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Edokpolo, Benjamin, Nathalie Allaz-Barnett, Catherine Irwin, Jason Issa, Pete Curtis, Bronwyn Green, Ivan Hanigan, and Martine Dennekamp. "Developing a Conceptual Framework for Environmental Health Tracking in Victoria, Australia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 10 (May 17, 2019): 1748. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16101748.
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Victoria’s (Australia) Environment Protection Authority (EPA), the state’s environmental regulator, has recognized the need to develop an Environmental Health Tracking System (EHTS) to better understand environmental health relationships. To facilitate the process of developing an EHTS; a linkage-based conceptual framework was developed to link routinely collected environmental and health data to better understand environmental health relationships. This involved researching and drawing on knowledge from previous similar projects. While several conceptual frameworks have been used to organize data to support the development of an environmental health tracking system, Driving Force–Pressure–State–Exposure–Effect–Action (DPSEEA) was identified as the most broadly applied conceptual framework. Exposure and effects are two important components of DPSEEA, and currently, exposure data are not available for the EHTS. Therefore, DPSEEA was modified to the Driving Force–Pressure–Environmental Condition–Health Impact–Action (DPEHA) conceptual framework for the proposed Victorian EHTS as there is relevant data available for tracking. The potential application of DPEHA for environmental health tracking was demonstrated through case studies. DPEHA will be a useful tool to support the implementation of Victoria’s environmental health tracking system for providing timely and scientific evidence for EPA and other decision makers in developing and evaluating policies for protecting public health and the environment in Victoria.
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Connor, M. A., and D. Reeve. "The Clean Technology Incentive Scheme of the State of Victoria, Australia." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 8 (April 1, 1994): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0377.
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Over the past decade environment protection policies have placed increasing emphasis on waste minimisation and cleaner production techniques. The Environment Protection Authority in Victoria, Australia, has sought to encourage waste minimisation by establishing a Clean Technology Incentive Scheme. This Scheme makes available secured interest-free loans of up to $100,000 to selected small and medium-sized companies proposing to install proven yet innovative waste reducing technology. Applications are evaluated by a Review Committee drawn from a diversity of backgrounds. The technical feasibility, innovativeness, environmental benefits and financial soundness of proposals are assessed and a short-list of potential loan recipients prepared. The managerial competence and financial status of short-listed applicants is checked before loans are made. The Scheme was established in 1988 and since then 35 offers of loans have been made. Whilst the newness of the Scheme makes evaluation of its long-term effectiveness premature, results to date are encouraging. Case studies of three especially successful projects are presented.
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Chisholm, Stewart. "The growing role of citizen engagement in urban naturalization: The case of Canada." Ekistics and The New Habitat 71, no. 424-426 (June 1, 2004): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.53910/26531313-e200471424-426219.
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The author (MA, MCIP, RPP) co-manages Evergreen's Common Grounds program which focuses on the protection and restoration of public lands in urban areas. He has a Master's degree in urban planning from the University of Waterloo, a Bachelor's Degree in resource geography from the University of Victoria , and he is a full member of the Canadian Institute of Planners. Over the past five years, he has developed urban greening resources for land use professionals and community groups including a national grant program, guidebooks, research reports, municipal policy guidelines and case studies. He has also developed and led professional training workshops for public land managers and other municipal officials on partnership approaches for protecting and stewarding urban green spaces. Prior to joining Evergreen, Stewart worked in the private and public sectors leading a variety of land-use planning, environmental assessment and resource conservation projects. Mr Chisholm has written journal articles and presented papers at national and international conferences including the Canadian Institute of Planners (2002) and the Society for Ecological Restoration (2001). The paper that follows is based on a presentation that he gave at the international symposion on "The Natural City," Toronto, 23-25 June, 2004, sponsored by the University of Toronto's Division of the Environment, Institute for Environmental Studies, and the World Society for Ekistics.
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Leeming, R., N. Bate, R. Hewlett, and P. D. Nichols. "Discriminating faecal pollution: a case study of stormwater entering Port Phillip Bay, Australia." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 10 (November 1, 1998): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0369.
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This investigation was designed to provide preliminary information to the Environment Protection Authority concerning the input of faecal matter to stormwater drains in the Rippleside area of Geelong, Victoria. Results derived from the combined use of sterol biomarkers (e.g. coprostanol and 24-ethylcoprostanol) and four sub-groups of bacterial indicators (e.g. thermotolerant coliforms, E. coli, faecal streptococci and enterococci) indicated that during wet weather, all sites sampled were affected by significant human faecal contamination. Ratios of coprostanol to bacterial indicators were similar to those for samples collected from nearby sewer mains. During dry weather, there were still severely elevated levels of faecal contamination based on bacterial indicators, but correspondingly low concentrations of faecal sterols suggesting minimal human or herbivore faecal contamination. The origin of the majority of the faecal pollution in dry weather therefore remains to be fully explained. It is clear from this and related studies that the combined measurement of faecal sterols and bacterial indicators can greatly assist distinguishing sources of faecal pollution. It is also shown for aquatic environments that the measurement of coprostanol or other single indicators alone, is inadequate to fully discern faecal contamination from human sources.
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Lavoie, Fernando Luiz, Clever Aparecido Valentin, Marcelo Kobelnik, Jefferson Lins da Silva, and Maria de Lurdes Lopes. "HDPE Geomembranes for Environmental Protection: Two Case Studies." Sustainability 12, no. 20 (October 20, 2020): 8682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12208682.
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High-density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembranes have been used for different applications in engineering including sanitation, such as landfills and waste liquid ponds. For these applications, the material can be exposed to aging mechanisms as thermal and chemical degradation, even to UV radiation and biological contact, which can degrade the geomembrane and decrease the material’s durability. This paper aims to present an experimental evaluation of two exhumed HDPE geomembranes, the first was used for 2.75 years in a sewage treatment aeration pond (LTE sample) and another was used for 5.17 years in a municipal landfill leachate pond (LCH sample). Physical and thermal analyses were used such as thermogravimetry (TG), differential thermal analysis (DTA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanic analysis (DMA). The thermogravimetric analyses showed significant changes in the LCH sample’s thermal decomposition probably caused by the interaction reactions between the polymer and the leachate. For the DSC analyses, the behavior seen in the LTE sample was not observed in the LCH sample. In the DMA analyses, the behavior of the LTE sample storage module shows which LCH sample is less brittle. The LTE sample presented low stress cracking resistance and low tensile elongation at break, following the DMA results.
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Muhlebach, Robyn. "Curriculum and Professional Development in Environmental Education: A Case Study." Australian Journal of Environmental Education 11 (1995): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0814062600002962.
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This particular case study looks at the problem of curriculum and professional development in environmental education at a small semi rural primary school in south western Victoria. In this paper the ‘study’ refers to the case study research at Elliminyt Primary School and the ‘project’ refers to a wider OECD-CERI ENSI project which included many other case studies other than the one described here.
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Muir, Carlyn, Ian R. Johnston, and Eric Howard. "Evolution of a holistic systems approach to planning and managing road safety: the Victorian case study, 1970–2015." Injury Prevention 24, Suppl 1 (February 16, 2018): i19—i24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2017-042358.
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BackgroundThe Victorian Safe System approach to road safety slowly evolved from a combination of the Swedish Vision Zero philosophy and the Sustainable Safety model developed by the Dutch. The Safe System approach reframes the way in which road safety is viewed and managed.MethodsThis paper presents a case study of the institutional change required to underpin the transformation to a holistic approach to planning and managing road safety in Victoria, Australia.ResultsThe adoption and implementation of a Safe System approach require strong institutional leadership and close cooperation among all the key agencies involved, and Victoria was fortunate in that it had a long history of strong interagency mechanisms in place. However, the challenges in the implementation of the Safe System strategy in Victoria are generally neither technical nor scientific; they are predominantly social and political. While many governments purport to develop strategies based on Safe System thinking, on-the-ground action still very much depends on what politicians perceive to be publicly acceptable, and Victoria is no exception.ConclusionsThis is a case study of the complexity of institutional change and is presented in the hope that the lessons may prove useful for others seeking to adopt more holistic planning and management of road safety. There is still much work to be done in Victoria, but the institutional cultural shift has taken root. Ongoing efforts must be continued to achieve alert and compliant road users; however, major underpinning benefits will be achieved through focusing on road network safety improvements (achieving forgiving infrastructure, such as wire rope barriers) in conjunction with reviews of posted speed limits (to be set in response to the level of protection offered by the road infrastructure) and by the progressive introduction into the fleet of modern vehicle safety features.
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Knudsen, Daniel J. "Environmental Reviews and Case Studies: “Environmental Protection Bureau, 2.0”: China's Environmental Courts as Enforcement Institutions." Environmental Practice 15, no. 4 (December 2013): 441–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1466046613000306.
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FINLAYSON, B. L., and S. O. BRIZGA. "The Oral Tradition, Environmental Change and River Basin Management: Case Studies from Queensland and Victoria." Australian Geographical Studies 33, no. 2 (October 1995): 180–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8470.1995.tb00693.x.
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Sas-Bojarska, Aleksandra. "Landscape as a Potential Key Concept in Urban Environmental Planning: The Case of Poland." Urban Planning 6, no. 3 (August 19, 2021): 295–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/up.v6i3.4044.
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Rapid urban development increases the consumption of materials, energy, and water, resulting in an overproduction of waste and emissions. These cause many environmental threats, such as ozone layer depletion and rain acidification, leading to climate change. Therefore, the question arises on how to improve the effectiveness of tools that strengthen environmental protection. This discursive article presents an approach stressing the role of landscape in environmental protection in Poland. It indicates that landscape protection is an ecological, not just an aesthetic activity, as it is often considered in Poland. The landscape reflects all changes occurring in individual elements of the environment resulting from urban development. Through landscape transformations, one can track the growth and accumulation of adverse effects in the chain of environmental changes. Knowledge regarding the dynamics and scope of these transformations can improve ecological design and technologies. Therefore, the landscape condition should be treated as an indicator of sustainable development. If so, one could hypothesise that effective landscape protection contributes to minimising environmental and climate changes. The relationships between the landscape and environmental/climate threats discussed in this article prompt combining some tools related to these threats, which may ensure both effective landscape protection and sustainable development, leading to reduced climate change. The possibilities and benefits of integrating these tools are presented here as well. General considerations are supplemented with references to the situation in Poland to support the need for implementing a more policy-oriented and interdisciplinary approach to landscape protection.
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Nain Gill, Gitanjali. "Environmental protection and developmental interests." International Journal of Law in the Built Environment 6, no. 1/2 (April 8, 2014): 69–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlbe-03-2013-0010.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a case study of a global challenge: the relationship between commercial development and the protection of eco-fragile systems particularly where river water is involved. It reviews and critiques the legal and political processes that underpinned the Commonwealth Games (CWG) 2010 in Delhi and the building of the accommodation Village on the floodplain of the river Yamuna. Design/methodology/approach – The paper covers the controversial modern history of the Yamuna river that runs through Delhi. The river is “dead” and has been subject to litigation concerning its usage and that of its flood plain. In particular, the controversy peaked prior to the CWG 2010 in Delhi and the required buildings associated with the games. The paper traces the history of the legal actions and the inter-related involvement of the various actors being the politicians, construction developers, the river bank dwellers and the local environmentalists. Close analysis is made of the statutory administrative procedures required for environmental clearance, the subsequent case law both in the High Court of Delhi and the Supreme Court of India. Additionally, usage is made of the media and its concerns over corrupt and negligent practices. Findings – The Indian judiciary in their willingness to promote the construction of the Village failed to apply its own environmental jurisprudence. There was a failure to “lift the veil” and review flawed administrative practices that violated governing statutes. National pride, time pressures, political support, economic interests and rapid urbanisation created a pressure that the courts could not challenge. It was left to investigative committees, after the Games had concluded, to expose these wrongdoings. Originality/value – The paper highlights the issue of the relationship of the courts and political and economic interests and how legally protected ecological interests are ignored.
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Van der Veldt, Danja. "Case studies of ISO 14001: A new business guide for global environmental protection." Environmental Quality Management 7, no. 1 (1997): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tqem.3310070102.
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de Meyer, Christian P. "Case studies in coastal protection: Zeebrugge (Belgium) and Bali (Indonesia)." Ocean and Shoreline Management 12, no. 5-6 (January 1989): 517–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0951-8312(89)90028-3.
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Vovk Korže, Ana. "INNOVATIVE APPROACH TO EDUCATION ON CURRENT ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS: SOME CASE STUDIES." GAMTAMOKSLINIS UGDYMAS / NATURAL SCIENCE EDUCATION 10, no. 1 (March 25, 2013): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.48127/gu-nse/13.10.35.
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For effective education on current environmental problems in Slovenia two educa-tional polygons were established with the help of the Ministry of Education. The mission of the first educational polygon for ecoremediation is to educate the youth about the adapta-tion to climate change. The focus is on green technologies and natural systems. The polygon for self-learning is intended for teaching practically all generations, not just schoolchildren, how to raise the awareness of their own self-sufficient supply. The emphasis is on protection of soil and organic matter in sustaining life in the soil. Key words: adaptation to climate change, ecoremediation, environmental problems, learn-ing by doing, self-sufficient supply.
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Hong, Wei, Lin Gan, Juan Xu, and Tao Zhou. "Survey on Environmental Protection of College Students’ Consumption and Environmental Protection Concept Under “Otaku Economy”." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 937, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 042009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/937/4/042009.
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Abstract With the development of economy and the progress of science and technology, Internet economy rises rapidly. As a result, people’s environmental behavior and environmental protection concept can be greatly changed.Among these changes, the environmental protection situation of college students under the Otaku economy is the most typical.This paper studies the influence of college students on the environment from two aspects: the daily consumption behavior of college students’ Otaku economy and the concept of environmental protection of college students.The relevant data and conclusions can let us make better suggestions.This can not only promote the innovation of environmental protection in the new era, but also provide some case materials for the research on the changes of environmental protection in the era of Otaku economy. In this paper, questionnaire survey and field interview are used to obtain basic information, and data analysis and processing are used. Finally, the specific impact of College Students’ consumption habits and environmental protection ideas on the environment is obtained, and relevant conclusions and suggestions are drawn.
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Ráthonyi-Ódor, Kinga, Éva Bácsné Bába, and Gergely Ráthonyi. "Responsible Behavior and Environmental Protection – in Case of Football Clubs." Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce 13, no. 1-2 (December 20, 2019): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2019/1-2/7.
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There has been a hotspot in sports industry these days that is becoming more and more wide-spread in sports organizations and among managers, namely CSR, that is corporate social responsibility. In the life of geographical regions, towns or villages, professional football clubs play a crucial role. Consequently, clubs tend to take responsibility for these communities in return for their support: whether it is the local population or the authorities, other businesses or the environment, they are ready to stand up for good causes. Nowadays sports centres with their regular events have a significant effect on the environment either regionally or globally. That is the reason why it has become vital in the management of sports facilities to respect environmental principles when designing and using sports facilities and to avoid producing pollution that could harm and deteriorate the environment. The aim of our study was on the one hand, to present the definitional and theoretical evolution of CSR, than the CSR concept in sport, special regard to environmental protection. On the other hand, to analyze what kind of CSR related issues do football clubs (Real Madrid C. F. – RM, Borussia Dortmund – BVB) and how they are addressing issues of environmental sustainability in the context of CSR. According to RM and BVB, we can say that they really try to do efforts to responsible behavior and environmental protection. They have special respect for the society and took big step to use different environmental management tools. It was easy to find information, reports and case studies about these activities.
JEL Classification: M14
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Adewale, O. "The right of the individual to environmental protection: a case study of Nigeria." Environment and Urbanization 4, no. 2 (October 1992): 176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095624789200400218.
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Stanton, Emily, and Anita Bell. "Health protection." InnovAiT: Education and inspiration for general practice 12, no. 12 (September 14, 2019): 725–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1755738019873361.
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Health protection is a key function of Public Health England, encompassing emergency preparedness, resilience and response, environmental health, and communicable disease control. The aim of this article is to discuss the role of health protection, its structure in England, and how GPs are integral to the reporting, surveillance and actions to protect public health. Case studies are included. Finally, the article will highlight knowledge that GPs will find useful when considering notifiable infectious diseases and the role of GP and health protection in the NHS Long Term Plan.
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Armstrong, Patricia, Brian Sharpley, and Stephen Malcolm. "The Waste Wise Schools Program: Evidence of Educational, Environmental, Social and Economic Outcomes at the School and Community Level." Australian Journal of Environmental Education 20, no. 2 (2004): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0814062600002159.
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AbstractThe Waste Wise Schools Program was established by EcoRecycle Victoria to implement waste and litter education in Victorian schools. It is now operating in over 900 schools in Victoria and 300 schools in other Australian states / territories. This paper provides detailed case studies of two active schools in the Waste Wise Schools Program and considers for each school how the Program started, what it meant to the school, the environmental, educational, social and economic outcomes of the Program and the key success factors. It discusses evidence that the Program has changed the thinking and behaviour of many families at the schools, suggesting that the children may be acting as catalysts to influence their parent's waste wise behaviour, i.e. having an intergenerational influence. Guidelines for promoting this influence are proposed.
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Paterson, John. "Water Management and Recreational Values; Some Cases in Victoria, Australia." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0021.
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The growing recognition of recreational and amenity demands on water systems introduces a multitude of issues, many of them complex, to the established tasks of water quality management and water management generally. Victorian case studies are presented. They (1) illustrate the range and diversity of situations that can arise in managing competition and enhancing compatibility between traditional water supply objectives and recreational demands. (2) Fluctuation of storage levels, essential to storage operations, detract from recreational value. Recreational and tourism demands upon Lake Hume have grown to threaten traditional operating flexibility. (3) Mokoan is another such instance, but with its supply function in a state of flux, Lake Mokoan provides more scope for a shift in the balance. (4) Salinity management has become an issue in the management of lakes and wetlands when water supply interests and environmental/recreation interests respectively have different perspectives on salt disposal. (5) Recreational use of town supply sources has long been a vexed issue, although marked shifts in the attitudues of many supply authorities have occurred in recent years. (6) Eutrophication of lakes and estuaries raises difficult issues of responsibility and scientific uncertainty, and the water management connection may be tenuous but will attract public attention. (7) The water body attributes valued by specialised recreational interests require definition in terms that water managers can deal with using routine techniques of systems analysis and evaluation. (8) The demands of the fish population and anglers introduce a new perspective in river management and perceptions of instream values are changing markedly. (9) Direct costs of recreational services supplied by water authorities are not fully accounted: allocation choices and fiscal incidence will emerge as issues of significance. (10) These case studies raise only a fraction of the total range of matters that will, in the years to come, tax the technology and political skills of governments and management.
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Tan, David, and Kan Tsui. "Investigating causality in international air freight and business travel: The case of Australia." Urban Studies 54, no. 5 (July 20, 2016): 1178–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098015620520.
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Few studies have examined the link between air cargo and business travel, despite there being a generally accepted understanding that these two variables are inextricably related to each other. This paper examines the relationship between air cargo and business travel at the international level and analyses how these two variables are causally related. Moreover, we break down the sample into three major Australian states (New South Wales, Queensland, and Victoria), as each possesses a distinct flavour in trade and commerce. Utilising Granger causality methods, we have found evidence that there is a direct causal relationship between business travel and air cargo in the short run, and a bi-directional relationship in periods of 12 months and longer. The nature of the Granger causality at the state-level substantially differs from state to state, suggesting that the economic landscape of Australia’s local economy has a significant impact on the air cargo and business travel relationship.
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Sonhaji, Kadek Cahya Susila Wibawa, Aga Natalis, and Muhammad Dzikirullah H. Noho. "Animal Rights in Indonesian Environmental Law: Case Studies in Disaster Prone Areas." International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning 17, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 299–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.170130.
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This research focuses more on analysing the urgency of animal rights protection in Indonesia: case studies in disaster-prone areas and examining the legal status of animals as legal subjects to recognise animal rights in Indonesian Environmental Law. This research is research in the field of law with a normative juridical approach. The study results indicate that the authorised institution must carry out the preparedness phase to ensure animal welfare to deal with emergencies such as natural disaster situations. When animals have become legal subjects, then if actors want to destroy and criminalise habitats, animal life will automatically think twice about doing so. Animals have been recognised, and guaranteed legal certainty will be realised as a situation where previously animals became legal objects now become legal subjects. The House of Representatives and the Government of the Republic of Indonesia are expected to make changes to environmental laws and various policies related to animals in disaster-prone areas.
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Nicholson, S., Y. H. Hui, and P. K. S. Lam. "Pollution in the coastal waters of Hong Kong: case studies of the urban Victoria and Tolo Harbours." Water and Environment Journal 25, no. 3 (June 16, 2010): 387–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.2010.00234.x.
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Hsu, Angel. "Environmental Reviews and Case Studies: Limitations and Challenges of Provincial Environmental Protection Bureaus in China's Environmental Data Monitoring, Reporting and Verification." Environmental Practice 15, no. 3 (September 2013): 280–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s146604661300032x.
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Valeo, C., and I. K. Tsanis. "Two case studies of dilution models applied to thermal discharges." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 23, no. 1 (February 1, 1996): 193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l96-020.
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The United States Environmental Protection Agency models CORMIX2 and UM were used to predict the ambient temperature rises from thermal discharges near Charlestown, Rhode Island, and Jamesport, Long Island, New York. Observations from two scaled model laboratory studies conducted at Alden Research Laboratories Inc. (ARL) were compared with temperature rise predictions from two numerical models. For the ARL diffuser at Jamesport, both numerical models underestimated the observed temperature rises. In the Charlestown study, UM produced results that were in good agreement with the temperature rises observed, whereas CORMIX2 underpredicted observations but remained within the model's stipulated ±50% error. However, UM was unable to model the plume shape properly, since it is primarily intended for alternating diffusers. The predicted wastefield shapes of CORMIX2 were similar to those observed in the laboratory but of greater surface area. Key words: multiport diffusers, thermal discharges, initial dilution.
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Legutko-Kobus, Paulina, Maciej Nowak, Alexandru-Ionut Petrisor, Dan Bărbulescu, Cerasella Craciun, and Atena-Ioana Gârjoabă. "Protection of Environmental and Natural Values of Urban Areas against Investment Pressure: A Case Study of Romania and Poland." Land 12, no. 1 (January 12, 2023): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12010245.
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Although conservation and development are two facets of sustainability, they are often placed in contradictory positions. In this context, planning systems are able to respond to investment pressure, especially in countries with underdeveloped institutional solutions for this purpose, and are consequently characterized by a shifting relationship between spatial planning and environmental protection. Although these issues have been relatively well conceptualized, the literature still lacks more in-depth analyses of selected case studies. In order to fill the gap, this study aimed to identify potential ways to protect the environment and natural values in urban areas from investment pressures in countries with less developed planning systems, based on a comparative Polish-Romanian perspective. The method consisted of comparing the national legal frameworks for environmental protection and spatial development and analyzing in detail two case studies from each country. The findings indicate that national protection is required in both countries to ensure the effective protection of natural areas situated within city administrative limits that provide important ecosystem services. Moreover, the results reveal the need for more research on similar areas using multi-scale interdisciplinary approaches and reviewing planning theory with respect to its efficiency in protecting nature.
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Hochstetler, Kathryn. "South-South Trade and the Environment: A Brazilian Case Study." Global Environmental Politics 13, no. 1 (February 2013): 30–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00152.
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As South-South trade gains new weight in global exchange patterns, will environmental protection be enhanced or endangered? Environmental economists are generally optimistic that trade will lead to greater environmental protection, but see less chance of that in South-South trade; political economists make opposite arguments on both points. This article shows that South-South trade is dominated by a small set of fourteen countries, with most Southern countries continuing to be natural resource providers. Case studies of Brazil's trade with China and with its South American neighbors reveal a policy framework that supports both of the opposed arguments: Southern countries can and do consider the environmental impacts of their production and trade, but strong counter-forces limit that effect.
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Alves, João Guilherme Bezerra, José Natal Figueiroa, and Isabela Barros. "Does breast feeding provide protection against acute appendicitis? A case-control study." Tropical Doctor 38, no. 4 (October 2008): 235–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/td.2008.070404.
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Breast feeding stimulates a more tolerant lymphoid tissue at the base of the appendix and this could provide protection against acute appendicitis. Two studies reported that children and adolescents with appendicitis were less likely to have been breast fed. In a case-control study of 200 children with histologically confirmed acute appendicitis matched by 200 siblings with the same sex and difference age – up to three-year-old – we found breast feeding in at least the first two months of life and for more than four months provides protection against acute appendicitis. These findings suggesting that breast feeding may possibly give protection against the development of appendicitis.
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Tharr, Dawn, and Chris Lovelace. "Case Studies: Environmental and Worker Protection Practices Observed during Lead-Containing Paint Removal in Four European Countries." Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 11, no. 11 (November 1996): 1269–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1047322x.1996.10389411.
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Liu, Kuang Sheng, Sung-Lin Hsueh, and Han-Yi Chen. "Relationships Between Environmental Education, Environmental Attitudes, and Behavioral Intentions Toward Ecolodging." Open House International 43, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-02-2018-b0002.
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Rapid economic growth has enriched the lives of individuals and yielded rising material and living standards. However, various types of public pollution problems have successively emerged, and environmental problems have worsened in recent years. Furthermore, the prevalence of leisure and the rapid development of regional tourism industries and bed and breakfast lodging have exacerbated environmental destruction and pollution in various locales. The inclusion of ecotourism into ecological education and the provision of ecolodge are beneficial for the design of student learning outcomes; moreover, community residents and tourists can grasp the importance of environmental protection and education through ecolodging experiences. This measure would improve public awareness of environmental protection, facilitate the cultivation of social responsibility, and achieve the objective of environmental protection advocacy. Therefore, this study explored the relationship between ecological education and the environment by using Kenting National Park, a tourist attraction in Taiwan, as the case study. Tourists visiting the location were the research subjects, and convenience sampling was conducted by distributing 505 questionnaires, with 372 valid responses recovered—a return rate of 74%. The research revealed the following results: (a) Environmental education is positively correlated with environmental attitude. (b) Environmental attitude is positively correlated with environmental behavior. (c) Environmental education is positively correlated with environmental behavior. Finally, this paper proposes recommendations based on the research results with the aim of facilitating environmental literacy, correct environmental attitudes, concern for ecosystems, and the realization of environmental behavior.
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Convery, J. J., J. F. Kreissl, A. D. Venosa, J. H. Bender, and D. J. Lussier. "Municipal Wastewater Treatment Technology Transfer Activities of the United States Environmental Protection Agency." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 6-7 (June 1, 1989): 685–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0271.
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Technology transfer is an important activity within the ll.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Specific technology transfer programs such as the activities of the Center for Environmental Research Information, the Innovative and Alternative Technology Program, as well as the Small Community Outreach Program are used to encourage the utilization of cost-effective municipal pollution control technology. Case studies of three technologies including a plant operations diagnostic/remediation methodology, alternative sewer technologies and ultraviolet disinfection are presented. These case studies are presented retrospectively in the context of a generalized concept of how technology flows from science to utilization which was developed in a study by Allen (1977). Additional insights from this study are presented on the information gathering characteristics of engineers and scientists which may be useful in designing technology transfer programs. The recognition of the need for a technology or a deficiency in current practice are important stimuli other than technology transfer for accelerating the utilization of new technology.
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Lovell, Heather. "Are policy failures mobile? An investigation of the Advanced Metering Infrastructure Program in the State of Victoria, Australia." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 49, no. 2 (September 28, 2016): 314–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x16668170.
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This article is about a case of policy failure and negative lesson drawing, namely the implementation of a mandatory smart metering programme – the Advanced Metering Infrastructure Program – in the State of Victoria, Australia, in the period 2009–2013. The article explores the framing of policy failure, and the ways in which failed polices might be mobile. The Advanced Metering Infrastructure Program provides an important empirical counterbalance to existing scholarship on policy learning, transfer and mobility, which is for the most part about positive best practice case studies, emulation and the travelling of ‘fast’ and (by implication) successful policy. There is evidence that the Victorian Advanced Metering Infrastructure Program circulated domestically within Australia and was influential in policy decision making, but that its international mobility was limited. The case is used to explore what gets left behind – or is immobile – in the telling of policy stories about failure. Science and Technology Studies scholarship on the inherent fragility of sociotechnical networks is drawn upon to consider how the concept of assemblage – a popular conceptual lens within policy mobility scholarship – might be applied to better understand instances of policy failure.
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Norton, Roger L., David B. Oakes, and John A. Cole. "Pollution risk management for resource protection." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 2 (January 1, 1996): 119–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0042.
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This paper deals with the management of the often brief pollution incident which gives rise to a sudden emergency. There are two key aspects to pollution risk management: the identification and minimisation of potential and actual risks (pro-active management), and planning how to deal with such incidents as do occur (reactive management). Pro-active management involves the identification of potential pollutants within a catchment and assessing what can be done to minimise the risks at source. Reactive management deals with the actions necessary which will depend on the severity of the incident, and covers both administrative procedures and practical issues. These concepts of pollution risk preparedness are described, and illustrated with a number of case studies.
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Nedovic-Budic, Zorica, Mary-Ellen F. Feeney, Abbas Rajabifard, and Ian Williamson. "Are SDIs serving the needs of local planning? Case study of Victoria, Australia and Illinois, USA." Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 28, no. 4 (July 2004): 329–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0198-9715(03)00042-5.
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Puccio, Davide, Antonio Comparetti, Carlo Greco, and Salvatore Raimondi. "Proposal of a Nomenclature for Hydrogeological Instability Risks and Case Studies of Conservative Soil Tillage for Environmental Protection." Land 11, no. 1 (January 10, 2022): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11010108.
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In order to implement environmental protection, within the Soil Cadastre, previously proposed as a multipurpose inventory that aims to promote sustainable soil uses, the hydrogeological instability caused by human activities is the focus of this work. These activities can be aimed at sustainable agricultural soil use or the building of roads to allow the access to the fields. The soil’s hydrogeological instability causes the unsustainable use and management of a cadastral parcel. Therefore, the aim of this work is to propose a nomenclature for hydrogeological instability risks, as well as the best practices of conservative soil tillage in case studies, in order to reduce environmental impact. According to the proposed Soil Cadastre, the missing environmental sustainability of a parcel and the reason for this must be communicated to the field owner or manager. In a hilly area of inland Western Sicily, four main risk types of hydrogeological instability were identified: hydrogeological instability (caused only by natural factors); hydraulic-pedological farming instability (crop not suitable for the field for missing or insufficient soil drainage and landslides); hydraulic-infrastructural instability (built up infrastructures unsuitable for the site); hydraulic-infrastructural-pedological-management instability (field improvements changing the downflow line and crop operations not suitable for the soil and climate parameters). The farm owner or manager must be informed about the risk type affecting their fields in order to perform the best practices (i.e., conservative soil tillage), for implementing or restoring a sustainable soil use or management in each cadastral parcel.
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Archer, H. E., and S. A. Donaldson. "Waste stabilisation ponds upgrading at Blenheim and Seddon, New Zealand - case studies." Water Science and Technology 48, no. 2 (July 1, 2003): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0077.
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Waste stabilisation ponds (WSP) have been a popular form of wastewater treatment in New Zealand both for large cities and small communities. Most WSP were constructed from 1960 to 1985 and were single ponds or a primary and secondary pond in series of similar size. Since 1995, improvements comprising primary and maturation ponds, with four to six cells in series have been constructed or retrofitted to original two cell ponds. The Seddon and Blenheim ponds include in-bank rock filters between maturation cells as a lower cost way of providing this feature for reduction of solids. Operating results show reduced variability in final effluent quality for BOD and SS. In addition, very good reductions of faecal coliform and enterococci have been achieved along with good reductions of ammonia and total nitrogen for most of the year except the middle of winter. Extensive use of rock as rip-rap bank protection and in the rock filters, appears to have provided sufficient extra surface area for a nitrifying biofilm to develop.
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Adeel Mukhtar Mirza. "Environmental Rights and Case of Climate Justice in Pakistan." Strategic Studies 40, no. 2 (July 25, 2020): 45–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.53532/ss.040.02.0079.
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Pakistan’s efforts for environmental protection and climate justice offers a striking story. Pakistan not only proved to be an astral leader as Chair of G77 at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1992, but its judiciary has also been playing a critical role in providing direction for dispensation of climate justice with the help of innovative interpretation of fundamental rights in country’s constitution. In this context, the case of Leghari v. Federation of Pakistan was a step in the right direction for climate justice in Pakistan since it argued that the government’s inability to take timely actions affected the petitioner’s fundamental rights. The decree, too, is a cardinal achievement in the domain of climate justice and climate change litigation process. This paper presents the ground analysis of this case law by combining the previous studies on the subject and overwhelming implication of climate change on human rights. Moreover, it attempts to discuss the cases, which were recently resolved and some of the pending ones which through logical reasoning address climate injustice.
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Pinceratto, E. J. "THE MINERVA GAS FIELD EIA—A CASE STUDY OF COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT IN DECISIONMAKING." APPEA Journal 41, no. 1 (2001): 767. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj00045.
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The Minerva gas field is situated approximately 10 km offshore Port Campbell, Victoria, in the Southern Ocean in water depth of approximately 60 m. The development involves the drilling and completion of two wells, offshore pipelines to the coast, subterranean shore crossing and onshore pipelines to a gas treatment plant where liquids will be removed prior to exporting the gas.From the outset, the project attracted the interest of the local and wider community due to its proximity to the highly regarded Port Campbell National Park. The National Park is known for its unique geomorphological features, its fauna and flora and aboriginal heritage sites.The development has been subject to a dual jurisdiction, State and Federal, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process. The process included the formation of a Community Consultative Committee consisting of representatives from government agencies, local community groups, environmental groups, industry associations and the proponent. The Committee provided input to the scope of the EIA and reviewed and endorsed the studies and report prior to public exhibition. An independent panel hearing and ministerial assessments followed public exhibition.A phased process was adopted in the selection of routes, sites and technologies to achieve the lowest practicable environmental impact. Each phase was supported by studies of environmental aspects, fauna, flora, heritage, visual and social impacts. The process commenced on a regional scale and progressively refined the concept and the study area. Detailed studies of key environmental aspects were conducted for the selected development options.The final development concept addressed the key findings of the baseline and subsequent environmental studies and was largely supported by an independent panel. However, there still remained concerns by sectors of the community on the issue of precedent and integrity of the National Park. The Ministerial assessment reflected the issues of community value above technical, environmental, archaeological and heritage considerations.
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TIONG, A., T. VU, M. COUNAHAN, J. LEYDON, G. TALLIS, and S. LAMBERT. "Multiple sites of exposure in an outbreak of ornithosis in workers at a poultry abattoir and farm." Epidemiology and Infection 135, no. 7 (February 5, 2007): 1184–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095026880700790x.
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SUMMARYCases of ornithosis amongst workers on a rural duck abattoir and farm were notified from late 2003 to health authorities in Victoria, Australia. In May 2004 we conducted a serological survey to identify the extent of exposure to Chlamydophila psittaci amongst workers and a case control study to identify high-risk work areas for ornithosis-related pneumonia. Some workers in all occupational groups showed serological evidence of exposure, while those with pneumonia were more likely to have worked in the slaughtering area of the abattoir (adjusted odds ratio 16·7, 95% confidence interval 1·3–207). High exposure to blood and feathers from recently killed birds is likely to represent an occupational hazard to workers, but pneumonia did occur in workers without these exposures. We recommended respiratory protection for all abattoir workers and improvements to airflow and reduction of environmental contamination in high-risk work areas to prevent further cases.
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O’Campo, Patricia, Alix Freiler, Carles Muntaner, Elena Gelormino, Kelly Huegaerts, Vanessa Puig-Barrachina, and Christiane Mitchell. "Resisting austerity measures to social policies: multiple explanatory case studies." Health Promotion International 34, no. 6 (October 1, 2018): 1130–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapro/day073.
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Abstract Since Margaret Thatcher reached power in the United Kingdom, European governments have increasingly turned to neoliberal forms of policy-making, focusing, especially after the 2008 Great Recession on ‘austerity policies’ rather than investing in social protection policies. We applied a multiple explanatory case studies methodology to examine how and why challenges and resistance to these austerity measures are successful or not in four settings for three different social policy issues: using a gender lens in state budgeting in Andalusia (Spain), maintaining unemployment benefits in Italy and cuts to fuel poverty reduction programs in Northern Ireland and England. In particular, we intended to learn about whether resistance strategies are shared across disparate cases or whether there are unique activities that lead to successful resistance to austerity policies. As our approach drew from realist philosophy of science, we started with initial theories concerning collective action, political ideology and political power of affected populations. Our findings suggest that there are similarities between the cases we studied despite differences in political and policy contexts. We found that joint action between advocacy groups was effective in resisting cuts to social spending. Evidence also indicates that the social construction of target populations is important in resisting changes to social programmes. This was observed in both England and Northern Ireland where pensioners held significant political clout.
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Shen, Ke Yin, and Xian Juan Kou. "Study on Environmental Issues of Golf Course Construction in China." Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (June 2014): 4133–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.4133.
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The rapid development of Golf in China has brought not only illegal construction in the number of golf courses, but also a certain degree of environmental problems, which were questioned by the public and restricted by national policies. Based on the perspective of environmental protection,we study the consumption of water, a lot of land encroachment, destruction of the ecological environment and other issues in the construction of Golf course by using of literature, case studies and other research methods. we propose that the specific strategies on development Golf and protect environment combined with the importance of environmental protection. Development of golf is not simply the pursuit of increasing the number of golf courses, nor at the expense of the ecological environment at the cost of one-sided pursuit of economic, social neglect, but under the protection of the environment, the premise of sustainable use of resources, and take the road of sustainable development.
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Korporowicz, Violetta. "Environmental economics – a modern science with traditions." Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae 18, no. 5 (December 31, 2020): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/seb.2020.18.5.20.
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The fact that problems of environmental degradation and its protection are gaining importance is caused, among others, by limitations in management efficiency. It forces us to look at economic processes with consideration of output of such disciplines that indicate how one should manage in a situation of reduced availability of natural resources. Such discipline, without any doubts, is environmental protection. This science indicates methods and economic instruments that can be applied in economic practice necessary for environmental protection. It deals also with problems related to economic studies of implications of environmental policies. At the same environmental economics that results from neoclassical trend of economics looking at the market as unfailing mechanism of economic regulation proves that invisible hand of market fails in case of environmental protection. That is why we should apply different types of instruments especially these related to indirect regulation (including such economic instruments as taxes) that support actions related to limitation of environmental degradation. It is worth also to add that recognition of methodological premises of this science supports not only development of this discipline but first of all it shows that it is applicable. The principles developed by environmental economics should be applied in practice by all participants of economic life from consumers and to producers and governments in order to keep not only current natural resources but most importantly ensure the development opportunities for next generations.
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DOĞAN, Beyhan. "A Research on the Prevention of Fatal Child Abuse: 40 Case Studies from News." İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi 11, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 1572–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1078041.
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In this article, it is aimed to explain and discuss the multidimensional and complex situation of fatal child abuse through the news (cases) of children killed by their parents and reflected in the media in the last ten years. By revealing the risk factors and triggers for the occurrence of the cases, it will be ensured that the factors causing the fatal child abuse are evaluated correctly. Thus, suggestions will be made for the preventive mechanisms in child protection services and the social policies to be formed in this area to intervene at the right time.Content analysis technique was used as a qualitative method in the research. The news of fatal child abuse was analyzed within the scope of thematic content analysis and the obtained data were synthesized and interpreted. As a result of synthesizing the cases with thematic content analysis, it was determined that the occurrence forms of the cases were largely similar. The division of the cases into certain categories and the compatibility of these categories with the risk factors of child abuse confirms the information in the literature.The study group of the research consists of the cases where fatal child abuse occurs within the scope of 40 news stories about children killed by their parents, 20 of which are from the mother and 20 from the father. In the study, cases older than ten years were excluded in order to present current data to social policies by analyzing current situations. As the data reached saturation, the study group was limited to forty parents.Psychological problems, early marriage and having children, and being in an non-marital relationship are the leading causes of abuse by mothers. Among the factors that cause paternal filicide are problems related to divorce and living apart, economic difficulties and problems related to substance use.As a result, considering the child neglect and abuse checklist, it is concluded that all of these cases are preventable. Families should be supported in risky situations by intervening within the scope of preventive services in child protection practices in these cases where fatal child abuse is experienced.
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Woodhouse, D. E., J. B. Muth, J. J. Potterat, and L. D. Riffe. "Restricting Personal Behaviour: Case Studies on Legal Measures to Prevent the Spread of HIV." International Journal of STD & AIDS 4, no. 2 (March 1993): 114–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095646249300400212.
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People infected with HIV who persist in exposing others to infection through negligent, reckless, or criminal activity create a legal and ethical dilemma for public officials. Protection of the public health requires balancing the rights of infected people with the expectations of society. When reasonable efforts fail to obtain the voluntary cooperation of infected individuals, Colorado law permits health officers to restrict their behaviour. Since 1986, at least 20 people who were aware of their infection are known to have exposed others to HIV in Colorado Springs, Colorado. Restrictive measures have been initiated in 14 cases to date. Presented here is an overview of Colorado law, selected case studies, and a summary of its strengths and shortcomings.
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Milmanda, Belén Fernández, and Candelaria Garay. "The Multilevel Politics of Enforcement: Environmental Institutions in Argentina." Politics & Society 48, no. 1 (December 13, 2019): 3–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032329219894074.
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Environmental protection presents a challenge for commodity-producing democracies. To account for the enforcement of environmental laws in decentralized systems, this article proposes a multilevel approach that highlights the importance of national laws and subnational implementation rules to the politics of enforcement. This approach contrasts with prominent scholarship that focuses on sanctions and the electoral incentives and bureaucratic resources of enforcers. The advantages of the multilevel approach are demonstrated by the enforcement of the native forest protection regime (NFPR) in the Argentine Chaco Forest, which is shaped not only by whether sanctions on illegal deforestation are applied by subnational authorities but also by the design of both the national law and subnational regulations. The article employs quantitative data and case studies based on extensive fieldwork to show how affected subnational organized interests influenced the design of the NFPR and the provincial regulations that weaken or strengthen enforcement.
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Upadhyaya, Jyoti Kumari, and Graham Moore. "Sustainability indicators for wastewater reuse systems and their application to two small systems in rural Victoria, Australia." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 39, no. 6 (June 2012): 674–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l2012-057.
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Currently there is no tool to assess the sustainability performance of reuse systems in Australia. This research fulfills that gap by developing a set of sustainability indicators (SIs). A unique methodology was developed based on understanding of the reuse systems, reviewing and examining the issues related to reuse, and Australian policy and guidelines in terms of sustainability. It was established that a sustainable reuse system should be based beyond the triple bottom line approach, and involve consumers in decision making, address institutional issues, and focus on the outcomes rather than the output, with a system approach. Twenty seven SIs were identified under five categories: environmental, technical, social, economical, and institutional. The case studies demonstrated the application of the SIs in sustainability assessment of two reuse systems: (1) tree plantation and (2) lake discharge for augmenting environmental flow. The evaluation was done based on multi criteria decision assessment.
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Wu, Chengjun, Guohua Fang, Tao Liao, Xianfeng Huang, and Bo Qu. "Integrated Software Development and Case Studies for Optimal Operation of Cascade Reservoir within the Environmental Flow Constraints." Sustainability 12, no. 10 (May 15, 2020): 4064. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12104064.
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Reservoir optimal operation considering aquatic ecological protection is a hot topic in current research. This paper proposes an improved minimum monthly average runoff method (IMMR) for calculating environmental flow and an improved invasive weed optimization algorithm (IIWO) for optimizing complex problems. An integrated software consists of three modules, which is developed in this paper, i.e., IIWO convergence test module, environmental flow calculation module, and cascade reservoir operation module. Three test functions are included in the IIWO convergence test module. The minimum monthly average runoff method (MMR), IMMR, Tennant Method, Q90, and Q95 are included in the environmental flow calculation module. The IIWO and invasive weed optimization algorithm (IWO) are included in the cascade reservoir operation module. Wujiang River Basin in China is studied as a case in this paper. The results show that the environmental flow of cascade reservoir calculated by IMMR is 1871 m3/s, the maximum and the minimum are calculated by T-O and T-M, respectively. The power generation of cascade reservoir calculated by IWO is less than IIWO. The conclusions that IIWO has better convergence than IWO in solving cascade reservoir model, and the water volume of environmental flow has no obvious influence on cascade reservoir operation are drawn.
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Cronshaw, Darren. "Exploring Local Church Praxis of Public Theology." International Journal of Public Theology 14, no. 1 (May 8, 2020): 68–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15697320-12341601.
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Abstract The Baptist Union of Victoria (BUV) encourages local churches to give priority to contributing to the well-being of their local neighbourhoods through community engagement and advocacy. This commitment to holistic mission and local community development is an integral part of the public theology of local churches, given Elaine Graham’s argument that ‘practical care and service constitutes the essential praxis of public theology’. But to what extent does the reality of BUV local church mission match this rhetoric? The 2016 National Church Life Survey (NCLS) helps identify what community service BUV churches and their members are involved in. This article discusses the statistical state-wide responses of Victorian Baptists from NCLS 2016, together with interview responses from church leaders. It explores aspects of community development most valued by attenders, where church members are volunteering, and how and where churches are providing social services, prophetic advocacy and environmental care. This denominational case study illustrates that churches offering social services and fostering advocacy and creation care are functioning as the local praxis of public theology.
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Moore, Steven A., and Barbara B. Wilson. "Contested Construction of Green Building Codes in North America: The Case of the Alley Flat Initiative." Urban Studies 46, no. 12 (October 16, 2009): 2617–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098009346327.
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Building codes are both an index of social values and a strategy to enforce those values. On these grounds an examination is made of the emergence of green building codes in North America as a category of building codes that is particularly important for sustainable development. The classical definition of sustainability proposes that multiple, competing frames of interpretation—economic development, environmental protection and social equity—can, in theory, be balanced. It is found, however, that in practice equity is generally ignored. Through historical and theoretical investigation, it is hypothesised that codes which are successful in incorporating equity as a criterion emerge from public talk and social learning, not abstract speculation. The paper concludes by articulating a change-oriented research design for an ongoing project to test this hypothesis.
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Suriadiningrat, Sendee Theresia, and Fitra Deni. "Copyright Legal Protection for Portrait on Trademark (Analysis on Cassation Decision Number 52k/Pdt.Sus-Hki/2021)." Jurnal Ilmiah Kebijakan Hukum 16, no. 2 (July 28, 2022): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.30641/kebijakan.2022.v16.283-300.
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Legal Protection within the scope of Copyright includes the protection of 2 (two) basic rights, Moral Rights and Economic Rights. The goal is that there are restrictions so anyone cannot use other’s Copyrights commercially without permission from the Creator or His Heirs. In the case of the use Mrs. Meneer's Portrait in Trademark without written permission of the Heirs, it becomes debate whether the legal protection of the Portrait remains under the Copyright Law, or its Exclusive Rights have been lost because it falls within the scope of the Trademark Law. The research method used is normative juridical, by reviewing related laws and regulations, and conducting literature studies. The approach is carried out with Cassation Verdict No. 52 K / Pdt.Sus-HKI / 2022. The research concludes that the legal protection of Portraits in Trademarks remains based on the Copyright Law which adheres to the principle of Automatic Protection, so that the Exclusive Rights of the Creators remain. However, the Judge in His consideration determined the plaintiff's legal standing was not based on copyright principles. Based on this case, it is necessary to review the Copyright Law related to the principle of Automatic Protection of the Heirs in order to create justice and legal certainty.