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Author: Grafiati

Published: 25 July 2024

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1

Girard, Michel F. "The Commission of Conservation as a Forerunner to the National Research Council 1909-1921." Scientia Canadensis 15, no. 2 (July 6, 2009): 19–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/800326ar.

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Abstract This paper links the history of the Canadian Commission of Conservation (1909-1921) to the creation of the National Research Council through the fight between the two organizations for federal funds in scientific research. In my view, the Commission of Conservation (or COC) was abolished in 1921 because it persisted in advocating conservation, an expression of early 20th century environmentalism, in a world which was no longer interested in this issue.

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Plath, Ulrike, Elle-Mari Talivee, Kadri Tüür, and Aet Annist. "Loodusmõttest aktivismini: saateks keskkondluse erinumbrile / From Nature Contemplation to Activism: A Special Issue on Environmentalism." Methis. Studia humaniora Estonica 24, no. 30 (December 13, 2022): 5–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.7592/methis.v24i30.22100.

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The introduction to the special issue of Methis on Estonian environmentalism provides an overview of the phenomenon of environmentalism and its spread across political periods, economic formations, and regions. The essay starts by contextualising the central concepts of the issue, ‘environmentalism’ and its possible translation into Estonian as ‘keskkondlus’, and its relationship with the concept of ‘nature’. At the end of the 1980s, amidst a deepening awareness of environmental crisis, some authors announced ‘nature’ to have met its end. While this end has become widely accepted within environmental discourse, the approach clashes with the traditional thinking about the beauty of nature and its strong bonds with national identities. To foster discussion and to bridge the discursive and ideological gap between the two perceptions, the authors of the articles use the concept as an umbrella term for both paradigms. The second part of the introductory article discusses East European environmentalism, drawing attention to the research into erroneous assumptions regarding the lack of environmental activism within the Soviet Union. Before its brief heyday in the 1980s, East European environmentalism was hidden within economy, policy, society and culture. However, its roots went deeper, reaching back to 18th- and 19th-century thought, to Baltic German – and later Estonian – early voluntary associations and the value seen in the homeland and its natural objects. The founding of animal and nature protection societies in the late 19th century was an early practical outcome, and similar thought became pronounced in print culture. In early 20th century, several nature protection areas were established, and people became avid consumers of popular science journals – an interest that would continue throughout the Soviet period. The 1970s saw an environmental movement to protect the wetlands of Estonia which were in danger of being drained. Throughout the 20th century, also fiction reflected the prevailing views of nature and emerging concerns about the environment. The issue’s opening article by Ulrike Plath and Kaarel Vanamölder takes us back to the 17th century to demonstrate the possibility of climate movements more than three centuries ago. This is followed by Karl Hein’s case study that depicts in detail the emergence of animal protection in Estonia a hundred years ago in the context of local and regional history. The next four articles focus on different aspects of environmental movements in the Soviet period. Elle-Mari Talivee retells the story of the peculiar character of Atom-Boy created by the childrens’ author Vladimir Beekman who depicts in this form the various developments in the Soviet nuclear industry. This example from children’s literature is paralleled by similar environmental concerns expressed in visual arts, as outlined in Linda Kaljundi’s article. In a more theoretical take on liberal and autocratic environmental protection, Viktor Pál discusses the Soviet propagandistic use of environmental issues. Olev Liivik contextualises the protests against phosphorite mining in the 1970–80s within the wider trends in the Soviet Union, including the practice of sending letters of complaint to the media, and the various waves of environmental dissent. The discussion of a more compact case of the so-called Green Cycling Tours by Tambet Muide demonstrates the same increasingly oppositional stance that took hold in the 1980s. Regarding the post-Soviet era, Tõnno Jonuks, Lona Päll, Atko Remmel and Ulla Kadakas analyse the various conflicts that have emerged around natural and cultural objects protected by law since the 1990s. In the freestanding article of the issue, Raili Lass writes on interlinguistic and intersemiotic procedures of translation in the theatre but, as our introductory essay suggests, points of convergence may be found here with the discussion of staging of conflicts in environmental protection. In the “Theory in Translation” section Timothy Morton’s classic discussion of environmentalism is published in Ene-Reet Soovik’s translation, accompanied by introductory remarks from the translator and Kadri Tüür. The final part of the issue’s introduction offers a comparative and interdisciplinary take on the themes discussed. The revelatory nature of historical events of any era, especially natural disasters or the conditions of their unfolding, uncovers the socio-environmental relations that push people to respond. Whether or not such responses become environmental movements depends on the context that either recognises or ignores human embeddedness in the environment. Searching for such parallels connects 21st century climate activism and 17th century upheavals, animal protection in the 1920s and a hundred years later. The Soviet period allows a simultaneous scrutiny of both the limited and ideological take on the apparent lack of Soviet environmentalism as well as the methodological challenges of finding the footprints of hidden awareness and activism. Unearthing this from literature, art and the restrained presence of expert voices also provides an explanation to the sudden explosion of activism in the 1980s. The silence of the next decades further proves that there is nothing obvious in the ways in which environmentalism can take hold of society, which demands precise and detailed inquiry such as provided by the authors of this special issue.

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3

Harter, John-Henry. "Histories of Environmental Coalition Building in British Columbia." Labour / Le Travail 90 (November 25, 2022): 203–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.52975/llt.2022v90.008.

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On 3 February 1989, leaders of the British Columbia labour movement, members of the environmental movement, and representatives from the Nuu-chah-nulth-aht Tribal Council (ntc) gathered to meet at Tin Wis, the ntc meeting space, in Tofino, BC, to discuss an alliance around environmental issues on the West Coast of Vancouver Island. This article takes this meeting, and subsequent alliance, as a way to explore the impact, potential, and contested meanings of alliances forged among workers, environmentalists, and First Nations in British Columbia in the late 20th century and beyond. In this way, the article examines from a historical perspective what sociologists have framed as the period of new social movements.

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Jin, Jongheon. "A Modern Way of Seeing Jeju: The Discourse of ‘Paradise Jeju’." Association of Korean Cultural and Historical Geographers 35, no. 1 (April 30, 2023): 49–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.29349/jchg.2023.35.1.49.

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The way of seeing Jejudo before the modern era during the Joseon Dynasty can be summarized as ‘the aesthetics of scenic landscapes, the barrenness of the climate, and the vulgarity of customs’. During Japanese colonial rule, ‘a new way of seeing Jejudo’—the discourse of ‘Paradise Jeju’—appeared, replacing the Ten Scenes of Yeongju in the late Joseon Dynasty and forming the basis for the symbolic landscape of Jeju Island until the late 20th century. This was a process in which the industrial potential of Jeju’s climate and resources were re-evaluated in the context of capitalism and industrialization. The image of Jeju’s scenery as an exotic tourist attraction continued even after the liberation. However, the development of Jejudo has been understood as a history of hardships for Jeju residents who overcame a barren environment. According to Confucian scholars on the mainland during the Joseon Dynasty, Jejudo was a barren land, and this was the cause of the Jeju people’s poverty. The discourse of Paradise Jeju coined by Japan can be seen as a complete reversal of the climate determinism-the theory of 風土 of the Joseon Dynasty, and as a colonial project as well as a modern perspective as a new ‘invention’. Paradise Jeju discourse serves as a link between endemic environmentalist thoughts on Jeju in the Joseon Dynasty and contemporary romantic perspectives on Jeju, which can also be an important reference for contemplating a new vision for the development of Jeju in the 21st century and the formation of Jeju identity.

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Cizelj, Boris. "Sustainability Is What Matters Most." Mednarodno inovativno poslovanje = Journal of Innovative Business and Management 12, no. 1 (July 3, 2020): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.32015/jibm/2020-12-1-10.

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Over centuries, but even more intensely since mid-20th century, in all domains of business, society and politics, we are witnessing reducing levels of sustainability. For decades, the environmentalists are warning us that our habitat is increasuingly becoming polluted, biodiversity being reduced, and soon half of world population will have problems in accessing clean water – a vital condition for healthy life. Socio-economic differentiation has reached unprecedented dimensions, middle classes have virtually disappeared, and quality of political leadership leaves much to be desired. Supported by the dominant economic doctrine on permanent GDP growth, and financial oligarchs' responsibility recognised only to corporate shareholders, is leaving no space for socially responsible corporate management. Many people feel helpless, but in spite of actively reacting and demanding change, they do not even participate in elections. Ironically, this is happening in times when people are more educated than ever before in history, with powerful science, research and technology – including ITC, which would allow us to productively interact, inspire, exchange experiences, and build critical mass around demands for badly needed changes. This is exactly the objective of the new Sustainability Network of Networks, expected to connect numerous groups around the globe – trying to introduce new, sustainable approaches to current economic and socio-political problems. With this new programme the Knowledge Economy Network, KEN (est. in Brussels as a non-profit association in 2011) is going to contribute to changes needed to achieve more sustainability in various areas of public and private domain.

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Yogmaya, Kandel. "The Language of Eco-feminism and Early 20th century Feminist writers Buck and Cather." International Research Journal of Parroha Multiple Campus 1, no. 1 (2022): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.61916/prmn.2023.v0101.003.

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This paper explores the language of eco-feminism and its intersection with the works of early 20th-century feminist writers Buck and Cather. Ecofeminism is a branch of feminism that examines the connections between women and nature, emphasizing the ways both nature and women are treated by patriarchal society. The paper examines the historical evolution of ecofeminist thought and its key tenets, including the revaluing of nonpatriarchal structures and a view of the world that respects organic processes and holistic connections. It also discusses the early critiques of ecofeminism and its relationship with environmentalism. The works of early 20th-century feminist writers Buck and Cather are analyzed in the context of ecofeminist philosophy, exploring how their language and themes intersect with the principles of ecofeminism. Keywords: Ecofeminism, Feminism, Environmentalism, Early 20th-century, Writers, Buck,Cather

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7

Gavristova, T. M. "Noo Saro-Wiwa: in Search of Africa." Asia and Africa today, no. 5 (December 15, 2024): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s032150750030863-1.

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The turn of the 20th–21st centuries was marked by the flourishing of African and especially Nigerian literature. Among those who became famous in the 21st century are Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, Teju Cole, Chigozie Obioma, etc. Noo Saro-Wiwa, a British writer of Nigerian origin, author of the best-selling books “Looking for Transwonderland: Travels in Nigeria” (2012) and “Black Ghosts: A Journey into the Lives of Africans in China” (2023), can be considered the Queen of contemporary travel writing. The special appeal of her works lies in the masterly combination of travel literature and memoirs. A detailed description of events’ chronicle, travel impressions, air and nature, people and conversations with them turns her books into a real testimony of the era and tends to be documentary prose. She gives preference to it due to the fact that “truth is more important than fiction”. The daughter of the famous Nigerian poet and publicist, political activist and environmentalist Ken Saro-Wiwa (1941–1995), the writer focused the readers’ attention on many of the most pressing political, economic, social, environmental, and demographic problems. These include colonialism and decolonization, racism and gender inequality, emigration and the history of Diaspora. The writer is of particular interest in the amazing mobility of the Chinese, internal and external migration, their activities in Africa. She admires the nature, ancient and medieval culture of China and at the same time records manifestations of racial hostility of the Chinese towards Africans, considering them unacceptable. She compares Chinese and Africans, identifying similarities and differences. And if addressing Nigeria’s past and present is her Mission, China is an option, one of many. Currently, she is one of the most engaged authors and most famous African women, winner of a number of prestigious literary awards.

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8

Shumakov, Andrey A. "Murray Bookchin’s Ecotopia: A Utopia or a Real Alternative?" Vestnik of Northern (Arctic) Federal University. Series Humanitarian and Social Sciences, no. 1 (March 1, 2024): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/2687-1505-v326.

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Using the works of the famous American philosopher, sociologist, environmentalist, speaker and publicist Professor Murray Bookchin (1921–2006), this article examines his project of social structure. In the first part of the study, the author dwells on the relevance of this issue at the present stage of the global socio-political and economic development. In particular, it is noted that idealized utopian ideas were inherent in human society literally at all stages of historical development, being especially pronounced during the periods of social shifts and upheavals. This thesis is confirmed by a number of written and other sources. The current situation is no exception. The economic crises of 2008 and 2020, the global energy crisis of 2021–2023 and a series of food crises of 2022–2023 as well as the growing geopolitical tension have called for finding ways of alternative development. This makes Bookchin’s social ecology especially relevant in view of its detailed elaboration. The second part of the article is devoted to the analysis of the conceptual and methodological basis of Bookchin’s theory, whose main feature is the variability of historical development. Using the anarchist approach and the dialectical method (dialectical naturalism in his terms), Bookchin identifies libertarian and authoritarian tendencies, which have been manifested throughout the written history of humankind, since the appearance of social stratification, cities and the state, and which have eventually led humanity to a deadlock. In the third part, the author examines the transition to a new ecological social structure described by Bookchin, who believed that the scientific and technological progress of the 20th century had made it possible. Real prospects of this project’s implementation in current conditions are discussed. Answering the main question of the study, the author notes that the social structure project, despite all the elaboration and appeal to rationalism, can, with good reason, be considered a classic utopia. In addition, the article points out obvious contradictions in Bookchin’s theory.

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9

Schulze-Marmeling, Friederike. "»20th century Aisha«?" Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte 32, no. 2 (December 6, 2019): 346–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.13109/kize.2019.32.2.346.

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10

Cosgrove, Denis. "Images and Imagination in 20th-Century Environmentalism: From the Sierras to the Poles." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 40, no. 8 (August 2008): 1862–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a40226.

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11

Karve, Priyadarshini. "Big-Historical Environmentalism for the 21st Century." Journal of Big History 6, no. 2 (October 1, 2023): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22339/jbh.v6i2.6202.

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The beginning of the 21st century witnessed terrorist attacks on the World Trade Centre in the United States. This incident changed global politics and brought new twists and turns in world history. The last two decades have seen the rise of identity politics, leading to the escalation of local conflicts across the world. At the same time, environmental challenges to human societies have become increasingly threatening, manifested on a planetary scale through global warming and loss of biodiversity. The effect of political and environmental challenges happening together is being felt in social-cultural-economic realms. All of these tensions have been starkly laid bare in the way governments and societies in different parts of the world have responded to the challenge of the global covid pandemic that we are currently facing. The pandemic will ebb and flow, and reduce itself to a non-threatening form in a few years, but the challenges of global warming and loss of biodiversity just keep growing and will plague us for decades to come. While the battle against alarming changes in the environment around us will continue till the end of the century, many experts believe that the seeds of our success or failure will be sown in this decade. The actions we take and the social-economic-political systems we set up by 2030 will largely cast the die for the future of humanity beyond the 21st century. This situation underlines the importance of seeing the big picture that only Big History can reveal by connecting the dots of events in different spheres of human activity on a planetary scale. Our big-history thinking clearly shows interlinkages between seemingly independent crises that seem to be bombarding us one after the other.

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12

Wilson, Robin. "The 20th Century." Mathematical Intelligencer 42, no. 2 (December 18, 2019): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00283-019-09956-x.

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13

Fogler, Karen, and Mala Hoffman. "Exploring 20th Century History through Photographs." Gifted Child Today 17, no. 3 (May 1994): 38–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107621759401700313.

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14

Westheimer, Gerald. "Gestalt theory in 20th-century history." Journal of Vision 23, no. 8 (August 24, 2023): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/jov.23.8.14.

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15

Atiyah, Michael. "Mathematics in the 20th century." NTM International Journal of History and Ethics of Natural Sciences, Technology and Medicine 10, no. 1-3 (September 2002): 25–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03033096.

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Westfall, Catherine. "Reimagining 20th-Century Physics." Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 50, no. 1-2 (April 2020): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/hsns.2020.50.1-2.209.

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Altschuler, Glenn C. "Urban Religion’s 20th-Century Renaissance." Reviews in American History 49, no. 1 (2021): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rah.2021.0007.

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Friedel, Robert. "Engineering in the 20th Century." Technology and Culture 27, no. 4 (October 1986): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3105321.

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Wilson, Robin. "The Early 20th Century." Mathematical Intelligencer 42, no. 1 (November 4, 2019): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00283-019-09942-3.

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20

O'Riordan, Timothy. "Ecology in the 20th century: a history." International Affairs 66, no. 1 (January 1990): 169–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2622225.

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Mason, Herbert J., and Anna Bramwell. "Ecology in the 20th Century: A History." Taxon 40, no. 3 (August 1991): 535. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1223244.

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22

Sheail, J., and A. Bramwell. "Ecology in the 20th Century: A History." Journal of Ecology 77, no. 3 (September 1989): 895. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2261002.

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23

Probert, R. "The History of 20th-Century Family Law." Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 25, no. 1 (March 1, 2005): 169–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ojls/gqi009.

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24

Sterling, Christopher. "CBQ review essay:Cryptography in 20th‐century history." Communication Booknotes Quarterly 30, no. 3 (June 1999): 151–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10948009909361621.

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Ikenberry, G. John, and Richard Bulliet. "The Columbia History of the 20th Century." Foreign Affairs 77, no. 6 (1998): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20049140.

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26

Latvala, Pauliina. "Finnish 20th Century History in Oral Narratives." Folklore: Electronic Journal of Folklore 12 (1999): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.7592/fejf1999.12.oralnarr.

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27

Wakild, Emily. "Environmental Justice, Environmentalism, and Environmental History in Twentieth-Century Latin America." History Compass 11, no. 2 (January 24, 2013): 163–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hic3.12027.

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Boddy, Clive R. "Unethical 20th century business leaders." International Journal of Public Leadership 12, no. 2 (May 9, 2016): 76–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpl-12-2015-0032.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present evidence to examine the possible psychopathy of Robert Maxwell, a notorious figure in UK business history. Design/methodology/approach This paper presents research which retrospectively applied a tool to measure whether leading figures in twentieth century business history could be classified as being corporate psychopaths. As background to this idea, psychopaths and corporate psychopaths are defined. A measure of corporate psychopathy is explored as an aid to identifying corporate psychopaths in business history. This measure is then used in relation to senior corporate executives who have been nominated as potential corporate psychopaths and to Robert Maxwell in particular. Findings The paper concludes that at least some ethical scandals and failures such as those at The Daily Mirror have been characterized by the presence of CEOs who scored highly on a measure of corporate psychopathy. Maxwell’s fraudulent raiding of corporate pension funds crossed ethical and legal borders. Furthermore, Maxwell’s fraudulent looting of those pension funds crossed generational boundaries; stealing from older people’s pension funds and thereby leaving younger people/investors with less to inherit. Maxwell also had an international business empire and so his fraud had effects which crossed geographic borders. The paper concludes that using an historical approach to the study of potential corporate psychopaths illuminates what types of organizational outcomes corporate psychopaths may eventuate. Originality/value The paper is the first to use an historical approach to the study of potential corporate psychopaths.

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Kudiņš, Jānis. "FRAGMENTARY AND MODERATE MODERNISM IN LATVIAN MUSIC HISTORY ." Culture Crossroads 19 (October 11, 2022): 111–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.55877/cc.vol19.31.

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The question of 20th century modernism in the history of Latvian academic genres music is still topical. The prevailing opinion in musicological research (literature) is that representation of modernism in the history of Latvian music has been fragmentary. In various decades of the 20th century (the first and second half of the century), Latvian composers have rarely turned to the most radical expression of modernism, the avant-garde. Much more often possible identified stylistically moderate manifestations of modernism. However, these issues have still been little researched. This article offers a focused (panoramic) characterisation, looking at local peculiarities of adaptation and representation of modernism in Latvian music history in the 20th century.

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Lian, Yang, and Ben Carrdus. "Leaving the 20th century." Index on Censorship 29, no. 3 (May 2000): 186–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03064220008536744.

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Plantinga, Alvin. "Justification in the 20th Century." Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 50 (1990): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2108032.

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Upton, A. F. "Hungary and Finland in the 20th Century." English Historical Review 119, no. 480 (February 1, 2004): 267–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/119.480.267.

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Reville, David M. "BRIDGEPORT WORKING: VOICES FROM THE 20th CENTURY." Oral History Review 28, no. 2 (September 2001): 140–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ohr.2001.28.2.140.

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Lemon, James. "Plans for Early 20th-Century Toronto." Articles 18, no. 1 (August 7, 2013): 11–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1017821ar.

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On several occasions in the early twentieth century, advocates of urban planning proposed significant measures for altering the layout of Toronto streets. Planning historians often have proposed that an interest in beautification was superseded by a focus on efficiency by the 1920s, but Toronto's plans largely were lost amidst private development processes and business cycles. Confusion over planning priorities, the short-term perspectives of politicians, and a lack of urgency also impeded city and regional planning. Toronto experienced less planning initiatives than major United-States cities.

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Wyckoff, William, and Aaron Sachs. "The Humboldt Current: Nineteenth-Century Exploration and the Roots of American Environmentalism." Western Historical Quarterly 38, no. 4 (December 1, 2007): 512. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25443612.

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Conke, Leonardo Silveira. "Strategy in the 20th Century: Explanations from History." Revista Ibero-Americana de Estratégia 12, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 210–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5585/ijsm.v12i4.1951.

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In this essay, we argue that an historical perspective helps to understand some of the strategic choices made by organizations. More specifically, the purpose here is to describe the great influence of historical events (related to economy, politics, technological advancement etc.) on the creation, acceptance, spreading and / or establishment of the strategic theories and tools developed since the beginning of the 20th century. Texts that usually discuss management and history outline only the Industrial Revolution or the transition from feudalism to capitalism, underestimating other historical forces that offer additional explanations to the evolution of strategic thinking. As a result of an extensive bibliographical research, we were able to identify four periods where the strategic theories developed reveal suitable responses to the challenges created by the environment: in the first one (1900-1938), strategy is concerned with organization and control of business activities, resembling the ideas developed by Scientific Administration; in the second period (1939-1964), strategic planning is formalized and the area is broadly recognized; the next decades (1965-1989) are characterized by competition and uncertainty, making strategy focus on problems emerged from the outside; finally, on the turn of the century (1990-2010), the unlimited information availability enhances the need for strategists’ conceptual and practical knowledge. Also, as a final contribution, we suggest two possible trends to the future of strategy.

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Smith, Earl, James Upton, and Manning Marable. "A Social History of 20th Century Urban Riots." Phylon (1960-) 47, no. 1 (1986): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/274699.

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38

Corwin, Jay. "History, Mythology, and 20th Century Latin American Fiction." Theory in Action 14, no. 4 (October 31, 2021): 4–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3798/tia.1937-0237.2126.

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The history of the Americas from the colonial period is marked by a large influx of persons from Europe and Africa. Fiction in 20th Century Latin America is marked by ties to the Chronicles and the history of human melding in the Americas, with a natural flow of social and religious syncretism that shapes the unique literary aesthetics of its literatures as may be witnessed in representative authors of genuine merit from different regions of Latin America.

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Doležalová, Eva, Marie Šedivá Koldinská, Martin Sekera, Jana Mezerová, and Marek Junek. "History." Muzeum: Muzejní a vlastivedná práce 55, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 28–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mmvp-2017-0033.

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Abstract The exposition named History will present the development of the Czech lands from the 9th century till the present. The exposition will be divided into two separate spaces – the Historical Building of the National Museum will house the history of the 9th–19th centuries and the New Building of the National Museum will house the history from the 20th century. Despite reflecting to a certain extent the traditional division of the Middle Ages, Early Modern Period, the “long” 19th century, and the 20th century, the narrative will be continuous without any artificial historical disruptions. We will debunk some historical myths and stereotypes. Emphasis will be laid on the presentation of items from the collections of the National Museum. A certain update will also be important, i.e. the presentation of ideas and symbols, that we refer to today. Parallel narratives will be nonetheless important, as they will show that history is not unambiguous and that certain events can be viewed from several different perspectives (e.g. the winner and the loser, nobleman and subject). Last but not least, we will address the issues of individual freedom and its limits.

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Barucci, P. "Italian Economists of the 20th Century." History of Political Economy 32, no. 4 (December 1, 2000): 1033–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182702-32-4-1033.

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Žarić, Stefan. "THE PROBLEM OF THE HISTORIZATION OF 20TH CENTURY SERBIAN FASHION 1920-1980." Istorija 20. veka 40, no. 1/2022 (February 1, 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.29362//ist20veka.2022.1.zar.1-16.

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The paper covers the history of 20th century Serbian fashion from the 1920s through the 1980s, focusing on the problem of its historization. Based on established readings submitting 20th century Serbian fashion to politics thus distancing it from global fashion history, I aim to structure a possible historical narrative of fashion by identifying the elements of haute couture in 20th century Serbian fashion industry. Rather than contrasting Serbian fashion figures with their Western counterparts and deepening the West / East Europe fashion divide, the paper traces similarities between them, demonstrating that 20th century Serbian fashion responded to haute couture trends simultaneously with their emergence in the West.

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Žarić, Stefan. "THE PROBLEM OF THE HISTORIZATION OF 20TH CENTURY SERBIAN FASHION 1920-1980." Istorija 20. veka 40, no. 1/2022 (February 1, 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.29362/ist20veka.2022.1.zar.1-16.

Full text

Abstract:

The paper covers the history of 20th century Serbian fashion from the 1920s through the 1980s, focusing on the problem of its historization. Based on established readings submitting 20th century Serbian fashion to politics thus distancing it from global fashion history, I aim to structure a possible historical narrative of fashion by identifying the elements of haute couture in 20th century Serbian fashion industry. Rather than contrasting Serbian fashion figures with their Western counterparts and deepening the West / East Europe fashion divide, the paper traces similarities between them, demonstrating that 20th century Serbian fashion responded to haute couture trends simultaneously with their emergence in the West.

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Helle‐Valle, Jo. "Social change and sexual mores: a comparison between pre‐20th‐century Norway and 20th‐century Botswana." History and Anthropology 14, no. 4 (December 2003): 327–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0275720032000156460.

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Maritz, P. J. "History reconstruction: Third century parallels to 20th century South African Church 'History Origen Adamantinus." Verbum et Ecclesia 18, no. 2 (July 4, 1997): 291–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ve.v18i2.564.

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History reconstruction: Third century parallels to 20th century South African Church History - Origen Adamantinus. In this paper a possible third century contribution to Church History reconstruction is considered. This is employed as an example for South African church historians who are dedicated to history interpretation, whether it be from the perspective of: acceptance on face value; justification; verification; criticism or renunciation of twentieth century historical events and the WG)'S in which they have influenced the prophetic task of the church in South Africa. To this end, a parallel is drawn between third century Origen and a few South African church figures from the twentieth century, which will highlight the church's continuing prophetic ministry.

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Actis, Giovanni Clemente, Rinaldo Pellicano, Sharmila Fagoonee, and Davide Giuseppe Ribaldone. "History of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases." Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 11 (November 14, 2019): 1970. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8111970.

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Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are characterized by chronic inflammation of the intestinal mucosa and unknown etiology. In this review, we identified three main eras in the IBD history. Between the 19th and the 20th century, the primary task had been the definition of the diagnostic criteria in order to differentiate the new entity from intestinal tuberculosis. In the 20th century, an intense and prolific therapeutic research prevailed, culminating in the introduction of biological drugs in the clinical setting. Since the beginning of the 21st century, traditional definition criteria have been challenged by holistic criteria in an effort to seek a still unattained cure. Centuries of worldwide efforts on IBD etiology and therapy search have culminated in this novel strategy.

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Benson, K. R. "The Humboldt Current: Nineteenth-Century Exploration and the Roots of American Environmentalism." Journal of American History 94, no. 1 (June 1, 2007): 300–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25094875.

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KATZ, STEVEN T. "‘Genocide in the 20th Century’." Holocaust and Genocide Studies 4, no. 2 (1989): 127–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hgs/4.2.127.

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CHALK, FRANK. "‘Genocide in the 20th Century’." Holocaust and Genocide Studies 4, no. 2 (1989): 149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hgs/4.2.149.

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MELSON, ROBERT. "‘Genocide in the 20th Century’." Holocaust and Genocide Studies 4, no. 2 (1989): 161–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hgs/4.2.161.

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REID, JAMES J. "‘Genocide in the 20th Century’." Holocaust and Genocide Studies 4, no. 2 (1989): 175–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hgs/4.2.175.

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