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Journal articles on the topic 'Environmental risk scores'
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Zeng, Jingjing, Meiquan Jiang, and Meng Yuan. "Environmental Risk Perception, Risk Culture, and Pro-Environmental Behavior." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 5 (March 7, 2020): 1750. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051750.
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Mixed evidence exists regarding the relationship between environmental risk perception and pro-environmental behavior. This study uses an existing online survey conducted by the Center of Ecological Civilization (CEC) of China University of Geosciences from December 2015 to March 2016 and examines how cultural bias influences environmental risk perception and behavior. We found that an individual’s pro-environmental behavior is not only influenced by environmental risk perception, but also by his or her cultural worldviews. Built on culture theory (CT), our empirical results suggest that young Chinese people are more located in “high-group” culture, where egalitarian culture and hierarchical culture dominate. The higher scores of hierarchical and egalitarian cultures of Chinese youth, the more likely they are to protect the environment. Moreover, the relationship between cultural worldviews and pro-environmental behaviors are mediated by perceived environmental risks.
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Dudbridge, Frank, Nora Pashayan, and Jian Yang. "Predictive accuracy of combined genetic and environmental risk scores." Genetic Epidemiology 42, no. 1 (November 26, 2017): 4–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gepi.22092.
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Guan, Zhong, Janhavi R. Raut, Korbinian Weigl, Ben Schöttker, Bernd Holleczek, Yan Zhang, and Hermann Brenner. "Individual and joint performance of DNA methylation profiles, genetic risk score and environmental risk scores for predicting breast cancer risk." Molecular Oncology 14, no. 1 (November 19, 2019): 42–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1878-0261.12594.
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Cicek, S., and F. Karadag. "The Potential Relationship Between The Environmental Risk Factors And Social Cognition in Psychosis." European Psychiatry 65, S1 (June 2022): S284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.727.
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Introduction In schizophrenia research, little is known about the relationship of environmental exposures with social cognition deficits. Objectives We aimed to investigate the relationship between social cognitive performance and well-defined environmental risk factors (childhood adversities, birth season, paternal age, obstetric complications, urban living i.e.) in schizophrenia. Methods 54 schizophrenia patients and 37 healthy controls (HCs) were included in our study. Participants in both groups were of similar age, gender, and educational level. Two theory of mind (ToM) tests (DEZIKÖ and RMET), and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) were applied. ToM test scores among groups (patients with/ without risk factors, and HC) were compared using analysis of variance. Results Overall, the schizophrenia group scored higher on the CTQ and performed worse on ToM tests than the HCs. Patients were more likely to report obstetric complications, advanced paternal age, winter and rural birth. Both the patients having high and low CTQ scores performed poorer on the RMET and false belief test than HCs. However, there was no significant difference in DEZİKÖ-total scores of patients with low CTQ scores and HCs. Patients with advanced paternal age at birth achieved lower faux pas sub-scores. Urban birth and RMET scores were positively correlated in patients. Conclusions Our findings suggest the environmental factors such as childhood traumas, advanced paternal age, and rural birth seem to negatively affect the social cognitive performance of schizophrenia patients. Disclosure No significant relationships.
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Araújo, Daniel S., and Heather E. Wheeler. "Genetic and environmental variation impact transferability of polygenic risk scores." Cell Reports Medicine 3, no. 7 (July 2022): 100687. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100687.
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Lewis, Anna C. F., Robert C. Green, and Jason L. Vassy. "Polygenic risk scores in the clinic: Translating risk into action." Human Genetics and Genomics Advances 2, no. 4 (October 2021): 100047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.xhgg.2021.100047.
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Sameroff, Arnold J., Ronald Seifer, Ralph Barocas, Melvin Zax, and Stanley Greenspan. "Intelligence Quotient Scores of 4-Year-Old Children: Social-Environmental Risk Factors." Pediatrics 79, no. 3 (March 1, 1987): 343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.79.3.343.
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Verbal IQ scores in a socially heterogeneous sample of 215 4-year-old children were highly related to a cumulative environmental risk index composed of maternal, family and cultural variables. Different combinations of equal numbers of risk factors produced similar effects on IQ, providing evidence (1) that no single factor identified here uniquely enhances or limits early intellectual achievement and (2) that cumulative effects from multiple risk factors increase the probability that development will be compromised. The multiple risk index predicted substantially more variance in the outcome measure than did any single risk factor alone, including socioeconomic status. High-risk children were more than 24 times as likely to have IQs below 85 than low-risk children.
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Pusker, Stephanie M., Kelly A. DeBie, Maggie L. Clark, Andreas M. Neophytou, Kayleigh P. Keller, Margaret J. Gutilla, and David Rojas-Rueda. "Environmental Justice and Sustainable Development: Cumulative Environmental Exposures and All-Cause Mortality in Colorado Counties." Sustainability 16, no. 21 (October 22, 2024): 9147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16219147.
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(1) Background: Colorado’s (CO) Environmental Justice mapping tool, CO EnviroScreen, quantifies environmental injustices through “EnviroScreen Scores”, highlighting areas likely affected by environmental health disparities. Identifying the specific scores most strongly associated with mortality could help prioritize interventions and allocate resources to address these issues. This study contributes to sustainable development goals by examining the relationship between environmental justice indicators and population health outcomes. By utilizing the CO EnviroScreen tool, we assess how cumulative environmental exposures and vulnerabilities impact mortality rates, providing insights for sustainable planning and public health policies. (2) Methods: We assessed the cross-sectional association between county-level all-cause mortality rates in CO, using 2019 data from the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, and three county-level component scores obtained from CO EnviroScreen: sensitive populations (i.e., health-related outcomes), environmental exposures (e.g., from air, water, noise), and climate vulnerability (i.e., risk of drought, flood, extreme heat, wildfire). A quasi-Poisson generalized linear model was utilized, incorporating covariates (county-level metrics for insufficient sleep, alcohol overconsumption, physical inactivity, and smoking) to explore associations adjusted for behavioral risk factors (n = 64 counties). (3) Results: The analysis revealed that a 10% increase in the “Environmental Exposures” component score was associated with a 3% higher all-cause mortality rate (95% CI: 1.00, 1.05), highlighting the importance of addressing environmental determinants for sustainable community health. No significant associations were observed for the “Sensitive Populations” or “Climate Vulnerability” component scores. (4) Conclusions: This study provides novel evidence of an association between the CO EnviroScreen score, particularly the environmental exposure component, and all-cause mortality rates at the county level in Colorado in 2019. The findings suggest that cumulative environmental exposures may contribute to geographic disparities in mortality risk, even after adjusting for key behavioral risk factors. These results underscore the importance of integrating environmental justice considerations into sustainable development strategies to promote equitable health outcomes and resilient communities. While our study demonstrates the utility of CO EnviroScreen in identifying areas at risk due to environmental factors, it does not establish a direct link to broader environmental justice outcomes. Further research is needed to explore specific environmental exposures and their direct impacts on health disparities to provide a more complete picture of environmental justice in Colorado.
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Karlsson Linnér, Richard, and Philipp D. Koellinger. "Genetic risk scores in life insurance underwriting." Journal of Health Economics 81 (January 2022): 102556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2021.102556.
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Shin, Jiyoung, Harris Hyun-soo Kim, Eun Mee Kim, Yookyung Choi, and Eunhee Ha. "Impact of an Educational Program on Behavioral Changes toward Environmental Health among Laotian Students." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 14 (July 14, 2020): 5055. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145055.
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This study evaluates the effect of an integrated health care educational program on several behavioral changes related to environmental health among Laotian students. Students in the experimental group received education concerning environmental health-related issues, including air pollution and chemical exposure. Analyses of covariance (ANCOVA) and paired t-tests were conducted for the statistical analysis of the pre- and post-survey scores. The post-test scores of the experimental group regarding their risk perception and information-seeking behaviors towards air pollution and chemical exposure were higher than those of the control group after controlling for the pre-test scores. Moreover, in the experimental group, the girls’ risk perception scores significantly increased after receiving the education, which was not observed in the control group. The risk perception score among non-drinking students also significantly increased after the program. These results indicate that the education program effectively enhanced the students’ risk perception, especially that of girls and nondelinquent students.
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Alfimova, M., M. Gabaeva, T. Lezheiko, V. Plakunova, and V. Golimbet. "Rates of perinatal environment risk factors in schizophrenia patients with higher and lower schizophrenia polygenic risk scores." European Psychiatry 67, S1 (April 2024): S293—S294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2024.611.
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IntroductionUnderstanding the relations between genetic (G) and environmental (E) factors in the development of schizophrenia is important for psychosis prevention. These relations may vary from G x E correlations to G x E interactions and independent additive effects of genetic load and environment. The G x E interactions mean that genetic variants associated with schizophrenia make an individual vulnerable to specific environmental exposures thus enhancing the risk of disease manifestation in those who possess such genetic variants. In the case of independent effects, environmental exposure might serve as the main cause or an additional to genetic load external trigger which is needed for the illness development. Thus, the rate of independent environmental risk factors is expected to be higher in patients with a lower genetic liability to schizophrenia.ObjectivesThe study aimed to confirm this hypothesis by comparing schizophrenia patients with higher and lower polygenic risk scores for schizophrenia (SZ-PRS) on the rate of urbanicity, winter birth and obstetric complications (OC), as previous data suggested their independence from the genetic burden of the disease.MethodsSZ-PRS were calculated for 861 patients with schizophrenia spectrum diagnoses (ICD-10, F2), predominantly of Slavic decent, based on the latest GWAS. For patients comprising the highest and lowest SZ-PRS deciles, information on the environmental risk factors was extracted from medical records. Each environmental factor was coded as present/absent. The presence were defined as being born in the most urban environment (a city’s population > 5 million), in winter months and having at least one OC from a predefined list (Alfimova et al. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23: 12629). In addition, hypoxia/asphyxia, and low birth weight were analyzed separately. Polyenvirommental risk scores (PERS) aggregating the three factors were calculated using natural logarithms of the odds ratios (OR) from an umbrella review (Radua et al. World Psychiatry 2018; 17: 49-66). Logistic regression adjusted for ancestry-related principal components, demographic, and technical variables was applied to compare the SZ-PRS deciles on each factor and PERS.ResultsNone of the factors alone or PERS predicted SZ-PRS decile membership.ConclusionsThe results did not support the hypothesis. Future research needs reliable data on the frequency of the studied factors in the general population where the patients come from.The study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation, grant no. 21-15-00124.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared
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Huang, Chieh-Liang, Ping-Ho Chen, Hsien-Yuan Lane, Ing-Kang Ho, and Chia-Min Chung. "Risk Assessment for Heroin Use and Craving Score Using Polygenic Risk Score." Journal of Personalized Medicine 11, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm11040259.
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Addiction is characterized by drug-craving, compulsive drug-taking, and relapse, and results from the interaction between multiple genetic and environmental factors. Reward pathways play an important role in mediating drug-seeking and drug-taking behaviors, and relapse. The objective of this study was to identify heroin addicts who carry specific genetic variants in their dopaminergic reward systems. A total of 326 heroin-dependent patients undergoing methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) were recruited from the Addiction Center of the China Medical University Hospital. A heroin-use and craving questionnaire was used to evaluate the urge for heroin, the daily or weekly frequency of heroin usage, daily life disturbance, anxiety, and the ability to overcome heroin use. A general linear regression model was used to assess the associations of genetic polymorphisms in one’s dopaminergic reward system with heroin-use and craving scores. Results: The most significant results were obtained for rs2240158 in GRIN3B (p = 0.021), rs3983721 in GRIN3A (p = 0.00326), rs2129575 in TPH2 (p = 0.033), rs6583954 in CYP2C19 (p = 0.033), and rs174699 in COMT (p = 0.036). These were all associated with heroin-using and craving scores with and without adjustments for age, sex, and body mass index. We combined five variants, and the ensuing dose-response effect indicated that heroin-craving scores increased with the numbers of risk alleles (p for trend = 0.0008). These findings will likely help us to understand the genetic mechanism of craving, which will help in predicting the risk of relapse in clinical practice and the potential for therapies to target craving in heroin addiction.
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Long, Carolyn K., and A. D. Witherspoon. "The Environmental Deprivation Scale as a Predictor of Academic Performance." Psychological Reports 82, no. 3_suppl (June 1998): 1295–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1998.82.3c.1295.
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Scores of 72 college students on the Environmental Deprivation Scale were correlated with grade point averages and accumulated credit hours. Significant negative values indicated that high scale scores may be predictive of poor academic performance (low GPAs). Further analysis identified specific areas for intervention with students at risk for dropping out.
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Bertiz, Harun, and Burak Kiras. "Analysis of Environmental Risk Perceptions and Scores of Preservice Science Teachers in Terms of Some Variables." International Education Studies 15, no. 6 (October 14, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ies.v15n6p1.
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This research aims to determine the environmental risk perceptions of preservice science teachers (PSTs) and compare their risk scores in relation to different variables. The research participant group consisted of PSTs (N = 205) from the Faculty of Education in the Department of Science Education at Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University in Turkey. The environmental risk perception scale (ERPS) was used as a data collection tool and the environmental risk perception interview form (ERPIF) was used during the interviews. A survey model was used in the research. An enriched design in which quantitative and qualitative analyses were used together was included. Quantitative results from the research show “radiation,” “factory waste,” and “hazardous (chemical) waste,” as environmental problems that PSTs consider the riskiest. The least risky environmental problems were “overgrazing of animals in meadows and pastures,” “commercial fishing,” and “open mining.” According to the qualitative interview results, “air pollution” and “factory waste” were seen as the riskiest environmental problems, while “environmental waste” was considered the least risky environmental problem. In addition, while the females had a higher environmental risk perception than the males, there was a significant difference between the 3rd and 4th levels with 4th level PSTs favoring a higher environmental risk perception. There was no significant difference between the environmental risk perception scores of the PSTs depending on whether they took an environmental course or not; neither was there any significant difference issuing from the educational status of PSTs’ parents.
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Jang, Ga-Young, Hyoung-Goo Kang, Ju-Yeong Lee, and Kyounghun Bae. "ESG Scores and the Credit Market." Sustainability 12, no. 8 (April 23, 2020): 3456. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12083456.
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This study analyzes the relationship between Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) scores and bond returns using the corporate bond data in Korea during the period of 2010 to 2015. We find that ESG scores include valuable information about the downside risk of firms. This effect is particularly salient for the firms with high information asymmetry such as small firms. Interestingly, of the three ESG criteria, only environmental scores show a significant impact on bond returns when interacted with the firm size, suggesting that high environmental scores lower the cost of debt financing for small firms. Finally, ESG is complementary to credit ratings in assessing credit quality as credit ratings cannot explain away ESG effects in predicting future bond returns. This result suggests that credit rating agencies should either integrate ESG scores into their current rating process or produce separate ESG scores which bond investors integrate with the existing credit ratings by themselves.
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Helbig, Ingo, Kate M. Lawrence, Mary M. Connellan, Yvonne Torn-Broers, Lata Vadlamudi, Jazmin Eckhaus, Roger L. Milne, John L. Hopper, and Samuel F. Berkovic. "Obstetric Events as a Risk Factor for Febrile Seizures: A Community-Based Twin Study." Twin Research and Human Genetics 11, no. 6 (December 1, 2008): 634–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/twin.11.6.634.
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AbstractAdverse events during the perinatal period have traditionally been thought to contribute to the risk of febrile seizures although an association has not been found in large epidemiological studies. Disease-discordant twins provide a means to assess the role of non-shared environmental factors while matching for confounding factors and avoiding difficulties of epidemiological studies in singletons. This study aimed to examine the association of obstetric events and febrile seizures in a community-based twin study. Twenty-one twin pairs discordant for febrile seizures were ascertained from a community-based twin register. Obstetric events were scored using the McNeil-Sjöström Scale for Obstetric Complications and expressed as a summary score (OC score). The frequency of individual obstetric events in affected and unaffected twins, the within-pair differences in OC scores and other markers of perinatal risk including birthweight, birth order and Apgar scores were examined. No significant difference was found in the frequency of individual obstetric events, nor in OC scores between affected and unaffected twins. No differences in birth weight, birth order, 1- or 5-minute Apgar scores were observed. Our results confirm previous findings that obstetric events are not associated with the risk of febrile seizures.
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Yapici, Gulcin, Oya Ögenler, Ahmet Öner Kurt, Fazıl Koçaş, and Tayyar Şaşmaz. "Assessment of Environmental Attitudes and Risk Perceptions among University Students in Mersin, Turkey." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5650926.
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Background. Environmental destruction is one of the most important problems in this century. Objective. The aim of the study was to determine the environmental attitudes and perceived risks associated with environmental factors of the students. Methods. This cross-sectional study was conducted in 7 faculties of Mersin University. The research data were collected using a questionnaire. The questionnaire included sociodemographic characteristics, the “Environmental Attitudes Scale,” and the “Environmental Risk Perception Scale.” 774 students who filled out questionnaires were evaluated. Results. The sample included 55.8% females. Environmental Attitudes Scale mean scores of students were identified as 81.1±11.3. The highest perceived risk was release of radioactive materials associated with nuclear power generation. The environmental attitudes and risk perception scores were higher in Health Sciences than in the other faculties. Females were more positive towards the environment and had higher risk perceptions than the men. There is a negative correlation between age and resource depletion risk and global environmental risk score. Conclusion. Students had a positive attitude to the environment and had moderate-level risk perception about the environment. Environmental awareness of students, especially those studying in the Social Sciences, should be increased. The environmental education curriculum should be revised throughout all the courses.
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Fithria, Annisa, and Surya Darma. "ESG and Credit Risk: Evidence from Indonesian and Malaysian Banks." Jurnal REKSA: Rekayasa Keuangan, Syariah dan Audit 11, no. 2 (August 28, 2024): 193–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.12928/jreksa.v11i2.11252.
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This study investigates the impact of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) scores on credit risk, specifically Non-Performing Loans (NPL), in Indonesian and Malaysian banks, including both Islamic and conventional institutions. The study employs an unbalanced panel dataset from 12 Indonesian and 10 Malaysian banks over the period 2010-2023. Using fixed-effects regression models, the analysis explores whether higher ESG scores are associated with lower NPL levels. The results reveal that while overall ESG scores and their components—environmental, social, and governance—do not show significant impacts on NPL, bank size and economic growth are positively associated with credit risk. This research contributes to the understanding of ESG's role in financial stability within the banking sector, offering insights for policymakers, regulators, and stakeholders. By addressing a gap in the literature on ESG performance in banks, particularly in developing countries, the study underscores the importance of sustainable banking practices for enhancing financial stability and managing credit risk.
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Dehestani, Mohammad, Hui Liu, and Thomas Gasser. "Polygenic Risk Scores Contribute to Personalized Medicine of Parkinson’s Disease." Journal of Personalized Medicine 11, no. 10 (October 15, 2021): 1030. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm11101030.
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Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons. The vast majority of PD patients develop the disease sporadically and it is assumed that the cause lies in polygenic and environmental components. The overall polygenic risk is the result of a large number of common low-risk variants discovered by large genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Polygenic risk scores (PRS), generated by compiling genome-wide significant variants, are a useful prognostic tool that quantifies the cumulative effect of genetic risk in a patient and in this way helps to identify high-risk patients. Although there are limitations to the construction and application of PRS, such as considerations of limited genetic underpinning of diseases explained by SNPs and generalizability of PRS to other populations, this personalized risk prediction could make a promising contribution to stratified medicine and tailored therapeutic interventions in the future.
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Aldieri, Luigi, Alessandra Amendola, and Vincenzo Candila. "The Impact of ESG Scores on Risk Market Performance." Sustainability 15, no. 9 (April 25, 2023): 7183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15097183.
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Over the last two decades, there has been an increased attention to and awareness of corporate environmental, social, and governance (ESG) responsibilities. The asset allocation process has changed accordingly to consider these ESG responsibilities, and it has largely been recognized that private and institutional investors are sensitive to ESG factors when deciding on firms in which to invest. In addition to ESG factors, other key stock-related factors to which investors generally pay attention are risk-adjusted indicators, such as the Sharpe ratio (SR) and the Sortino index (SI), as well as tail risk measures, such as the Value-at-Risk (VaR) and the Expected Shortfall (ES). Overall, the SR, SI, VaR, and ES can provide a guide for investors concerning the risk market performance of a stock under investigation. In this context, the research question that arises is the following: are firms’ performances sensitive to ESG rates? The present contribution aims to answer this question. In particular, the SR, SI, VaR, and ES measures of a set of listed firms are calculated and evaluated. Among these, there are firms with low ESG grades and some with high ESG grades according to two ESG rate providers. The list of stocks under consideration consists of the first 25 constituents (by weight) of the S&P500 index in the period from 2020 and 2022. The empirical findings indicate that risk market performance does not properly depend on high or low ESG rates.
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Victor, Shannon. "Integration of Polygenic Risk Scores and Artificial Intelligence into Healthcare." International Journal of Social Science and Economic Research 09, no. 10 (2024): 4864–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.46609/ijsser.2024.v09i10.053.
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The introduction of artificial intelligence technology has been groundbreaking in increasing positive outcomes and simplifying processes for numerous industries. In recent years, the healthcare field has followed suit by leveraging advancements to allow for predictive analysis. The integration of artificial intelligence into scientific techniques has transformed the way we identify the population’s genetic predispositions to diseases. Polygenic risk scores (PRS) are a calculation of an individual’s risk for a certain genetic disease. However, since most complex diseases are also affected by environmental and lifestyle factors that these tests don’t take into consideration, utilizing artificial intelligence in addition to this provides a much more accurate approach. This will aid in identifying individuals at higher risk, usually because of family history, in order to provide a comprehensive diagnosis and treatment plan. While this combination holds significant promise in advancing personalized medicine, it’s important to be aware of the possible racial and socioeconomic underrepresentation present in the current development of these technologies.
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A, Fakhry. "Validation of Caprini’s Saphenous Ablation Scores." Angiology & Vascular Surgery 6, no. 3 (December 28, 2021): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.24966/avs-7397/100082.
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Introduction: Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) after varicose vein surgery is well recognized. Less well documented is Endovenous Heat-Induced Thrombosis (EHIT), thrombus extension into a deep vein after superficial venous thermo ablation. There is no current agreement on the routine use of thromboprophylaxis in patients undergoing varicose vein surgery. more data on the incidence of VTE, and the need for postoperative thromboprophylaxis are necessary to formulate evidence-based clinical guidelines. Aim of the study: Comparison of the use of Caprini's Saphenous Ablation Scores versus Standard Caprini’s Score for the prophylaxis of VTE in EVLA. Patients & Methods: 60 patients admitted to Royal Vascular Center, Alexandria - Egypt. From Jan. 1st, 2021, to June 30th 2021 divided in 3 groups. - Group A) Treated by ablation of Great saphenous vein and received VTE prophylaxis according to Caprini’s Saphenous Ablation Scores Fig 1-A & B -Group B) Treated by ablation of Great saphenous vein and received VTE prophylaxis according to Standard Caprini’s Risk Assessment Score for VTE Fig 2-A&B - C) Treated by ablation of Great saphenous vein without VTE prophylaxis Ablation was done using radial 1480 YAG laser fibers and Post-operative Duplex was done one day, 3 month and one-year. Results: Age: 35.6+0.2, 34.3+0.5 and 37.6+0.09 years in the 3 groups M/F: 6/14, 8/12 and 7/13. In group A) all patients showed absent reflux post operatively and in all follow up visits. Duplex examination revealed significant reflux in the great saphenous veins in all patients and ranged from 0.7:0.9 Sec. and mean duration 0.7+0.09 Sec. Vein diameter ranged from (0.6: 0.9,X+0.76 CM.) in group A), (0.6: 0.8,X+0.7 CM.) in group B) , (0.5: 0.8,X+0.65 CM.) in group C) According to Caprini’s saphenous score 14 patients 70% were classified as low risk, 4 patients 20% were of moderate risk and 2 patients 10% of high-risk in Group A, while applying standard Caprini’s Score in group B patients revealed: 6 patients 30% were of moderate risk and 14 patients 70% of high risk in Group B ) . 3 patients developed superficial thrombophlebitis 15% and one patient 5% developed left calf DVT in Group C, while no VTE events were shown in both A&B Groups Significant drop in CVSS in patients in the three groups. Conclusion: Risk assessment of patients undergoing varicose veins ablation should be done and applying Caprini’s saphenous score as a better alternative to Standard Caprini’s score for VTE prophylaxis and is considered a safe and cost-effective tool in VTE prevention in these patients.
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Harris, Alex H. S., Chris L. Bryson, Haili Sun, David Blough, and Katharine A. Bradley. "Alcohol Screening Scores Predict Risk of Subsequent Fractures." Substance Use & Misuse 44, no. 8 (January 1, 2009): 1055–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10826080802485972.
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Puustinen, Pekka Johannes, Hannu Koponen, Hannu Kautiainen, Pekka MäNtyselkä, and Mauno Vanhala. "Gender-specific association of psychological distress with cardiovascular risk scores." Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care 28, no. 1 (January 2010): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02813431003648131.
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Agranat, Victoria. "Evaluation of Impact of ESG Rating and Environmental Performance Factors on the Level of Credit Risk and Shareholder Expectations of Companies in Carbon-Intensive Industries from BRICS Countries." Journal of Corporate Finance Research / Корпоративные Финансы | ISSN: 2073-0438 17, no. 2 (September 6, 2023): 68–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/j.jcfr.2073-0438.17.2.2023.68-84.
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The objective of the study was to evaluate the impact of ESG ratings, environmental (E) pillar scores and environmental performance metrics of non-financial companies from BRICS countries on their credit risks (measured by credit rating) and shareholder expectations (measured by enterprise value (EV) to sales multiple). Environmental performance metrics included emission scores, water efficiency scores, environmental management team scores and the ability to cope with climate risks scores. The relevance of the study is underpinned by the limited number of research in the field for BRICS countries and contradictory conclusions in research about the strength and direction of the influence of ESG factors onthe value and financial metrics of the companies. The ordered logit regression and OLS regression models were applied for credit ratings and EV/Sales multiple respectively. The sample included 206 companies from carbon-intensive industries from Brazil, China, India, South Africa and Russia for 2018-2021. Financial and ESG metrics were taken from Refinitiv while companies' credit ratings were taken from Moody’s and S&P. The results showed that the improvements in ESG and E-scores as well as environmental performance metrics hurt companies’ credit ratings. Conversely, the improvements in ESG, E-scores and environmental performance metrics had a positive impact on EV/Sales metrics. The latter confirms the TGMT (too-much-of-a-good-thing) effect of environmental performance as equity investors expect a positive effect from climate-related actions on equity performance in the long term.
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Chen, Qiuying, KinChung Ho, and Jingling Liu. "Preliminary evaluation of ecological risk for the city area from the Pearl River Estuary." Water Science and Technology 70, no. 10 (October 18, 2014): 1648–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.399.
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It is essential to evaluate the ecological risk for the estuary cities area for the environmental restoration of the estuary. The ecological risk of six city areas from the Pearl River Estuary were evaluated by using the relative risk model. The relative risk assessment method was developed by considering the river network density in the sub-region. The results indicated that Dongguan had the largest ecological risk pressure with total risk scores as high as 10,846.3, and Hong Kong had the lowest ecological risk pressure with total risk scores up to 4,104.6. The greatest source was domestic sewage with total risk scores as high as 1,798.6, followed by urbanization and industry. Oxygen-consuming organic pollutants, organic toxic pollutants and nutrients were the major stressors of the water environment. In terms of habitats, the water environment was enduring the greatest pressure. For the endpoints, water deterioration faced the largest risk pressure.
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Kwak, Soo Heon. "Polygenic Risk Score and Precision Medicine in Diabetes." Journal of Korean Diabetes 24, no. 4 (December 31, 2023): 210–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4093/jkd.2023.24.4.210.
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Precision medicine involves tailoring medical treatment to the individual characteristics, needs, and preferences of each patient. In the realm of diabetes, genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors must all be considered when developing personalized management strategies. Polygenic risk refers to the cumulative risk of developing a disease based on the presence of multiple genetic variants across the genome. Understanding the polygenic nature of diabetes assists in identifying various genetic factors that contribute to its onset, progression, and the development of complications. Recent studies indicate that polygenic risk scores are instrumental in distinguishing between type 1 diabetes, monogenic diabetes, and type 2 diabetes. Moreover, these scores can predict incident type 2 diabetes in women with a history of gestational diabetes and can be used to forecast diabetic complications. When polygenic risk scores are combined with other risk factors such as age, body mass index, and family history, risk stratification is enhanced, pinpointing individuals who may benefit most from early intervention strategies. Challenges related to practical use of polygenic scores include ethnicity specificity, data privacy, and generating evidence in the clinical setting. We aim to explore opportunities as well as challenges related to utilizing polygenic risk in precision medicine.
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Dalvi, Priyanka J., Saubhik Ghosh, Vinayak M. Joshi, Kishor Bhat, and Vivek H. Prakash. "Fluorosis: Environmental Risk Factor for Periodontal Disease?" Journal of Postgraduate Medicine, Education and Research 51, no. 4 (2017): 157–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10028-1255.
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ABSTRACT Background Periodontitis is multifactorial in nature. The effects of fluorosis as an environmental factor are not evaluated and researched to designate it as a risk factor similar to smoking. The primary objectives of this study were to investigate whether there is any association between fluorosis and periodontal disease and to assess salivary oxidative stress in fluorosed and nonfluorosed patients with periodontitis contributing to periodontal disease. Aim This is a case—control study with an aim to investigate whether fluorosis acts as a risk factor for periodontal disease and to assess salivary oxidative stress in fluorosed and nonfluorosed patients with periodontitis contributing to periodontal disease. Materials and methods About 295 systemically healthy patients were divided into test group (n = 154 fluorosed subjects) and control group (n = 141 nonfluorosed subjects) and assessed for their periodontal status. Clinical parameters recorded were plaque index, gingival bleeding index (GBI), and Jackson's fluorosis index to assess the degree of fluorosis, and community periodontal index was to assess the periodontal status. Biochemical analysis of saliva was done for assessment of malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels, and total antioxidant (TAOC) levels. Results The plaque and GBI scores were found similar in fluorosed and nonfluorosed groups. Gingivitis was significantly higher in nonfluorosed than in fluorosed group; in contrast, periodontitis was significantly higher in fluorosed group than in nonfluorosed group. Gingivitis appeared to decline as the fluoride status worsened, while periodontitis showed an increasing gradient from lower fluoride score to higher fluoride score. As the degree of fluorosis increased, periodontitis also increased. The salivary antioxidant levels were found similar in both the groups. How to cite this article Dalvi PJ, Vandana KL, Ghosh S, Joshi VM, Bhat K, Prakash VH. Fluorosis: Environmental Risk Factor for Periodontal Disease? J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2017; 51(4):157-161.
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Irwansyah, Irwansyah, and Nurzi Sebrina. "Pengaruh Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) Risk dan Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) terhadap Kinerja Perusahaan." JURNAL EKSPLORASI AKUNTANSI 6, no. 4 (November 23, 2024): 1636–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/jea.v6i4.2075.
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This study examines the effect of ESG Risk and ERM on company performance. The population used in this study are companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2023. The sampling technique in this study is purposive sampling, where 77 companies pass. The data used is secondary data, including ESG Risk scores from Morningstar Sustainalytics, risk management disclosures, and financial and non-financial data obtained from the official website of the Indonesia Stock Exchange and the company's annual report. Company performance is measured using return on assets (ROA). The results showed that the ESG Risk of companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange does not affect company performance. In contrast, ERM, as measured by disclosure items, negatively influences firm performance. These findings provide new insights into the relationship between risk management, ESG factors, and financial performance in the context of the Indonesian capital market.
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Dolan, Conor V., Roel C. A. Huijskens, Camelia C. Minică, Michael C. Neale, and Dorret I. Boomsma. "Incorporating Polygenic Risk Scores in the ACE Twin Model to Estimate A–C Covariance." Behavior Genetics 51, no. 3 (February 1, 2021): 237–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10519-020-10035-7.
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AbstractThe assumption in the twin model that genotypic and environmental variables are uncorrelated is primarily made to ensure parameter identification, not because researchers necessarily think that these variables are uncorrelated. Although the biasing effects of such correlations are well understood, a method to estimate these parameters in the twin model would be useful. Here we explore the possibility of relaxing this assumption by adding polygenic scores to the (univariate) twin model. We demonstrate that this extension renders the additive genetic (A)—common environmental (C) covariance (σAC) identified. We study the statistical power to reject σAC = 0 in the ACE model and present the results of simulations.
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Mas, Sergi, Daniel Boloc, Natalia Rodríguez, Gisela Mezquida, Silvia Amoretti, Manuel J. Cuesta, Javier González-Peñas, et al. "Examining Gene–Environment Interactions Using Aggregate Scores in a First-Episode Psychosis Cohort." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, no. 4 (February 21, 2020): 1019–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa012.
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Abstract Gene–environment (GxE) interactions have been related to psychosis spectrum disorders, involving multiple common genetic variants in multiple genes with very small effect sizes, and several environmental factors that constitute a dense network of exposures named the exposome. Here, we aimed to analyze GxE in a cohort of 310 first-episode psychotic (FEP) and 236 healthy controls, by using aggregate scores estimated in large populations such as the polygenic risk score for schizophrenia and (PRS-SCZ) and the Maudsley environmental risk score (ERS). In contrast to previous findings, in our study, the PRS-SCZ did not discriminate cases from controls, but the ERS score explained a similar percentage of the variance as in other studies using similar approaches. Our study supports a positive additive interaction, indicating synergy between genetic susceptibility to schizophrenia (PRS-SCZ dichotomized according to the highest quartile distribution of the control population) and the exposome (ERS > 75% of the controls). This additive interaction showed genetic and environmental dose dependence. Our study shows that the use of aggregate scores derived from large and powered studies instead of statistics derived from specific sample characteristics is a powerful tool for the study of the effects of GxE on the risk of psychotic spectrum disorders. In conclusion, by using a genetic risk score and an ERS we have provided further evidence for the role of GxE in psychosis.
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Song, Yun-Mi, Joohon Sung, and Kayoung Lee. "Genetic and Environmental Relationships Between Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms and Cardiovascular Risk Estimates Among Korean Twins and Families." Twin Research and Human Genetics 20, no. 6 (October 5, 2017): 533–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/thg.2017.54.
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We aimed to assess shared genetic correlations of depressive and anxiety symptoms with concurrent and future estimated cardiovascular risk (CVR) score in Korean twins and family members. For the relationship with Adult Treatment Panel III CVR estimate in subjects aged 30–74 years (n = 1,059, baseline and follow-up after 3.2 ± 1.2 years), Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and state and trait anxiety inventory (SAI and TAI) were measured at baseline. A mixed linear model for CVR scores at baseline and follow-up was applied to include depressive and anxiety symptoms, twin and family effects, income, education, alcohol use, exercise, body mass index, and baseline CVR score for follow-up analysis. Higher CES-D scores were associated with higher CVR score at baseline in men, while higher TAI score was associated with higher CVR score at follow-up in women. Heritabilities were 0.245~0.326 for CVR score, 0.320 for CES-D score, 0.367 for TAI score, and 0.482 for SAI score. There were significant common genetic correlations in the relationships of CES-D, TAI, and SAI scores with CVR scores at baseline and follow-up (after adjusting for baseline CV risk score). Shared common environmental correlations were observed in the relationships of CES-D and SAI scores with CVR score at baseline; and SAI score with CVR score at follow-up. In the within-monozygotic twin analysis, there were no associations between CES-D, TAI, and SAI scores, and CVR score. In conclusion, shared genetic and environmental influences were observed in the relationship between depressive and anxiety symptoms with concurrent and future CVR estimates.
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Prorokowski, Lukasz. "Environmental Risk Index for financial services firms." Qualitative Research in Financial Markets 8, no. 1 (February 1, 2016): 16–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qrfm-04-2015-0018.
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Purpose – This paper aims to provide an index benchmarking financial services firms against their environmental performance. The paper also introduces a new definition of the environmental risk that fits the current business and regulatory landscape of financial services firms. The Environmental Risk Index (ERI) helps financial services firms review their corporate social responsibility (CSR)/environmental and social governance (ESG) frameworks and address any shortcomings. With this in mind, every financial institution should understand that the Index is not primarily about the ranking, but about the highlighted areas that require significant investment to improve the overall management and understanding of environmental risk. This paper points to the link between being “green” and financial performance. As it transpires, addressing environmental risk serves not only the planet but also banks themselves by bringing in new business, reducing costs and avoiding reputational damage. Design/methodology/approach – The ERI relies on 44 variables grouped into ten thematic vectors that relate to different aspects of environmental risk management. Data for calculating the ERI are obtained by reviewing CSR and Sustainability Reports produced annually by financial services firms. Reports encompassing 2013 have been analysed to ensure objectivity and comparability of the results. A universal approach to all organisations has been taken in the numerical calculation of this index. The variables have been constructed such that they fit a wide range of institutions, from G-SIB banks and international asset managers through to smaller, domestic firms. As it transpires, the efforts to become “greener” are similar for financial institutions regardless of their market capitalisation or international reach. Findings – As far as the general ranking for the ERI is concerned, the range between the first and the last bank equals 524 points. With the maximum of 1,000 points that could be achieved in the ranking, the average score is 633 points and over 50 per cent of the banks have scored above the average. As it transpires, European banks outperform institutions from other regions with the average ERI score of 700. Banks repressing the Middle East region lag behind in their environmental performance. Interestingly, ERI scores and revenue figures are almost uncorrelated for large banks. This proves that any bank, despite its global presence and revenue, can develop similar environmental risk initiatives. The empirical analysis of the index results and revenue figures suggest that the revenue is related to the environmental performance. In other words, it is profitable to become “greener”. For every point in the ERI score gained, the revenue should increase slightly by a factor of 0.02. Practical/implications – This paper cuts through the environmental jargon, extensive literature review on environmental issues, socio-political issues and scientific study to deliver a clear picture of what needs to be done in the area of the environmental risk for financial services firms to reduce costs, increase business, improve reputation, address certain regulatory initiatives, strengthen the environmental and social governance and become more environmentally responsible. Originality/value – This paper, in a pioneering attempt, has presented the ERI encompassing financial services firms. At this point, the paper serves as a benchmarking tool for financial institutions willing to compare their “green” status. Looking at environmental risk has become an important part of the journey towards carefully managing business processes to generate a positive image. The importance of environmental risk is further underscored by investors, shareholders and regulators taking an increasing interest in banks’ activities. With this in mind, financial services firms need to scrutinise their operations with a particular focus on the quality of management in terms of people, environment and processes.
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Jones, Charles, and Bryan Lightowler. "The efficacy of the HEART score in prehospital settings." Journal of Paramedic Practice 14, no. 5 (May 2, 2022): 198–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/jpar.2022.14.5.198.
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Background: HEART scores are a well-validated tool used to risk stratify patients with chest pain in the emergency department. Currently, no triage or risk stratification tool is available in the UK prehospital arena. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was carried out to determine the effectiveness of HEART score use by paramedics in the prehospital environment. Findings: Prehospital HEART scores completed by paramedics appear to have a high sensitivity and negative predictive value for detecting major adverse cardiac events. The use of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin assays or a prehospital modified HEART Pathway may allow patients to be triaged based on a single point-of-care (POC) cardiac troponin test. As POC devices improve, this is likely to increase the accuracy of paramedic HEART scores. Additionally, there are some differences between HEART scores calculated by doctors and paramedics. Conclusion: The use of HEART scores prehospitally has the potential to improve patient outcomes. However, issues remain over the accuracy of POC devices and with paramedic interpretation of electrocardiograms and cardiac history-taking. Furthermore, the lack of POC testing in current UK paramedic scopes of practice raises questions over the practicality of introducing HEART scores, which would rely on POC testing.
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Asrial, An Aldia, and Anggit Pudjiastuti. "The Validation and Comparison of Zwolle, TIMI, and GRACE Risk Scores for STEMI Patients Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in The Indonesian Population." Indonesian Journal of Cardiology 43, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.30701/ijc.1324.
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Background
Zwolle, TIMI, and GRACE risk scores have been proven to predict mayor adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in STEMI patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, they were developed over a long time ago which many advances have been made in the cardiovascular field today. The scores were also developed in the non-Asian majority population and their accuracy for Indonesian population remains unknown. We aimed to validate and compare these scores for Indonesian population.
Methods
An analytical observational study was conducted on 193 patients undergoing primary PCI. The Zwolle, GRACE, and TIMI risk scores were calculated for each patient. Then, the risk score validation was carried out with the calibration test using Hosmer Lemeshow test and discrimination test using the AUC ROC. Furthermore, the comparisons between the risk scores were carried out using the DeLong test.
Results
The three scores have good results in the Hosmer Lemeshow calibration test (p > 0.05). The discrimination test also indicated good results with AUC ROC Zwolle, TIMI and GRACE risk scores respectively 0.776; 0.782; 0.831 (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in the prediction accuracy of the three risk scores in the DeLong test.
Conclusions
The Zwolle, TIMI, and GRACE risk scores had good validity for predicting major adverse cardiovascular events in STEMI patients undergoing primary PCI. There was no significant difference in the prediction accuracy of the three risk scores.
Keywords: Risk score, major adverse cardiovascular events, primary percutaneous coronary interventions
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Dean, Lorraine T., Emily A. Knapp, Sevly Snguon, Yusuf Ransome, Dima M. Qato, and Kala Visvanathan. "Consumer credit, chronic disease and risk behaviours." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 73, no. 1 (October 15, 2018): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2018-211160.
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BackgroundCredit scores have been identified as a marker of disease burden. This study investigated credit scores’ association with chronic diseases and health behaviours that are associated with chronic diseases.MethodsThis cross-sectional analysis included data on 2083 residents of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA in 2015. Nine-digit ZIP code level FICO credit scores were appended to individual self-reported chronic diseases (obesity, diabetes, hypertension) and related health behaviours (smoking, exercise, and salt intake and medication adherence among those with hypertension). Models adjusted for individual-level and area-level demographics and retail pharmacy accessibility.ResultsMedian ZIP code credit score was 665 (SD=58). In adjusted models, each 50-point increase in ZIP code credit score was significantly associated with: 8% lower chronic disease risk; 6% lower overweight/obesity risk, 19% lower diabetes risk; 9% lower hypertension risk and 14% lower smoking risk. Other health behaviours were not significantly associated. Compared with high prime credit, subprime credit score was significantly associated with a 15%–70% increased risk of chronic disease, following a dose–response pattern with a prime rating.ConclusionLower area level credit scores may be associated with greater chronic disease prevalence but not necessarily with related health behaviours. Area-level consumer credit may make a novel contribution to identifying chronic disease patterns.
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van der Walt, Rudolf, Gary van Vuuren, Janette Larney, Tanja Verster, and Helgard Raubenheimer. "Combining E-Scores with Scenario Analysis to Evaluate the Impact of Transition Risk on Corporate Client Performance." Climate 12, no. 7 (July 19, 2024): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli12070107.
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Scenario analysis is a comprehensive approach to assess the impact of climate-related transition risk on businesses. Environmental, social, and governance (ESG) scores are popular tools with financial institutions (FI’s) for green-scoring practices and since they characterise a company’s performance from an ESG perspective, they have been criticised for enabling “greenwashing” when used within the context of climate risk. Commercially available ESG scores are also available for listed entities, while FI counterparties are often unlisted. This study develops a methodology for creating in-house environmental scores (E-scores), which are then used to effectively choose appropriate transition pathways to be used in company-specific forward-looking scenario analysis. Such scenario analysis can be used to forecast the company’s financial position, including the cost of its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and quantify the impact of transition climate risk on specified metrics. The choice of metrics depends on what the results of the analysis are used for. Two metrics are identified for being useful for risk management and credit decisions: future profitability and weighted average carbon intensity. Finally, the study demonstrates how this process can be implemented with a practical worked example, using only publicly available data.
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Tran, Van N. "Antiemetics and Apfel Scores in Orthopaedic Surgery." Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma Care 4, no. 5 (December 20, 2022): 01–08. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2694-0248/048.
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Background: Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is a common complication following orthopaedic surgery. Only a few risk factors have consistently been reported to be independent predictors for PONV. Aim: To report Apfel scores for orthopaedic patients then correlate these scores to the number of antiemetics prescribed and subsequently administered in both the perioperative and post operative setting and determine if screening for Apfel scores is beneficial to predict PONV. Methods: A retrospective analysis of patients admitted under orthopaedic units between 1st July2019 and 31st July 2019 was conducted at a tertiary teaching hospital in Australia. Patients were screened and allocated an Apfel score and antiemetics agents prescribed and subsequently administered were recorded. Results: A total of 115 patients were screened for inclusion. Of these four patients met this exclusion criteria, resulting in a total sample size of 111 patients. An Apfel score of two was reported in 45.0% of patients, followed by 28.8%of patients scoring three, with 12.6% scoring one. Only 5.4% of patients scored the highest risk of four, with 8.2% of patients with no Apfel score documented. Conclusion: Orthopaedic patients tend to score two or more in their Apfel score placing them at higher risk of postoperative nausea and/or vomiting according to the collectively validated Apfel’s simplified risk score. There was no statistically significant relationship between theApfel score and the number of antiemetic agents prescribed or administered from both the perioperative and post-operative setting following orthopaedic surgery in this cohort of adult patients.
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Rivers, Z., T. Luczak, H. Smith, D. Veenstra, and SD Ramsey. "EE97 Population Discordance in Economic Evaluations of Polygenic Risk Scores." Value in Health 25, no. 7 (July 2022): S353—S354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2022.04.350.
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Greitens, Thomas J., and Esther Day. "An alternative way to evaluate the environmental effects of integrated pest management: Pesticide risk indicators." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 22, no. 3 (August 8, 2007): 213–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170507001755.
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AbstractThis study examines whether pesticide risk indicators can be used to evaluate the environmental effects of pesticide applications within integrated pest management (IPM) projects. Pesticide risk indicators, commonly used in European countries, are mathematical equations that consider data inputs such as application rates, toxicity levels of a pesticide's active ingredient, meteorological data, the soil characteristics of farm fields, and other information to generate potential risk scores for pesticide applications. These potential risk scores represent the best estimate of a pesticide's impact on the surrounding environment. This project analyzed eight pesticide risk indicators, developed throughout Europe and the United States, with two years of pesticide application data from four farms using IPM. This two-year study allowed for a determination of the validity and reliability of pesticide risk indicators. The findings reveal that only three pesticide risk indicators performed consistently and gave valid results. These indicators are: the synoptic evaluation model for plant protection agents (SYNOPS) indicator from Germany, the multi-attribute toxicity factor from the United States, and the environmental impact quotient from the United States. As a result, the authors recommend these three indicators for future research and for IPM evaluative efforts that emphasize the environmental effects of pesticides.
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Osei-Yeboah, James, Eric P. Moll van Charante, Andre-Pascal Kengne, Ellis Owusu-Dabo, Bert-Jan H. van den Born, Henrike Galenkamp-van der Ploeg, Felix P. Chilunga, Daniel Boateng, Ehsan Motazedi, and Charles Agyemang. "Cardiovascular Risk Estimation Based on Country-of-Birth- and Country-of-Residence-Specific Scores among Migrants in the Netherlands: The HELIUS Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 6 (March 15, 2023): 5148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20065148.
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Background: Regional and country-specific cardiovascular risk algorithms have been developed to improve CVD risk prediction. But it is unclear whether migrants’ country-of-residence or country-of-birth algorithms agree in stratifying the CVD risk of these populations. We evaluated the risk stratification by the different algorithms, by comparing migrant country-of-residence-specific scores to migrant country-of-birth-specific scores for ethnic minority populations in the Netherlands. Method: data from the HELIUS study was used in estimating the CVD risk scores for participants using five laboratory-based (Framingham, Globorisk, Pool Cohort Equation II, SCORE II, and WHO II) and three nonlaboratory-based (Framingham, Globorisk, and WHO II) risk scores with the risk chart for the Netherlands. For the Globorisk, WHO II, and SCORE II risk scores, we also computed the risk scores using risk charts specified for the migrant home country. Risk categorization was first done according to the specification of the risk algorithm and then simplified to low (green), moderate (yellow and orange), and high risk (red). Results: we observed differences in risk categorization for different risk algorithms ranging from 0% (Globorisk) to 13% (Framingham) for the high-risk category, as well as differences in the country-of-residence- and country-of-birth-specific scores. Agreement between different scores ranged from none to moderate. We observed a moderate agreement between the Netherlands-specific SCORE II and the country-of-birth SCORE II for the Turkish and a nonagreement for the Dutch Moroccan population. Conclusion: disparities exist in the use of the country-of-residence-specific, as compared to the country-of-birth, risk algorithms among ethnic minorities living in the Netherlands. Hence, there is a need for further validation of country-of-residence- and country-of-birth-adjusted scores to ascertain appropriateness and reliability.
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Remilly, Marion, Benoit Mauvieux, and Joffrey Drigny. "Personality Traits Associated with the Risk of Exercise Dependence in Ultraendurance Athletes: A Cross-Sectional Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 2 (January 6, 2023): 1042. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021042.
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Exercise dependence (ED) is common in endurance athletes and can lead to physical and psychological distress with various health effects. We designed a prospective cross-sectional study to investigate the personality traits associated with ED among ultraendurance athletes. A total of 507 participants (41.6 (9.8) years, men: 73.7%) completed (1) a screening questionnaire about sociodemographic data, sporting habits, and healthcare data, (2) the Exercise Dependence Scale-Revised (EDS-R, 21 items scored from 1 (never) to 6 (always), 7 subscales), (3) the Big Five Inventory (BFI), and (4) 2 items of the SCOFF (Sick-Control-One Stone-Fat-Food) questionnaire regarding possible eating disorders. Based on the EDS-R scores, 37 (7.3%) participants were at risk for ED (scores ≥ 5/6 on ≥3 subscales), 366 (72.2%) were nondependent but symptomatic (scores ≥ 3/6 on ≥3 subscales), and 104 (20.5%) were asymptomatic. Participants with ED had a greater training volume and a higher prevalence of possible eating disorders. A higher level of neuroticism was associated with increased EDS-R scores (r = 0.294; p < 0.001), with significantly higher scores in the ED group (F = 14.50, p < 0.001). The association between neuroticism and ED was not moderated by the presence of eating disorders. These findings will help to screen ultraendurance athletes at risk for ED and optimize their care.
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Pan, Jun. "Can ESG Performance Mitigate Credit Risk?" Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 71, no. 1 (January 18, 2024): 150–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/71/20241462.
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With the development and improvement of the banking and financial systems, people are increasingly concerned about the impact of non-financial factors on corporate performance and long-term value. Using a sample of Chinese A-shared listed commercial banks operating from 2013 to 2022, this study investigate the association between environment, social and government (ESG) combined scores and bank credit risk. By conducting descriptive tests, autocorrelation tests and mixed regression analysis,we find that a banks ESG performance is negatively associated with its credit risk. In addition, we took a closer look at banks' good performance on the environmental and governance pillars of ESG ratings and found that these two pillars can reduce credit risk more effectively than the social pillars. Our research provides new ideas for risk management and bank governance, helping banks to incorporate ESG scores into their daily management and risk monitoring, enabling banks to prevent risks more effectively and take effective measures.
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Dennison, Charlotte A., Sophie E. Legge, Leon Hubbard, Amy J. Lynham, Stanley Zammit, Peter Holmans, Alastair G. Cardno, Michael J. Owen, Michael C. O’Donovan, and James T. R. Walters. "Risk Factors, Clinical Features, and Polygenic Risk Scores in Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorder Depressive-Type." Schizophrenia Bulletin 47, no. 5 (April 10, 2021): 1375–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbab036.
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Abstract There is controversy about the status of schizoaffective disorder depressive-type (SA-D), particularly whether it should be considered a form of schizophrenia or a distinct disorder. We aimed to determine whether individuals with SA-D differ from individuals with schizophrenia in terms of demographic, premorbid, and lifetime clinical characteristics, and genetic liability to schizophrenia, depression, and bipolar disorder. Participants were from the CardiffCOGS sample and met ICD-10 criteria for schizophrenia (n = 713) or SA-D (n = 151). Two samples, Cardiff Affected-sib (n = 354) and Cardiff F-series (n = 524), were used for replication. For all samples, phenotypic data were ascertained through structured interview, review of medical records, and an ICD-10 diagnosis made by trained researchers. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models were used to compare individuals with schizophrenia and SA-D for demographic and clinical characteristics, and polygenic risk scores (PRS). In the CardiffCOGS, SA-D, compared to schizophrenia, was associated with female sex, childhood abuse, history of alcohol dependence, higher functioning Global Assessment Scale (GAS) score in worst episode of psychosis, lower functioning GAS score in worst episode of depression, and reduced lifetime severity of disorganized symptoms. Individuals with SA-D had higher depression PRS compared to those with schizophrenia. PRS for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder did not significantly differ between SA-D and schizophrenia. Compared to individuals with schizophrenia, individuals with SA-D had higher rates of environmental and genetic risk factors for depression and a similar genetic liability to schizophrenia. These findings are consistent with SA-D being a sub-type of schizophrenia resulting from elevated liability to both schizophrenia and depression.
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Barnhart, Janice M., Natania D. Wright, Katherine Freeman, Frank Silagy, Nereida Correa, and Elizabeth A. Walker. "Risk Perception and its Association with Cardiac Risk and Health Behaviors among Urban Minority Adults: The Bronx Coronary Risk Perception Study." American Journal of Health Promotion 23, no. 5 (May 2009): 339–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4278/ajhp.07072574.
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Purpose. Examine the relationship among risk perceptions, health behaviors, and a measure for actual risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Design. Cross-sectional survey. Setting/Subjects. Adults from three outpatient medical clinics with at least one CHD risk factor. Measures. Perceived risk using the new Coronary Risk, Individual Perception (CRIP) scale, an index of CHD risk, and summary scores for self-reported diet and exercise. Analysis. Bivariate associations using Spearman rank and Kruskal-Wallis; multiple regression models for outcomes (health behaviors). Results. The 16-item CRIP scale had acceptable internal consistency (α = 0.76; interitem total correlation = 0.34 ± 0.17). The response rate was 80.3%, and the mean age of 256 respondents was 56.6 (± 9.9) years; 70 % were women, 63% Hispanic, and 27% black. CRIP scores were inversely associated with low fat/high fiber intake (r = −0.17; p = .007) and exercise (r = −0.19; p = .003). Among respondents with three or more CHD risk factors (n = 132), 44 % perceived themselves to be at low risk for CHD. In multivariable models, men with high CRIP scores had higher fat intake than women (p = .02), but men exercised more (p = .04). Conclusions. In this study, gender moderated the relationship between risk perception and health behaviors, and many respondents underestimated their risk of CHD. Behavioral intervention research aimed at reducing cardiometabolic risk in minority populations should resolve differences between perceived and actual risk of CHD to foster lifestyle changes and examine temporal relationships between risk perception and health behaviors.
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Vaskimo, Lotta M., Georgy Gomon, Najib Naamane, Heather J. Cordell, Arthur Pratt, and Rachel Knevel. "The Application of Genetic Risk Scores in Rheumatic Diseases: A Perspective." Genes 14, no. 12 (December 1, 2023): 2167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes14122167.
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Modest effect sizes have limited the clinical applicability of genetic associations with rheumatic diseases. Genetic risk scores (GRSs) have emerged as a promising solution to translate genetics into useful tools. In this review, we provide an overview of the recent literature on GRSs in rheumatic diseases. We describe six categories for which GRSs are used: (a) disease (outcome) prediction, (b) genetic commonalities between diseases, (c) disease differentiation, (d) interplay between genetics and environmental factors, (e) heritability and transferability, and (f) detecting causal relationships between traits. In our review of the literature, we identified current lacunas and opportunities for future work. First, the shortage of non-European genetic data restricts the application of many GRSs to European populations. Next, many GRSs are tested in settings enriched for cases that limit the transferability to real life. If intended for clinical application, GRSs are ideally tested in the relevant setting. Finally, there is much to elucidate regarding the co-occurrence of clinical traits to identify shared causal paths and elucidate relationships between the diseases. GRSs are useful instruments for this. Overall, the ever-continuing research on GRSs gives a hopeful outlook into the future of GRSs and indicates significant progress in their potential applications.
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Jeong, Nam Jeong, Eunil Park, and Angel P. del Pobil. "Effects of Behavioral Risk Factors and Social-Environmental Factors on Non-Communicable Diseases in South Korea: A National Survey Approach." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2 (January 12, 2021): 612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020612.
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Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are one of the major health threats in the world. Thus, identifying the factors that influence NCDs is crucial to monitor and manage diseases. This study investigates the effects of social-environmental and behavioral risk factors on NCDs as well as the effects of social-environmental factors on behavioral risk factors using an integrated research model. This study used a dataset from the 2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. After filtering incomplete responses, 5462 valid responses remained. Items including one’s social-environmental factors (household income, education level, and region), behavioral factors (alcohol use, tobacco use, and physical activity), and NCDs histories were used for analyses. To develop a comprehensive index of each factor that allows comparison between different concepts, the researchers assigned scores to indicators of the factors and calculated a ratio of the scores. A series of path analyses were conducted to determine the extent of relationships among NCDs and risk factors. The results showed that social-environmental factors have notable effects on stroke, myocardial infarction, angina, diabetes, and gastric, liver, colon, lung, and thyroid cancers. The results indicate that the effects of social-environmental and behavioral risk factors on NCDs vary across the different types of diseases. The effects of social-environmental factors and behavioral risk factors significantly affected NCDs. However, the effect of social-environmental factors on behavioral risk factors was not supported. Furthermore, social-environmental factors and behavioral risk factors affect NCDs in a similar way. However, the effects of behavioral risk factors were smaller than those of social-environmental factors. The current research suggests taking a comprehensive view of risk factors to further understand the antecedents of NCDs in South Korea.
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Eaves, Lindon. "Genotype × Environment Interaction in Psychiatric Genetics: Deep Truth or Thin Ice?" Twin Research and Human Genetics 20, no. 3 (May 24, 2017): 187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/thg.2017.19.
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Background:There continues to be significant investment in the detection of genotype × environment interaction (G × E) in psychiatric genetics. The implications of the method of assessment for the genetic analysis of psychiatric disorders are examined for simulated twin data on symptom scores and environmental covariates.Methods: Additive and independent genetic and environmental risks were simulated for 10,000 monozygotic (MZ) and 10,000 dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs and the ‘subjects’ administered typical simulated checklists of clinical symptoms and environmental factors. A variety of standard tests for G × E were applied to the simulated additive risk scores, sum scores derived from the checklists and transformed sum scores.Results:All analyses revealed no evidence for G × E for latent risk but marked evidence for G × E and other effects of modulation in the sum scores. These effects were all removed by transformation. An integrated genetic and psychometric model, accounting for both the causes of latent liability and a theory of measurement, was fitted to a sample of the simulated sum-score data and showed that there was no significant modulation of the parameters of the genetic model by environmental covariates (i.e., no G × E).Conclusions:Claims to detect G × E based on analytical methods that ignore the theory of measurement must be subjected to greater scrutiny prior to publication.
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Tardivo, S., A. Zenere, F. Moretti, F. Marchiori, D. Berti, M. Migliorini, A. Tomasi, et al. "The Traveller’s Risk Perception (TRiP) questionnaire: pre-travel assessment and post-travel changes." International Health 12, no. 2 (July 11, 2019): 116–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/inthealth/ihz033.
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Abstract Background Travellers’ risk perception is a key component of travel risk assessment because it influences the adequate implementation of safety precautions. The aims of this study are to validate a tool to analyse travellers’ risk perception to identify which factors can influence it and how it changes upon return. Methods The Traveller’s Risk Perception (TRiP) questionnaire was developed and administered to outpatients before and after travel in three travel clinics. A principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to validate the questionnaire and multivariate regression analysis was used to evaluate the effect of travellers’ characteristics on the risk scores. Results A total of 1020 travellers completed the questionnaire. PCA identified two latent factors: ‘generic-disseminated risks’ and ‘specific-circumstantial risks’. Cronbach’s α was acceptable (0.76 and 0.70, respectively). The ‘generic-disseminated risks’ dimension scored higher than the ‘specific-circumstantial risks’ (p<0.001). The items with the highest scores were insect bites, gastrointestinal disorders and malaria. The mean scores were significantly lower after the travel for all items but one. Conclusions The TRiP questionnaire is a valid and reliable tool for rating travellers’ perceptions. Staff in travel clinics should be trained to systematically assess travellers’ risk perception in order to tailor the consultation according to specific information needs.
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Andrews, Shea J., G. Peggy McFall, Roger A. Dixon, Nicolas Cherbuin, Ranmalee Eramudugolla, and Kaarin J. Anstey. "Alzheimer’s Environmental and Genetic Risk Scores are Differentially Associated With General Cognitive Ability and Dementia Severity." Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders 33, no. 2 (2019): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/wad.0000000000000292.
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