Academic literature on the topic 'Environmental risk assessment – Law and legislation'
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Journal articles on the topic "Environmental risk assessment – Law and legislation"
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Karczewska, Anna, and Cezary Kabała. "Environmental risk assessment as a new basis for evaluation of soil contamination in Polish law." Soil Science Annual 68, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ssa-2017-0008.
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Abstract This paper discusses new regulations on the assessment of soil contamination and the principle rules for remediation of contaminated sites included in the Environmental Protection Act, amended in 2014., as well as in related implementing legislation of 2016. In place of soil quality standards and the requirement to bring soil to the state that meets the standards, the new rules of contamination assessment and new remediation criteria have been introduced, based on environmental risk assessment. Similar rules are becoming increasingly common in many countries. This article provides general knowledge on the principles for the assessment of environmental risks associated with soil contamination, taking into account its two fundamental aspects: human health risk and environmental risk. On this background, the paper presents the principles of the assessment on soil contamination contained in the Regulation 1395 (2016) of the Minister of the Environment, as well as the rules for the choice of remediation method and design of remedial actions that should be basically aimed to eliminate the risk to human health and the environment.
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Ignatyeva, Inna A. "Environmental Assessment in Russian Law: Can It Promote Sustainable Development in the Russian Arctic?" Yearbook of Polar Law Online 5, no. 1 (2013): 321–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116427-91000128.
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Abstract The current plans of the Russian Federation to intensify significantly economic and other activities in Russian Arctic include the widespread exploitation of Arctic natural resources. At the same time, however, high vulnerability of the Arctic environment has been recognized in the country’s legislation. The plans for development in such a vulnerable region as the Arctic give rise to concern as to how it can be realized sustainably. For this reason, it is useful to examine one legal tool of environmental protection, an environmental assessment (EA) procedure, since this institution at least provides the possibility to enable the exploitation of Arctic’s natural resources in a way that protects the environment. Yet, as the article will point out, the conditions for effective EA have been in recent years severely limited, which can be seen in the current legislation. It is hence justifiable to be concerned of the future of Arctic vulnerable environment and, as the article proposes, restore some of the elements of the past EA legislation, which enable a stronger EA mechanism.
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Han, Kangning, and Shoucheng Zhang. "Realization of Preventive Function of Environmental Law in the Governance of Risky Society: Based on the Article 39 of the “Environmental Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China”." E3S Web of Conferences 272 (2021): 01025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127201025.
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The protection of public health is one of the legislative purposes of China’s environmental legal system. The “Environmental Protection Law” puts forward the legal goal of “establishing and improving the environment and health monitoring, investigation and risk assessment system”, and incorporates the environmental health risk assessment system into the environment Protect the scope of basic systems, but China’s existing environmental monitoring, environmental impact assessment, and environmental standards cannot achieve the functions of environmental and health risk prevention and regulation. It is necessary to build an environmental health risk assessment system with Chinese characteristics from both physical and procedural aspects.
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Ситдиков, Рустэм Наилевич, and Елена Алексеевна Вайчулис. "Environmental risk assessment in the work performance at the construction facilities." SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGIES OIL AND OIL PRODUCTS PIPELINE TRANSPORTATION, no. 3 (August 25, 2021): 320–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.28999/2541-9595-2021-11-3-320-327.
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Соблюдение требований законодательства Российской Федерации и международных соглашений по охране окружающей среды является обязательным при выполнении всех видов строительно-монтажных работ. Организация эффективного производственного (строительного) контроля за соблюдением требований экологической безопасности позволяет минимизировать риски аварий, инцидентов, отказов оборудования, избежать штрафов, сверхлимитных платежей, репутационных потерь. С целью снижения природоохранных нарушений при проведении работ на объектах строительства предложено применение риск-ориентированного подхода в рамках производственного контроля. Для расчета показателя риска авторами проведен анализ нарушений природоохранного законодательства, определены значимые расчетные параметры, разработаны формы проверочных листов контроля соблюдения требований природоохранного законодательства подрядной организацией при проведении строительных работ. Апробация риск-ориентированного подхода осуществлена на объектах технического перевооружения организаций системы «Транснефть». По результатам апробации даны предложения для внесения изменений в нормативную документацию ПАО «Транснефть». Compliance with the Russian Federation law and international agreements on environmental protection is mandatory when performing all types of construction and installation work. Organization of effective production (construction) control over compliance with environmental safety requirements allows minimizing the risks of accidents, incidents, equipment failures, fines, extrabudgetary payments, and reputation losses. In order to reduce environmental violations during construction site works, it is proposed to apply a risk-based approach within the production control framework. In order to calculate the risk indicator, the authors analyzed violations of environmental legislation, identified significant design parameters, developed checklists for monitoring compliance with environmental laws by the contractor during construction works. Appraisal of the risk-based approach was conducted at the Transneft system entities’ retrofitting facilities. Based on the results of appraisal, proposals for amending the Transneft PJSC regulatory documents were made.
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Cole, D. A. "ENVIRONMENTAL LAW REGIMES—PETROLEUM OPERATIONS IN AUSTRALIA'S OFFSHORE AREAS." APPEA Journal 35, no. 1 (1995): 813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj94058.
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Increasing petroleum activity in Australia's offshore areas is heightening industry, government and community awareness of the potential impact of these operations on marine ecosystems and coastal environments.The Offshore Constitutional Settlement of the late 1970s has resolved the issue of allocation of governmental rights and powers over the resources of the sea and the seabed. However, the application of environmental laws to those areas remains largely untested. A complex web of legislation—State, Territory and Commonwealth—may apply to proposed and on-going petroleum activities.The Commonwealth Government has substantial power to intervene to protect environmentally sensitive areas whether they are within areas of the sea over which that government or the states or the Northern Territory have primary jurisdiction. Despite the recent Intergovernmental Agreement on the Environment, substantial ultimate power resides with the Commonwealth to protect the environment, particularly through the use of the external affairs power. The politically fluid nature of environmental management in offshore areas adds an important dimension to the commercial risk assessment process for the petroleum industry.
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Karelin, Aleksandr O., A. Yu Lomtev, G. B. Yeremin, N. A. Mozzhukhina, and P. A. Ganichev. "Legal analysis of the use of health risk assessment in the field of sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population." Hygiene and sanitation 99, no. 6 (July 29, 2020): 624–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2020-99-6-624-630.
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In recent years, when regulating relations in the field of ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population, risk-oriented supervision, and the population health risk assessment have been increasingly applied. The usage of these effective tools requires a clear legal framework. The article represents the analysis of the legal aspects of the usage of public health risk assessment and risk-based control (surveillance) in the field of the sanitary-epidemiological well-being of the population in the Russian Federation. Special attention is drawn to the problems of applying the methods for state sanitary-epidemiological surveillance. The analysis of draft laws related to this area and the legislation and experience of other countries is performed. The analysis of modern legislative changes regarding the application of risk-based supervision and the application of public health risk assessment allows concluding that the methodology for health risk assessment is an important tool in regulating relations in the field of ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population. Currently, there is a certain legal and regulatory framework for its use. But it needs improvement. As the experience of the “regulatory guillotine” carried out in many countries shows, this procedure allows eliminating many contradictions existing in regulatory legal acts. A risk-based approach is enshrined in the legislation of all EAEU member countries. At the same time, an analysis of the regulatory framework showed that a risk-oriented model was formed to a greater extent and is functioning in terms of classification (categorization) by the risk of harm to the health of legal entities (LE), individual entrepreneurs (IP) or their activities than risk-based supervision of products traded in the consumer market. The transition to a new model of state control (supervision) requires legal consolidation of the risk management system in the law on sanitary and epidemiological well-being and taking into account the experience of the EU and EAEU countries in this area.
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Broomandi, Parya, Mert Guney, Jong Ryeol Kim, and Ferhat Karaca. "Soil Contamination in Areas Impacted by Military Activities: A Critical Review." Sustainability 12, no. 21 (October 29, 2020): 9002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12219002.
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Military activities drastically affect soil properties mainly via physical/chemical disturbances during military training and warfare. The present paper aims to review (1) physical/chemical disturbances in soils following military activities, (2) approaches to characterization of contaminated military-impacted sites, and (3) advances in human health risk assessment for evaluating potential adverse impacts. A literature search mainly covering the period 2010–2020 but also including relevant selected papers published before 2010 was conducted. Selected studies (more than 160) were grouped as follows and then reviewed: ~40 on the presence of potentially toxic elements (PTEs), ~20 on energetic compounds (ECs) and chemical warfare agents (CWAs), ~40 on human health risk assessment, and generic limits/legislation, and ~60 supporting studies. Soil physical disturbances (e.g., compaction by military traffic) may drastically affect soil properties (e.g., hydraulic conductivity) causing environmental issues (e.g., increased erosion). Chemical disturbances are caused by the introduction of numerous PTEs, ECs, and CWAs and are of a wide nature. Available generic limits/legislation for these substances is limited, and their contents do not always overlap. Among numerous PTEs in military-impacted zones, Pb seems particularly problematic due to its high toxicity, abundance, and persistence. For ECs and CWAs, their highly variable physiochemical properties and biodegradability govern their specific distribution, environmental fate, and transport. Most site characterization includes proper spatial/vertical profiling, albeit without adequate consideration of contaminant speciation/fractionation. Human health risk assessment studies generally follow an agreed upon framework; however, the depth/adequacy of their use varies. Generic limits/legislation limited to a few countries do not always include all contaminants of concern, their content doesn’t overlap, and scientific basis is not always clear. Thus, a comprehensive scientific framework covering a range of contaminants is needed. Overall, contaminant speciation, fractionation, and mobility have not been fully considered in numerous studies. Chemical speciation and bioaccessibility, which directly affect the results for risk characterization, should be properly integrated into risk assessment processes for accurate results.
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Afzal, Muhammad Salman, Furqan Tahir, and Sami G. Al-Ghamdi. "Recommendations and Strategies to Mitigate Environmental Implications of Artificial Island Developments in the Gulf." Sustainability 14, no. 9 (April 22, 2022): 5027. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14095027.
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Artificial island development (AID) to tackle rampant urbanization on scarce land puts all marine biodiversity at huge risk and is recognized as a global conservation issue worldwide. This study critically reviews the gaps that undermined biodiversity and ecology during construction activities of the artificial islands in the Gulf region that could be alleviated if apposite environmental values and sustainable strategies of different regions of the world had paid enough heed to economic and social aspects. The method used for this study was an analytical descriptive literature survey, and the resources were chosen after three phases of quality assessment. This survey found various barricades to sustainable AID, such as lack of scientific data, adequate site selection, ineffective environmental evaluations, noncompliance with legislation, and economic gains over the environmental aspects. It was concluded that to protect the marine ecosystem from inevitable degradation, strict compliance with international and national legislation, research and baseline data collection, strengthening of the existing environmental assessment, continuous capacity building, and modern practices of different countries should be brought to the forefront. Furthermore, this study aims to provide guidance to policymakers and governmental organizations to mitigate emerging environmental issues during AID through strategic decision-making processes.
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Popovych, Tetiana G., Oleksandr V. Bezukh, Hryhoriy I. Trofanchuk, and Tetiana B. Pozhodzhuk. "Economic Law and Standardization: A Basis for Avoiding Risks in Business." International Journal of Criminology and Sociology 10 (December 31, 2020): 440–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2021.10.52.
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Currently, in Ukraine, there is a system of technical regulation as part of the general system of standardization. Technical regulation is defined as a means of state regulation, which, like any legal regulation, is implemented by appropriate legal means. This explains the relevance of this study. This paper investigates the Economic Code of Ukraine, several Ukrainian laws (the Law of Ukraine "On Environmental Audit", the Law of Ukraine "On Standardization", the Law of Ukraine "On Technical Regulations and Conformity Assessment", etc.), and State standards. Technical regulation was also considered as a general category and a legal phenomenon, as a result of which it was noted that the technical regulation adopted in Ukraine for dividing products into food and non-food products is only a matter of supervision over the conformity of goods and the use of conditions for a specific legal act and type of product. It was concluded that standardization proceeds from social regulation and generates norms of a technical, organizational, or other orderly nature, transforming into legal provisions. Therewith, technical regulation also derives from legal regulation and gives rise to technical guidelines, which constitute statutory regulations that form part of the national legislation of Ukraine, including economic legislation. As a result, it is proposed to improve and supplement the wording of Part 2 Article 16 of the Law of Ukraine "On Standardization", and it is also proposed to reword Article 24 of the Law of Ukraine "On Technical Regulations and Conformity Assessment".
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Zhavoronkova, N. G., and V. B. Agafonov. "Theoretical and Methodological Problems of Legal Support of Ecological, Biosphere and Genetic Safety in the System of National Security of the Russian Federation." Lex Russica 1, no. 9 (September 26, 2019): 96–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2019.154.9.096-108.
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The paper is devoted to the study of theoretical problems of legal provision of ecological, biosphere and genetic security in the system of national security of the Russian Federation. It is noted that from the legal point of view the process of «legitimization» of the term (concept) of environmental safety has been successfully completed. This term is widely used in legislation and law enforcement practice, however, the term «environmental safety» still does not have a pronounced context, distinguishable, for example, from the terms «environmental protection», «environmental risk», «sustainable development». If there is a legitimate (conservative) understanding of environmental safety, there is still no modern legal and clear, unambiguous and essential content of the concept of «safety» (including genetic, biological, biosphere, evolutionary and other currently relevant types of safety). Attempts to define safety (along with vulnerability) through threats, damages, stability, losses, have the right to exist, but do not give adequate and substantial sense. Based on the analysis of the current legislation and strategic planning documents, it is concluded that new theoretical and methodological approaches to the understanding of both the basic concept of «safety» and the concept of «environmental safety» are required. According to the authors, due to the emergence of new global challenges and threats (genetic, biosphere, biological, climatic, etc.) in a specific law it is advisable to revise the underlying definition of environmental safety, stressing its specificity. It is important to form the conceptual framework, including the definition and assessment of threats, risks; to select standards and methods of evaluation, classification of threats, their records; to provide for the variability of action of state authorities and local self-government in case of security threats and also the mechanism of participation of citizens and public associations in environmental decision-making on issues of environmental safety.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Environmental risk assessment – Law and legislation"
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Fairman, Robyn Alison. "Environmental health risk : a study of risk assessment and management in industry and government in the United Kingdom." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324669.
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Sandgathe, Tracey Layne. "Environmental impact assessment and the promise of eco-pragmatism : a consideration of the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/32451.
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Because of the potential for development to have negative environmental impacts, one of the most important questions addressed by environmental law and policy is whether and how to allow development to proceed. In Canada this question is answered primarily through environmental impact assessment ("EIA"). At the federal level, EIAs are required under the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act, S.C. 1992, c. 37 ("CEAA") for certain types of proposed projects and activities. Although CEAA's purposes include fostering both a healthy environment and economy, the Act does not provide any instruction on how to balance or choose between these goals in situations where both goals cannot be served. In 1999 Professor Daniel Farber developed a methodology he refers to as 'eco-pragmatism' in an attempt to create a means by which society's competing (and often contrary) values can be balanced and satisfactory trade-offs arrived at. In this thesis the differences between CEAA and eco-pragmatism are explored and consideration is given to whether eco-pragmatism might assist in resolving the value conflicts that often characterize EIAs. Of particular interest is whether Farber's approach might improve the CEAA framework and assist CEAA decision-makers in determining whether proposed projects should be approved. It is argued that although eco-pragmatism is useful, it is not adequate if the ultimate goal is environmental protection that is sustainable into the future. Both CEAA and eco-pragmatism focus on the mitigation of negative environmental effects, rather than on achieving long-term environmental gains or observing a minimum environmental standard. Accordingly, both arguably have the effect of slowing the erosion of environmental quality, but each fails to observe some sort of environmental 'bottom line' that would impose an ultimate limit on negative impact. It is suggested that an ultimate limit is a necessary (albeit difficult) element of environmental law.Law, Peter A. Allard School of
Graduate
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Alfred, Emanoel R. "An analysis of the role of impact assessment legislation in facilitating sustainable development : a case study of Tanzania." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96788.
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Bornoz, Nathalie. "The new federal environmental impact assessment process in Canada : a step towards sustainable development?" Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69605.
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Sustainable development requires the integration of ecological and social concerns into economic activities. Recent trends in environmental impact assessment (EIA) suggest the eventual use of the EIA process to link socio-environmental attributes with economic decision-making thus allowing for the transition towards a sustainable future.This thesis is an examination of the proposed Federal Environmental Impact Assessment Act of Canada and the extent to which its provisions seek to ensure a move towards sustainable development.
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Duff, David Edwin. "A Comparative Study of Nuclear Power Risk Perceptions with Selected Technological Hazards." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2014. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/27403.
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How people perceive risk or threats is important to many disciplines that seek to assist policy makers in developing policies, regulations and laws. Using the previous work of Slovic et al. (Fischhoff, Slovic, Lichtenstein, Read and Combs, 2000; Slovic P., 1992; Slovic, Fischhoff, and Lichtenstein, 2000) in development of the psychometric paradigm, a sample of residents (n=600) from a region with a large number of nuclear reactors was surveyed. The question set was expanded to include demographic questions to determine if they impact risk perception. Two aspects of risk perception were examined, perception of overall risk and perception of riskiness along specific dimensions of concern identified previously in the literature. For both risk and riskiness, respondents? perceptions of nuclear power were compared to three other perceptions of technologies including use of modern farming methods using chemicals, railroad transportation and coal-generated electricity. The recent increase in public concern about nuclear power following the meltdowns at the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant led to the expectation that nuclear power would be rated higher in overall risk and riskiness than the other three technologies consistent with Slovic?s earlier work on risk perception. This expectation was generally supported although respondents tended to perceive modern farming methods using chemical as similar in overall risk and riskiness to nuclear power. The research specifically tested five hypotheses concerning the impact of five demographic factors: gender, race, income, education and political orientation on the overall perception of risk and riskiness. Subsequent analysis using analysis of variance and linear regression found that select demographics only explained 2% of the risk perception for nuclear power generation.
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Lindholm, Anna, and Carin Hayer. "Implementation of Swedish Risk Assessment Guidelines in Kodaikanal, India : A Study of Mercury Contamination in an Area Near a Former Thermometer Factory." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-415855.
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The aim of the project was to make a detailed risk assessment using Swedish guidelines for a factory site in Kodaikanal, South India, and a nearby village called Vellagavi. The study areas were chosen due to previous records of mercury contamination on the factory site and a possible spread to Vellagavi. A comparison between Indian and Swedish guidelines for risk assessment of contaminated areas was performed. The purposes of comparing the two systems were to locate if there were any differences in the legislation, or guidelines, and to find ways of improving the processes. The project also included an evaluation of possible remedial actions that could reverse or prevent environmental damage that might be caused by the former factory. Methods used for the project were literature studies, semi-structured interviews and surveys. The results from the risk assessment were that the Swedish Computer Program for Calculation of Guideline Values (CPCGV), with some adjustments, could be used in order to calculate site specific guideline values for mercury concentrations on sites similar to Swedish conditions, such as climate. The site specific guideline values in soil rangedfrom 0.1-2.4 mg/kg. An Indian court decision had stated that a guideline value of 20 mg/kg should be used for remediation at the factory site. The result from the forward dose calculation showed that when a soil contains 20 mg/kg,the tolerable daily intake of mercury would be exceeded, and therefore pose a risk to human health. The comparison of legislation systems between India and Sweden showed several differences. India did not have any legislation relating directly to polluted soil. Risk assessments in India commonly relied on several different international standards even though the standards were not regulated by law. The results from the remedial evaluation showed that there were several possible remediation methods that could beused on the factory site. Limited remedial actions were suggested for Vellagavi since there were no measurements taken on site. Preferably, remediation should take place at the source of the contamination, i.e. the factory site.Det övergripande målet med projektet var att genomföra en detaljerad riskbedömning för en fabriksplats i Kodaikanal, södra Indien, samt för en närliggande by, Vellagavi. Tidigare genomförda mätningar uppvisade förhöjda halter av kvicksilver i området, varför det ansågs vara ett lämpligt område för studien. Studien innehöll en jämförelse av riktlinjer för riskbedömningar för förorenad mark mellan Indien och Sverige där syftet var att identifiera skillnader i lagstiftning och riktlinjer samt lokalisera eventuella förbättringsmöjligheter. Studien innefattades även av en åtgärdsutredning för fabriksplatsen och Vellagavi, vars syfte var att utreda vilka åtgärder som skulle kunna minska risken för fortsatt miljöförstöring eller återställa området. Metoderna som användes i studien var litteraturstudier, semi-strukturerade intervjuer och en enkätundersökning. Resultatet från riskbedömningen visade att beräkningsverktyget för platsspecifika riktvärden från Naturvårdsverket kunde användas på platser som liknar Sverige klimatmässigt, efter att diverse justeringar hade gjorts. Beräkningsverktyget användes för att ta fram ett platsspecifikt gränsvärde för kvicksilverkoncentrationen i marken. Det framtagna platsspecifika gränsvärdet för koncentrationen kvicksilver i jord varierade mellan 0,1-2,4 mg/kg. Ett beslut utfärdat av indisk domstol angav att fabriksplatsen skulle saneras så att kvicksilverkoncentationen i marken inte skulle överskrida 20 mg/kg. Resultatet från den här studien visade att den nivån av förorening i marken skulle innebära att det tolerabla dagliga intaget av kvicksilver skulle överskridas. En jämförelse av de juridiska systemen som anknöt till förorenad jord i Indien respektive Sverige visade på flertalet skillnader mellan länderna. Indien hade ingen lagstiftning som speficikt reglerade förorenad jord medan det i Sverige reglerades av Miljöbalken. Riskbedömningar i Indien baserades ofta på internationella standarder, med det fanns ingen lagstifting som reglerade vilka standarder som skulle användas. Resultatet från åtgärdsutredningen var att det fanns flera olika åtgärdsmetoder som skulle kunna användas för att sanera fabriksplatsen. Åtgärdsutredningen för Vellagavi var begränsad eftersom det inte fanns tillräckligt mycket mätdata för området. Företrädesvis bör saneringsåtgärderna vidtas vid föroreningskällan, vilket i detta fall är fabriksplatsen.
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Kaakinen, J. (Juhani). "Öljyllä ja raskasmetalleilla pilaantuneita maita koskevan ympäristölainsäädännön ja lupamenettelyn edistäminen kemiallisella tutkimuksella." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2016. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526211589.
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Abstract Industrial emissions and soil pollution caused by harmful substances attracted an increased public awareness in the 1970s. Ministry of the Environment contributed to the rapid development of environmental legislation. Development of Finnish environmental legislation has also been significantly affected by the membership of the EU has been in 1995. Finnish legislation is largely based on EU legislation, but in some cases it includes even stricter standards and limits than those applied on the EU level. Studies of contaminated soils in Finland began with mapping of landfills in the 1980s. The clearing and renovation project of contaminated soils named SAMASE started in 1988, and approximately 10,400 contaminated areas were surveyed. Currently, the total number of objects has already expanded to about 25,000. This thesis consists of five scientific publications related to contaminated sites. Its summary deals with environmental legislation, treatment methods for soils contaminated with oils and heavy metals, and risk assessment in general. The scientific publications focus on the utilization of two chemical methods, i.e. oil biodegradation of contaminated soil studied, especially by manometric respirometric BOD Oxitop method, and the study of railway ballast using five-step sequential extraction method. The results show that the biodegradability of oil is strongly dependent on the soil matrix and the studied oils (motor and light fuel oils), which are biodegradable well under suitable conditions. When a 6-month long biodegradation study of light fuel contamination in mineral-rich soil without soil conditioning was performed, the final biodegradation degree was surprisingly almost complete (> 90 %), in contrary to the general assumption. Thus, the inherent biodegradability is a cost-efficient and a recommended treatment method for oil contaminated soils, especially in sparsely populated areas. Research of the railway ballast showed that the multi-step sequential extraction will provide valuable information about the effects of environmental circumstances on metals bioavailability or solubility for the purposes of risk assessment. This information is necessary to understand the actual environmental risks of metals in different natural environments, thus contributing to the development of licensing procedure. The results of this thesis also show that licensing related to the restoration of contaminated soils r (authority and control procedures) must be simplified. The authorities should also have sufficient chemical knowledge, since after all, environmental problems are mainly of chemical natureTiivistelmä Huoli ympäristöstä nosti 1970-luvun alussa erilaiset päästöt päivänvaloon, ja haitallisten aineiden aiheuttama maaperän pilaantuminen nousi esille 1980-luvulla. Suomeen vuonna 1983 perustettu ympäristöministeriö on edesauttanut nopeaa ympäristölainsäädännön kehittymistä. Kehitykseen on vaikuttanut merkittävästi myös EU-jäsenyytemme vuodesta 1995 lähtien ja jäsenyyden myötä implementoitu EY:n lainsäädäntö. Joiltain osin säädöksemme ovat jopa tiukempia kuin EU:n vastaavat säännökset. Suomessa pilaantuneiden maiden selvitystyö alkoi kaatopaikkojen kartoituksella 1980-luvulla. Valtioneuvoston v. 1988 antaman selonteon pohjalta käynnistyi saastuneiden maa-alueiden selvitys- ja kunnostusprojekti (SAMASE), jossa kartoitettiin noin 10 400 pilaantuneeksi epäiltyä tai todettua aluetta. Tätä työtä jatketaan edelleen viranomaisten tavanomaisen lupa- ja valvontatyön ohessa. Tällä hetkellä kohteiden kokonaismäärä on noin 25 000. Tämä pilaantuneisiin maihin (PIMA) liittyvä väitöskirjatutkimus koostuu yhteenveto-osasta, jossa käsitellään alan lainsäädäntöä, käsittelymenetelmiä ja riskinarviointia yleisesti sekä viidestä osajulkaisusta, jotka keskittyvät öljyllä pilaantuneiden maiden biohajoavuuteen manometrista respirometrista BOD Oxitop -menetelmää käyttäen ja kaivosteollisuuden sivukiven (raidesepeli) raskasmetallien analytiikkaan sekventiaalista uuttoa hyödyntäen. Tutkimuksen tulokset osoittavat, että öljy biohajoaa maassa sopivissa olosuhteissa hyvin ja luontainen biohajoavuus on täten yksi käyttökelpoinen öljyllä pilaantuneiden maiden puhdistusmenetelmä. Raidesepelitutkimukset osoittivat, että monivaiheinen sekventiaalinen uutto tuo uutta arvokasta tietoa olosuhteiden vaikutuksista metallien biosaatavuudesta/liukoisuudesta niiden riskinarviointia varten. Tämä tieto on välttämätöntä, kun halutaan ymmärtää metallien todelliset ympäristövaikutukset erilaisissa luonnonolosuhteissa ja näin edistää osaltaan lupamenettelyn kehittämistä. Väitöskirjassa todetaan myös, että pilaantuneen maan kunnostuksiin liittyen viranomaisten lupa- ja valvontamenettelyä tulee yksinkertaistaa ja viranomaisilla tulisi olla riittävästi kemian tietämystä ja kemiallista ajattelua, ovathan ympäristöongelmat pääosin luonteeltaan kemiallisia
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Ameida, Junior Cesar de. "A segurança e saúde no trabalho no regime CLT e no regime estatutário: uma abordagem do planejamento governamental comparando o tema nos dois regimes." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2017. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/2636.
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A segurança e saúde no trabalho é tema de grande relevância nos dias atuais, sobretudo, em razão do elevado custo financeiro, social e para a saúde dos trabalhadores relacionados aos agravos decorrentes dos riscos existentes nas atividades laborais. Desde a Revolução Industrial e no Brasil desde o fim da escravidão o tema vem progressivamente adquirindo maior importância e chamando a atenção das autoridades públicas. No Brasil a segurança e saúde do trabalho é amplamente abordada e disciplinada na legislação trabalhista através das disposições da Consolidação das Leis Trabalhistas – CLT e das Normas Regulamentadoras, emitidas pelo Ministério do Trabalho, bem como de outros instrumentos legais afins. Entretanto, no âmbito do serviço público a realidade é bastante diferente. Apesar de o setor público abrigar diversas atividades que implicam em riscos à saúde e à integridade física de seus trabalhadores, a SST é marcada pela omissão legislativa nesse setor. Enquanto no regime CLT a disciplina legal e regulamentar do tema é bastante satisfatória em termos de abrangência, no serviço público, por sua vez a disciplina do tema resume-se a tratar dos adicionais ocupacionais, deixando de lado importantes programas e medidas que são utilizadas no regime celetista. O objetivo geral deste estudo é propor alternativas para sanar a omissão legislativa e regulamentar sobre saúde e segurança no trabalho no regime jurídico único federal (estatutário). O trabalho foi elaborado com base em pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. Discute-se a possibilidade de criação de alternativas para superar a omissão legislativa e regulamentar sobre SST que atinge os trabalhadores do setor público com vistas a garantir maior isonomia no tratamento dos trabalhadores de ambos os regimes, no que diz respeito à proteção de sua saúde e segurança no trabalho.Safety and health at work is a subject which has great relevance nowadays, mainly due to the high financial, social and health costs of workers related to the grieves arising from the existing risks in the work activities. Since the Industrial Revolution, and in Brazil, since the end of slavery the issue has gradually become more important and has been drawing the attention of public authorities. In Brazil, occupational safety and health is widely approached and disciplined in labor legislation through the provisions of the Consolidation of Labor Laws (CLT) and the Regulatory Norms issued by the Ministry of Labor, as well as other related legal instruments. However, within the public service the reality is quite different. Although the public sector has several activities that imply risks to the health and physical integrity of its workers, the SHW is marked by the legislative omission in this sector. While in the CLT regime the legal and regulatory discipline of the subject is quite satisfactory in terms of scope, in the public service, in its turn the discipline of the topic boils down to dealing with occupational additional which is paid to those who work in circumstances of risk, leaving aside important programs and initiatives that are used in the private sector. The general objective of this study is to propose alternatives to solve the legislative and regulatory omission on health and safety at work in the federal (statutory) single legal regime. The work was elaborated taking as a base bibliographical and documentary research. The possibility of creating alternatives to overcoming the legislative and regulatory omission of SHW affecting public sector workers is discussed, with a view in ensuring greater equality in the treatment of workers in both regimes with regard to the protection of their health and safety at work.
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BLOCK, Laura. "Regulating Social Membership and Family Ties: policy frames on spousal migration in Germany." Doctoral thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/22685.
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Defence date: 18 May 2012Examining Board: Rainer Bauböck (Supervisor EUI); Martin Kohli (Co-supervisor EUI); Anne Philips (LSE); Kees Groenendijk (Universiteit Nijmegen).
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Migration policy-making in liberal democracies has long been explained by highlighting how “liberal constraints” compel governments to respect individual rights when devising migration policies. Family-related migration is based entirely on the individual right to protection of the family of members of society (citizens or long-term residents). However, family migration has recently been the specific target of restrictive policy reforms across Europe. Thus, in a field where, theoretically, the liberal constraint could be assumed to be strongest, there is increasing restriction. How do liberal democratic states manage to restrict migration in spite of liberal constraints? The thesis explores government strategies that restrict spousal migration while staying within the discursive realm of individual rights. By categorising policy instruments into the two approaches of regulating social membership and regulating family ties, a framework for the analysis of family migration policies emerges. Departing from the constructivist perspective that emphasises the importance of the way problems and solutions are “framed” for any policy analysis, the political debates surrounding spousal migration policies from 2005-2010 in Germany are explored. An analysis of policy documents, parliament debates and in-depth interviews with policy-makers in the legislative and executive reveal the various discursive strategies employed to legitimise restrictive policies or attack them. By circumscribing and scrutinising both the social membership necessary to access the fundamental right to family protection and the family ties in question, restricting spousal migration is legitimised. Supranational EU developments and policy shifts in other European states emphasise the pertinence of the examined German case, as it is situated within a wider European trend. By exploring the perspectives and coping strategies of transnational couples directly affected by the policies in question, a more nuanced understanding of the consequences of regulating membership status and family ties in Germany emerges.
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GRUSZCZYNSKI, Lukasz. "Regulating human and environmental health risks under the agreement on the application of sanitary and phytosanitary measures. A critical analysis." Doctoral thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/13595.
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Defence date: 04 October 2008Examining Board: Prof. Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann (EUI/Supervisor) Prof. Francesco Francioni (EUI) Prof. Joanne Scott (UCL) Prof. Thomas Cottier (University of Bern)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
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Books on the topic "Environmental risk assessment – Law and legislation"
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1957-, Applegate John S., ed. Environmental risk. Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate/Dartmouth, 2004.
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Sampaolo, Angelo. Risk assessment of chemical substances. Roma: M. Ragno, 1990.
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Rodríguez, Alvaro Sagot. Aspectos conceptuales y jurisprudencia constitucional ambiental de los principios precautorio y preventivo: Análisis conceptual sobre los principios y el tratamiento que les da la Sala : con descriptores a secciones de votos sobre biodiversidad, minería, estudios de impacto ambiental, ruido, recurso hídriaco y rellenos sanitarios. Palmares, Alajuela: A. Sagot, 2007.
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Benjamin, Sally. State groundwater regulation: Guide to laws, standards, and risk assessment. Washington, D.C: BNA Books, 1994.
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Zhongguo xi bu sheng tai huan jing an quan feng xian fang fan fa lü zhi du yan jiu. Beijing: Ke xue chu ban she, 2009.
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Ronnie, Harding, and Fisher Elizabeth, eds. Perspectives on the precautionary principle. Annandale, N.S.W: Federation Press, 1999.
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1965-, Shiroyama Hideaki, and Yamamoto Ryūji 1966-, eds. Kankyō to seimei. Tōkyō: Tōkyō Daigaku Shuppankai, 2005.
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Lajartre, Arnaud de. Les collectivités territoriales face aux risques physiques: Actes du colloque organisé à l'UFR de droit d'Angers les 13 et 14 mars 2002 par le Centre de droit et d'études politiques des collectivités territoriales. Paris: L'Harmattan, 2004.
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B, Rothenberg Eric, and Telego Dean Jeffery, eds. Environmental risk management: A desk reference. Alexandria, Va: RTM Communications, 1991.
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Sánchez, Aldo Milano. El principio precautorio: Fuente del derecho constitucional ambiental. San José, Costa Rica: Editorial Juridica Continental, 2005.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Environmental risk assessment – Law and legislation"
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Baram, Michael, and Robert I. Field. "Law, Risk Management, and the Influence of the Psychological and Decision Sciences." In Environmental Impact Assessment, Technology Assessment, and Risk Analysis, 1041–66. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70634-9_37.
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Nundy, Samiran, Atul Kakar, and Zulfiqar A. Bhutta. "Understanding Medical Biostatistics." In How to Practice Academic Medicine and Publish from Developing Countries?, 95–116. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5248-6_10.
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AbstractVariation is a law of nature that makes this universe beautiful. In healthcare, two human beings, though genetically similar, may not respond equally to the same drug. The same drug may also have a varying response and become ineffective in an individual over a period of time. When we look at a population of individuals, variations are so prominent that no two individuals are ever exactly alike. There may be several factors for these variations among individuals which include those which are due to biological, genetic, environmental, or ecological effects [1]. Variations also occur when we sample these individuals. Moreover, variability in the observers themselves may also contribute to variations in assessment. These variations are bound to occur whatever may be the reasons and consequently lead to uncertainties in clinical practice, identification of risk factors, and policy planning.
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Bowes, Ashley. "Environmental Impact Assessment." In A Practical Approach to Planning Law. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/9780198833253.003.0012.
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A requirement for the environmental impact assessment (EIA) of certain major development projects was a result of the first direct impact of European Community law on domestic town and country planning law. Originally promulgated in 1985, Council Directive ‘The Assessment of the Effect of Certain Public and Private Projects on the Environment’ is now in a recast form, as Directive 2011/92/EU. The terms of which have been implemented in England and Wales by the Town and Country Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment) Regulations 2017 (SI 2017/571 in England) and (SI 2017/567 in Wales). This chapter will however focus on the English Regulations. There are in fact many sets of statutory provisions which implement different parts of the Directive, dealing with such matters as afforestation projects, highways, harbour works, land drainage, fish farming, and electricity and pipeline works. Where the procedure for the approval of projects requiring environmental impact assessment under the Directive is dealt with under other legislation (eg highways under the Highways Acts), separate subordinate legislation has been introduced. These, however, fall outside the scope of this chapter.
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Gruszczynski, Lukasz. "Science, Risk Assessment, and the SPS Agreement." In Regulating Health and Environmental Risks under WTO Law, 107–56. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199578924.003.0005.
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"7 Disaster Risk Assessment: An Appraisal of European Union Environmental Law." In The Role of International Environmental Law in Disaster Risk Reduction, 151–86. Brill | Nijhoff, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004318816_008.
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Hauschild, Rüdiger, and Willem J. Ravensberg. "Key issues in the regulation of microbial bioprotectants in the European Union: challenges and solutions to achieve more sustainable crop protection." In Microbial bioprotectants for plant disease management, 187–222. Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19103/as.2021.0093.07.
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Microbial bioprotectants, like chemical pesticides, are required to pass a risk assessment and risk management procedure prior to use in plant protection, which in many countries is an obstacle for market access, in particular, the European Union. Administrative issues and data requirements, adapted from those used for chemicals, cause issues for both applicants and evaluators. These issues are reviewed and improvements are proposed. Biology should be the basis of the evaluation and data requirements for microorganisms, with an emphasis in this chapter on microbial compounds and testing methods. Political actions involving the use of pesticides are reviewed and recommendations are made on how to improve the system for microbial bioprotectants, including new uses. New legislation is suggested for all microorganisms used in agriculture and related uses based on the assumption that well-known microorganisms are of low risk to human health and the environment.
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"13 International Frameworks Governing Environmental Emergency Preparedness and Response: An Assessment of Approaches." In The Role of International Environmental Law in Disaster Risk Reduction, 356–91. Brill | Nijhoff, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004318816_014.
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David A, Wirth, and Sachs Noah M. "Part V Subject Matter, Ch.33 Hazardous Substances and Activities." In The Oxford Handbook of International Environmental Law. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198849155.003.0033.
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This chapter analyses the enormous scope of international instruments addressing hazardous substances and activities by assessing both the regulatory junctures and the specific strategies that governments rely upon to reduce risk. It begins with the challenge of identifying which substances are hazardous to human health or the environment (risk assessment) and then discusses the major treaties that regulate chemical hazards (risk management). The chapter also examines treaties and other international instruments governing chemical production, use, labelling, and disposal as well as those governing industrial accidents. It concludes with a discussion of instruments designed to promote pollution prevention and toxics use reduction. Presently there is no single, overarching international framework for addressing environmental and public health risks from hazardous substances and activities.
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Chryssa, Papathanassiou. "Part I Introduction, 3 A Systemic Assessment of the Financial Market Infrastructures Landscape: FMI Groups and their Implications." In Financial Market Infrastructures: Law and Regulation. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198865858.003.0003.
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This chapter assesses the systemic relevance of financial market infrastructure (FMI) groups. It takes a closer look at the different organisational models of FMI groups and the resulting risks, and examines how these risks have been addressed in recent international standards and legislation within the US and the EU. International standard-setting bodies, such as the Committee on Payments and Market Infrastructures (CPMI) in cooperation with the International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO), have long acknowledged the importance of FMIs as being at the 'core' of the global financial system. While a number of large and interconnected financial firms have failed in a spectacular manner during the recent financial crisis, no central counterparty (CCP) or any other systemically important FMI has failed despite the significant stress experienced. Following calls by the G-20 after the financial crisis, trade repositories (TRs) and CCPs have extended their services to the over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives market providing powerful risk mitigation. The chapter then turns to the treatment of FMI operators with a banking licence and their treatment in the European regulatory framework for credit institutions. Risk-sensitivity and proportionality of regulatory requirements are identified as key challenges for the application of bank capital and organisational requirements to providers of FMI.
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Bart PM, Joosen. "Part III Quantitative Capital Requirements, 12 Operational Risk in the Capital Requirements Framework for Banks." In Capital and Liquidity Requirements for European Banks. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198867319.003.0012.
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This chapter studies the capital requirements for operational risk, which were included for the first time in the Basel Accord of 2004. Because the effects of operational risk can be vast, it is important that banks have sound risk management policies and risk assessment procedures to address this particular risk family. In the last two decades, the Basel Committee of Banking and Supervision (BCBS) has put up important frameworks, which are implemented in legislation of the European Union (EU), most importantly in the Capital Requirements Regulation (CRR). Currently, the CRR provides four possible approaches (or methodologies) to calculate the own funds requirements for operational risk: the Basis Indicator Approach (BIA), the Standardised Approach (SA), the Alternative Standardised Approach (ASA), and the Advanced Measurement Approach (AMA). However, the current framework will be overhauled by a new framework which should apply from January of 2022: the Basel III-Reform. This will implement the revised standards as adopted by the BCBS in December of 2017. The chapter looks at the new framework and its new approach on operational risk, before considering disclosure requirements and the principles for sound management of operational risk.
Conference papers on the topic "Environmental risk assessment – Law and legislation"
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Borbor, J. D., Katinka C. Van Cranenburgh, and Christiaan W. F. Luca. "Social Risk Management as a Response to Increasing International Pressure for Social Performance." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/206240-ms.
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Abstract In the past decades, financial institutions have led the way for companies to adhere to international standards for social performance. The journey began in the Industrial Revolution, when negative societal business impacts rapidly escalated, which led people to demand for their management. Initially focused on working conditions, impacts on the environment soon started to gain notice. Halfway through the 20th century, a combination of oil spills and mass media attention generated enough public pressure for the United States to sign the first piece of legislation requiring the environmental impact assessment. With this law and its replication abroad, however, came the concern with social impacts as well. Both environmental and social performance expectations soon spread internationally and, by the 1980s, multilateral financial institutions, most prominently the World Bank, incorporated such considerations into their investment and lending practices, which is the source of all such international standards today. These standards require the establishment of a social management system to integrate risk and impact management processes and stakeholder engagement activities. Given the challenge of implementing these requirements, a social risk management development framework is proposed to bring together the extensive and multidisciplinary demands of effective social performance. Five development areas are proposed: governance, social policy, tools, resourcing and capacity, and knowledge sharing. This is an important step to take today as it is expected that the next decades will see these international demands increase, possibly by ever increasing governmental regulation.
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Castilla Gomez, Jorge. "COMPARATIVE CRITERIA FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT IN MINING OPERATIONS: A DYNAMIC APPROACH." In 13th SGEM GeoConference on ECOLOGY, ECONOMICS, EDUCATION AND LEGISLATION. Stef92 Technology, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2013/be5.v1/s20.028.
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Kucina, Irena. "Effective Measures Against Harmful Disinformation in the EU in Digital Communication." In The 8th International Scientific Conference of the Faculty of Law of the University of Latvia. University of Latvia Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/iscflul.8.2.11.
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Digitalisation has opened new technological horizons before society in terms of creating a better physical world and personal life. Impact of technologies on medicine, reduction of environmental pollution, resource savings and other areas is obvious. Digital technologies kept Latvian parliament (Saeima), government, public institutions, schools and business open or working remotely during pandemic to ensure running of the state, economy and society under restrictions and preventing close contact. Pandemic would have made our lives significantly harder 30 years ago. Digital revolution is on the rise. Global data output is doubling every year. Just picture hundreds of thousands of Google searches and Facebook entries we generate every minute. They convey valuable information about what we think and experience. It has also become apparent that technological euphoria has clouded our vision and we have failed to spot the threats to democracy, human rights and freedoms. Digitalisation come with great opportunities, but it also poses enormous risks, especially for democracy and rule of law. On 15 December 2020, European Commission announced two new legislative proposals (proposals for regulation) – Digital Services Act and Digital Markets Act . Their main objective is to make internet safer for people who use it, in particular, for buying goods and services, and for the first time ever these regulations also contain provisions regarding reduction of threats to democracy and rule of law emanating from digital tools. This paper analyses two significant legal risks associated with digitalisation that need to be mentioned: Big Data threats to fundamental human rights such as privacy (I) and threats to freedom of speech on social media (II), which are then evaluated from the perspective of interconnected legislative proposals announced by the Commission on 15 December 2020 (Digital Services Act and Digital Markets Act), followed by an assessment of how well they address (or not) the aforementioned risks (III). In conclusion, paper offers several proposals on how Latvia should address these issues during consultation process (IV).
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Rotaru, Ioan, and Adrian Jelev. "Public Debates: Key Issue in the Environmental Licensing Process for the Completion of Cernavoda 2 NPP." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4525.
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Societatea Nationala “NUCLEARELECTRICA” S.A., the owner of Cernavoda NPP, organized, in 2001, several public consultations related to environmental impact of the completion of the Cernavoda 2 NPP, as required by the Romanian environmental law, part of project approva. Public consultations on the environmental assessment for the completion of the Cernavoda NPP - Unit 2 took place between 15.08.2001–21.09.2001 in accordance with the provisions of Law No. 137/95 and Order No. 125/96. Romanian environmental legislation, harmonization of national environmental legislation with European Union, Romanian legislative requirements, information distributed to the public, issues raised and follow-up, they all are topics highlighted by this paper and they are addressing the environmental licensing process of the Cernavoda 2 NPP.
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Aristizabal Ceballos, Jaime, Julian Fernando Chaves Agudelo, Carlos Eduardo Motta Tierradentro, and Maria Isabel Montoya Rodríguez. "Natech Risk Management on Pipelines of Cenit." In ASME-ARPEL 2019 International Pipeline Geotechnical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipg2019-5342.
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Abstract In recent years, the Colombian government has strengthened its legislation moving towards a disaster risk management system (Law 1523 in 2012) and has established guidelines on the role of public and private entities (decree 2157 in 2017) when defining the structure of disaster risk management plans. This paper presents the advancements on Natech risk management implementation in Cenit (major Colombian pipeline operator of hydrocarbons transport), to identify areas of potential disaster based on the application of its geohazards assessment model that considers prevention specific elements and consequence analysis.
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Kyprianidis, Konstantinos G., Ramon F. Colmenares Quintero, Daniele S. Pascovici, Stephen O. T. Ogaji, Pericles Pilidis, and Anestis I. Kalfas. "EVA: A Tool for EnVironmental Assessment of Novel Propulsion Cycles." In ASME Turbo Expo 2008: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2008-50602.
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This paper presents the development of a tool for EnVironmental Assessment (EVA) of novel propulsion cycles implementing the Technoeconomical Environmental and Risk Analysis (TERA) approach. For nearly 3 decades emissions certification and legislation has been mainly focused on the landing and take-off cycle. Exhaust emissions measurements of NOx, CO and unburned hydrocarbons are taken at Sea Level Static (SLS) conditions for 4 different power settings (idle, descent, approach and take-off) and are consecutively used for calculating the total emissions during the ICAO landing and take-off cycle. With the global warming issue becoming ever more important, stringent emissions legislation is soon to follow, focusing on all flight phases of an aircraft. Unfortunately, emissions measurements at altitude are either extremely expensive, as in the case of altitude test facility measurements, or unrealistic, as in the case of direct in flight measurements. Compensating for these difficulties, various existing methods can be used to estimate emissions at altitude from ground measurements. Such methods, however, are of limited help when it comes to assessing novel propulsion cycles or existing engine configurations with no SLS measurements available. The authors are proposing a simple and fast method for the calculation of SLS emissions, mainly implementing ICAO exhaust emissions data, corrections for combustor inlet conditions and technology factors. With the SLS emissions estimated, existing methods may be implemented to calculate emissions at altitude. The tool developed couples emissions predictions and environmental models together with engine and aircraft performance models in order to estimate the total emissions and Global Warming Potential of novel engine designs during all flight phases (i.e. the whole flight cycle). The engine performance module stands in the center of all information exchange. In this study, EVA and the described emissions prediction methodology have been used for the preliminary design analysis of three spool high bypass ratio turbofan engines. The capability of EVA to radically explore the design space available in novel engine configurations, while accounting for fuel burn and global warming potential during the whole flight cycle of an aircraft, is illustrated.
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Shao, Yanbo, Xuewen Cao, Hao Li, Wenzhu Xia, Weibing Zhang, Zhigui Zhang, Zilong Nan, and Jiang Bian. "Numerical Study on Diffusion Law and Risk Assessment of Indoor Hydrogen Leakage." In ASME 2022 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2022-96464.
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Abstract Energy shortages and environment pollution are among the most important problems all over the world. As a clean and renewable energy carrier, hydrogen is expected to be one of the most promising alternative solutions to the energy and environmental problems in the near future. However, the safety issues in hydrogen production, transport and storage have to be thoroughly addressed before commercialization of hydrogen energy to give authorities confidence and to eliminate the public fear of using hydrogen. Accurate knowledge of the dispersion characteristics of unintended hydrogen releases in the atmosphere is essential to developing good standards and codes for hydrogen safety. This paper presents a numerical study on the indoor hydrogen leakage risk assessment and numerical simulation. The physical and mathematical model of hydrogen leakage and diffusion process are established. Based on computational fluid dynamics, the numerical simulation of hydrogen leakage process is studied. The effects of leakage source height and direction on hydrogen leakage and diffusion in indoor space are analyzed. The results show that the hydrogen leakage in the laboratory space is initially diffused by jet. With the development of time, the leaked hydrogen with different height and direction of leakage source forms different forms of vortex in the space, which affects the speed and amount of hydrogen accumulation in the space. When the hydrogen leakage source is low, the leakage direction is downward and back to the vent, the safety risk is greater.
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Martins, Tiago Nunes, Teresa E. Leitão, and Lian Lundy. "EVALUATION OF THE EUROPEAN LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK IN ASSESSING THE VULNERABILITY OF SURFACE AND GROUNDWATER BODIES TO ROAD RUNOFF." In 11th International Conference “Environmental Engineering”. VGTU Technika, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2020.764.
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This article presents an overview of the current European practices with regards to protecting surface water and groundwater bodies, in what concerns the application of legislation to protect water resources and to evaluate the vulnerability of water bodies to traffic related activities. This is achieved through the application of the EU Water Framework Directive and all Directives containing procedures to identify pressures affecting the state of water and environment, and the establishment of measures to ensure that all surface water and groundwater bodies achieve good status. A flowchart has been constructed to assist the assessment of the environmental legal constraints related to a road project. A combination of layers was integrated in GIS environment to address legislative needs and constraints, as well as the need to implement a risk assessment analysis of road runoff impact to surface and groundwater bodies.
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Maitland, R. P. "Regulation of Ageing Reprocessing Facilities in the UK." In ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2011-59353.
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The UK’s strategy for spent Magnox reactor fuel demands continued operation of the Magnox Reprocessing facility at Sellafield (located in the North West of England) to reprocess the remaining spent fuel in the shutdown Magnox reactor stations and from the two remaining operational Magnox reactor stations, Wylfa and Oldbury. Safety, security, environmental, transport, energy and economic issues provide the initiative to continue reprocessing in ageing facilities that are prone to chronic operational and nuclear safety challenges. One of the responsibilities of the UK’s Office for Nuclear Regulation is to regulate the safety of continuing Magnox Reprocessing Operations against relevant health and safety legislation; this largely non-prescriptive framework requires dutyholders to demonstrably reduce risk so far as is reasonably practicable. This paper articulates the often complex balances that have to be made to demonstrate compliance with safety law to sustain continued operation of ageing reprocessing facilities. This paper details how the UK’s regulatory framework facilitates a flexible, proportionate and goal-setting approach to regulating operational facilities where it is difficult to satisfy relevant good practice or standards that would be expected of a modern facility. The challenges presented by regulation of ageing, operational facilities is analogous to those from legacy waste retrieval and decommissioning; this paper reflects the versatility of the UK’s regulatory approach to these two different areas of the fuel cycle.
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Riley, P. "Policy and Law Relating to Radioactive Waste: International Direction and Human Rights." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4948.
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The anticipated doubling of world demand for electricity over the next fifty years requires that the gift of nuclear energy that has served developed nations over the past half century must not be abandoned. However, the absence of a clear and unequivocal policy regarding the storage and disposal of radioactive waste is seen by a significant section of the public as a threat to their rights and the non-existence of dedicated regulation of radioactive waste based on law has become an obstacle to the development of nuclear energy in Europe and the USA. A European survey of public opinion carried out at the request of the European Commission revealed that three-quarters of the respondents to sixteen thousand interviews believed that ‘all radioactive waste is very dangerous’. The public perception of threat has been fostered by the general lack of appreciation of the cautious system of radiation protection that has evolved from scientific observation and prediction of the risk of cancer from exposure to low level radiation. The concept of collective dose based on the system of radiation protection and applied to accident scenarios with remote possibilities, but in the absence of scientific assessment of the balance afforded by the pragmatism that man applies to everyday risks including the risk of cancer from the ever-present background of natural radiation, has added a measure of dread to the public sense of threat. That dread has been exacerbated by the emergence since September 2001 of the possibility of the use of radioactive waste as a terrorist weapon and for radioactive waste storage facilities to be seen as terrorist targets. International policy has moved from the comprehensive coverage of nuclear regulation with radioactive waste as an integral, but minor player, in the nuclear energy process to particular consideration with radioactive waste requiring specific regulation. This paper identifies the vectors that determine the direction of the policy governing radioactive waste, the moves toward consolidation of international policy separate from the body of existing nuclear law and future direction that will clear the way for a sustained, appropriate use of nuclear energy.
Reports on the topic "Environmental risk assessment – Law and legislation"
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Ciurej, Amanda. Finding of No Significant Impact & Tiered Environmental Assessment: Public Law 84-99 Rehabilitation Program Dry Creek Flood Risk Reduction Project Hawarden, Sioux County, Iowa. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada617475.
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