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Mullan, Leanne, and David Skinner. "Evaluation of a visiting credentialled diabetes educator program in remote western Queensland, Australia." Australian Journal of Primary Health 28, no. 2 (February 11, 2022): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py21235.
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Background: Within western Queensland (WQ), Australia, diabetes is the leading cause of potentially preventable hospitalisations and, in some areas, diabetes prevalence is up to 20%. To address inequity of access to diabetes-related services in remote areas of WQ, a visiting credentialled diabetes educator program (VCDEP) was developed. Using a fly-in, fly-out model of service delivery and supporting telehealth services, upskilling of rural primary healthcare professionals occurred and credentialled diabetes educator (CDE) accessibility increased in WQ. This study objectively measured the impact of the VCDEP. Methods: Practice report data from five representative VCDEP practices and five non-VCDEP practices were analysed using Pearson Chi-squared tests to ascertain associations in reporting of blood pressure (BP), HbA1c, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), total cholesterol, microalbumin, body mass index (BMI) and foot and eye examinations, as well as improvements in BP, HbA1c, eGFR, total cholesterol, microalbumin and BMI measures at two set date points. Results: In practices involved in the VCDEP, aggregated data indicated significant increases in reporting of HbA1c (P ≤ 0.001), eGFR (P ≤ 0.001), total cholesterol (P = 0.022) and foot assessments (P = 0.015). In contrast, aggregated data from practices not involved in the VCDEP identified significant decreases in the reporting of BP and eye examinations between October 2019 and March 2021 (P = 0.034 and P = 0.007 respectively). Decreases in reporting of HbA1c, eGFR, microalbumin, BMI and foot examinations were also found, although these did not reach statistical significance. Concernedly, across practices overall, HbA1c levels have risen, with a significant increase in the percentage of people with diabetes having a HbA1c >53 mmol/mol (7%) and >86 mmol/mol (10%) in March 2021 compared with October 2019 (P = 0.012 and P < 0.001 respectively). Conclusion: Reporting of key diabetes indicators is greater among practices participating in the VCDEP than among practices not involved in the VCDEP. Further investigation and resource provision are required to address rising HbA1c levels in rural WQ, with a particular focus on the impacts of health literacy, social determinants of health and workforce challenges.
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Maddox, Raglan, Andrew Waa, Kelley Lee, Patricia Nez Henderson, Genevieve Blais, Jeff Reading, and Raymond Lovett. "Commercial tobacco and indigenous peoples: a stock take on Framework Convention on Tobacco Control progress." Tobacco Control 28, no. 5 (August 3, 2018): 574–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054508.
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BackgroundThe health status and needs of indigenous populations of Australia, Canada and New Zealand are often compared because of the shared experience of colonisation. One enduring impact has been a disproportionately high rate of commercial tobacco use compared with non-indigenous populations. All three countries have ratified the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), which acknowledges the harm caused to indigenous peoples by tobacco.Aim and objectivesWe evaluated and compared reporting on FCTC progress related to indigenous peoples by Australia, Canada and New Zealand as States Parties. The critiqued data included disparities in smoking prevalence between indigenous and non-indigenous peoples; extent of indigenous participation in tobacco control development, implementation and evaluation; and what indigenous commercial tobacco reduction interventions were delivered and evaluated.Data sourcesWe searched FCTC: (1) Global Progress Reports for information regarding indigenous peoples in Australia, Canada and New Zealand; and (2) country-specific reports from Australia, Canada and New Zealand between 2007 and 2016.Study selectionTwo of the authors independently reviewed the FCTC Global and respective Country Reports, identifying where indigenous search terms appeared.Data extractionAll data associated with the identified search terms were extracted, and content analysis was applied.ResultsIt is difficult to determine if or what progress has been made to reduce commercial tobacco use by the three States Parties as part of their commitments under FCTC reporting systems. There is some evidence that progress is being made towards reducing indigenous commercial tobacco use, including the implementation of indigenous-focused initiatives. However, there are significant gaps and inconsistencies in reporting. Strengthening FCTC reporting instruments to include standardised indigenous-specific data will help to realise the FCTC Guiding Principles by holding States Parties to account and building momentum for reducing the high prevalence of commercial tobacco use among indigenous peoples.
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Ralph, Anna P., Angela Kelly, Anne-Marie Lee, Valerina L. Mungatopi, Segora R. Babui, Nanda Kaji Budhathoki, Vicki Wade, Jessica L. de Dassel, and Rosemary Wyber. "Evaluation of a Community-Led Program for Primordial and Primary Prevention of Rheumatic Fever in Remote Northern Australia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 16 (August 17, 2022): 10215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610215.
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Environmental factors including household crowding and inadequate washing facilities underpin recurrent streptococcal infections in childhood that cause acute rheumatic fever (ARF) and subsequent rheumatic heart disease (RHD). No community-based ‘primordial’-level interventions to reduce streptococcal infection and ARF rates have been reported from Australia previously. We conducted a study at three Australian Aboriginal communities aiming to reduce infections including skin sores and sore throats, usually caused by Group A Streptococci, and ARF. Data were collected for primary care diagnoses consistent with likely or potential streptococcal infection, relating to ARF or RHD or related to environmental living conditions. Rates of these diagnoses during a one-year Baseline Phase were compared with a three-year Activity Phase. Participants were children or adults receiving penicillin prophylaxis for ARF. Aboriginal community members were trained and employed to share knowledge about ARF prevention, support reporting and repairs of faulty health-hardware including showers and provide healthcare navigation for families focusing on skin sores, sore throat and ARF. We hypothesized that infection-related diagnoses would increase through greater recognition, then decrease. We enrolled 29 participants and their families. Overall infection-related diagnosis rates increased from Baseline (mean rate per-person-year 1.69 [95% CI 1.10–2.28]) to Year One (2.12 [95% CI 1.17–3.07]) then decreased (Year Three: 0.72 [95% CI 0.29–1.15]) but this was not statistically significant (p = 0.064). Annual numbers of first-known ARF decreased, but numbers were small: there were six cases of first-known ARF during Baseline, then five, 1, 0 over the next three years respectively. There was a relationship between household occupancy and numbers (p = 0.018), but not rates (p = 0.447) of infections. This first Australian ARF primordial prevention study provides a feasible model with encouraging findings.
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Wu, Shuanglei, Sarina Huang, Yongping Wei, Colin Duffield, Wenzhe Tang, Yan Zhao, and Hang Zheng. "A longitudinal analysis on the perspectives of major world newspapers on the Three Gorges Dam project during 1982–2015." Water Supply 18, no. 1 (May 31, 2017): 94–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2017.088.
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Abstract Media communications are least studied in river basin development projects. This paper aims to develop a longitudinal study on how a water resources development megaproject was reported by the world newspapers during its whole life cycle. The development of the Three Gorges Dam project in China (1982–2015) was taken as an example. Newspaper perspectives on eight evaluation themes: time, cost, quality, risk, benefit, social impact, environmental impact, and organization management were extracted from eight newspapers in the UK, the USA, Australia, and Singapore using a content analysis approach. The results show that the media coverage mainly appeared in the construction phase, with peak reporting times occurring in transition periods. Social and environmental aspects were the main concerns of the eight selected newspapers. The tone of the news coverage on the Three Gorges Dam was generally negative. These findings implied that media communications provide valuable insights into the social and environmental complexities of megaprojects in river basin development.
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Ananthapavan, Jaithri, Marj Moodie, Andrew J. Milat, and Rob Carter. "Systematic Review to Update ‘Value of a Statistical Life’ Estimates for Australia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 11 (June 7, 2021): 6168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18116168.
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The value of a statistical life (VSL) estimates individuals’ willingness to trade wealth for mortality risk reduction. This economic parameter is often a major component of the quantified benefits estimated in the evaluation of government policies related to health and safety. This study reviewed the literature to update the VSL recommended for Australian policy appraisals. A systematic literature review was conducted to capture Australian primary studies and international review papers reporting VSL estimates published from 2007 to January 2019. International estimates were adjusted for income differences and the median VSL estimate was extracted from each review study. VSL estimates were used to calculate the value of a statistical life year. Of the 18 studies that met the inclusion criteria, two studies were primary Australian studies with a weighted mean VSL of A$7.0 million in 2017 values. The median VSL in the review studies was A$7.3 million. For Australian public policy appraisals, we recommend the consideration of a base case VSL for people of all ages and across all risk contexts of A$7.0 million. Sensitivity analyses could use a high value of A$7.3 million and a low value that reflects the value (A$4.3 million) currently recommended by the Australian government.
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Dabkowski, Elissa, Joanne E. Porter, Michael S. Barbagallo, Valerie Prokopiv, and Megan R. Jackson. "A Scoping Review of Community-Based Adult Suicide Prevention Initiatives in Rural and Regional Australia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 12 (June 8, 2022): 7007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127007.
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The need for continued research into suicide prevention strategies is undeniable, with high global statistics demonstrating the urgency of this public health issue. In Australia, approximately 3000 people end their lives each year, with those living in rural and regional areas identified as having a higher risk of dying by suicide. Due to decreased access and support services in these areas, community-based suicide prevention initiatives provide opportunities to educate and support local communities. A scoping review was conducted to explore the literature pertaining to such programs in rural and/or regional communities in Australia. This review follows the five-stage Arksey and O’Malley (2005) framework and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) checklist. Nine databases were searched, from which studies were considered eligible if suicide prevention programs were community-based and catered for adults (aged ≥ 18 years) in rural or regional Australia. Ten papers that met our inclusion criteria were included in this review, showcasing a variety of interventions such as workshops, a digital intervention, art therapy, and initiatives to increase education and reduce stigma around suicide. Program engagement strategies included the importance of providing culturally appropriate services, the inclusion of lived experience mentoring, and tailoring the suicide prevention program to reach its targeted audience. Overall, there is a dearth of literature surrounding community-based suicide prevention initiatives for adults in rural and regional Australia. Further evaluation of community-based projects is required to ensure quality improvement and tailored suicide prevention initiatives for rural and regional Australians.
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Hull, Brynley P., and Peter B. Mclntyre. "Immunisation coverage reporting through the Australian Childhood Immunisation Register - an evaluation of the third-dose assumption." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 24, no. 1 (February 2000): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-842x.2000.tb00717.x.
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Holden, Carol, Carolyn Poljski, Catherine Andrews, Megan Cock, Rory Wolfe, and David de Krester. "The Dynamics of Community Education in Male Reproductive Health: Findings from an Australian Study." Australian Journal of Primary Health 12, no. 2 (2006): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py06034.
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A significant number of men are affected by reproductive health disorders; however, the level of awareness and education for some disorders is limited. Our aim was to explore the dynamics of community education activities being undertaken in Australia that address or include information on male reproductive health issues, to identify health promotion initiatives that help raise the awareness of male reproductive health disorders. A survey was distributed to medical practitioners, health services and community organisations across Australia to identify organisations providing male reproductive health information. Those organisations that had evaluated their activity were further analysed to determine if their focus was effectively providing education on male reproductive disorders. Of the 299 education activities reporting the inclusion of male reproductive health information, prostate cancer was the most commonly addressed health issue (55.5%). Only 89 activities (29.8%) had been evaluated by the education providers, to determine whether their aims had been met. Several factors were found to have an impact on the perceived success of education activities, including (i) the focus, but only for prostate cancer, prostate disease and testicular cancer activities (ii) method of delivery (face-to-face group presentations and one-on-one discussions), and (iii) location (remote areas). While the overall evaluation of community education activities focusing on male reproductive health is limited, several factors have been identified from this survey that may impact on the success of future male specific health promotion activities.
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Younker, Terasa, and Heidi Liss Radunovich. "Farmer Mental Health Interventions: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 1 (December 26, 2021): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010244.
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The prevalence of mental health disorders and suicide amongst agricultural producers is a global problem. Community leaders, researchers, policymakers, and clinicians have mobilized to develop programs to address this issue. This study reviewed a wide range of mental health interventions targeting farmer mental health spanning over 50 years and examined their reported effectiveness and constraints. A total of ninety-two articles on farmer mental health were included in a final systematic review. Most articles were written concerning mental health literacy and peer and paraprofessional support interventions in the United States and Australia. Among the 56 studies reporting empirical evaluative data, 21 were mixed-method, 20 quantitative, 11 qualitative, and 5 literature synthesis. Non-experimental, self-reported, and qualitative data suggest efficacy of mental health literacy programs, peer and paraprofessional support, and community-based and agroecological interventions. However, most interventions were not subject to rigorous evaluation and only one intervention was evaluated using a control condition. The heterogeneity of existing studies and paucity of rigorous evaluation proscribes firm conclusions related to program-type efficacy. This review demonstrates that there is still a need for a stronger and broader evidence base in the field of farmer mental health interventions, which should focus on both holistic, multi-component programs and targeted approaches.
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Martin, Priya, Monica Moran, Nicky Graham, and Anne Hill. "The Integral Role of Organisational Governance in Promoting Interprofessional Education in Rural Settings." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 6 (March 16, 2021): 3041. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063041.
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One of the key challenges with implementing and sustaining interprofessional education initiatives is the lack of governance structures and processes to guide them. This case study presents a process evaluation of an intersectoral advisory group that facilitated a novel interprofessional clinical education model in rural health settings in the state of Queensland, Australia. The group consisted of health and academic partners to guide the implementation and promote sustainability of this new model. The advisory group process was evaluated mid-way and at conclusion of the group functions, using focus group discussions. The focus group audio recordings were transcribed verbatim and subjected to inductive content analysis. Categories were developed for reporting. Three broad categories were identified: Characteristics of the group, functions of the group and multifaceted communication within the group and between sectors. By identifying and mapping the processes used by a strategic, high-level intersectoral advisory group consisting of members from the health and academic fields, key recommendations have been formulated to guide similar work in the future.
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Praveen, Kuppan, Sudharsanam Abinandan, Kadiyala Venkateswarlu, and Mallavarapu Megharaj. "Sustainability Evaluation of Immobilized Acid-Adapted Microalgal Technology in Acid Mine Drainage Remediation following Emergy and Carbon Footprint Analysis." Molecules 27, no. 3 (February 2, 2022): 1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27031015.
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Sustainability evaluation of wastewater treatment helps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, as it emphasizes the development of green technologies and optimum resource use rather than the end-of-pipe treatment. The conventional approaches for treating acid mine drainages (AMDs) are efficient; however, they need enormous amounts of energy, making them less sustainable and causing greater environmental concern. We recently demonstrated the potential of immobilized acid-adapted microalgal technology for AMD remediation. Here, this novel approach has been evaluated following emergy and carbon footprint analysis for its sustainability in AMD treatment. Our results showed that imported energy inputs contributed significantly (>90%) to the overall emergy and were much lower than in passive and active treatment systems. The microalgal treatment required 2–15 times more renewable inputs than the other two treatment systems. Additionally, the emergy indices indicated higher environmental loading ratio and lower per cent renewability, suggesting the need for adequate renewable inputs in the immobilized microalgal system. The emergy yield ratio for biodiesel production from the microalgal biomass after AMD treatment was >1.0, which indicates a better emergy return on total emergy spent. Based on greenhouse gas emissions, carbon footprint analysis (CFA), was performed using default emission factors, in accordance with the IPCC standards and the National Greenhouse Energy Reporting (NGER) program of Australia. Interestingly, CFA of acid-adapted microalgal technology revealed significant greenhouse gas emissions due to usage of various construction materials as per IPCC, while SCOPE 2 emissions from purchased electricity were evident as per NGER. Our findings indicate that the immobilized microalgal technology is highly sustainable in AMD treatment, and its potential could be realized further by including solar energy into the overall treatment system.
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De Santis, Karina Karolina, Tina Jahnel, Katja Matthias, Lea Mergenthal, Hatem Al Khayyal, and Hajo Zeeb. "Evaluation of Digital Interventions for Physical Activity Promotion: Scoping Review." JMIR Public Health and Surveillance 8, no. 5 (May 23, 2022): e37820. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/37820.
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Background Digital interventions are interventions supported by digital tools or technologies, such as mobile apps, wearables, or web-based software. Digital interventions in the context of public health are specifically designed to promote and improve health. Recent reviews have shown that many digital interventions target physical activity promotion; however, it is unclear how such digital interventions are evaluated. Objective We aimed to investigate evaluation strategies in the context of digital interventions for physical activity promotion using a scoping review of published reviews. We focused on the target (ie, user outcomes or tool performance), methods (ie, tool data or self-reported data), and theoretical frameworks of the evaluation strategies. Methods A protocol for this study was preregistered and published. From among 300 reviews published up to March 19, 2021 in Medline, PsycINFO, and CINAHL databases, 40 reviews (1 rapid, 9 scoping, and 30 systematic) were included in this scoping review. Two authors independently performed study selection and data coding. Consensus was reached by discussion. If applicable, data were coded quantitatively into predefined categories or qualitatively using definitions or author statements from the included reviews. Data were analyzed using either descriptive statistics, for quantitative data (relative frequencies out of all studies), or narrative synthesis focusing on common themes, for qualitative data. Results Most reviews that were included in our scoping review were published in the period from 2019 to 2021 and originated from Europe or Australia. Most primary studies cited in the reviews included adult populations in clinical or nonclinical settings, and focused on mobile apps or wearables for physical activity promotion. The evaluation target was a user outcome (efficacy, acceptability, usability, feasibility, or engagement) in 38 of the 40 reviews or tool performance in 24 of the 40 reviews. Evaluation methods relied upon objective tool data (in 35/40 reviews) or other data from self-reports or assessments (in 28/40 reviews). Evaluation frameworks based on behavior change theory, including goal setting, self-monitoring, feedback on behavior, and educational or motivational content, were mentioned in 22 out of 40 reviews. Behavior change theory was included in the development phases of digital interventions according to the findings of 20 out of 22 reviews. Conclusions The evaluation of digital interventions is a high priority according to the reviews included in this scoping review. Evaluations of digital interventions, including mobile apps or wearables for physical activity promotion, typically target user outcomes and rely upon objective tool data. Behavior change theory may provide useful guidance not only for development of digital interventions but also for the evaluation of user outcomes in the context of physical activity promotion. Future research should investigate factors that could improve the efficacy of digital interventions and the standardization of terminology and reporting in this field. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) RR2-10.2196/35332
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Kunin, Marina, Razia Ali, Chris Yugusuk, Annette Davis, and Jacquie McBride. "Providing Care by Telephone to Refugees and Asylum Seekers: An Evaluation of Telephone Mode-of-Care in Monash Health Refugee Health and Wellbeing Clinic in Victoria, Australia." Health Services Insights 15 (January 2022): 117863292211343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11786329221134349.
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An evaluation of accessibility, appropriateness, acceptability and efficiency of telephone consultations, implemented at Monash Health Refugee Health and Wellbeing (MH RHW) throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, was conducted. A convergent mix-methods design was used, with both patients (n = 50) and clinicians (n = 11) participating in a survey, and two focus groups (n = 14) involving clinicians being conducted. Service utilization data was sourced from the MH RHW database. During May to December 2020, 61% (n = 3012) of the consultations were conducted by telephone, 42% (n = 11) of these required interpreters in a 3-way conversation Most patients were satisfied with telephone as a medium for providing care and with the quality of telephone-based care. Similarly, clinicians considered telephone consultations to be an acceptable mode-of-care for most patients during the pandemic, however, expressed caution in relation to certain patient cohort. Finally, the provision of care by telephone was considered no more efficient than face-to-face service provision, as reflected in the time required for each consultation, with some clinicians reporting adverse workload outcomes. This study highlighted the benefits and challenges of telephone consultations from patient and clinician perspectives. It also highlighted the types of patients that may not be suited to telephone consultations. Overall, this study showed that telephone service delivery is a feasible option in providing care to people of refugee background and should be considered in future decisions as an ongoing Medicare (Australia’s universal healthcare insurance scheme) billing item. However, clinical discretion should prevail in determining the most appropriate means of delivering care.
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Hui, Daphne, Bert Dolcine, and Hannah Loshak. "Approaches to Evaluations of Virtual Care in Primary Care." Canadian Journal of Health Technologies 2, no. 1 (January 12, 2022): es0358. http://dx.doi.org/10.51731/cjht.2022.238.
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A literature search informed this Environmental Scan and identified 11 evaluations of virtual care in primary care health settings and 7 publications alluding to methods, standards, and guidelines (referred to as evaluation guidance documents in this report) being used in various countries to evaluate virtual care in primary care health settings. The majority of included literature was from Australia, the US, and the UK, with 2 evaluation guidance documents published by the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada.
Evaluation guidance documents recommended using measurements that assess the effectiveness and quality of clinical care including safety outcomes, time and travel, financial and operational impact, participation, health care utilization, technology experience including feasibility, user satisfaction, and barriers and facilitators or measures of health equity.
Evaluation guidance documents specified that the following key decisions and considerations should be integrated into the planning of a virtual care evaluation: refining the scope of virtual care services; selecting an appropriate meaningful comparator; and identifying opportune timing and duration for the evaluation to ensure the evaluation is reflective of real-world practice, allows for adequate measurement of outcomes, and is comprehensive, timely, feasible, non-complex, and non–resource-intensive.
Evaluation guidance documents highlighted that evaluations should be systematic, performed regularly, and reflect the stage of virtual care implementation to encompass the specific considerations associated with each stage. Additionally, evaluations should assess individual virtual care sessions and the virtual care program as a whole.
Regarding economic components of virtual care evaluations, the evaluation guidance documents noted that costs or savings are not limited to monetary or financial measures but can also be represented with time. Cost analyses such as cost-benefit and cost-utility estimates should be performed with a specific emphasis on selecting an appropriate perspective (e.g., patient or provider), as that influences the benefits, effects, and how the outcome is interpreted.
Two identified evaluations assessed economic outcomes through cost analyses in the perspective of the patient and provider. Evidence suggests that, in some circumstances, virtual care may be more cost-effective and reduces the cost per episode and patient expenses (e.g., travel and parking costs) compared to in-person care. However, virtual care may increase the number of individuals treated, which would increase overall health care spending.
Four identified evaluations assessed health care utilization. The evidence suggests that virtual care reduces the duration of appointments and may be more time-efficient compared to in-person care. However, it is unclear if virtual care reduces the use of medical resources and the need for follow-up appointments, hospital admissions, and emergency department visits compared to in-person care.
Five identified evaluations assessed participation outcomes. Evidence was variable, with some evidence reporting that virtual care reduced attendance (e.g., reduced attendance rates) and other evidence noting improved attendance (e.g., increased completion rate and decreased cancellations and no-show rates) compared to in-person care.
Three identified evaluations assessed clinical outcomes in various health contexts. Some evidence suggested that virtual care improves clinical outcomes (e.g., in primary care with integrated mental health services, symptom severity decreased) or has a similar effect on clinical outcomes compared to in-person care (e.g., use of virtual care in depression elicited similar results with in-person care).
Three identified evaluations assessed the appropriateness of prescribing. Some studies suggested that virtual care improves appropriateness by increasing guideline-based or guideline-concordant antibiotic management, or elicits no difference with in-person care.
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Penney, Christine, and Effie Henry. "Improving Performance Management for Delivering Appropriate Care for Patients No Longer Needing Acute Hospital Care." Journal of Health Services Research & Policy 13, no. 1_suppl (January 2008): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/jhsrp.2007.007025.
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Objective The public, providers and policy-makers are interested in a service continuum where care is provided in the appropriate place. Alternate level of care is used to define patients who no longer need acute care but remain in an acute care bed. Our aims were to determine how subacute care and convalescent care should be defined in British Columbia (BC); how these care levels should be aligned with existing legislation to provide more consistent service standards to patients and what reporting requirements were needed for system planning and performance management. Method A literature review was conducted to understand the international trends in performance management, care delivery models and change management. A Canada-wide survey was carried out to determine the directions of other provinces on the defined issues and a BC survey provided a current state analysis of programming within the five regional health authorities (HAs). Results A provincial policy framework for subacute and convalescent care has been developed to begin to address the concerns raised and provide a base for performance measurement. The policy has been approved and disseminated to BC HAs for implementation. An implementation plan has been developed and implementation activities have been integrated into the work of existing provincial committees. Evaluation will occur through performance measurement. The benefits anticipated include: clear policy guidance for programme development; improved comparability of performance information for system monitoring, planning and integrity of the national acute care Discharge Abstracting Database; improved efficiency in acute care bed use; and improved equity of access, insurability and quality for patients requiring subacute and convalescent care. While a national reporting system exists for acute care in Canada, this project raises questions about the implications for this system, given the shifting definition of acute care as other care levels emerge. Questions are also raised by the finding in Australia that the current case-mix system is inadequate to describe these patients. Further, given the inadequacy of our understanding of health system capacity and output, consideration of a more comprehensive national reporting system along the care continuum may be warranted. Conclusions This project is an example of effective collaboration between the provincial government, a national organization and HAs, and suggests that provincial governments can participate in a meaningful way to accomplish research-informed health services policy.
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Grauslyte, Lina, Nathalie Bolding, Mandeep Phull, and Tomas Jovaisa. "The use of metaraminol as a vasopressor in critically unwell patients: a narrative review and a survey of UK practice." Journal of Critical Care Medicine 8, no. 3 (July 1, 2022): 193–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jccm-2022-0017.
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Abstract Background Major international guidelines state that norepinephrine should be used as the first-line vasopressor to achieve adequate blood pressure in patients with hypotension or shock. However, recent observational studies report that in the United Kingdom and Australia, metaraminol is often used as second line medication for cardiovascular support. Aim of the study The aim of this study was to carry out a systematic review of metaraminol use for management of shock in critically unwell patients and carry out a survey evaluating whether UK critical care units use metaraminol and under which circumstances. Methods A systematic review literature search was conducted. A short telephone survey consisting of 6 questions regarding metaraminol use was conducted across 30 UK critical care units which included a mix of tertiary and district general intensive care units. Results Twenty-six of thirty contacted centres responded to our survey. Metaraminol was used in 88% of them in various settings and circumstances (emergency department, theatres, medical emergencies on medical wards), with 67% reporting use of metaraminol infusions in the critical care setting. The systematic literature review revealed several case reports and only two studies conducted in the last 20 years investigating the effect of metaraminol as a stand-alone vasopressor. Both studies focused on different aspects of metaraminol use and the data was incomparable, hence we decided not to perform a meta-analysis. Conclusions Metaraminol is widely used as a vasopressor inside and outside of the critical care setting in the UK despite limited evidence supporting its safety and efficacy for treating shock. Further service evaluation, observational studies and prospective randomised controlled trials are warranted to validate the role and safety profile of metaraminol in the treatment of the critically unwell patient.
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Wade, Belinda, and Tomas Piccinini. "Teaching Scenario Planning in Sustainability Courses: The Creative Play Method." Journal of Management Education 44, no. 6 (October 5, 2020): 699–725. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1052562920958136.
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Sustainability management is rapidly progressing from an operational task to a strategic imperative one as environmental and social concerns shape the business environment. Scenario planning is increasingly being used by companies and governments to explore the potential impact of future challenges. Applied in a management education context scenario planning offers teachers of sustainability a tool through which they can promote creativity while developing student knowledge, skills, and abilities, preparing them for work in an increasingly dynamic market environment. Within this article, an instructional innovation is presented as a two-stage workshop designed as an experiential exercise to promote creativity and generate scenarios linked to sustainability. The first stage of the workshop utilizes LEGO to generate creativity before the second stage builds on these creative foundations guiding student teams through the construction of scenarios around sustainability challenges. An evaluation is presented for the instructional innovation reporting its success in producing skills in creative thinking within cohorts of postgraduate students at a major Australian university.
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Anderson, Kate, Alana Gall, Tamara Butler, Khwanruethai Ngampromwongse, Debra Hector, Scott Turnbull, Kerri Lucas, et al. "Development of Key Principles and Best Practices for Co-Design in Health with First Nations Australians." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 1 (December 22, 2022): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010147.
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Background: While co-design offers potential for equitably engaging First Nations Australians in findings solutions to redressing prevailing disparities, appropriate applications of co-design must align with First Nations Australians’ culture, values, and worldviews. To achieve this, robust, culturally grounded, and First Nations-determined principles and practices to guide co-design approaches are required. Aims: This project aimed to develop a set of key principles and best practices for co-design in health with First Nations Australians. Methods: A First Nations Australian co-led team conducted a series of Online Yarning Circles (OYC) and individual Yarns with key stakeholders to guide development of key principles and best practice approaches for co-design with First Nations Australians. The Yarns were informed by the findings of a recently conducted comprehensive review, and a Collaborative Yarning Methodology was used to iteratively develop the principles and practices. Results: A total of 25 stakeholders participated in the Yarns, with 72% identifying as First Nations Australian. Analysis led to a set of six key principles and twenty-seven associated best practices for co-design in health with First Nations Australians. The principles were: First Nations leadership; Culturally grounded approach; Respect; Benefit to community; Inclusive partnerships; and Transparency and evaluation. Conclusions: Together, these principles and practices provide a valuable starting point for the future development of guidelines, toolkits, reporting standards, and evaluation criteria to guide applications of co-design with First Nations Australians.
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Anwar-McHenry, Julia, Robert John Donovan, Amberlee Nicholas, Simone Kerrigan, Stephanie Francas, and Tina Phan. "Implementing a Mentally Healthy Schools Framework based on the population wide Act-Belong-Commit mental health promotion campaign." Health Education 116, no. 6 (October 3, 2016): 561–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/he-07-2015-0023.
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Purpose Mentally Healthy WA developed and implemented the Mentally Healthy Schools Framework in 2010 in response to demand from schools wanting to promote the community-based Act-Belong-Commit mental health promotion message within a school setting. Schools are an important setting for mental health promotion, therefore, the Framework encourages schools to adopt a whole-of-school approach to mental health promotion based on the World Health Organisation’s Health Promoting Schools framework. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach A process evaluation was conducted consisting of six-monthly activity reports from 13 participating Western Australian schools. Semi-structured interviews were also conducted with key school contacts in November 2011 with nine schools who had signed partner agreements prior to July 2011. Findings The schools valued promoting the mentally healthy message and the majority felt the programme was implemented successfully. More intensive implementation was facilitated by a proactive and enthusiastic school “champion” who had influence over other staff, and who did not have too many competing priorities. Factors inhibiting implementation included a lack of effective time management, lack of whole school commitment, and evaluation demands. Originality/value Act-Belong-Commit is a positive, proactive message making it easier for teachers to talk about mental health with their students. For schools reporting implementation success, the Mentally Healthy Schools Framework raised the profile of mental health in the school setting and fostered a sense of belonging among students.
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Jebara, T., C. Depasquale, A. Power, A. Boyter, J. Portlock, and S. Cunningham. "The international literature underpinning collaborative practice within practice based experiential learning for the initial education of student pharmacists: a scoping review." International Journal of Pharmacy Practice 29, Supplement_1 (March 26, 2021): i39—i40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijpp/riab015.048.
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Abstract Introduction Interprofessional team working within healthcare [1] enables the use of complementary areas of expertise. Collaborative practice (CP) builds on this and enhances recognition and respect for such expertise which facilitates professional synergy. Development of CP needs to be built into initial education programmes and there is global progress. [2] Further, a WHO Framework highlighted the importance of courses developing CP in experiential learning (EL) environments. [1] There is need to develop both CP and EL within pharmacy courses to meet governmental and regulatory aspirations around the clinical and prescribing roles of pharmacists. Aim The aim of this part of a scoping review was to describe the different characteristics of the international literature around the development, implementation and evaluation of CP within practice based EL for initial education of student pharmacists. Methods The six-stage Arksey and O’Malley framework and the PRISMA extension for Scoping Reviews for reporting were followed. Eligibility criteria were defined (Table 1) and electronic searches of relevant databases (Medline, IPA, CINAHL and Google Scholar) conducted from inception to April 2020. MeSH terms and other relevant subject headings and text words were used. First stage involved screening titles / abstracts and second stage involved review of full text articles. A charting tool was developed and used to extract data on: country, study design, methods of evaluation, sector of practice, stage of students, professional groups involved, monitoring and assessment and scope for development. Findings were presented as a descriptive narrative summary. All steps involved independent checks by two of the review team. Results Twenty-eight papers were included with most from the USA (16 papers), with the remainder from Australia (5 papers), UK (5 Papers), Canada and the Netherlands (1 paper each). The majority of papers described quantitative methods using a wide variety of published (some validated) scales (20 scales including RIPLS, SPICE, CPAT) and a number of bespoke survey tools. The main focus was at ‘Kirkpatrick model of educational evaluation’ level 3 – with 13 papers focussing on changes to professional behaviours. Papers focussed on either hospital (12 papers) or primary care initiatives (12 papers) with the remaining four describing cross-sectoral settings. Only 6 papers stated that they focussed on specific healthcare specialities and the remainder were in general medical facilities. The nature of initiatives and activities varied with a predominance of focus to include later years of study. Only 3 papers included only pharmacy and medicine students.. Detailed information was lacking on methods of student assessment: some reported this involved reflection, with limited reporting of tools to assess competencies. A wide array of further research proposals was articulated. Conclusion This scoping review highlights the range of work already carried out. The diversity highlights the need for consideration of commonality in the nature of activity and tools to evaluate outcomes to ensure transferability to practice. There are many challenges influencing further development and implementation of CP. Facilitating matters by using the evidence base to add to existing placements without restructuring curricula across courses / institutions has been proposed by some authors. References 1. Framework [Framework for Action on Interprofessional Education & Collaborative Practice (WHO/HRH/HPN/10.3). World Health Organization 2010, Geneva 27, Switzerland, Available at http://www.who.int/hrh/nursing_midwifery/en/ [Accessed 4 Aug 2020] 2. Barr H. Interprofessional Education-The Genesis of Global Movement. 2015. https://www.caipe.org/resources/publications/barr-h-2015-interprofessional-education-genesis-global-movement. [Accessed 4 Aug 2020]
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Alharthi, M., J. Blacklock, S. Scott, and D. Wright. "Language used to describe medication review activities: does it require standardisation? A narrative synthesis." International Journal of Pharmacy Practice 30, Supplement_1 (April 1, 2022): i24—i26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijpp/riac019.034.
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Abstract Introduction Medication review (MR) is a health care professional’s systematic assessment of a patient’s medications with recommendations for improvement (1). To enable comparison between different evaluations of medication review-based interventions to determine whether the nature of activity differs, it is important that standardised language is used. Currently, there is no accepted international taxonomy for describing medication review activities. Therefore, we undertook a systematic review of literature with narrative synthesis to determine whether standardisation may be appropriate. Aim To determine the range of terms used to describe medication review activities. Method A PROSPERO registered systematic review (CRD 42020215992) was performed using search terms according to the Population, Intervention, Comparison and Outcome (PICO) framework. ‘Population’ & ‘Comparison’ were not used. Synonyms for medication review activities were used for both ‘Intervention’ and ‘Outcomes’, e.g., stop, start, change, alter. We included all papers reporting medication review activities in English with empirical data. Papers not using language to describe medication review activities were excluded. Two researchers reviewed all titles, abstracts, and full-text papers independently; discussion resolved any disagreement. Data extraction was carried out independently as per Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care (EPOC) as follows: The papers were assessed using the Mixed Method Appraisal Tool (MMAT). The research team themed the extracted terms. Results After deleting duplicates, 9746 titles were screened. Twenty-one studies were included: eight quantitative non-randomised trials, eight randomised controlled trials, and five quantitative descriptive studies. The studies covered the UK, Netherlands, Australia, Sweden, Norway, Belgium, Canada, and Jordan. The table summarises the medication review activities reported in these papers. Conclusion Various authors reported medication review activities. ‘Alter’ and ‘adaptation’ are examples of ambiguous terms. Determining whether actions are related with activities to reduce or increase doses is difficult due to such terminology. As a result, comparing medication review approaches may be difficult. Limiting the search strategy to English-language only may have missed some studies. A taxonomy to describe and define medication review activities, thereby standardising MR reporting, should improve the presentation of data from process evaluations and the ability to compare activity between studies. Reference (1) Christensen M, Lundh A. Medication review in hospitalised patients to reduce morbidity and mortality. Cochrane Database Syst Rev [Internet]. 2016 Feb 20; Available from: https://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/14651858.CD008986.pub3
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Belbin, Lee, John A. E. Gibson, Colin Davis, David Watts, and Ewan McIvor. "State of the environment reporting: an Antarctic case study." Polar Record 39, no. 3 (June 26, 2003): 193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247403002900.
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The requirement for an Antarctic component to the 2001 Australian State of the environment report initiated the development of a state of the environment system designed to remain current, yet minimize the resources required for maintenance. A series of environmental indicators was developed and refined by a group of experts during a period of 18 months. A simple descriptive template and data for each indicator were incorporated into a web-accessible database system called SIMR (System for Indicator Management and Reporting). The system captures indicator data either dynamically from sensors or by web input by indicator custodians. The system also prompts custodians for regular input of evaluations of indicator status. The system (http://www-aadc.aad.gov.au/soe) has been an effective framework for considering all aspects of state of the environment reporting and a practical tool in research and operational aspects of the Australian Antarctic Division.
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Yusoff, Haslinda, Radiah Othman, and Normahiran Yatim. "Environmental Reporting Practices In Malaysia And Australia." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 29, no. 6 (October 29, 2013): 1717. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v29i6.8209.
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The purpose of this paper is to investigate the state of environmental reporting by Malaysian and Australian companies on other reports, i.e. other than annual reports. The paper employs content analysis to study the environmental disclosures made by the selected 100 companies in the two countries. Regression analysis is performed on potential influencing factors for environmental reporting. The findings are also compared to previous studies on environmental reporting in corporate annual reports by Yusoff and Lehman (2008). The paper finds that environmental reporting in other reports (Malaysia and Australia) are largely descriptive and in qualitative form. In addition, the influencing factors for environmental reporting are of similar quality to those made in annual reports, in both countries. These findings imply that this type of communicating environmental information does not contribute greater corporate accountability among companies in fulfilling stakeholders needs and demands for environmental information. Hence, more efforts are needed to promote better and greener environmental reporting practice. This study comparatively explores the environmental practices and interprets the possible link between influencing factors for environmental reporting and actual environmental reporting practices on a two-country basis, between Malaysia and Australia.
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Deegan, C. M. "ENVIRONMENTAL REPORTING IN AUSTRALIA: THE PAST, THE PRESENT ANDTHE FUTURE." APPEA Journal 40, no. 1 (2000): 617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj99041.
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This paper provides an overview of Australian environmental reporting. Specifically, the topics to be considered include: a brief consideration of trends in environmental reporting together with an overview of industry initiatives to encourage environmental reporting; an overview of regulation pertaining to environmental reporting; an overview of trends towards the practice of sustainable development reporting with particular reference to triple bottom line reporting; an examination of social accounting and social auditing; an investigation of the linkage between social and environmental reporting and financial accounting; and, projections about the future of social and environmental reporting.
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Borghei, Zahra, Philomena Leung, and James Guthrie. "The nature of voluntary greenhouse gas disclosure – an explanation of the changing rationale." Meditari Accountancy Research 24, no. 1 (April 11, 2016): 111–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/medar-02-2015-0008.
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Purpose This paper aims to explore the nature of voluntary greenhouse gas (GHG) disclosure by non-GHG-registered companies among industry sectors over a period after the introduction of the National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting (NGER) Act 2007 and before the introduction of the Australian ETS. Design/methodology/approach A GHG disclosure index is used to evaluate the levels of GHG disclosure in 2009 and 2011 annual reports. Findings This paper highlights that non-GHG-registered companies seem to improve their disclosure by incorporating more “behavioural management” actions rather than “symbolic” actions. The changing rationale of GHG disclosure is towards more serious GHG reduction strategies. Consistent with voluntary disclosure and signalling theories, companies having good news to tell disclose their superior GHG information to promote their superior environmental performance. Research limitations/implications The findings should be useful for stakeholders who are interested in GHG disclosure strategies. Also, the content analysis of the annual reports provides some clarity in respect of the most common aspects of GHG disclosure by non-GHG-registered companies which is helpful in the evaluation of correspondence between carbon disclosure strategies and the objectives of carbon abatement. Originality/value Previous studies mostly investigate the differences in the type of GHG disclosure among companies subject to mandatory GHG regulations. However, this paper is the first study to examine the changing rationale in the nature of GHG disclosure of non-GHG-registered companies. While much of the prior research uses GHG-registered companies as the sample, no empirical study to date has considered non-GHG-registered companies that encompass 96 per cent of ASX listed companies.
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Cross, Cassandra. "Reflections on the reporting of fraud in Australia." Policing: An International Journal 43, no. 1 (November 15, 2019): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-08-2019-0134.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to reflect on the reporting of cybercrime in Australia, specifically the reporting of fraud. Design/methodology/approach Using an evaluation of the (former) Australian Cybercrime Online Reporting Network (ACORN), this paper provides a commentary on the report findings, including both positive and negative aspects of the reporting mechanism. Findings The paper focuses on three key challenges that were identified in the evaluation: victim satisfaction; quality of data; and unintended consequences. Each of these topics is outlined and located within a broader context to better understand the evaluation findings. Research limitations/implications This viewpoint paper is a commentary based upon an evaluation of ACORN which itself has several limitations of its methodology. Despite this, the evaluation provides important insights into the challenges that currently exist with the online reporting of fraud offences both in Australia, and worldwide. Practical implications This paper emphasises the structural and systemic issues that exist for the reporting of fraud in Australia. It therefore warns against placing blame exclusively on police agencies as responsible for these results. Instead, it advocates the need for society to take a more coordinated and collaborative approach to the policing of fraud, which includes law enforcement, government and industry partners. Social implications The paper documents some of the underlying reasons for additional trauma and harm experienced by victims of fraud in their efforts to report their incident and receive what they perceive to be an appropriate criminal justice response. These must be acknowledged in order to make the required change. Originality/value This paper is a commentary and reflection on the current way in which fraud is reported in Australia. It points to a need to rethink this approach in some key areas. It highlights the critical need for an education campaign to dispel some of the myths that exist in relation to realistic police responses to fraud, and also calls for the need to consider alternatives to the exclusively online system currently in operation, as well as larger questions about notions of justice and appropriate responses to fraud victims.
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Kazemian, Soheil, Hadrian Geri Djajadikerta, Terri Trireksani, Kazi Sohag, Zuraidah Mohd Sanusi, and Jamaliah Said. "Carbon management accounting (CMA) practices in Australia’s high carbon-emission industries." Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal 13, no. 5 (August 30, 2022): 1132–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sampj-05-2021-0174.
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Purpose This study aims to evaluate the practices of carbon management accounting (CMA) made by companies committed to sustainability in Australia’s four highest carbon-emitting industries, including electricity, transport, stationary energy and agriculture. The evaluation covers three CMA phases (i.e. data collection, interpretation and reporting). Design/methodology/approach This is a cross-sectional study using descriptive research. Data was collected using a questionnaire primarily derived from Burritt et al.’s (2002, 2011) CMA framework and suggestions from other references. The questionnaire includes a set of closed- and open-ended questions. Data was collected from 39 senior managers in the selected industries with direct knowledge and experience in their companies’ CMA practices. Findings The respondents disclose numerous different motivations for their companies to practise CMA and various ways of practising their CMA. This reflects diverse industry practices due to the absence of a generally accepted standard and different stages of organisational learning. The findings also show that the respondents perceived CMA practices as essential to enhancing their companies’ sustainability performance and overall reputation. However, the majority of the respondents showed little appetite for carbon emission disclosure. Practical implications The findings thoroughly describe the current CMA practices by companies committed to sustainability in Australia’s high carbon-emitting industries. Overall, the results show that while the respondents perceived CMA practices as essential for their companies’ sustainability performance and energy-saving, the CMA applications were inconsistent, along with some concerning results, such as a lack of assurance and accountability in the data validation and audit. These indicate the importance of policymakers to consider establishing CMA guidelines or standards to improve its practice. For any company, these findings can be used as learning materials to start or enhance CMA practice at their companies. A broader professional CMA community can strengthen the collective efforts to make CMA more robust. Social implications The findings portray the perceptions of practitioners from Australia’s four highest carbon-emitting industries, indicating motivations to use CMA to understand their companies’ carbon footprint and reduce their companies’ environmental impacts. Originality/value The findings contribute to the limited literature in this area and offer several valuable insights regarding the current practice of CMA in Australia, focussing on high carbon-emission industries. It also encourages more research in this area using data from other industries or countries to develop comparative results and strengthen the literature. Future research using actual carbon emission information or a longitudinal approach could also evaluate the changes and progresses in CMA practices.
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Bebbington, Jan, and Charlotte Thy. "Compulsory environmental reporting in Denmark:An evaluation." Social and Environmental Accountability Journal 19, no. 2 (January 1999): 2–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0969160x.1999.9651612.
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Blackall, David. "Environmental Reporting in a Post Truth World." Asia Pacific Media Educator 27, no. 1 (June 2017): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1326365x17703205.
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The science publication Nature Climate Change this year published a study demonstrating Earth this century warmed substantially less than computer-generated climate models predict. Unfortunately for public knowledge, such findings don’t appear in the news. Sea levels too have not been obeying the ‘grand transnational narrative’ of catastrophic global warming. Sea levels around Australia 2011–2012 were measured with the most significant drops in sea levels since measurements began. This phenomenon was due to rainfall over Central Australia, which filled vast inland lakes. It was not predicted in the models, nor was it reported in the news. The 2015–2016 El-Niño, a natural phenomenon, drove sea levels around Indonesia to low levels such that coral reefs were bleaching. The echo chamber of news repeatedly fails to report such phenomena and yet many studies continue to contradict mainstream news discourse. Whistle-blower Dr. John Bates exposed the U.S. National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) when it manipulated data to meet politically predetermined conclusions for the 2015 Paris (Climate) Agreement. This was not reported. Observational scientific analyses and their data sets continue to disagree with much of climate science modelling, and are beginning to suggest that some natural phenomena, which cause variability, may never be identified.
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Alindogan, Mark Anthony. "Evaluation competencies and functions in advertised evaluation roles in Australia." Evaluation Journal of Australasia 19, no. 2 (June 2019): 88–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1035719x19857197.
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This study explores the functions of professional evaluators outlined in online job advertisements. A total of 97 job advertisements were reviewed in the study. A content analysis using a Coding Analysis Toolkit developed by Shulman was conducted to identify six main evaluation functions based on the collected data. These functions are (1) evaluation and reporting, (2) providing evaluation advice, (3) evaluation capacity building, (4) communication and engagement, (5) forming partnerships and (6) leading, managing and influencing. These functions were then compared to the Australian Evaluation Society’s (AES) Core Competency Domains. Overall, there is a broad alignment between these functions and the AES Core Competency Domains. However, the analysis shows that the delivery of culturally competent evaluations and evaluation utilisation received no mention in advertised evaluation roles. The delivery of culturally competent evaluation is essential from the perspective of ethics, validity and theory, while the utilisation of evaluation findings is important for the benefit of society.
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Wright, R. A. D. "PUBLIC ENVIRONMENTAL REPORTING FOR THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY." APPEA Journal 39, no. 1 (1999): 622. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj98041.
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Acceptance by governments and the public is crucially important for high profile oil and gas exploration and production companies. Many people are pre-disposed against such companies because the environmental and social impacts of their activities are perceived to outweigh the benefits. Leading multi-nationals such as the Royal Dutch/Shell Group have seen the benefits of a recent concerted effort to engage their stakeholders. Shell and other multi-nationals are using public environmental reporting as a means of better communicating their performance. Public environmental reporting has been slow to be adopted in Australia but there may be advantages for oil and gas companies in Australia to be seen to be leaders in this field rather than laggards, particularly with the advent of compulsory public reporting as required by the National Pollutant Inventory.
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Lancaster, Paul A. L. "Assisted Conception: Health Services and Evaluation." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 7, no. 4 (1991): 485–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462300007054.
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AbstractComparison of assisted conception in Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States indicates that further rapid growth in services is likely in many countries. Better data on pregnancy rates and the outcome of pregnancy, as well as standardized reporting of national results, are needed to monitor the effectiveness of treatment.
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van Dijk, Albert, Richard Mount, Philip Gibbons, Michael Vardon, and Pep Canadell. "Environmental reporting and accounting in Australia: Progress, prospects and research priorities." Science of The Total Environment 473-474 (March 2014): 338–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.053.
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Farooque, Omar Al, and Helena Ahulu. "Environmental reporting in the UK, Australia, and South African multinational companies." Journal of Developing Areas 49, no. 6 (2015): 103–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jda.2015.0117.
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Burritt, Roger L. "Environmental reporting in Australia: current practices and issues for the future." Business Strategy and the Environment 11, no. 6 (2002): 391–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bse.343.
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Holland, Grant. "Child Abuse and Mandatory Reporting." Australian Journal of Primary Health 2, no. 4 (1996): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py96058.
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In Victoria, and to some extent Australia, the last two decades have seen some clarification in the classification of the various forms of child maltreatment and abuse. Currently, the major forms of child abuse are acknowledged as being:In Victoria, and to some extent Australia, the last two decades have seen some clarification in the classification of the various forms of child maltreatment and abuse. Currently, the major forms of child abuse are acknowledged as being physical abuse or non-accidental physical injury; sexual abuse and exploitation; emotional/psychological abuse and neglect. These forms of maltreatment often convey an implied message of non-accidental or committed harm against children. Abuse, however, can often occur by neglect or a failure to protect children, and therefore can be characterised as abuse by ommission. Many practitioners and professionals now use the term 'child abuse and neglect' rather than the single 'child abuse' term.
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Hossain, Md Moazzem. "Accounting for biodiversity in Australia." Pacific Accounting Review 29, no. 1 (February 6, 2017): 2–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/par-03-2016-0033.
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Purpose This paper aims to respond to recent calls by Jones (2014) and Jones and Solomon (Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 2013) for more studies on biodiversity accounting and reporting. In particular, this paper explores biodiversity reporting of the Murray-Darling Basin Authority (MDBA), an Australian public sector enterprise. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses content analysis of MDBA’s published annual reports over the period of 15 years (1998-2012). Archival data (from different government departments) are also used to prepare natural inventory model. Findings The paper finds that although specific species, such as flora and fauna, and habitats-related disclosures have increased over the time, such information still allows only a partial construction of an inventory of natural assets, using Jones’ (1996, 2003) model. However, unlike prior studies that find lack of data availability to be the main impediment for operationalising biodiversity accounting, the abundance of biodiversity data in Australia makes it comparatively easier to produce such a statement. Research limitations/implications Informed by the environmental stewardship framework, the results of this paper suggest that the disclosures made by MDBA are constrained potentially due to its use of traditional accounting mechanisms of reporting that only allow tradable items to be reported to stakeholders. An alternative reporting format would be more relevant to stakeholder groups who are more interested in information regarding quality and availability of water, and loss of biodiversity in the basin area rather than the financial performance of the MDBA. Originality/value Although there are a growing number of studies exploring biodiversity reporting in Australia, this paper is one of the earlier attempts to operationalise biodiversity (particularly habitats, flora and fauna) within the context of an Australian public sector enterprise.
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Nuijten, Mark J. C., Mark J. A. Brorens, Yechiel A. Hekster, Ary van der Kuy, Jacques H. Lockefeer, Per A. G. M. de Smet, Gouke Bonsel, and Marja H. Pronk. "Reporting Format for Economic Evaluation." PharmacoEconomics 14, no. 2 (1998): 159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00019053-199814020-00004.
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Cui, Jisheng, and John Kaldor. "Changing pattern of delays in reporting AIDS diagnoses in Australia." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 22, no. 4 (August 1998): 432–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-842x.1998.tb01409.x.
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Pirkis, Jane, Andrew Dare, R. Warwick Blood, Bree Rankin, Michelle Williamson, Philip Burgess, and Damien Jolley. "Changes in Media Reporting of Suicide in Australia Between 2000/01 and 2006/07." Crisis 30, no. 1 (January 2009): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910.30.1.25.
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Aims. To evaluate changes in Australian news media reporting of suicide between 2000/01 and 2006/07 against recommendations in the resource Reporting Suicide and Mental Illness. Methods. Newspaper, television, and radio items on suicide were retrieved over two 12-month periods pre- and postintroduction of Reporting Suicide and Mental Illness. Identifying and descriptive information were extracted for each item. Quality ratings were made for a stratified random sample of items, using criteria from the precursor to Reporting Suicide and Mental Illness. Results and Conclusions. There was almost a two-fold increase in reporting of suicide during the study period, with 4,813 and 8,363 items retrieved in 2000/01 and 2006/07, respectively. The nature of media reporting showed some variability, with an increased emphasis on items about individuals experiences and a reduced emphasis on policy and program initiatives. Most strikingly, there was significant improvement on almost all individual dimensions of quality and overall quality. These findings are positive, although there are still clearly some opportunities for improving the way in which the media report and portray suicide. In order to improve standards, continued support should be provided for the dissemination and evaluation of Reporting Suicide and Mental Illness.
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Godwin, Norman H., and Jennifer M. Mueller. "Financial Reporting Practices: A Comprehensive Evaluation." Journal For Healthcare Quality 27, no. 2 (March 2005): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1945-1474.2005.tb01115.x.
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Cretikos, Michelle, Barbara Telfer, and Jeremy McAnulty. "Enteric disease outbreak reporting, New South Wales, Australia, 2000 to 2005." New South Wales Public Health Bulletin 19, no. 2 (2008): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/nb07078.
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Smith, S. J. "ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW 2000." APPEA Journal 41, no. 2 (2001): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj00055.
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Last year the petroleum industry witnessed the enactment of new legislation both at Commonwealth and State levels. The principal legislative change to environmental management was the introduction of the Commonwealth Government’s Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Act, 2000 (EPBC Act). South Australia and Victoria also implemented new Petroleum Acts and/ or Regulations.Construction of the Eastern Gas Pipeline was also completed last year, whilst preliminary approvals and environmental assessment continues for the Papua New Guinea, Timor Sea and Tasmania Natural Gas pipelines. Offshore exploration continued, particularly in the North West Shelf, Otway Basin, Timor Sea and Bass Strait.Other critical areas of environmental management included greenhouse gases, national pollution inventory reporting and the increasing requirements for environmental approval and management under various state environmental legislation.This paper provides an overview of environmental developments in the petroleum industry during the year 2000, in particular, the implication of new legislation, new technology, e-commerce and a greater focus on environmental reporting.
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Amoako, Kwame Oduro, Beverley R. Lord, and Keith Dixon. "Sustainability reporting." Meditari Accountancy Research 25, no. 2 (June 5, 2017): 186–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/medar-02-2016-0020.
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Purpose Sustainability reporting serves as a means of communication between corporations and their stakeholders on sustainability issues. This study aims to identify and account for the contents of sustainability reporting communicated through the websites of the plants in five continents of the same multinational mining corporation. Design/methodology/approach This study uses data published by Newmont Mining Corporation. The corporation has regional headquarters in five continents: Africa, Asia, Australia and North America and South America. The data were drawn from the websites of the five plants adjacent to those regional headquarters. Economic, environmental and social aspects of sustainability as reported by each plant were identified; to do so, a disclosure analysis based on the elements of the Global Reporting Initiative and the United Nations Division for Sustainability Development was used. These aspects were then compared and contrasted to highlight if, and to what extent, institutional isomorphism influences variations in sustainability disclosures among plants compared with the parent company. Findings It was found that most of the reporting about sustainability matters comprises narratives; there were also a few physical measures but very little financial information. Notwithstanding that the websites of all five plants used similar headings, the contents of reports differed. The reports from the plants in Australia, South America and Africa were more comprehensive than those from the plants in Asia and North America. The authors attribute these differences to institutionalisation of location-specific characteristics, including management discretion, legislation and societal pressures influencing sustainability reporting. The authors argue that managers responsible for preparing sustainability reports and who work essentially as sustainability accountants should develop templates and measures to raise the standard and comprehensiveness of reports for improved communication, information and behaviour. Originality/value Extant studies on sustainability reporting have focused mainly on comparisons between sustainability reports published by different corporations or sustainability reports published in different years by the same corporation. The authors believe that this is one of the first studies to have examined differences in sustainability information published by different subsidiaries within the same large corporation and the first to show how concurrent disclosures can differ.
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Erby, Ruth, Robert Heard, and Kate O'Loughlin. "Trial of an injury reporting system for surf lifesavers in Australia." Work 36, no. 2 (2010): 181–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/wor-2010-1019.
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Johnson, Michael. "Integrating Environmental and Economic Data: Reporting to Create a National Accounting Framework for the Environment." Economic and Labour Relations Review 13, no. 2 (December 2002): 226–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103530460201300205.
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Organizations and governments have improved their environmental data collection and reporting performance since 1992, but it is still limited and focussed on specific problem solving rather than providing a national accounting framework for addressing environmental problems. In Australia evidence of the consideration of ‘sustainability’ goals in data collection and disclosure is growing through the development of ‘state of the environment’ reporting. The development of integrated environmental, economic and social information to support the application of more radical environmental modernisation ideas by organizations and governments is weak. Private and public sector organization reporting has improved, but there are still insufficient incentives to enhance it. This paper suggests more systematic reporting at the aggregate level by governments is essential if the environment is to be managed in a regular, balanced, sustainable and responsible way.
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Donnelly, Sarah. "Mandatory reporting and adult safeguarding: a rapid realist review." Journal of Adult Protection 21, no. 5 (October 3, 2019): 241–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jap-03-2019-0011.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to critically analyse the concept of mandatory reporting in adult safeguarding in the jurisdictions of Australia, Canada, England, Northern Ireland and Scotland. Design/methodology/approach A rapid realist evaluation of the literature on this topic was carried out in order to answer the question: "what works, for whom and in what circumstances?” Particular attention was paid to Context(s), Mechanism(s) and Outcome(s) configurations of adult safeguarding reporting systems and processes. Findings The evaluation found a range of arguments for and against mandatory reporting and international variations on the scope and powers of mandatory reporting. Research limitations/implications This review was undertaken in late 2018 so subsequent policy and practice developments will be missing from the evaluation. The evaluation focussed on five jurisdictions therefore, the findings are not necessarily translatable to other contexts. Practical implications Some jurisdictions have introduced mandatory reporting and others are considering doing so. The potential advantages and challenges of introducing mandatory reporting are highlighted. Social implications The introduction of mandatory reporting may offer professionals increased powers to prevent and reduce the abuse of adults, but this could also change the dynamic of relationships within families, and between families and professionals. Originality/value This paper provides an accessible discussion of mandatory reporting across Ireland and internationally which to date has been lacking from the literature.
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Thomson, Ian, and Jan Bebbington. "Social and environmental reporting in the UK: a pedagogic evaluation." Critical Perspectives on Accounting 16, no. 5 (July 2005): 507–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpa.2003.06.003.
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Adusei-Asante, Kwadwo, Elaine Bennett, Wendy Simpson, Sharlene Hindmarsh, Beth Harvey, and Cherilyn McMeekin. "Evaluating our evaluability: Lessons from Ngala, Western Australia." Evaluation Journal of Australasia 20, no. 4 (November 9, 2020): 212–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1035719x20971854.
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Evaluability assessment focuses on the readiness of organisations to carry out evaluations. Scholars argue that evaluability assessment needs to focus on internal evaluation systems and tools and their capability to measure programmes and services reliably and credibly. Even so, literature on best practice guidelines on evaluability assessment within the context of the not-for-profit sector appears to be rare. We seek to begin to fill this gap by presenting lessons learned from Ngala, Western Australia, when we reviewed the organisation’s evaluation practice and culture in 2018/2019. The Service Model and Outcomes Measurement Audit project assessed the extent to which service models within Ngala aligned with the organisation’s standardised service model and individual service contracts, as well as consistency of outcomes, data collection and reporting practices. Insights obtained from the project and their implications for evaluability assessment practice are discussed.
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Pasupuleti, Samba Siva Rao, Santosh Jatrana, and Ken Richardson. "EFFECT OF NATIVITY AND DURATION OF RESIDENCE ON CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITIONS AMONG ASIAN IMMIGRANTS IN AUSTRALIA: A LONGITUDINAL INVESTIGATION." Journal of Biosocial Science 48, no. 3 (July 3, 2015): 322–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932015000206.
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SummaryThis study examined the effect of Asian nativity and duration of residence in Australia on the odds of reporting a chronic health condition (cancer, respiratory problems, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes mellitus). Data were from waves 3, 7 and 9 of the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) longitudinal survey, and multi-level group-mean-centred logistic regression models were used for the analysis. After covariate adjustment, Asian immigrants were less likely to report cancer and respiratory problem compared with native-born Australians. While there was no significant difference in reporting CVD, they were more likely to report diabetes than native-born people. Asian immigrants maintained their health advantage with respect to cancer regardless of duration of residence. However, after 20 years of stay, Asian immigrants lost their earlier advantage and were not significantly different from native-born people in terms of reporting a respiratory problem. In contrast, Asian immigrants were not measurably different from native-born Australians in reporting diabetes if their length of stay in Australia was less than 20 years, but became disadvantaged after staying for 20 years or longer. There was no measurable difference in the odds of reporting CVD between Asian immigrants and native-born Australians for any duration of residence. On the whole this study found that health advantage, existence of healthy immigrant effect and subsequent erosion of it with increasing duration of residence among Asian immigrants depends upon the chronic health condition.