Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Environnements terrestres'
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Fraysse, Fabrice. "Cycle biogéochimique du silicium dans les environnements superficiels continentaux : Impact des plantes terrestres." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00179740.
Full textGaillardin, Marc. "Étude de la sensibilité des dispositifs nanoélectroniques ultimes à base de SOI face aux particules des environnements radiatifs terrestres et spatiaux." Grenoble INPG, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007INPG0091.
Full textThis thesis presents a study of the sensitivity of nanoelectronic devices based on Silicon On Insulator technology to ionizing rticles of terrestrial and space environments. The overall context of the study is described as weil as the main radiation¬luced effects in electronic devices. It is shown that total ionizing dose and transient radiation effects have to be restigated. Concerning the total ionizing dose effects, the physical mechanisms explaining the degradation of transistors ~ctrical characteristics are discussed as a function of device architecture and design. After that, the transient radiation response of single- and multiple-gate devices is investigated. Furthermore, mixed-mode simulations are used to show trends as a function of the integration level on the sensitivity to single-event effects. From our study, we propose some ways to optimize devices and to mitigate the radiation induced effects in future technologies
LAFFORGUE, FRANCOIS. "Environnement et infrastructures de transport terrestre en europe." Paris 11, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA111012.
Full textThe growth of the transport by land network in europe raises many questions about the protection of the environment. European law provides some answers, including the provision of legal instruments to include the environment in decision process. In 1985, the community institutions adopted the council directive 85 337 on the environmental assessment of some private and public projects. This was the first step tpwards the integration of environmental concerns into the approval procedure of road and railway projects. This directive is, however, limited to the project level; the environment is therefore not taken into consideration during the decision stage. The european community has already intervened in community financing procedures of roads and railways regarding environmental matters. They now have to intervene during the initial stage of the decision-making process, that is, at the level of plans, politics and programmes which concern national and european transport networks
Allain, Alienor. "From specific production to homogenisation of dissolved organic matter produced by vegetation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2022SORUS308.pdf.
Full textAlthough dissolved organic matter (DOM) represents a small fraction of soil organic matter (OM), it is involved in many biogeochemical processes in the environment. Its composition reflects its sources of production, and the processes it has been exposed to. However, the processes taking place immediately after DOM production are still poorly understood, due to its high reactivity. In terrestrial environments, fresh leaf litter is one of the major initial sources of DOM, before it is degraded. This PhD focused on the characterisation of DOM produced by different vegetation species, and the evolution of their properties during biodegradation. The relationship between the composition of vegetation cover and the molecular signature of DOM has been assessed, in order to determine the influence of vegetation on DOM properties in the environment. The water extractable OM (WEOM) produced by 6 vegetation species (C. stellaris, F. nivalis, E. vaginatum, B. nana, B. pubescens, and Salix sp.) were characterised through complementary analytical technics. The results showed that the quantity and composition of WEOM produced by vegetation were different between plant functional types (PFT). It was also pointed out that some proxies commonly used to characterise DOM were not relevant to the study of unprocessed WEOM. However, the comparison of relevant proxies indicated that graminoids were potentially less biodegradable than lichens, but more than shrubs. WEOM biodegradation experiments were carried out under controlled conditions. For this purpose, 4 species belonging to different PFT were selected, and their WEOM extracted. These species were C. stellaris (lichen), E. vaginatum (sedge), A. polifolia (dwarf evergreen shrub), and B. nana (deciduous dwarf shrub). The results showed a significantly higher consumption of WEOM produced by C. stellaris and E. vaginatum, than A. polifolia and B. nana, at the end of the experiment. In the meantime, the accumulation of recalcitrant compounds in WEOM was observed, especially for B. nana. These results put into light a more important biodegradability of lichens and graminoids compared to shrubs. Furthermore, the molecular diversity of WEOM significantly decreased for C. stellaris and E. vaginatum, whereas it increased for B. nana. Species-specific biodegradation processes have been brought to light. Finally, samples of DOM were collected from Arctic ecosystems with contrasted vegetation cover compositions. DOM samples were analysed by high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Their molecular signatures were compared to each other, and to WEOM produced by vegetation. A great amount of compounds were common to all DOM samples. Despite these ubiquitous compounds, it was possible to discriminate ecosystems, based on the molecular compositions of their DOM. The contributions of each species to the vegetation cover were compared to the contributions of their WEOM to the molecular signature of DOM. These comparisons showed a significant positive correlation for B. nana, but not for other studied species. The results of this thesis show that the quantity and composition of produced WEOM are vegetation-specific. Consequently, WEOM biodegradability is also vegetation-specific. Therefore, the DOM produced by different vegetation species won’t have the same dynamic in the environment. Furthermore, the WEOM produced by vegetation are homogenised during their biodegradation
Sallin, Mathieu. "Approche probabiliste du diagnostic de l'état de santé des véhicules militaires terrestres en environnement incertain." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CLFAC099.
Full textThis thesis is a contribution to the structural health analysis of the body of ground military vehicles. Belonging to the 20 - 30 tons range, such vehicles are deployed in a variety of operational contexts where driving conditions are severe and difficult to characterize. In addition, due to a growing industrial competition, the mobility function of vehicles is acquired from suppliers and is no longer developed by Nexter Systems. As a result, the complete definition of this function is unknown. Based on this context, the main objective of this thesis is to analyze the health of the vehicle body using a probabilistic approach in order to control the calculation techniques allowing to take into account the random nature of loads related to the use of ground military vehicles. In particular, the most relevant strategies for propagating uncertainties due to the terrain within a vehicle dynamics model are defined. This work describes how it is possible to manage an observation data measured in the vehicle for the purpose of assessing the reliability with respect to a given damage criterion. An application on a demonstrator entirely designed by Nexter Systems illustrates the proposed approach
Barsotti, Vanessa. "Recherche et caractérisation de microorganismes dans les compartiments géologiques profonds." Phd thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00688631.
Full textCao, Jinbin. "Etude des microinstabilités engendrées par les particules énergétiques dans la magnétosphère terrestre et les environnements cométaires." Toulouse 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU30330.
Full textBroly, Pierre. "Mécanismes et fonctionnalités de l’agrégation chez les isopodes terrestres." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/218277.
Full textDoctorat en Sciences
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Berthoud, Lucinda. "Micrométéoroi͏̈des et débris orbitaux observés en orbite basse terrestre." Toulouse, ENSAE, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993ESAE0031.
Full textBerthon, Viviane. "Boucles diphasiques a application spatiale : experimentation au sol et modelisation du condenseur en environnement terrestre et spatial." Lyon, INSA, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995ISAL0032.
Full textThe present research project involves the partial development of a two-phase fluid loop for spatial applications. The state-of-the-art of the two-phase flow research for spatial applications is reviewed. This review in turn allows for a general understanding of two-phase flow phenomena in microgravity situations and of the evaporator, condenser, pressure-regulating reservoir and pumping system design. Next, the setting up of a 600 W loop for ground level testing with ammonia as the working fluid is described. The experimental results for the two-phase flow configurations and pressure drops in the adiabatic region between the evaporator and the condenser are presented and analyzed, as well as the heat transfer coefficient in the evaporator and in the condenser. The proper system operation is so verified as well as the influence of two-phase parameters on its thermal performance. The development of a semi-empirical model of the transport phenomena in the condenser is then presented. In this regard, a preliminary literature survey of existing flow maps for ground level and microgravity applications allowed for the selection of the one most suit able for the present study. The condensation heat transfer inside smooth tubes is modeled for the case of stratified and annular flow using different methods for the calculation of the pressure drops and the void fraction. A comparison between experimental and analytical results then made it possible to choose the method most appropriate for the range of flow parameter tested. Finally, the influence of quality, mass flow rate and tube diameter on the condensation heat transfer and the length of the condensation region is presented
Belleville, Florestan de Fraboul Christian. "Transport à multipoint fiable à très grande échelle intégration de critères de coût en environnement Internet hybride satellite/terrestre /." Toulouse : INP Toulouse, 2005. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000086.
Full textde, Belleville Florestan. "Transport multipoint fiable à très grande échelle : Intégration de critères de coût en environnement Internet hybride satellite / terrestre." Phd thesis, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - INPT, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00008639.
Full textBelleville, Florestan de. "Transport à multipoint fiable à très grande échelle : intégration de critères de coût en environnement Internet hybride satellite/terrestre." Toulouse, INPT, 2004. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000086/.
Full textBin, Ahmad Khairol Amali. "Surveillance de la fiabilité du positionnement par satellite (GNSS) pour les applications de véhicules terrestres dans les milieux urbains." Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ESAE0007/document.
Full textThis thesis addresses the challenges in reliability monitoring of GNSS aided navigation for land vehicle applications in urban environments. The main objective of this research is to develop methods of trusted positioning using GNSS measurements and confidence measures for the user in constrained urban environments. In the first part of the thesis, the NLOS errors in urban settings are characterized by means of a 3D model of the urban surrounding. For the second part of the thesis, the work proposes a reliability monitoring technique in the range domain for urban environ ment using a trusted velocity sensor. Finally, the research developed a novel experimental scheme in integrity monitoring for positioning in urban environment. By monitoring the test statistic against a specific threshold, the positioning integrity and continuity are met at a certain level of confidence. In addition, the Horizontal Protection Level (HPL) computation using a composite approach has also been proposed
Gruet, Marina. "Intelligence artificielle et prévision de l'impact de l'activité solaire sur l'environnement magnétique terrestre." Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ESAE0014/document.
Full textIn this thesis, we present models which belongs to the field of artificial intelligence to predict the geomagnetic index am based on solar wind parameters. This is done in terms to provide operational models based on data recorded by the ACE satellite located at the Lagrangian point L1. Currently, there is no model providing predictions of the geomagnetic index am. To predict this index, we have relied on nonlinear models called neural networks, allowing to model the complex and nonlinear dynamic of the Earth’s magnetosphere. First, we have worked on the development and the optimisation of basics neural networks like the multilayer perceptron. These models have proven in space weather to predict geomagnetic index specific to current systems like the Dst index, characteristic of the ring current, as well as the global geomagnetic index Kp. In particular, we have studied a temporal network, called the Time Delay Neural Network (TDNN) and we assessed its ability to predict the geomagnetic index am within one hour, base only on solar wind parameters. We have analysed the sensitivity of neural network performance when considering on one hand data from the OMNI database at the bow shock, and on the other hand data from the ACE satellite at the L1 point. After studying the ability of neural networks to predict the geomagnetic index am, we have developped a neural network which has never been used before in Space Weather, the Long Short Term Memory or LSTM. Like the TDNN, this network provides am prediction based only on solar wind parameters. We have optimised this network to model at best the magnetosphere behaviour and obtained better performance than the one obtained with the TDNN. We continued the development and the optimisation of the LSTM network by using coupling functions as neural network features, and by developing multioutput networks to predict the sectorial am also called aσ, specific to each Magnetical Local Time sector. Finally, we developped a brand new technique combining the LSTM network and gaussian process, to provide probabilistic predictions up to six hours ahead of geomagnetic index Dst and am. This method has been first developped to predict Dst to be able to compare the performance of this model with reference models, and then applied to the geomagnetic index am
Angst, Delphine. "Successeurs des dinosaures ? Paléobiologie et paléoécologie d’un oiseau géant terrestre du Paléogène." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10247.
Full textGastornithidae are a familly of large ground fossils birds present in the Tertiary (Paleocene- Eocene) from Europe, North America and Asia. Although these birds are known since the beginning of the 19th century, their ecology and the environment where they lived are still poorly known. Therefore, this PhD propose to bring some answers about this two points in order to better understand these birds using a multidisciplinary approach, including functional morphology, isotope geochemistry and paleontological studies. We have determined that this two meter high bird should weigh around 110 to 260 kg, and had a relatively slow locomotion not allowing him to run quickly and for a long time. The diet of the Gastornithidae, discussed since more twenty years, has been studied using an isotopic geochemical approach combine with a morphofunctional study, which permits to conclude to an herbivore diet. In parallel, paleo-environments where lived this bird have also been studied using isotopical analysis applied on fossils bird’s eggshells from the southern France, attributed to Gastornis in this thesis. Thus these large birds lived in an environment relatively dry and hot, with probably an alternance of dry and wet saison in the southern France, which is different than which is known in middle Germany environments where other Gastornis fossils were found, and where vegetation shows an environment wetter. Therefore, that shows that this bird had a good adaptability to different environments, which allowed him to cross the PETM without being particularly affected as shown in the fossil record, on the contrary to numerous mammals
Lambert, Damien. "Analyse par simulation Monte Carlo de la sensibilité aux aléas logiques des mémoires SRAM soumises à un environnement protonique spatial ou neutronique terrestre." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00125290.
Full textDans ce travail de recherche, un nouveau code de prédiction du taux de SEU a été développé (MC-DASIE) afin de pouvoir quantifier la sensibilité pour un environnement donné et explorer les mécanismes de défaillances en fonction de la technologie. Ce code permet d'étudier différentes technologies de mémoires SRAM (Bulk et SOI) en environnement neutronique et protonique entre 1 MeV et 1 GeV. Ainsi, MC-DASIE a été utilisé avec l'aide d'expérimentations pour étudier l'effet de l'intégration sur la sensibilité des mémoires en environnement terrestre, une comparaison entre les irradiations neutroniques et protoniques et l'influence de la modélisation du composant cible sur le calcul du taux de SEU.
Prisner-Levyne, Yann. "La protection de la faune sauvage terrestre en droit international public." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01D086/document.
Full textTerrestrial wildlife is actually facing a sixth mass extinction which is mostly anthropogenic contrary to past mass extinctions. After the international community took notice of the problem in the 70s, an increasing number of legal instruments were adopted in order to protect terrestrial wildlife worldwide. Yet, wildlife populations continued to decline. Through this terrible assessment, it is the efficiency of the international legal regime of wildlife protection which needs to be questioned and scrutinized.The crux of the problem lies in the fact that terrestrial wildlife is considered as a natural resource. As such, each State has jurisdiction to manage, exploit, deplete, or even destroy wildlife resources located on their territory pursuant to the principle of permanent sovereignty over natural resources. However, this principle is in contradiction with ecological and biological realities Indeed, terrestrial fauna, apart from the fact that it may move from one State to the other, is involved in the maintenance of ecosystems and other complex biological processes which effects are felt way outside the borders of a single State. As a result, the exploitation of wildlife resources in one State can have dire consequences on the environment of other States. As such, sovereignty over wildlife resources cannot be absolute which the principle of good neighbourliness imperfectly captures. Yet, it appears that the application of this principle in the context of the conservation of wildlife resources raises a certain number of uncertainties due to the difficulty to translate in legal terms the complexities of the ecological processes involved. Consequently, terrestrial wildlife should not be regulated by the same legal regime as the one applicable to extractive resources which are invariably located within the borders of a single State and are not part of any transnational ecological process. Maybe would it be more relevant to apply a legal regime similar to the one applicable to international waterways, most of them are considered as de facto shared resources implying a regime of common management between Riverine States without their respective sovereignty being challenged in any way. Yet this solution is not the one that prevails under international law as far as wildlife resources are concerned. The actual regime is entirely built around the principle of terrestrial sovereignty over natural resources where each State is responsible for implementing its international obligations in its own territory. [...]
Fritsch, Clémentine. "UTILISATION INTEGREE DE BIOINDICATEURS POUR LA SURVEILLANCE DES SOLS ET DES ECOSYSTEMES TERRESTRES." Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00524516.
Full textDuffa, Céline. "Répartition du plutonium et de l'americium dans l'environnement terrestre de la basse vallée du Rhone." Aix-Marseille 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX30001.
Full textThe radionuclides 238Pu, 239+240Pu and 241Am are omnipresent in the surface environment due to the fallout from atmospheric nuclear tests (1945-1980) and the desintegration of a US nuclear reactor satellite in 1964. Actinide activities resulting from this global fallout are estimated to be 770 GBq over an 11000 km2 area in the lower Rhone valley. Deposits, which are characterized by a low 238Pu/239+240Pu activity ratio, are homogeneously distributed. Some particular areas of the lower Rhone valley show higher surface activities and activity ratio, related to Marcoule nuclear plant releases. Additional actinide activities are estimated to be 2. 8 GBq within a 30 km2 area around Marcoule facility. It has been shown that they are mainly due to old atmospheric releases. The Rhone River, which is used to dilute liquid releases, is a water supply for many cultivated areas. Some 0. 6 GBq were transferred to soils since 1960 via the BRL ditch, and a total amount of 3. 5 GBq were deposited onto rice fields in the Camargue for 40 years
Ringuet, Stéphane. "Evolution des peuplements et des populations de micromammifères terrestres de foret tropicale a la suite de la fragmentation de leur habitat : l'exemple du barrage de petit saut (Guyane française)." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MNHN0028.
Full textCharrière, Bruno. "Les composés phénoliques marqueurs de la matière organique terrestre dans deux écosystèmes marins : le delta du Rhône et le prodelta de la Têt." Toulouse, INPT, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991INPT010G.
Full textHandeme, Nguema Igondjo My Mirabelle. "Étude théorique et expérimentale du comportement de la technologie RFID dans la gamme de fréquences UHF-SHF en environnement semi-confiné : application au cas des véhicules de transport terrestres." Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL10087/document.
Full textThe RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) is a technology which allows communication between a tag and a reader by using radio waves. A tag is called “passive” when it uses the received energy supplied by the reader without using any battery. Many industrial domains are covered by this technology. From statistical datas, 13% of industrial applications belong to the transportation domain. In our case, the objective is to study theoretically and experimentally the behavior of passive UHF RFID tags located inside terrestrial vehicles. The targeted application is an intelligent maintenance and repair system which is able to provide the health of a vehicle that returns back on a storage area. The choice has been made to use only one UHF RFDI reader fixed outside of the monitored vehicles in order to minimize the total cost of the system. The theoretical study has been performed using a modelling tool developed internally (SIMUEM3D) and based on what we call the “Modified Geometrical Optics (MGO)”. Measurements of the attenuation of a sinusoidal signal (CW) and of the reading rate have been carried out in two kinds of vehicles : a cargo van and a passenger car. The numerical model has been calibrated with those measurements. Parametrical studies have been done dealing on the reader location, the vehicle speed and spatial diversity. Installation recommendations are given in order to guide the use of such a maintenance and detections system inside utility cars, tourism cars or even buses
Vié, Jocelyn. "Voies de communication terrestres et valorisation paysagère : essai méthodologique : caractérisation des enjeux paysagers réels et proposition de méthode d'analyse intégrée du système-voirie : études de cas en Haute-Garonne France." Toulouse 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU20065.
Full textLandscape is in fashion. Concept attached as much to the perceptive and visual field that in a physical and ecological reality, the landscape interests general public as much as the professionals of the regional planning or researchers, in particular geographers. It is thus quite naturally that this thesis considers the relations which the road roadway system and the crossed landscapes can maintain. The step suggested will be based on a prospective reflexion on the capacity of the ways to create linear landscape the, recognizable ones as a clean element of structuring of a valley, as well as a river, that a forest, that a village. The question which this work wants to answer is to know if the roadway system constitutes a "landscape accident" in a landscape screen already preestablished and that it is advisable to protect, or if it is on the contrary a factor of diversity and a clean and identifiable landscape entity, which could present unsuspected assets. This work is based on a comparative analysis of three sectors limited of three valleys into Haute-Garonne : the valley of the Hers and the valley of Marcaissonne in the Toulouse east ; and the valley of the Garonne sweats the Pyrenean axial zone. The sought objectives, even if they remain primarily reflexive and centered on methodological research, attach a certain will of practical application with an aim of valorization of the landscapes by a distribution and a particular treatment of linear of roadway system and their accesses
Barci-Funel, Geneviève. "Etudes radiochimiques de nuclides de fission et transuraniens a longues vies dans des ecosystemes marins et terrestres." Nice, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987NICE4156.
Full textDallaire, Danielle. "L'évaluation environnementale comme outil de planification, de gestion de l'eau, et de développement viable des communautés : le cas des parcs marin et terrestre du Saguenay et de communautés périphériques /." Thèse, Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 2000. http://theses.uqac.ca.
Full textHullo, Jean-Francois. "Consolidation de relevés laser d'intérieurs construits : pour une approche probabiliste initialisée par géolocalisation." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00801974.
Full textMorin, Marie-Françoise. "Etude de l'impact sur le milieu naturel de la bromadiolone, rodonticide anticoagulant : évolution en milieu aqueux et bioaccumulation sur des organismes terrestres et aquatiques." Poitiers, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988POIT2315.
Full textClairac, Bernard. "L'aerosol en foret tropicale humide d'afrique : application a l'etude des echanges entre la foret et son environnement." Toulouse 3, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986TOU30144.
Full textCamizuli, Estelle. "Impact des anciens sites miniers et métallurgiques sur les écosystèmes terrestre et aquatique actuels : étude comparative des deux moyennes montagnes : le Morvan et les Cévennes." Thesis, Dijon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013DIJOL035/document.
Full textThe Morvan and the Cevennes Massifs are nowadays protected for their outstanding landscape and biodiversity. However since Prehistory, these regions experienced mining and smelting activities. Because of remnant properties, locating these ancient sites is capital and then impact on fauna and flora must be estimated. This present work is based in on a pluridisciplinary approach combining archeology, geochemistry, ecology and ecotoxicology. Statistical methods, from modern prospection technique, have been applied in order to delineate geochemical anomalies, potentially due to mining exploitation and thus facilitate the archeological prospection. Spatial distribution maps of trace metals were built on six sites (three in each park). Biodisponibility was assessed thanks to the analyses of wood mice, trout and bryophytes. Even if it seems that most of these elements belong to the non-extractible fraction of soil, the remaining bioavailable trace metals can be detected in the bioindicators. A negative relationship between Pb concentrations in animals and their body condition indices was found, and in some cases developmental instability was higher, suggesting deleterious effect on current wildlife. As a consequence, the impact of past mining and smelting works is still traceable in ecosystems. For this reason, these sites should be monitored, particularly in protected areas thought to be relatively free of anthropogenic contamination
Zhang, Yuan. "Impacts of anthropogenic aerosols on the terrestrial carbon cycle." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2020SORUS123.pdf.
Full textAnthropogenic atmospheric aerosols have been recognized to have significantly affected the climate system through their interactions with radiation and cloud during the last decades. Besides these well-known butpoorly-understood physical processes in the atmosphere, recent studies reported strong influences of aerosols on the carbon cycle, especially its terrestrial component. The changes in carbon cycle will further alter the climate through the climate-carbon feedback. It remains uncertain how much anthropogenic aerosols perturb the land carbon cycle. This thesis aims to quantify and attribute the impacts of anthropogenic aerosols on the terrestrial cycle using a modeling approach. In Chapter 2, a set of offline simulations using the ORCHIDEE land surface model driven by climate fields from different CMIP5 generation climate models were performed to investigate the impacts of anthropogenic aerosols on the land C cycle through their impacts on climate. The results indicate an increased cumulative land C sink of 11.6-41.8 PgC during 1850-2005 due to anthropogenic aerosols. The increase in net biome production (NBP) is mainly found in the tropics and northern mid latitudes. Aerosol-induced cooling is the main factor driving this NBP changes. At high latitudes, aerosol-induced cooling caused a stronger decrease in gross primary production (GPP) than in total ecosystem respiration (TER), leading to lower NBP. At mid latitudes, cooling‐induced decrease in TER is stronger than for GPP, resulting in a net NBP increase. At low latitudes, NBP was also enhanced due to the cooling‐induced GPP increase, but regional precipitation decline in response to anthropogenic aerosol emissions may negate the effect of temperature. As climate models currently disagree on how aerosol emissions affect tropical precipitation, the precipitation change in response to aerosols becomes the main source of uncertainty in aerosol-caused C flux changes. The results suggest that better understanding and simulation of how anthropogenic aerosols affect precipitation in climate models is required for a more accurate attribution of aerosol effects on the terrestrial carbon cycle
Halliez, Guillaume. "Pratiques, prédateurs, proies, pullulations de campagnols prairiaux et biodiversité." Thesis, Besançon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BESA2035/document.
Full textIn the context of the great socio-economic, technological and environmental upheavals of agricultural revolutions, mountain areas are often considered as favorable to biodiversity and environmentally friendly agricultural practices. However, these territories are under real anthropic pressure via agriculture or forestry leading to one of the fundamental questions of the coming century on the alteration of natural resources, not human activities. These new farming systems have led to the emergence or increase in abundance of species that have become agricultural pests. Due to loss of food production, chemical control and damage to non-target fauna, reservoirs of zoonoses they represent or as an essential link in food webs, micro-mammals and their outbreaks represent an area of study of primary importance in ecology. Agricultural policies that have led to a specialization of agricultural practices towards grassland production have contributed to the emergence of outbreaks of prairie voles (ground vole and field vole) through increased crop production and homogenization of the agricultural landscape. in the Jurassic Massif and the Massif Central. While some predators like small mustelids specialize in the consumption of these micro-mammals. Other predators, considered as generalists, present a functional food response by adapting their diet to the availability of the resource. This functional response may be at the origin of a postponement of predation on prey alternatives to micro-mammals. Of all these species, hunting and heritage small-scale wildlife presently represent marked management and conservation issues. The purpose of this thesis is to compare two geographical zones (Upper Romans valley and Upper Jurassic mountains) with a priori different degree of knowledge about prairie volcano outbreak systems. Through this work, we compared the phenomenon of outbreaks observed in Haute-Romanche with current knowledge of the Jurassian Massif. We also, through the analysis of long-term monitoring data and the implementation of field experiments, tried to provide information on the relations between prey and predators in a meadow vole breeding system in a temperate environment. . The objective is to try to make a comparison as much as possible between the two geographical areas to improve the management of these ecosystems. Our first work was to analyze the data collected between 1998 and 2010 to characterize the spatio-temporal functioning of the ground vole in Haute-Romanche. We also compared these data to the agricultural history of the valley between 1810 and 2003 at the plot scale. Firstly, we found that the agricultural historical scenario was similar between this valley of Haute-Romanche and other European mountain areas, with a specialization on grassland production and as a direct effect the virtual disappearance of plowed areas, the cantonment of mowing areas in the valley bottoms and extension of grazing areas to the rest of the areas used for agriculture. Based on these data, we were able to highlight a correlative link at the plot scale between the current land use and the intensity of the vole's overgrowth. Grazing areas had a lower vole abundance than mowed areas. The current agricultural occupation being directly dependent on the agricultural history of the valley, it seems likely that the agricultural specialization towards grassland production in this valley is, as in the Jura, the origin
De, Belleville Florestan. "Transport multipoint fiable à très grande échelle : intégration de critères de coût en environnement Internet hybride satellite / terrestre." Phd thesis, 2004. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7387/1/belleville.pdf.
Full textDallaire, Danielle. "L'évaluation environnementale comme outil de planification, de gestion de l'eau, et de développement viable des communautés : le cas des parcs marin et terrestre du Saguenay et de communautés périphériques." Thèse, 2000. http://constellation.uqac.ca/930/1/12270316.pdf.
Full textBélanger, Émilie. "Utilisation des biomarqueurs de la lignine comme traceurs de l'impact de l'occupation du territoire sur les transferts de matière organique terrigène entre les milieux terrestres et aquatiques en région tropicale." Mémoire, 2012. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/5105/1/M12529.pdf.
Full textSimjanovski, Dragan. "Évaluation des processus radiatifs et des nuages par le modèle GEM-LAM pour l'année SHEBA en Arctique." Mémoire, 2010. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/2934/1/M11391.pdf.
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