang digunakan di sampel gel Aloe vera dalam penelitian ini akibat pengaruh dari faktor lingkungan, perbedaan usia tanaman dengan literatur awal, proses degradasi dan reaksi enzimatik, adanya perbedaan metode ekstraksi, serta proses oksidasi saat terpapar oleh udara. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, dapat disimpulkan bahwa aktivitas antibakteri dari ekstrak etanol gel Aloe vera terhadap Staphylococcus aureus tidak dapat ditentukandengan metode difusi dan metode dilusi. (JKS 2017; 2: 65-71) Kata Kunci : Gel lidah buaya (Aloe vera), Staphylococcus aureus, antibakteri, metode difusi dan dilusi. Abstract. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the normal flora in human skin, mucous membrane, oropharynx, gastrointestinal tract, and vagina which potentially becomes a pathogen. The excessive growth of S. aureus can cause many serious infection whether in human or animal. And nowadays, some of S.aureus have become resistant to antibiotic caused by its mutation. According to that case, researcher try to find an alternative solution by using Aloe vera gel ethanol extract that some other researchers say it contains antraquinone, tannin, polysaccharide, flavonoid, and saponin as anti bacterial compound. This research aimed to find out the effectiveness of Aloe vera gel ethanol extract in inhibiting Staphylococcus aureus.This research is designed as an laboratorium experimental with difusion and dilusion method. Test performed with using 100%, 75%, 50%, 25%, and 0% concentration in difusion method and using 100%, 50%, 25%, 12,5%, 6,25%, 3,125%, 1,5625% concentration , positive control (+) and negative control (-) in dilution method. There is no inhibition zone in difusion method, also no minimum inhibitory concentration and no bactericidal concentration can be seen in dilution method that inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. This result might be related to the minimal amount of active compound in this sample, that is taken from Aloe vera gel. The amount of active compound can be influenced by the environment, difference in Aloe’s age, degradation process and enzymatic reaction, difference in extraction method and also influenced by oxidation process when it’s exposed to air. Based on the results, anti bacterial activity of Aloe vera gel ethanol extract towards Staphylococcus aureus can not be determined in difusion and dilution method. (JKS 2017; 2: 65-71) Key words : Aloe vera gel, Staphylococcus aureus, antibacterial, difusion and dilusion method
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Sulistyo, Joko, and Yati Sudaryati Soeka. "Aktivitas Antimutagen Isoflavon Glikosida Hasil Transglikosilasi Enzimatik CGT-ase Bacillus macerans." Biota : Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu-Ilmu Hayati, February 19, 2009, 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24002/biota.v14i1.2629.
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It has been known that isoflavone have biological activities such as antioxidant, antibacteria, antimutagenesis, and anticancer. Isoflavone aglycone uses such as genistein, daidzein and glycitein are limited since they are unstable and uneasily to dissolve in water. Through enzymatic transglycosylation reaction, its stability and solubility could be improved. In this study, genistin (isoflavone glycoside) was synthesized from genistein (isoflavone aglycone) by application of transfer reaction using enzyme cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGT-ase) of Bacillus macerans. Identification of the product was determined by TLC with methanol: chloroform (1:3, v:v) as eluent. Rf value 0.75 of the synthesized product was close to the Rf value standard of authentic genistin glycoside. The synthesized genistin was furthermore assayed to determine its antimutagenesis activity according to the Ames methode on E. minimal glucose media had been precultured with a mutant strain of Salmonella thypimurium TA98. The tested bacterial strain was induced with aflatoksin B1 as mutagen which had been activated with a lever homogenate. The result showed that the solubility and some biological properties of the synthesized genistin were improved higher than that of genistein, while it was found to be lower than that of the commercial genistin.
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Saropah, Dyah Ayu, Akyunul Jannah, and Anik Maunatin. "KINETIKA REAKSI ENZIMATIS EKSTRAK KASAR ENZIM SELULASE BAKTERI SELULOLITIK HASIL ISOLASI DARI BEKATUL." ALCHEMY, May 13, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/al.v0i0.2297.
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<p>Bran rice is a by-product of rice into rice milling process, the cellulose content of 40-60%, so the potential as a carbon source for the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria to produce enzymes particularly cellulolytic bacteria. The purpose of the study was to determine the diversity of the characters from the cellulolytic bacterial isolates and optimum conditions enzyme (cellulase enzymes rough) so that they can hydrolyze the cellulose to glucose with either rice bran. The characterization includes the determination of pH, temperature and time of optimum crude extract of bacterial cellulolytic enzyme cellulase, determination of Vmax and Km and molecular mass determination of cellulase.</p><p>Research methods include making media, regeneration of isolates, bacterial growth curve manufacturing, production of cellulase enzymes from bacterial cellulolytic rough at the optimum conditions, the kinetics of enzymatic reaction: substrate concentration factor of the reaction rate (with variation of the concentration of 0.50%, 0.75%, 1 , 00%, 1.25% and 1.50% (w / v)) followed by calculating the Vmax and Km.</p><p>The results showed that the enzyme cellulase of cellulolytic bacteria isolated from rice bran result that has optimum conditions at pH 7.5, temperature 50 ° C, 40 min incubation time to produce Vmax 0.0086 units / mL and Km 1.694%.</p>
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SUDIYANI, Yanni, Kiky C. SEMBIRING, Hendris HENDARSYAH, and Syarifah ALAWIYAH. "Alkaline pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification of oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber for ethanol production 1) Pengolahan awal dengan basa NaOH dan sakarifikasi enzimatis serat tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) untuk produksi etanol." E-Journal Menara Perkebunan 78, no. 2 (March 8, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v78i2.66.
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Abstract Alkaline pretreatment of oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) fiber was conducted to improve enzymatic sacchari-fication of EFB fiber for ethanol production. EFB as one of the major biomass wastes from palm oil industry is a complex lignocellulosic material consists of 41.3 – 46.5% of cellulose, 25.3 – 33.8% of hemicellulose and 27.6 – 32.5% of lignin. Alkali pretreatment of EFB using NaOH 1 N with temperature at 30 and 600C and reaction times of 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 minutes were investigated. Furthermore, the enzymatic saccharification of pretreated EFB was examined. The pretreated substrate was subjected to an enzymatic saccharification using meicelase (10, 20 and 40 FPU/g substrate) at 400C, pH 4.5, 100 rpm for conversion of cellulose and hemicellulose in palm oil EFB to monomeric sugars. The alkali pretreatment of EFB using NaOH can significantly improve the enzymatic saccharification of EFB by removing more lignin and hemicellulose and increasing its accessibility to hydrolytic enzymes. The results showed that the optimum pretreatment condition was NaOH 1 N at 300C and 90 minutes with the optimum component loss of lignin and hemicellulose was 45.8 % and 35.6 % respectively. The saccharification of EFB pretreated by NaOH 1 N (at 300C and 90 minutes) for 45 hours and pH 4.5 resulted in optimum saccharification of 63.8 %. Abstrak Pengolahan awal (pretreatment) serat tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) dengan basa NaOH telah dilakukan untuk meningkatkan sakarifikasi enzimatik TKKS menjadi etanol. TKKS merupakan bahan lignoselulosa yang terdiri dari selulosa 41,3– 46,%, hemicellulosa 25,3 – 33,8% dan lignin 27,6 – 32,5%. Pretreatment TKKS dilakukan dengan NaOH 1 N dengan variasi suhu 300 dan 600C dan variasi waktu 30, 60, 90, 120 dan 150 menit. Konversi selulosa dan hemiselulosa hasil pretreatment TKKS menjadi gula dilaku-kan dengan sakarifikasi enzimatik menggunakan enzim meiselase (10, 20 dan 40 FPU/g substrat) pada suhu 400C, pH 4,5 dengan shaker 100 rpm. Pretretament TKKS dengan basa NaOH dapat meningkatkan sakarifikasi enzimatik dengan berkurangnya lignin dan hemiselulosa secara signifikan dan memudahkan masuknya enzim hidrolitik. Hasil pretreatment dengan NaOH 1N pada suhu 300C dan 90 menit menunjukkan kondisi optimum untuk penghilangan lignin dan hemiselulosa berturut-turut sebesar 45,8 % and 35,6 %. Hasil sakarifikasi optimum yaitu 63,8 % dicapai setelah 45 jam sakarifisi pada pH 4,5.
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SUDIYANI, Yanni, Kiky C. SEMBIRING, Hendris HENDARSYAH, and Syarifah ALAWIYAH. "Alkaline pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification of oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber for ethanol production 1) Pengolahan awal dengan basa NaOH dan sakarifikasi enzimatis serat tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) untuk produksi etanol." E-Journal Menara Perkebunan 78, no. 2 (March 8, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.22302/ppbbi.jur.mp.v78i2.66.
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Abstract Alkaline pretreatment of oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) fiber was conducted to improve enzymatic sacchari-fication of EFB fiber for ethanol production. EFB as one of the major biomass wastes from palm oil industry is a complex lignocellulosic material consists of 41.3 – 46.5% of cellulose, 25.3 – 33.8% of hemicellulose and 27.6 – 32.5% of lignin. Alkali pretreatment of EFB using NaOH 1 N with temperature at 30 and 600C and reaction times of 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 minutes were investigated. Furthermore, the enzymatic saccharification of pretreated EFB was examined. The pretreated substrate was subjected to an enzymatic saccharification using meicelase (10, 20 and 40 FPU/g substrate) at 400C, pH 4.5, 100 rpm for conversion of cellulose and hemicellulose in palm oil EFB to monomeric sugars. The alkali pretreatment of EFB using NaOH can significantly improve the enzymatic saccharification of EFB by removing more lignin and hemicellulose and increasing its accessibility to hydrolytic enzymes. The results showed that the optimum pretreatment condition was NaOH 1 N at 300C and 90 minutes with the optimum component loss of lignin and hemicellulose was 45.8 % and 35.6 % respectively. The saccharification of EFB pretreated by NaOH 1 N (at 300C and 90 minutes) for 45 hours and pH 4.5 resulted in optimum saccharification of 63.8 %. Abstrak Pengolahan awal (pretreatment) serat tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) dengan basa NaOH telah dilakukan untuk meningkatkan sakarifikasi enzimatik TKKS menjadi etanol. TKKS merupakan bahan lignoselulosa yang terdiri dari selulosa 41,3– 46,%, hemicellulosa 25,3 – 33,8% dan lignin 27,6 – 32,5%. Pretreatment TKKS dilakukan dengan NaOH 1 N dengan variasi suhu 300 dan 600C dan variasi waktu 30, 60, 90, 120 dan 150 menit. Konversi selulosa dan hemiselulosa hasil pretreatment TKKS menjadi gula dilaku-kan dengan sakarifikasi enzimatik menggunakan enzim meiselase (10, 20 dan 40 FPU/g substrat) pada suhu 400C, pH 4,5 dengan shaker 100 rpm. Pretretament TKKS dengan basa NaOH dapat meningkatkan sakarifikasi enzimatik dengan berkurangnya lignin dan hemiselulosa secara signifikan dan memudahkan masuknya enzim hidrolitik. Hasil pretreatment dengan NaOH 1N pada suhu 300C dan 90 menit menunjukkan kondisi optimum untuk penghilangan lignin dan hemiselulosa berturut-turut sebesar 45,8 % and 35,6 %. Hasil sakarifikasi optimum yaitu 63,8 % dicapai setelah 45 jam sakarifisi pada pH 4,5.
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Rompas, Gladys R., Stefana H. M. Kaligis, and Murniati Tiho. "PERBANDINGAN KADAR MAGNESIUM SERUM SEBELUM DAN SESUDAH AKTIVITAS FISIK INTENSITAS BERAT." Jurnal e-Biomedik 3, no. 2 (July 8, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.35790/ebm.3.2.2015.8512.
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Abstract: Magnesium is an important cation in catalyzing more than 300 enzymatic reactions in the human body. As a multifunction mineral, magnesium has some major implications in physical activity. This study aimed to compare the serum magnesium level before and after vigorous intensity exercise. This was an experimental study with pretest and post-test design. Sample was collected using simple random sampling method. Twenty one male students of Faculty of Medicine Sam Ratulangi University participated in this study. Samples were designated to play futsal for 2 x 20 minutes, with 10 minutes break and no substitution. The results showed that the mean serum magnesium level before vigorous intensity exercise was 2.2029 mg/dL and after exercise was 2.0067 mg/dL. Analysis using paired sample t-test showed significant result (p=0.000). Conclusion: There was a significant differencce between serum magnesium level before and after vigorous intensity exercise.Keywords: serum magnesium level, exercise, vigorous intensityAbstrak: Magnesium berperan penting dalam mengatalisis lebih dari 300 reaksi enzimatik di tubuh manusia. Magnesium merupakan mineral serbaguna yang memiliki beberapa implikasi besar berkaitan dengan aktivitas fisik. Pada saat suatu aktivitas fisik, dapat terjadi perubahan kadar mineral tubuh sesuai dengan intensitas dan durasi latihan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan perbandingan kadar magnesium serum sebelum dan sesudah aktivitas fisik intensitas berat. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimental dengan pendekatan pretest-posttest. Sampel diperoleh melalui cara simple random sampling. Sebanyak 21 orang mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sam Ratulangi dipilih menjadi responden untuk diperiksa kadar magnesium serumnya. Sampel diinstruksikan untuk melakukan olahraga futsal dengan durasi 2 x 20 menit, waktu istirahat selama 10 menit tanpa pergantian pemain. Hasil pemeriksaan kadar magnesium menunjukkan rerata kadar magnesium serum sebelum aktivitas fisik 2,2029 mg/dL dan rerata sesudah aktivitas fisik 2,0067 mg/dL. Hasil uji t berpasangan, memperlihatkan nilai signifikansi sebesar 0,000. Simpulan: Terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara kadar magnesium serum sebelum dan sesudah aktivitas fisik intensitas berat.Kata kunci: kadar magnesium serum, aktivitas fisik, intensitas berat
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Zusfahair, Zusfahair, Dian Riana Ningsih, Amin Fatoni, and Vika Aprilia Puspitarini. "Aplikasi Urease dari Biji Kacang Tolo (Vigna unguiculata ssp unguiculata L.) untuk Biosensor Urea." Jurnal Kimia Valensi 5, no. 1 (May 27, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/jkv.v5i1.8776.
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Penggunaan urease dalam analisis urea yang digabungkan dengan suatu transduser disebut biosensor urea.Tujuan penelitian adalah menentukan kadar urea dengan metode biosensor urea berbasis urease biji kacang tolo yang diamobilisasi pada matrik alginat dan dideteksi secara kolorimetri menggunakan indikator bromtimol biru. Penelitian dimulai dengan isolasi urease dari biji kacang tolo (Vigna unguiculata ssp unguiculata L.), kemudian diamobilisasi menggunakan metode penjebakan dengan natrium alginat, setelah mencampur larutan urease dengan natrium alginat, diteteskan dalam larutan CaCl2 sampai terbentuk urease alginat. Beads urease alginat direaksikan dengan urea menghasilkan ion amonium, selanjutnya ditambahkan indikator bromtimol biru dan perubahan warnanya diukur menggunakan spektrofotometer. Kinerja analitis biosensor urea ditentukan melalui penentuan waktu reaksi enzimatis, keberulangan analisis, keberulangan pembuatan dan pengujian senyawa penganggu dengan konsentrasi urea 4mM, serta penentuan linearitas, batas deteksi, dan batas kuantifikasi dengan konsentrasi urea 0.05; 1; 3; 7; dan 15 mM. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan beads urease alginat bisa digunakan berulang sampai 8 kali. Kinerja analitis beads urease alginat menghasilkan respon yang linier pada rentang 0.05-15 mM dengan koefisien korelasi sebesar 0.9981, batas deteksi sebesar 0.8 mM dan batas kuantifikasi sebesar 2.67 mM. Keberulangan pembuatan beads urease alginat menghasilkan nilai koefisien variasi sebesar 6%. Analisis tidak terganggu dengan keberadaan asam askobat 0.05 mM dan asam urat 0.4 mM. Kata kunci: Amobilisasi urease, beads alginat, biosensor, biji kacang tolo, spektrofotometri. The use of urease in the urea analysis which combined with a transducer is called urea biosensor. Research aimed to determine urea level using urea biosensor method based on urease from black-eyed pea that immobilized on alginate matrix and detected by colorimetric using bromothymol blue indicator. The research began with urease isolation from black-eyed pea (Vigna unguiculata ssp unguiculata L.), and then it immobilized utilizing the trapping method with sodium alginate, after mixing urease solution with sodium alginate, it is dripped in CaCl2 solution until alginate urease beads formed. Alginate urease beads reacted with urea to produce ammonium ion, then it’s added with indicator bromothymol blue, and the color changes were measured using a spectrophotometer. The analytical performance of urea biosensor is determined by enzymatic reaction time, repeated analysis, repeatability of fabrication and calibration of disturbing compound with concentration of urea 4 mM, also linearity, limit of detection and limit of quantification with concentration of urea 0.05, 1, 3, 7 and 15 mM. The results showed that alginate urease beads could repeatedly be used until eight times. The analytical performance of alginate urease beads including a linear response in the range of 0.05 mM-15 mM with the correlation coefficient of 0.9981, the detection limit of 0.8 mM and the quantification limit of 2.67 mM. The repeatability of fabrication alginate urease beads produced the coefficient of variation value of 6%. The presence of 0.05 mM ascorbic acid and 0.4 mM uric acid.was not disrupted the analysis. Keywords: urease immobilization, alginate beads, biosensor, black-eyed pea, spectrophotometry.
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Wirajana, I. N., R. R. Sirait, and P. Suarya. "PEMURNIAN AMILASE MIKROBA AMILOLITIK DENGAN FRAKSINASI AMONIUM SULFAT DAN AMOBILISASI PADA AGAR-AGAR KOMERSIAL." Jurnal Kimia, January 31, 2021, 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jchem.2021.v15.i01.p07.
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Peningkatan penggunaan biokatalis amilase membutuhkan pemurnian dan amobilisasi enzim ini untuk berbagai keperluan yang lebih ekonomis. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menentukan persen kejenuhan amonium sulfat untuk pemurnian amilase mikroba amilolitik dan persen konsentrasi agar-agar komersial terbaik untuk mendapatkan persen efisiensi dan kestabilan tertinggi.Amilase diproduksi dari isolat mikroba amilolitik dengan kode UU1.1. Ekstrak kasar amilase ekstraseluler difraksinasi dengan amonium sulfat dengan tingkat kejenuhan 0-20%, 20-40%, 40-60%, 60-80% dan 80-100%; selanjutnya tiap fraksi dilakukan dialisis dalam buffer fosfat pH 6. Pengukuran aktivitas amilase dilakukan dengan menentukan kandungan gula pereduksi sebelum dan setelah reaksi enzimatis yang diinkubasi pada suhu 37oC pH 6 selama 60 menit dengan metode Dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS). Penentuan kadar protein total setiap fraksi diukur dengan metode Biuret. Aktivitas spesifik amilase ditentukan dari hasil pembagian aktivitas amilase dengan kadar protein total setiap fraksi. Amobilisasi dilakukan pada konsentrasi agar-agar 1%, 2% dan 3% (b/v). Penentuan persen agar-agar terbaik untuk amobilisasi amilase ditentukan dari efisiensi amilase teramobil tertinggi dan kestabilannya. Tingkat kejenuhan amonium sulfat 20-40% atau fraksi 2 diperoleh aktivitas spesifik amilase tertinggi sebesar 6,0 U/mg, yang merupakan tingkat kemurnian amilase tertinggi. Aktivitas amilase tertinggi sebesar3,3 x 10-3 U/mL, diperoleh dari hasil fraksinasi pada tingkat kejenuhan amonium sulfat 40-60% atau fraksi 3, digunakan untuk amobilisasi dalam matriks agar-agar komersial. Amobilisasi amilase dengan efisiensi dan kestabilan tertinggi diperoleh pada konsentrasi agar-agar 3% (b/v), baik untuk ekstrak kasar amilase maupun amilase hasil fraksinasi.
Kata kunci: agar-agar, amilase, amilum, amobilisasi, fraksinasi.
ABSTRACT
Increased use of amylase biocatalysts requires the purification and immobilization of this enzyme for a variety of more economical purposes. The purpose of this study was to determine the percent saturation of ammonium sulfate for the purification of amylolytic microbial amylase and the best percent of commercial agar concentration to obtain the highest percent efficiency and stability. Amylase is produced from amylolytic microbial isolates with the code UU.1.1 results of previous research from the fermentation of purple sweet potatoes in the soil. Crude extract of extracellular amylase is fractionated with ammonium sulfate with saturation levels of 0-20%, 20-40%, 40-60%, 60-80% and 80-100%; then each fraction was dialysis in a phosphate buffer 6. The measurement of amylase activity was carried out by determining the reducing sugar content before and after the enzymatic reaction incubated at 37oC pH 6 for 60 minutes with the Dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method. Determination of total protein content of each fraction was measured by the Biuret method. The specific activity of amylase is determined from the results of the division of amylase activity by the total protein content of each fraction. Immobilization is carried out at 1%, 2% and 3% (w / v) agar concentrations. Determination of the best agar agar for amylase immobilization is determined from the highest immobilized amylase efficiency and its stability. Ammonium sulfate saturation level of 20-40% or fraction 2 obtained the highest specific amylase activity of 6.0 U / mg, which is the highest level of purity of amylase. The highest amylase activity of 3.3 x 10-3 U / mL, obtained from fractionation at 40-60% ammonium sulfate saturation level or fraction 3, was used for immobilization in the commercial agar matrix. Amylase immobilization with the highest efficiency and stability was obtained at a concentration of agar 3% (w / v), both for crude extracts of amylase and fractionated amylase.
Keywords: agar-agar, amylase, fractionation, immobilization, starch.