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1
Roman, A., and Volker Mauerhofer. "Multilevel Coordination and Cooperation during Implementing Supranational Environmental Legislation: A Case Study on Invasive Alien Species." Sustainability 11, no. 6 (March 13, 2019): 1531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11061531.
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Coordination and cooperation are necessary topics to strengthen international environmental agreements that improve action against worldwide challenges towards sustainable development and environmental protection, such as invasive alien species (IAS). This study aims to assess to what extent national and transnational cooperation and coordination influences the implementation of a supranational regulation against IAS based on an example from the European Union (EU). Data is used from a broader study, including 47 responses to an online questionnaire and 22 interviews completed by experts from two countries (Austria and Romania), together with in depth literature. Additionally, the IAS-Regulation is analyzed from the perspective of cooperation and coordination. The terms “cooperation” and “coordination” were found within the text of the IAS-Regulation 11 and nine times respectively, whereas their context was transnational and national levels mainly, and transnational, respectively. It was further acknowledged from the majority of the answers from the survey respondents that the national coordination and cooperation is weaker than the transnational level due to the influence of the national competence distribution. Results from the interviews are separated into ‘transnational’ and ‘national’ cooperation and coordination. They show that the majority of the 47 responses indicate that the distribution of competence is one of the main influencing factors on the implementation. It is concluded that the current situation of cooperation and coordination in Austria and Romania renders it difficult for the European Commission to receive a realistic view about IAS and the implementation of the IAS Regulation in the two countries; hence, it is difficult to offer helpful support especially due to poor national cooperation. The current study can serve as a blueprint for further studies. Even in regional integration contexts beyond the EU, it can prove helpful to assess the impact of different kinds of competence distribution on the implementation of common norms. Thus, this research can path the way innovatively and serve as a comparative example for similar future studies.
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Soboleva, E., and S. Krivohizh. "LEADERSHIP IN THE MULTIPOLAR WORLD: CHINA’S STRATEGY IN CENTRAL ASIA." International Trends / Mezhdunarodnye protsessy 18, no. 1 (January 26, 2021): 119–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17994/it.2020.18.1.60.7.
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In the multipolar world regional powers play an increasingly important role, as they strive to become leaders and shape the regional order. It is a common situation, when in one region several powers compete to become a sole leader, however, other types of interaction also exist for example, asymmetric leadership. Asymmetric leadership denotes a situation when one power does not strive to become a sole leader in one region in all spheres, but the scope and type of its involvement in addressing common problems in the region varies. This paper explores the phenomenon of asymmetric leadership using the PRC policy in Central Asia as an empirical case. The theoretical part of the paper outlines the major points of the leadership theory in international relations, which are later used to evaluate China’s policy in Central Asia. In the empirical part we explore institutions, regional focus, goals and resources of the Chinese initiatives, as well as analyze factors that influence regional strategy of a rising power. In Central Asia the PRC has expressed leadership ambitions in several issue areas, such as non-traditional security, economic cooperation and development assistance, financial governance, and environmental cooperation. However, its strategy has varied from sphere to sphere in terms of institutionalization, overall regional focus, involvement of other regional power, etc. For example, in the sphere of non-traditional security and financial governance, the PRC has initiated the establishment of special institutions, which are absent in other spheres. The case of Central Asia, which has traditionally been Russian sphere of influence, allows us to investigate the possible responses of one regional power to leadership projects of another. Russia plays different roles in Chinese projects in Central Asia: a co-leader in counter-terrorism sphere, a follower in financial governance, a competitor in economic cooperation, and an observer in environmental protection sphere. The role of Russia is determined by the available resources in each area and its own leadership ambitions, as well as the desire of the PRC to maintain friendly relations with Moscow.
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Friedrich, Jürgen. "Legal Challenges of Nonbinding Instruments: The Case of the FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries." German Law Journal 9, no. 11 (November 1, 2008): 1539–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200000572.
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Faced with the reluctance of states to transfer sovereign powers to the international level, traditional international organizations often resort to voluntary instruments when attempting to respond to pressing issues of public concern such as sustainable development. One salient example is the attempt of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) to improve the dire state of global fisheries resources by means of the nonbinding Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (CCRF). After years of extensive and dynamic development of fishing capacities in response to an increasing demand from a growing world population, the worldwide production of fisheries seems to have now reached its ceiling. The FAO estimates that three quarters of fish stocks are either fully exploited (50 percent) or overexploited and depleted (25 percent). Any solution to this state of affairs faces complex regulatory challenges. The regulation of collective goods, in this case including the global common space of the high seas, goes beyond mere coordination problems as analyzed by other case studies in this volume. It requires cooperation across jurisdictional zones by a multitude of different actors with various economic and social interests in a subject area marked by fierce economic competition. Free riding must be prevented through monitoring and enforcement at sea. Further, it is now understood that long-term sustainable use largely depends on the protection of the living and non-living environment of the resource, from which derives the need for an ecosystem approach. Uncertainty over reproduction levels and impact of environmental degradation makes a precautionary approach to fisheries management indispensable for successful regulation. The complexity and high level of uncertainty additionally calls for a highly flexible and adaptable regulation.
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Tok, Evren, Abdurahman J. Yesuf, and Abdulfatah Mohamed. "Sustainable Development Goals and Islamic Social Finance: From Policy Divide to Policy Coherence and Convergence." Sustainability 14, no. 11 (June 4, 2022): 6875. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14116875.
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This study aims to show how Islamic social finance (ISF) instruments can contribute to achieving SDGs and to filling the gaps in pressing humanitarian crises, such as refugee protection. ISF institutions enjoy sufficient financial capacity to bridge the gaps and realize the most relevant and urgent SDGs. However, due to policies and other constraints, their participation in international development aid programs is limited. Accordingly, this study explores the existing policy divide between Western and Islamic countries regarding the use of Faith-Based funds in international humanitarian and development aid programs. Through case studies, this study demonstrates that ISF instruments have the potential at national and international levels to mobilize resources to support marginalized groups in society in various countries. The analysis indicates the need to develop a framework that helps to build cooperation among local and international actors to mobilize ISF funds for cross-country development and humanitarian aid, which accelerates the achievement of the SDGs. This paper studies ongoing dialogues among various stakeholders to create policy convergence and to use ISF instruments towards SDGs. This study suggests that the dialogue should be more inclusive by including all potential stakeholders, including Muslim leaders, policymakers and Shariah Scholars, to narrow policy gaps and to draw policy coherence for using ISF tools in the duality aid programs and for creating synergies towards achieving the SDGs.
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Ide, Tobias, and Adrien Detges. "International Water Cooperation and Environmental Peacemaking." Global Environmental Politics 18, no. 4 (November 2018): 63–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00478.
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Proponents of the environmental peacemaking approach argue that environmental cooperation has the potential to improve relations between states. This is because such cooperation facilitates common problem solving, cultivates interdependence, and helps to build trust and understanding. But as of now, very few cross-case studies on environmental peacemaking exist. Furthermore, much of the available literature understands peace in negative terms as the mere absence of acute conflict. This article addresses both shortcomings by studying the impact of international water cooperation on transitions toward more peaceful interstate relations. To do so, we combine information on positive water-related interactions between states with the peace scale, a recent data set measuring the degree of positive and negative peace between states. For the period 1956–2006, we find that a higher number of positive, water-related interactions in the previous ten years makes a shift toward more peaceful interstate relations more likely. This is particularly the case for state pairs that are not in acute conflict with each other.
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Sharifzai, Mohammad Saraj, Keisuke Kitagawa, Ahmad Javid Habib, Mohammad Kamil Halimee, and Daishi Sakaguchi. "Investigation of Sustainable and Affordable Housing Policy Principles and Formulation Adoptable in Kabul City, Afghanistan." Journal of Sustainable Development 9, no. 2 (March 30, 2016): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v9n2p93.
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<p>In recent architectural and environmental research, principles of sustainability and affordability with respect to economic, environmental and social policies have been widely discussed on a worldwide scale. Urban housing planning can play a very important role in achieving sustainable growth and development by integrating ‘sustainable development principles’ into urban planning strategies, policies, programs and projects. In addition, affordability is at the heart of households’ efforts to improve their housing situation. It has been widely recognized that employment, income generation and access to housing are highly interrelated internationally. Housing affordability has become one of the dominant research topics in recent years. However, few studies have been undertaken to test the compatibility between affordable housing and sustainable housing. Sustainable and affordable development of housing, a basic unit of human settlement, is also a crucial component of social development in one community. It plays an important role in achieving sustainable development. The concept of shelter differs from individual to individual depending on culture, tradition, profession and way of living. Besides being a basic necessity, it is also a source of identity that has a significant effect on the overall psychological well being of the inhabitants. Sustainable-affordable habitat can be described as a way of developing and maintaining a living environment supporting human health (both physical and psychological), satisfying shelter needs, and protecting and preserving nature for future generations. This paper introduces a conceptual framework for defining housing problems from the perspective of the support of beneficiaries, and it seeks to analyze the effectiveness of Afghan national development policies in facilitating sustainable-affordable habitat across the country. The framework shows the interdependency of different aspects of sustainability in the process of housing development. It also sets out strategies and identifies policy initiatives required to realize the goal of sustainable-affordable habitat in Kabul. The principles developed in this paper can be generally applied and adopted in Afghanistan, a country that is less developed economically.<br />A fundamental understanding of these two issues is necessary to develop successful examples of this form of accommodation. Because of three decades of socioeconomic and political instability in Afghanistan, the country does not have a national housing policy. This paper tries to create the foundation for an Afghan national housing policy. This research reveals that the majority of Kabul residents are low- or medium-income earners that cannot afford housing produced under market conditions. This paper aims to identify suitable built forms for housing that is both affordable and environmentally sustainable. A series of case studies were conducted to investigate some of the best international forms to be adopted in practices at the national scale. The research is conducted qualitatively, and the required data is acquired from a site survey of Kabul, in addition to data from new World Bank and JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency) Master Plans. The result was the development of a framework that enables the assessment of the overall performance of various types of housing development. There is very little evidence that the present approach of housing provision linked to the vagaries of market forces has provided affordable housing, especially for government employees and low-income citizens. There is a need to incorporate social housing into a policy to assist people who cannot provide their own housing needs.</p>
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Gallardo, Amada Hidalgo, Ruth Leticia Hidalgo Gallardo, Álvaro Dias, Ruth Ortiz Zarco, and Leandro Pereira. "Implications of international cooperation on environmental protection: the case of agricultural sector of Mexico." International Journal of Agricultural Resources, Governance and Ecology 17, no. 1 (2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijarge.2021.119652.
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Pereira, Leandro, Ruth Ortiz Zarco, Amada Hidalgo Gallardo, Ruth Leticia Hidalgo Gallardo, and Álvaro Dias. "Implications of international cooperation on environmental protection: the case of agricultural sector of Mexico." International Journal of Agricultural Resources, Governance and Ecology 1, no. 1 (2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijarge.2021.10039442.
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Zaslavskaya, Natalia. "Regional dimension of international environmental cooperation: the European Union environmental policy and its relations with its neighbors in the case of Russia." Stosunki Międzynarodowe – International Relations 2 (August 11, 2022): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/stomiedintrelat.17413.2.
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This article aims to examine factors influencing the development of international environmental cooperation and the roles of particular actors participating in environmental cooperation. In general, the majority of international actors agree with the importance of environmental protection but demonstrate different visions in terms of necessary measures. The final result depends on their capability to find common ground. It is assumed that the EU, with its strong environmental policy, realizes the importance of transborder coordination of environmental measures and tries to promote environmental cooperation. Russia was a serious challenge to the EU in terms of environmental security due to its geographic proximity, its severe environmental problems, and its harmful influence over environmental situation in the EU member states. The EU policy towards Russia demonstrates how the EU promotes environmental cooperation and ensures improvement of the environmental situation in the neighboring states. This paper will answer the following research questions: what factors determine the motivation of international actors participating in environmental cooperation; how the EU environmental traditions and decision-making procedures influence its external environmental activities; and how the EU tries to influence Russian environmental policy.
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Zaslavskaya, Natalia. "Regional dimension of international environmental cooperation: the European Union environmental policy and its relations with its neighbors in the case of Russia." Stosunki Międzynarodowe – International Relations 2 (January 25, 2022): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/stomiedintrelat.17413.1.
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This article aims to examine factors influencing the development of international environmental cooperation and the roles of particular actors participating in environmental cooperation. In general, the majority of international actors agree with the importance of environmental protection but demonstrate different visions in terms of necessary measures. The final result depends on their capability to find common ground. It is assumed that the EU, with its strong environmental policy, realizes the importance of transborder coordination of environmental measures and tries to promote environmental cooperation. Russia was a serious challenge to the EU in terms of environmental security due to its geographic proximity, its severe environmental problems, and its harmful influence over environmental situation in the EU member states. The EU policy towards Russia demonstrates how the EU promotes environmental cooperation and ensures improvement of the environmental situation in the neighboring states. This paper will answer the following research questions: what factors determine the motivation of international actors participating in environmental cooperation; how the EU environmental traditions and decision-making procedures influence its external environmental activities; and how the EU tries to influence Russian environmental policy.
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Chernysh, Yelizaveta, and Hynek Roubík. "International Collaboration in the Field of Environmental Protection: Trend Analysis and COVID-19 Implications." Sustainability 12, no. 24 (December 11, 2020): 10384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410384.
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This paper focuses on the analysis of current cooperation trends in environmental protection research. A unified system of interrelations between research methods in the field of implementation of the bibliometric approach to the review of international cooperation in the field of environmental protection taking into account the consequences of the COVID-2019 pandemic was formed. To form a unified visualization of the analyzed bibliometric data, a special software product VOSViewer was used. Five clusters were defined: green—international cooperation for assessing risks to public health, in particular in the field of biosafety and the spread of social infections, with a focus on COVID-19, in 2019 and 2020; yellow—describes the related interaction between other clusters in the field of national and international mechanisms of cooperation in the regulation of greenhouse gas emissions and climate change; blue—brings together research areas in the field of economics of environmental management and control. The situation concerning the impact of the COVID-2019 pandemic is ambiguous, and it is crucial to recognize that this is a long-term period of impact, not only directly on public health but also due to economic and social constraints, as quarantine activities cause a chain of socio-economic crises. The problems of the environmental and economic spread of COVID-19 on various human activities and the environment require the development of this topic and the formation of a new cluster of interactions due to the wave dynamics of disease in the future. Broad cooperation and collaboration is proposed to address the challenges and accelerate sustainable development in Europe. A diagram of the main cooperation programs has been created, illustrating the overlap of the entire field, from basic research to the market. Further analytical studies will examine the effectiveness of cross-analysis using various scientometric databases to form an integrated approach to the new realities of quarantine activities.
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Bendel, Justine. "The Provisional Measures Orders in International Environmental Disputes: A Case for International Courts and Tribunals." Nordic Journal of International Law 88, no. 4 (November 11, 2019): 489–524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718107-08804002.
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This article examines the ways in which international courts and tribunals should utilise their powers to prescribe provisional measures in the context of environmental disputes. The article makes the case that the system of dispute resolution has the capacity to adapt to the specific needs of environmental disputes. By analysing the key features of provisional measures and extracting new judicial trends, new light is shed on two core issues: first, this article develops a theoretical framework within which provisional measures should be understood in order to achieve their aim. Second, it shows how a certain level of judicial creativity in the design of provisional measures can have implications on whether such measures can be enforced through innovative cooperation with other institutional bodies. As a result, this article argues that provisional measures can fill the gap of enforcement in international environmental law and become a pivotal instrument in environmental protection.
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Ide, Tobias. "Does environmental peacemaking between states work? Insights on cooperative environmental agreements and reconciliation in international rivalries." Journal of Peace Research 55, no. 3 (February 5, 2018): 351–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022343317750216.
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The literature on environmental peacemaking argues that cooperation in the face of shared environmental challenges can facilitate further cooperation, trust building, and eventually peace between states in conflict. Empirical research on environmental peacemaking, predominantly conducted in the form of single case studies, has so far been inconclusive. This article uses a cross-case, multimethod research design to test the environmental peacemaking proposition. More specifically, it argues that the conclusion of a cooperative environmental agreement can have a positive impact on reconciliation between rival states. Based on a new dataset on international rivalry termination, transboundary protected areas, and international freshwater agreements, this article first conducts a statistical analysis and a qualitative comparative analysis (QCA). The results are then verified and refined by six case studies. Triangulation of findings from the three studies suggests that the conclusion of a cooperative environmental agreement facilitates reconciliation in international rivalries. But this effect is contingent on a number of scope conditions, such as high environmental attention, internal political stability, wider patterns or traditions of environmental cooperation, and already ongoing processes of reconciliation. Still, the findings imply that environmental challenges do not only affect peace and security in a negative way. Addressing them jointly also opens opportunities for peacemaking and peacebuilding between states.
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OGAKI, MITSUHARU, KOJI YOSHIZUMI, JUNKO MOTONAKA, TOMOKI YABUTANI, YUMI NAKAMOTO, RODICA STANESCU, and MARINELA PLESCA. "STUDIES ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT IN ROMANIA." International Journal of Modern Physics B 20, no. 25n27 (October 30, 2006): 4243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979206041161.
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In Romania, the communist planned economy system was in place for 42 years but ended due to a revolution in 1989. An environmental administration was started 1990. In order to assist with environment related activities, one of the authors worked in Bucharest for two years from March 2002 to March 2004 as a JICA (Japan International Cooperation Activity) member. One of the most important problems regarding environmental protection in Romania is waste management. In Japan, the regulations and penalties system of waste management have been used for a long time. However, there are many serious problems with the system, such as a decrease in waste disposal facilities and illegally disposed waste. The authors studied a new plan that uses a certification system in order to promote recycling industries. This system is both efficient and inexpensive so it is possible that this method of waste management could be transmitted to Romania.
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Tsimillis, K., and N. Pithara. "The role of standardization in the protection of the environment - the Mediterranean Sea." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 9-10 (November 1, 1995): 283–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0695.
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Standards have been used for many years as a tool to improve quality. Recently, the lowering of trade barriers and the need for transfer of technology have increased and widened the role of standardization and the international cooperation through it. Standardization programmes, both at the national and international level, are now focused on the protection of health and safety of the consumer and the environment. In the case of environmental protection ISO, CEN and other organizations are working very hard to establish appropriate requirements. The Mediterranean Sea represents a special example regarding marine pollution. Being a “closed” sea and at the same time the receptor of huge quantities of effluents from all kinds of human activities, the Mediterranean Sea (our sea) is already in danger! A series of Protocols and Conventions, already agreed on, provide the necessary basis for its protection. However, problems still exist regarding the implementation of the provisions of these documents. In this paper the way standards can contribute to the protection of the environment and the Mediterranean in particular is illustrated. The presentation also underlines the need to enhance international cooperation and to promote versatile and efficient implementation mechanisms through it.
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Cho, Jung-hyun. "International Legal Responses to the Protection of North Korean Escapees, including the Case of Mass Influx." Unification and North Korean Law Studies 28 (December 31, 2022): 187–233. http://dx.doi.org/10.31999/sonkl.2022.28.187.
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The current number of North Korean Escapees is much smaller than before, so the concern towards them does not seem to be so serious like before. However, the number may rise in any time in the future for any reasons, and some contingency situation may produce a mass influx of North Koreans into neighbouring countries.
Therefore, all the legal analyses applicable to the cases of North Korean Escapees are still required and need to be updated.
This paper first reviews their refugee status, including the issue of dual nationality, and tries to utilise international human rights regime for these cases. Then, overview of various national practices relating to the protection of North Korean Escapees is conducted. Lastly, this paper looks into ways of international cooperation and coordination to deal with the possible mass influx case.
In conclusion, most North Korean Escapees can be recognised as refugees under international refugee law, and, if not, they can at least be treated as humanitarian status holders. The question of dual nationality should be solved based on their free will and humanitarian consideration. For the limited purposes of refugee status determination, they need to be treated as North Koreans. As human beings, they can also be protected by various norms and mechanisms under international human rights law. At a contingency situation, ‘temporary protection’ may be provided to them as ‘displaced persons’ like in the EU, and more coordinated cooperation with UNHCR, IOM and neighbouring countries is critically needed.
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Tignino, Mara, and Christian Bréthaut. "The role of international case law in implementing the obligation not to cause significant harm." International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics 20, no. 4 (October 6, 2020): 631–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10784-020-09503-6.
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Abstract The no-harm principle is at the heart of the several international conventions focusing on the uses, allocation, management and protection of transboundary water resources. However, in the framework of these agreements, the meaning of “no-harm” remains rather vague. Through an analysis of six emblematic cases brought before the International Court of Justice and arbitration tribunals, we elucidate the various facets of this principle. In doing so, the paper identifies four facets. The first is characterized by concerns related to the protection of territorial integrity rather than those related to the protection of the environment. The second facet focuses on the principle of equitable and reasonable use of water, which testifies to the willingness to anticipate possible harms and to define conditions for cooperation between neighbouring countries. The third facet explores the use of three instruments and emphasizes their importance to clarify the very nature of harm: the conduct of environmental impact assessment, the consultation of local populations and the insurance of minimum environmental flows. The fourth facet develops a preventive perspective on harm by unravelling the duty to take appropriate measures to prevent and mitigate risks deriving from the obligations of notification and consultation.
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Rosokhata, Daria. "THE ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL BODIES IN THE FIXATION OF WAR CRIMES AGAINST THE ENVIRONMENT ON THE TERRITORY OF UKRAINE." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Law 74, no. 74 (June 30, 2022): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vla.2022.74.139.
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The article is devoted to the study of the role of environmental control bodies in recording war crimes against the environment in Ukraine and calculating damage, which will help Ukraine properly submit a case to the International Court of Justice to obtain reparations from the Russian Federation to restore the environment. The article analyzes the powers of the State Environmental Inspectorate of Ukraine in martial law as well as features of the Operational Headquarters at the State Environmental Inspectorate of Ukraine, created to ensure the formation of a list of all violations in the field of environmental protection and to help bring the Russian Federation to justice for environmental damage in Ukraine. The current issues in the recording of war crimes against the environment, which require both legislative and organizational solutions, are identified, including the following: improvement of the existing methodology for calculating environmental damage caused to the environment as a result of hostilities; inclusion in the calculation of environmental damage caused to the environment as a result of hostilities, loss of the ability of the environment to provide ecosystem services; features of international cooperation in the protection of territories in the framework of active hostilities under the protection of international conventions. It is proved that the amount of damage due to the loss of the ability of the environment to provide goods and services (ecosystem services) should be taken into account when calculating environmental damage. The need for international cooperation of Ukraine, in particular with the Secretariat of the Ramsar Convention on the territories of wetlands under occupation, is substantiated by the fact that such a cooperation can help to obtain data from satellites concerning the current situation of wetlands to capture environmental changes that could be caused by activities of Russian Federation on the occupied territories. In view of the case law of the International Court of Justice, it is proposed to amend the bylaws on the calculation of environmental damage, taking into account the damage caused by the loss of the ability of the environment to provide ecosystem services. Ukraine is currently developing a legal framework that will contribute to the formation of a list of all violations in the field of environmental protection in connection with the armed aggression of the Russian Federation and a full calculation of environmental damage in Ukraine.
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Pacuk, Małgorzata, Tadeusz Palmowski, and Maciej Tarkowski. "The Emergence of Baltic Europe: An Overview of Polish Research on Regional Integration." Quaestiones Geographicae 37, no. 2 (April 26, 2018): 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/quageo-2018-0013.
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Abstract Baltic integration studies, though dispersed and involving researchers of various disciplines, generally fit well in the field of economic geography research. This article attempts to review the study results of research conducted in Poland in the last four decades. It identifies eleven leading issues, including: the Baltic wide cooperation (conditions and factors, progress and collaboration perspectives), the development of the maritime economy, international legislation, environmental protection, spatial planning and cross-border cooperation. The research focus evolved reflecting the major milestones in geopolitical transformations. In Baltic Europe we can identify three evolutionary phases: identification of cooperation paths and conditions in the competitive environment of two political and military blocks, a recast of options in the period of political transformation and European integration, studies of EU enlargement consequences.
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Alves de Lima, Araken, Patricia Carvalho dos Reis, Julio César Moreira Reis Castelo Branco, Rodrigo Danieli, Cibele Cristina Osawa, Eduardo Winter, and Douglas Alves Santos. "Scenario-Patent Protection Compared to Climate Change." International Journal of Social Ecology and Sustainable Development 4, no. 3 (July 2013): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jsesd.2013070105.
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The United Nations Framework on Climate Change (UNFCCC) took effect as a treaty in 1994 to promote international cooperation in the fight against global warming. Currently, nearly 190 countries are signatories of the UNFCCC, which has had successive additions as the Kyoto Protocol (1997). In 1995, the Climate Technology Initiative was established within the UNFCCC to encourage international cooperation in the accelerated development and diffusion of environmentally Sound Technologies - EST. Such technologies are also capable of protection provided by patents, and this kind of protection is a valuable tool for the industrial production inventions to become a worthwhile investment, contributing to economic development. Many patent applications claim advantages relative to efficiency, waste reduction, or even the costs of operation/manufacturing. However, the difficulty of accurately distinguishing the EST’s technologies among others, which are those that only claim environmental benefits, compared to those who actually have a higher potential to promote a more positive impact on the environment directed. This study aims to report some performance initiatives in relations between technologies, focusing on the so-called “GREEN”, and the effects of climate change. Some initiatives have already been started in countries such as Australia, Canada, United States, United Kingdom, Spain, Japan, South Korea and Israel. These nations are constituted in the form of their industrial property offices, as entities that have implemented regulations regarding the patentability of requests for green technologies or EST’s such requests are known as “green patents” applications. In this context, it is highlighted that the definition of “green patents” differs from country to country and this leads to greater uncertainty in this designation, with the codes of the International Patent Classification (IPC) should be prioritized. This study observed that, in the case of South Korea, green patents are technologies classified in accordance with the interests of the Government, or, according to designations of environmental laws. Moreover, it still shows that South Korea, Australia, United States, Japan, Israel already have programs to promote accelerated examination of “green patents” applications with different criteria.
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Woodhouse, D. E., J. B. Muth, J. J. Potterat, and L. D. Riffe. "Restricting Personal Behaviour: Case Studies on Legal Measures to Prevent the Spread of HIV." International Journal of STD & AIDS 4, no. 2 (March 1993): 114–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095646249300400212.
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People infected with HIV who persist in exposing others to infection through negligent, reckless, or criminal activity create a legal and ethical dilemma for public officials. Protection of the public health requires balancing the rights of infected people with the expectations of society. When reasonable efforts fail to obtain the voluntary cooperation of infected individuals, Colorado law permits health officers to restrict their behaviour. Since 1986, at least 20 people who were aware of their infection are known to have exposed others to HIV in Colorado Springs, Colorado. Restrictive measures have been initiated in 14 cases to date. Presented here is an overview of Colorado law, selected case studies, and a summary of its strengths and shortcomings.
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Melkonyan, Lusine. "Japan's Approaches to International Cooperation in the Field of Cybersecurity: the Case of ASEAN." Problemy dalnego vostoka, no. 2 (2022): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013128120019300-1.
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The article studies the main approaches of the Japanese state to solving problems in the field of cybersecurity through developing appropriate strategies and programs, deepening international cooperation to counter the threats of cybercrime and information security. The evolution of national strategies and international agreements in the field of cybersecurity and the dynamics of the development of key approaches to information security policy are considered. Regarding the growth of the malicious use of cyberspace by international terrorists and cybercriminals for destructive purposes, the problem of combining international efforts in the fight against cyber-attacks on critical information infrastructure is of relevance. Japan has been subjected to cyber-attacks at the state level in the past but over the past decade, threats to government institutions have become more widespread and alarming. In pursuance of personal data and intellectual property protection, the Japanese state is strengthening its defense potential by expanding the capabilities of government agencies and the Self-Defense Forces. Japan's international cooperation in the field of cybersecurity is considered on the example of ASEAN, including its cooperation within the framework of the RCEP agreement, considering not only the geographical proximity with the association countries and the close economic ties with them, but also the effective interaction and extensive contacts in the field of cybersecurity as a member country of the CPTPP at the highest levels. The author compares the RCEP and the CPTPP key approaches to the issues of cyber security and information sovereignty, identifying the main contradictions between the participants in these multilateral initiatives that unite the key players in the Asia-Pacific region, one of which is Japan.
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Durac, Gheorghe. "Considerations on the Legal Protection of the Atmosphere." Present Environment and Sustainable Development 13, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 213–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pesd-2019-0017.
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Abstract Air quality is an issue of general, global interest, which requires the implementation of appropriate environmental policies, taking into account the essential connection between the world economy and the environment. Air is an important natural element of the environment, vital for human life and health, as well as for fauna and flora, and it needs to be protected by all means, including legal methods. Lately, scientific studies and researches have shown that the chemical structure of the atmosphere is changing for natural or anthropogenic causes, which requires more effective monitoring of the impact of human activity on the atmosphere, doubled by the implementation of radical measures, including legal ones, meant to insure the protection of this environmental element. The increase in the quantity of polluting gases eliminated into the atmosphere causes global warming, destroying the ozone layer and generating other imbalances in the natural environment. In these conditions, and since pollution knows no political-administrative borders, being a global phenomenon, there is an absolute need for international cooperation based on conventions and treatises on this topic, or directives from international bodies and organisations, and at a national level, the environmental legislation must aim to protect the air in the troposphere as well as the other elements outside the troposphere, such as the ozone layer, which is part of the stratosphere.
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Cinelli, Claudia. "PROTECTION AND PRESERVATION OF THE ARCTIC MARINE ENVIRONMENT." Italian Yearbook of International Law Online 24, no. 1 (October 22, 2015): 159–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116133-90000078a.
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Unique geographical and physical specificities characterize the Arctic as an extreme and fragile marine environment. Arctic specificities differ from those of any other environment in relation to which most general principles of international law have developed. International law is usually related to the regulation of the physical environment including the distinct issues of soil, water and the atmosphere rather than a combination of these components, as is the case in the ice-covered marine areas such as those composing most of the Arctic Ocean. From both historical and contemporary perspectives, the ‘Arctic question’ has typically been: does the presence of ice change the legal status of the Arctic Ocean? The answer is decidedly no. The so-called Arctic exception, relating to Article 234 UNCLOS, is clearly the exception that proves the rule. This study focuses on how both the sovereignty-based approach and the general interest approach each address the dynamic evolution of Arctic marine environmental challenges in line with UNCLOS, the “Constitution for the Oceans”. This, however, does not preclude the special conditions of the Arctic environment being factored in when Arctic and non-Arctic entities seek feasible ad hoc solutions for cooperation on common interests and concerns.
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Cai, Wenbo, Tong Wu, Wei Jiang, Wanting Peng, and Yongli Cai. "Integrating Ecosystem Services Supply–Demand and Spatial Relationships for Intercity Cooperation: A Case Study of the Yangtze River Delta." Sustainability 12, no. 10 (May 18, 2020): 4131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12104131.
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Transboundary environmental problems caused by urban expansion and economic growth cannot be solved by individual cities. Successful intercity environmental cooperation relies on the clear identification and definition of the rights and obligations of each city. An Ecosystem services (ES) approach not only budgets the ES supply and demand of a city, but also defines the spatial relationships between Services Provisioning Areas (SPA) and Services Benefiting Areas (SBA). However, to date, quantitative studies integrating ES budgets and spatial relations have been scarce. This study integrates ecosystem services supply–demand budgeting with flow direction analysis to identify intercity environmental cooperation in the highly urbanized Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region of China for water-related ecosystem services (flood protection, erosion regulation and water purification). The results demonstrated that there were significant spatial mismatches in the supply and demand of three water-related ES among 16 core cities in the YRD region: five to six cities in the southern part of the region had significant service surpluses, while ten to 11 cities in the north–central part had significant service deficits. We then went on to offer definitions for Ecosystem Services Surplus City, Ecosystem Services Deficit City and Ecosystem Services Balance City, as well as Service Provisioning City, Service Benefiting City and Service Connecting City in which to categorize cities in the YRD Region. Furthermore, we identified two intercity cooperation types and two non-cooperation types. This framework can be used to promote ecological integration in highly urbanized regions to advance sustainable development.
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Petrenko, A. A. "The Role of International Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development in the Formation of Principles of International Environmental Law." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 1 (July 2, 2022): 370–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2022.01.67.
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This article studies the significance and role of the regulatory activity of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development in the formation of the principles of such a comparatively new field of international law as international environmental law. It is shown that although at the time of its creation in 1960, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development was in no way an international organization of environmental character, but since the early 1970s, environmental issues have become an important area of international legal cooperation under the auspices of this organization. In 1971, an Environmental Protection Committee was formed within the OECD, now called the Environmental Policy Committee. During the 1970s, under the auspices of the OECD, the Recommendations on Guiding Principles concerning International Economic Aspects of Environmental Policies of 1972 and the Recommendation on the Implementation of the Polluter-Pays Principle of 1974 were adopted, enshrining the polluter-pays principle, which imposes on the polluter the costs of implementing pollution prevention and control measures to ensure that the environment is in good condition. The provisions of the OECD Recommendation on the Implementation of the Polluter-Pays Principle of 1974 were quickly implemented in the law of the European Communities and today the Lisbon version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union contains it in paragraph 2 of Article 191, together with such principles of the European Union's environmental policy as the precautionary principle, the principles that preventive action should be taken, that environmental damage should as a priority be rectified at source. The «polluter pays» principle is normatively enshrined only in The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development of 1992, The Convention on the Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents of 1992, etc. Regulatory activity under the auspices of the OECD were also essential for the establishment and formation of such principles of international environmental law as the principle of preliminary environmental impact assessment, the principle of undiminished environmental protection of other states and areas beyond national jurisdiction, etc.
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Benayas, J., L. Pertierra, P. Tejedo, F. Lara, O. Bermudez, K. A. Hughes, and A. Quesada. "A review of scientific research trends within ASPA No. 126 Byers Peninsula, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica." Antarctic Science 25, no. 2 (March 20, 2013): 128–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102012001058.
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AbstractByers Peninsula, Livingston Island, was one of the first sites in Antarctica designated for environmental conservation and scientific protection. Research on Byers Peninsula has been predominantly international, with 88 indexed publications (93% of them published during last 20 years) from 209 authors affiliated to 110 institutions from 22 nations, all of which are signatories to the Antarctic Treaty. Palaeontological research represented 20% of the published articles. The variety of freshwater bodies within the area has made Byers Peninsula a reference site for limnological studies (24% of papers). The site also contains numerous outcrops and periglacial features relevant to geology, stratigraphy and geomorphology (29%). Terrestrial biodiversity is extraordinarily high for lichens, bryophytes and invertebrates (15% of articles). Only 5% of the publications concern research on human activities, including both archaeology and impact monitoring. Glaciology, meteorology and climatology studies represent only 7% of papers. This work highlights the international and multidisciplinary nature of science conducted on Byers Peninsula in order to promote international cooperation and to provide information relevant for environmental management and conservation.
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Vivchar, Oksana, Oksana Redkva, and Oksana Garmatiuk. "Organizational and legal security of business trade secrets." Socio-Economic Problems and the State 25, no. 2 (2021): 355–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.33108/sepd2022.02.355.
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The article is dedicated to the study of legal and illegal acquisition, use and disclosure of trade secrets of business, in the context of the application of security conditions. It is established that a comprehensive analysis of the provisions of the Directive and legislation of Ukraine on the protection of trade secrets indicates the relevance of clarifying certain issues of the protection of trade secrets of businesses in Ukraine, which as a consequence will ensure a high level of security conditions. The conceptual and categorical apparatus of trade secrets and the normative and legal basis for ensuring international cooperation, respectively, was investigated. A practical set of measures to ensure the confidentiality of trade secrets of business was substantiated. As a result of scientific research, the essential and substantive characteristics of the provision of the Directive as the main legal vector of ensuring security conditions have been identified. The provisions that should be taken into account when protecting the trade secret of the business are highlighted, namely: clarification of the procedure for securing the claim and precautionary measures; protection of trade secrets during court proceedings; clarification of legislation regarding the disclosure of trade secrets in the public interest, etc. It is determined that the current procedural legislation also requires improvement in the issue of ensuring in any type of judicial proceedings to limit access to materials that contain information constituting a business secret, in particular, by determining the circle of persons who will have access as such and the opportunity to become familiar with the materials of the case. Based on this, the implementation of the legal aspects of international cooperation in the context of secure measurement of trade secrets is demonstrated. The adoption of the Law provides for the confidentiality of court proceedings. In civil proceedings, authorizing the transfer of jurisdiction to certain specialized courts in cases of breaches of business secrets, the ability to classify litigation as confidential at the request of one party, and the potential limitation of the number of persons entitled to access evidence and / or hearings.
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Quiñones Vilá, Claudia S. "On the Borderline – Using National and International Legal Frameworks to Address the Traffic of Pre-Columbian Antiquities between Mexico and the United States." Santander Art and Culture Law Review 7, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 51–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/2450050xsnr.21.018.15263.
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This article examines legal provisions and remedies for illicitly trafficked pre-Columbian antiquities, focusing on Mexico and the United States of America (USA), to determine gaps and areas for improvement. These two countries provide an interesting contrast, as they are contiguous neighbours but have different legal systems and approaches to the protection of cultural property. Nonetheless, Mexico and the USA have a history of fruitful cooperation in the recovery and return of pre-Columbian cultural objects under both domestic and international frameworks, such as bilateral agreements and cultural heritage conventions. In particular, as a country that accounts for nearly half of all global art market transactions, the USA is uniquely placed to act as a gatekeeper for pre-Columbian antiquities and serve as an example for the effective protection of foreign cultural property seized within its borders. However, while the examination of Mexico and the USA provides a useful case study, the illicit traffic of these objects should not be viewed in isolation or characterized as solely a regional problem. Globalization and the international nature of the art market require a more expansive view of the subject, while still taking countries’ legal and cultural specificities into account. A balanced and holistic approach will help increase the effectiveness of both national and international remedies; this will improve the legitimate market as a whole and curb illicit trafficking. By tackling the problem at both ends of the supply chain and increasing visibility, the possibilities of success shall rise.
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van der Vliet, Nina, Lea Den Broeder, María Romeo-Velilla, Hanneke Kruize, Brigit Staatsen, and Jantine Schuit. "Intersectoral Cooperation in 12 European Case Studies Aiming for Better Health, Environmental Sustainability, and Health Equity: Protocol for a Qualitative Evaluation." JMIR Research Protocols 9, no. 6 (June 24, 2020): e17323. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/17323.
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Background The INHERIT (INtersectoral Health and Environment Research for InnovaTion) project has evaluated intersectoral cooperation (IC) in 12 European case studies attempting to promote health, environmental sustainability, and equity through behavior and lifestyle changes. These factors are the concerns of multiple sectors of government and society. Cooperation of health and environmental sectors with other sectors is needed to enable effective action. IC is thus essential to promote a triple win of health, sustainability, and equity. Objective This paper describes the design of a qualitative study to gain insights into successful organization of IC, facilitators and barriers, and how future steps can be taken to improve IC in the evaluated case studies. Methods Each case study was assessed qualitatively through a focus group. A total of 12 focus groups in 10 different European countries with stakeholders, implementers, policymakers, and/or citizens were held between October 2018 and March 2019. Five to eight participants attended each focus group. The focus group method was based on appreciative inquiry, which is an asset-based approach focusing on what works well, why it is working well, and how to strengthen assets in the future. A stepped approach was used, with central coordination and analysis, and local implementation and reporting. Local teams were trained to apply a common protocol using a webinar and handbook on organizing, conducting, and reporting focus groups. Data were gathered in each country in the local language. Translated data were analyzed centrally using deductive thematic analysis, with consideration of further emerging themes. Analyses involved the capability, opportunity, motivation-behavior (COM-b) system to categorize facilitators and barriers into capability, motivation, or opportunity-related themes, as these factors influence the behaviors of individuals and groups. Web-based review sessions with representatives from all local research teams were held to check data analysis results and evaluate the stepped approach. Results Data collection has been completed. A total of 76 individuals participated in 12 focus groups. In December 2019, data analysis was nearly complete, and the results are expected to be published in fall 2020. Conclusions This study proposes a stepped approach that allows cross-country focus group research using a strict protocol while dealing with language and cultural differences. The study generates insights into IC processes and facilitators in different countries and case studies to filter out which facilitators are essential to include. Simultaneously, the approach can strengthen cooperation among stakeholders by looking at future cooperation possibilities. By providing knowledge on how to plan for, improve, and sustain IC successfully to deal with today’s multisectoral challenges, this study can contribute to better intersectoral action for the triple win of better health, sustainability, and equity. This protocol can serve as a tool for other researchers who plan to conduct cross-country qualitative research. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) RR1-10.2196/17323
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Vezzani, Simone. "The Conservation of Biodiversity in the Mediterranean Sea through Marine Protected Areas: The Barcelona System Faced with the Expansion of Coastal State Jurisdiction." Italian Yearbook of International Law Online 31, no. 1 (November 11, 2022): 141–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116133-03101008.
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Abstract This paper tackles legal and policy issues concerning Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in the Mediterranean Sea. Since the 1970s, Mediterranean Countries have been at the forefront in international cooperation for the protection of marine ecosystems: notably, significant results have been achieved through the establishment of a network of Specially Protected Areas of Mediterranean Interest (SPAMIs). After framing the general legal context, the paper examines the specificities of the above network, while at the same time pointing out its weakness when put to the test of facts. Accordingly, some proposals are made for improving the SPAMI system, which include a better allocation of jurisdiction among coastal States in the case of transboundary MPAs. It is argued that in a delicate phase of transition, characterized by the proclamation of EEZs and the ensuing maritime delimitation disputes, the creation of SPAMI may enhance the spirit of cooperation among Mediterranean States with opposite or adjacent coasts and possibly represent an alternative to the definition of a precise maritime boundary. Most notably, the creation of transboundary SPAMIs appears worth further exploration in the context of the negotiations aimed at defining the boundaries of the Italian EEZ.
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Liu, Xiaoyu, Percy Garcia, and Harrie Vredenburg. "CSR adoption strategies of Chinese state oil companies: effects of global competition and cooperation." Social Responsibility Journal 10, no. 1 (February 25, 2014): 38–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/srj-11-2012-0147.
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Purpose – The purposes of this paper are: to examine the adoption of corporate social responsibility (CSR) strategies related to environment protection by Chinese state oil companies; and to analyze the effects of global competitions and cooperation on the CSR adoption processes. Design/methodology/approach – Based on a content analysis of 58 corporate reports and three interviews with senior managers from Chinese-Western joint ventures, the authors analyzed the environmentally-related CSR adoption strategies and the effects of global competition and cooperation in Chinese state oil companies. Findings – The findings suggest that more cooperative CSR strategies related to environment protection have been adopted by Chinese state oil companies in the past decade. The main reasons are: the force of international and local environmental regulations; the pressures from partners of western oil companies and the desire to increase the global competitive advantage of the Chinese state oil companies. Research limitations/implications – Given that this study is based only on the analysis of corporate reports and three interviews, the authors' conclusions should be considered preliminary and inconclusive. Future studies should be done to collect more primary data by interviewing and surveying by questionnaire a significant number of managers from these companies to validate these conclusions. Originality/value – This paper highlights the adoption of CSR strategies by three Chinese state oil companies and the effects of global operations which have been little studied academically so far.
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Khan, Mehran Idris, and Qianxun Xu. "An Assessment of Environmental Policy Implications under the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor: A Perspective of Environmental Laws and Sustainable Development." Sustainability 13, no. 20 (October 12, 2021): 11223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132011223.
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Environmental issues know no boundaries and are recognised as a matter of regional and/or global concern, and neighbouring countries have to face shared environmental effects. Environmental laws internationally, particularly in the last thirty years, have grown significantly and have contributed to environmental protection in a variety of national, regional and international management strategies. In recent years, environmental legislation has entered into a responsible and mature phase in several non-Western countries, particularly in Asia. The present study examines the shared environmental obligations of regional or neighbouring countries using China and Pakistan as a case study and provides references from international (environmental) laws as well as states’ best practices. This study adopts a well-defined analytical methodology to not only investigate the implications of environmental laws but also to define the gaps in the existing framework of environmental laws in the region and recommend appropriate grounds to systematically fill these gaps through much-needed legal cooperation before it is too late. The study provides a detailed analysis and pertinent knowledge horizons, and concludes that there is an abrupt need for China and Pakistan to revise their trade agreements and include the environment as an integral part of each mega-infrastructural activity, including the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor. Most of the potential outcomes are already known but there is little academic discussion available concerning the perspective of cross-boundary environmental laws, and the present study intends to fill this gap.
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Ayu Apriani Wirawan, Ni Ketut Suzana. "Personal Responsibility Relationship to Environmental Responsibility Behavior." Eduvest - Journal of Universal Studies 2, no. 10 (October 29, 2022): 2149–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.36418/eduvest.v2i10.628.
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This research discusses the role of an international organization called Junior Chamber International (JCI) in Indonesia which helps the provision and management of clean water and sanitation as one of the realizations of the global sustainable development goals (SDGs) in Indonesia. This study uses a qualitative approach with case study research methods. Data was collected by interviewing several relevant sources and observing various JCI activities. Other data were obtained from secondary data in the form of literature studies and various supporting documentation such as books and journals, data from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) and the DKI Provincial Government, as well as the results of periodic reports and various photo documentation of JCI's activities. Liberalism theory was chosen as an approach that is considered capable of providing answers to the positive changes formed and carried out by JCI in international relations cooperation to realize sustainable development. The results of the study show that JCI as an international organization is a platform for young professionals in their fields and can directly contribute in depth. JCI is also able to navigate the interests of stakeholders both towards the government, NGOs, other international organizations, and the community as targets in terms of efforts to realize the six sustainable development goals, namely the management and provision of access to clean water and sustainable sanitation
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Addaney, Michael, Michael Gyan Nyarko, and Elsabe Boshoff. "Protection of the Environment and Natural Resources during Armed Conflicts in Africa." Chinese Journal of Environmental Law 3, no. 1 (August 13, 2019): 85–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24686042-12340036.
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Abstract Scarce environmental and natural resources, such as minerals and water, are traditional origins of armed conflicts in Africa. There are persuasive and wide-ranging claims to the effect that environmental degradation will intensify resource scarcity and consequently contribute to an increase in armed conflict. Existing studies show that most governments in Africa overexploit valuable natural resources such as diamonds, oil and timber to finance war, without regard to environmental protection. Environmental protection during armed conflict has therefore gradually gained significant attention at international, national and regional levels. This article explores how regional laws could fill gaps in the international legal frameworks for the protection of the environment and natural resources in the context of armed conflicts in Africa. It considers the extent to which the enforceable content of regional and international norms apply to environmental damage in times of armed conflict and assesses the main shortcomings of existing normative frameworks to make a case for reform. The article argues that regional law (the African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) offers strong and direct protection to the natural environment during armed conflict and requires a lower threshold for its application as compared with the Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions. It concludes by providing recommendations on finding durable solutions to protection of the environment during resource-fuelled armed conflict in Africa.
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Marples, David R. "Baltic Sea Region Environmental Protection: "Eastern" Perspectives and International Cooperation. Ed. Mikael Sandberg. Göteborg Studies of Russia and Eastern Europe. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International, 1993. xix, 172 pp. Tables. SEK 190.-, paper." Slavic Review 53, no. 2 (1994): 614–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2501359.
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Yastrebova, A. Yu. "Particular Approaches to the System of International Humanitarian Law Special Principles: Substance and Evolution." Moscow Journal of International Law, no. 3 (October 5, 2022): 6–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/0869-0049-2022-3-6-18.
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INTRODUCTION. The list and the contents of branch (special) principles of IHL are considered to be a current subject of study. Along with the traditional legal approaches, the study forward additional theoretical arguments to include the environmental protection and the responsibility of officials and militaries for war crimes in the system of IHL principles. Besidesthat, it is obvious that the record of IHL prohibitions to belligerents as general international legal rules to conduct hostilities, is refined. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The above study is based both on scientific researches of Russian and foreign authors in the field of IHL and analysis of international legal acts on universal level. Methodological basis of research includes general scientific methods (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, modeling and systematization) and special legal methods (legal comparativistics, formal legal). RESEARCH RESULTS. Completed systematization of IHL principles shows combination of different legal concepts, either of which has a certain scientific value. It looks important to summarize the international legal sources and trends taking place in UN system in order to expand the list of the mentioned principles. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. In frames of this study the author is proposing the impartial assessments of established scientific approaches to definition and contents of IHL branch (special) principles. Both the forms of international legal cooperation of states to create an institution of responsibility for war crimes and the results of Nuremberg military tribunal regarding prevention of IHL violations are examined separately. The complimentary legal grounds of modern international courts functioning are determined by combination of national and interstate jurisdiction in the above field.
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Bush, Sarah Sunn, and Jennifer Hadden. "Density and Decline in the Founding of International NGOs in the United States." International Studies Quarterly 63, no. 4 (August 21, 2019): 1133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqz061.
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Abstract It is now commonplace for scholars to note that the number of international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs) has exploded. But, in recent years, the growth rate of INGOs globally and in the United States has stagnated. We argue this stagnation can best be explained by changes in the environment in which INGOs work. Specifically, the now dense population environment discourages new INGOs from being founded, while also encouraging competition. Analysis of a new, comprehensive dataset on American INGOs between 1992 and 2012 supports the argument, as do case studies of trends within the environmental conservation and democracy assistance sectors. The analysis suggests that debates about INGO cooperation and competition overlook a key environmental factor that varies across and within populations of organizations: density. We draw out the implications of this approach for contemporary global governance.
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Bendell, Jem. "Replacing Sustainable Development: Potential Frameworks for International Cooperation in an Era of Increasing Crises and Disasters." Sustainability 14, no. 13 (July 5, 2022): 8185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14138185.
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This transdisciplinary review of research about international cooperation on social and environmental change builds the case for replacing Sustainable Development as the dominant framework for an era of increasing crises and disasters. The review is the output of an intentional exploration of recent studies in multiple subject areas, based on the authors’ decades of work in related fields since the Rio Earth Summit 30 years ago. It documents the failure to progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Consequently, scholarship critiquing the conceptual framework behind those ‘Global Goals’, and the economic ideology they arose from, is used to explain that failure. Although the pandemic set back the SDGs, it further revealed the inappropriate strategy behind those goals. This suggests the Global Goals constitute an ‘own-goal’ scored against people and nature. Alternative frameworks for organising action on social and environmental issues are briefly reviewed. It is argued that a future framework must relate to a new eco-social contract between citizen and state and engage existing capabilities that are relevant to an increasingly disrupted world. The case is made for an upgraded form of Disaster Risk Management (DRM) as an overarching framework. The proposed upgrades include detaching from economic ideologies and recognising that a wider metadisaster from climate chaos may reduce the future availability of external support. Therefore, self-reliant resilience and locally led adaptation are important to the future of DRM. Options for professionals continuing to use the term sustainability, such as this journal, are discussed.
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Špulerová, Jana, Veronika Piscová, and Noemi Matušicová. "The Contribution of Scientists to the Research in Biosphere Reserves in Slovakia." Land 12, no. 3 (February 22, 2023): 537. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12030537.
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This review is aimed at summarizing the current state of knowledge of biosphere reserves (BRs) in Slovakia and assessment of research activities undertaken there and how they contribute to the mission and fulfillment of the goals of the designation process to the World Network of BRs. We based our methodological approach on the literature review of the studies found in the scientific database Web of Science through keyword searches. The 121 studies were characterized by research subject, BR function examined, and contribution to the development of which particular aspect of BR. Most of the studies focused on biodiversity protection, management of BR, land use changes, and scenario modeling. The strengths of BR in Slovakia are a long history and continuity of research, close cooperation with some scientists and institutions, case studies of BR included in international projects, existing examples of participatory studies, and a wide range of research topics. An important contribution to research is that provided by existing long-term monitoring sites. The transboundary BRs in particular are involved in developing international collaborations within the World Network of BRs. We summarized the results of the literature review and gave a scientist’s perception of the development of BR in a SWOT analysis, including recommendations for further development in the form of a discussion of opportunities and threats.
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Victor, David G. "What the Framework Convention on Climate Change Teaches Us About Cooperation on Climate Change." Politics and Governance 4, no. 3 (September 8, 2016): 133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/pag.v4i3.657.
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Arild Underdal has been at the center of an important community of scholars studying global environmental governance. Since the 1990s that community, along with many other scholars globally, has offered important insights into the design and management of international institutions that can lead to more effective management of environmental problems. At the same time, diplomats have made multiple attempts to create institutions to manage the dangers of climate change. This essay looks at what has been learned by both communities—scholars and practitioners—as their efforts co-evolved. It appears that despite a wealth of possible insights into making cooperation effective very few of the lessons offered by scholars had much impact during the first two decades of climate change diplomacy. Indeed, basic concepts from cooperation theory and evidence from case studies—many developed in Arild’s orbit—can explain why those two decades achieved very little real cooperation. The new Paris agreement may be changing all that and much better reflects insights from scholars about how to build effective international institutions. Success in the Paris process is far from assured and scholars can contribute a lot more with a more strategic view of when and how they have an impact.
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Tabarintseva-Romanova, K. M. "The Italian model of humanitarian diplomacy." Diplomaticheskaja sluzhba (Diplomatic Service), no. 12 (December 7, 2022): 458–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/vne-01-2206-05.
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Тhe term humanitarian diplomacy is undergoing a number of changes in the political discourse of international relations. Already, various states and international organizations are investing in it with diff erent content. In this article, we will look at how Italy, the ancestor of the modern diplomatic system, puts into practice humanitarian diplomacy in the broad sense of the term. If initially the concept of "humanitarian diplomacy" meant only "providing humanitarian assistance to vulnerable segments of the population during a confl ict and victims of natural or man-made disasters", today it is already a whole umbrella concept that includes a wide palette of humanitarian cooperation on an ongoing basis in such areas such as: culture, science, education, youth, tourism. Particular attention is paid to the institutionalization of humanitarian diplomacy in the process of "transformation" of the foreign policy system of the Italian Republic. In addition, the author studies the cultural and scientific component of the international activities of the state on the example of cooperation with such "vulnerable" regions as: Africa and the Mediterranean. As the analysis of plans and reports of the relevant Italian structures, namely: the Ministry of Foreign Aff airs and International Cooperation, the Italian Cooperation Agency, showed, the main areas for cooperation in the humanitarian sphere are: education, fundamental research on environmental issues, agriculture, clean water and gender policy. In fact, activities in the fi eld of humanitarian diplomacy cover most areas of a universal, comprehensive nature. It is concluded that the Italian model of humanitarian diplomacy follows the global "trends" of reforming the ministries of foreign aff airs, and also "creates" its own practices of diplomatic discourse — legal and "hybrid" diplomacy, which, unfortunately, are not currently widely used and in its essence, in the first case, it is part of a multilateral (conventional), and in the second, it is rather a characteristic than an independent form of foreign policy activity, in the extreme case, a part of public diplomacy.
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Cong, Phan The. "Impacts of Trade Protection by Tariffs on Agricultural Imports and Exports by Using GTAP Model: A Case Study in Vietnam." Research in Economics and Management 6, no. 4 (October 21, 2021): p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/rem.v6n4p1.
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International economic integration has brought high growth to international trade while promoting economic development for many countries around the world. However, in recent times, in the world, there has appeared a trend opposite to trade liberalization, which is protectionism. Advocates for trade protection provide arguments for why countries implement trade-restrictive measures. Those causes are related to national security and defense, solving the trade deficit, creating jobs, protecting the nascent industry and ensuring fair trade. Countries are currently using tariff measures including import and export tariffs, and non-tariff measures. The article studies protectionism, analyzes the impact of trade protectionism by tariffs on Vietnam’s GDP and exports, and makes policy recommendations for the Government of Vietnam.
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Hwang, Ja Ok, Chae Young Lee, and Young Min Kim. "A study on analysis of research trends related to self-directed learning in Korean journals and improvement direction of International Educational Development Cooperation through Network Text Analysis." Korean Association For Learner-Centered Curriculum And Instruction 22, no. 22 (November 30, 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22251/jlcci.2022.22.22.1.
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Objectives In this study, we examined the research and application method for international education development cooperation of ‘self-directed learning’, which emerged as a new paradigm, considering the trend and demand of education. Therefore, related studies were collected, and the subjects of the studies were analyzed through the frequency of the topics and the correlation of research subjects.
Methods Utilizing keyword ‘Self-directed’, ‘learning’, and ‘education’ with ‘detailed keyword search’, 160 KCI and KCI candidate journals published for last 10years are selected from RISS. A total of 640 keywords(4 from each article) from the selected 160 articles are analyzed utilizing Network Text Analysis.
Results The main results derived accordingly are as follows. First, research on ‘Self-directed learning’ has continued albeit in small numbers. Second, the most appearing keyword was ‘College education’ both in frequency and centrality analysis. Third, the research has been applied and studied in various subjects. Forth, the cluster of subjects consists of five groups, and the connection between “college education” and “satisfaction” was relatively high.
Conclusions Considering that the case of the SOLE of Sugata Mitra, an application of self-directed learning in the international community, conducting various studies in the expanded scope is meaningful. Since many studies have been mainly applied to university education setting in Korea, expanding the scope of studies to elementary education, secondary education, and lifelong education is able to deduce meaningful results. Second, it seems that self-directed learning can be applied in various integrated themes. Third, the contents and methods for teacher training in international education development cooperation need to be changed based on the philosophy of self-directed learning. Forth, it is suggested to devise a self-directed learning environment using mobile phones, considering the lack of “Broadband” and the dramatic growth in the supply and use of mobile phones in East African countries.
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Milmanda, Belén Fernández, and Candelaria Garay. "The Multilevel Politics of Enforcement: Environmental Institutions in Argentina." Politics & Society 48, no. 1 (December 13, 2019): 3–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032329219894074.
Full textAbstract:
Environmental protection presents a challenge for commodity-producing democracies. To account for the enforcement of environmental laws in decentralized systems, this article proposes a multilevel approach that highlights the importance of national laws and subnational implementation rules to the politics of enforcement. This approach contrasts with prominent scholarship that focuses on sanctions and the electoral incentives and bureaucratic resources of enforcers. The advantages of the multilevel approach are demonstrated by the enforcement of the native forest protection regime (NFPR) in the Argentine Chaco Forest, which is shaped not only by whether sanctions on illegal deforestation are applied by subnational authorities but also by the design of both the national law and subnational regulations. The article employs quantitative data and case studies based on extensive fieldwork to show how affected subnational organized interests influenced the design of the NFPR and the provincial regulations that weaken or strengthen enforcement.
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Fried, Jeremy S., J. Keith Gilless, and James Spero. "Analysing initial attack on wildland fires using stochastic simulation." International Journal of Wildland Fire 15, no. 1 (2006): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf05027.
Full textAbstract:
Stochastic simulation models of initial attack on wildland fire can be designed to reflect the complexity of the environmental, administrative, and institutional context in which wildland fire protection agencies operate, but such complexity may come at the cost of a considerable investment in data acquisition and management. This cost may be well justified when it allows for analysis of a wider spectrum of operational problems in wildland fire protection planning. The California Fire Economics Simulator version 2 (CFES2), is a sophisticated stochastic simulation model designed to facilitate quantitative analysis of the potential effects of changes in many key components of most wildland fire systems, e.g. availability and stationing of resources, dispatch rules, criteria for setting fire dispatch level, staff schedules, and deployment and line-building tactics. The CFES2 model can also be used to support strategic planning with respect to vegetation management programs, development at the wildland–urban interface, reallocation of responsibilities among fire protection agencies, and climatic change. The analytical capacity of stochastic simulations models to address such key issues is demonstrated using the CFES2 model in four case studies addressing the impact on initial attack effectiveness of: (1) multiple fire starts; (2) diversion of firefighting resources to structure protection; (3) alternate stationing of firefighting resources; and (4) multi-agency cooperation.
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Pyć, Dorota. "Ballast water management for sustainable development – some remarks on Polish law." SHS Web of Conferences 57 (2018): 01027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20185701027.
Full textAbstract:
The main aim of the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments (BWM Convention) is to prevent, minimize and ultimately eliminate the risk of introducing harmful aquatic organisms and pathogens (HAOP) transferred in ships’ ballast waters and sediments to non-native environment for them, mainly for waters in seaports and coastal waters. The BWM Convention entered into force globally on 8 September 2017. This convention is based on the precautionary principle and the ecosystem approach to achieving sustainable development goals. Effective protection and preservation of the maritime environment depends on the preventive and reasonable actions, especially in case of environmental threats or combating pollution. This means that it is necessary to react efficiently by relevant authorities and boost international and regional cooperation, as well as development of other instruments such as inspection and reporting systems. The purpose of this paper is to present the state of preparation to the implementation of the BWM Convention in connection with its ratification by Poland, which is planned for 2018.
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COSNEANU, Sorin, Verginia CHIRITESCU, Mihaela KRUSZLICIKA, Gina Pusa PáŽRVU, Lavinia Lăcrămioara TÄ‚NASE, and Cristina NEDIANU. "Environmental protection - the responsibility of all socio-economic actors in Romania." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Agriculture 71, no. 1 (May 29, 2014): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-agr:9608.
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Environmental problems, by the nature, character and its implications, increasingly proves to be a global problem. The environment and its protection claims becoming more consistent management, a variety of intervention tools and ongoing communication with socio-economic actors, in order to minimize the phenomena of pollution and use of resources natural. Aware that the intensity of human activity is increasing the pressure on the environment, either by uncontrolled consumption of resources and space, either by producing waste that nature can not absorb without suffering, prompted the international community to move to initiate and support concrete actions to prevent, counteract and eliminate disturbing factors repercussions of ecological balance. Environmental issues can be made from multiple angles: legal, institutional, economic, technological, etc. This paper aims to address environmental responsibility that should be considered permanent so all economic agents and civil society. This scientific communication includes the results of extensive fundamental research on environmental protection, based on the study of numerous bibliographic sources printed and on-line. Also been studied and reports from international events made ​​this topic, and studies published by international institutions. Ensuring a balance between economic growth and environmental protection in order to meet social development and perspectives, is the new concept, under which the governments of many countries rethink their economic strategies, concept called sustainable development and first presented in 1987 in Brundtland Report - "Our Common Future". Economic policy developed in unifying and generalizing vision of eco-development, organic content in all decision documents at all levels, the ecological criteria for "sustainable development". The environment is a public good because it answers three features that distinguish it from any other private public good: even when consumed by one, it remains available for others; one can not exclude someone from consuming a public good, while in the case of a public good, private, producer exclude all those who can not pay his price; the consumer can not exclude himself from using a public good. As economic development occurs within ecological systems over the years began to speak increasingly eco-development as a complex relationship between economic development and the natural environment. Characteristic of management at the beginning of XXI century is placing eco-economic relationship - the goals that I return man interrelated with the natural environment.
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de Chazournes, Laurence Boisson, and André Nollkaemper. "Partnerships between International Institutions and Issues of (Shared) Responsibility." International Organizations Law Review 13, no. 1 (September 3, 2016): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15723747-01301001.
Full textAbstract:
More and more, international institutions pursue their objectives together in the form of partnerships. Partnerships are established to work towards important policy objectives in relation to global health, environmental protection, and so on. However, the activities of partnerships may lead to questions of responsibility when such objectives are not achieved, or when third party interests are affected. This Forum explores questions of responsibility—the term responsibility being used in a broad sense—that may arise in relation to partnerships and in particular the question of whether responsibility can be shared between the actors that participate in a partnership. These introductory notes provide the necessary background by defining the concepts of partnerships and shared responsibility, and identify ten conclusions on shared responsibility that can be drawn from the case-studies on particular partnerships.
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Du, Wanlin, Yang Liu, Jinhui Sun, Naicheng Wu, Yongzhan Mai, and Chao Wang. "The aquatic microbial community: a bibliometric analysis of global research trends (1991– 2018)." Fundamental and Applied Limnology / Archiv für Hydrobiologie 194, no. 1 (August 31, 2020): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/fal/2020/1305.
Full textAbstract:
We performed a bibliometric analysis of relevant research trends, based on academic articles about the aquatic microbial community and recorded in the Web of Science during 1991–2018. The number of publications per annum is clearly rising and began to grow rapidly in 2005. Developed countries (e.g.the USA and some European countries) published the most articles, and led international cooperation. International cooperation benefitted from the implementation of the European Union (EU) Water Framework Directive and from the origination and development of molecular biological techniques. A strong correlation existed among such key words as "bacteria", "DGGE" (Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis), "16S rRNA", "pyrosequencing" and "sediment" as key research directions for many years. Sediment, biofilm and wetland were the main habitats studied; and high-throughput sequencing gradually replaced the traditional DGGE and other technologies, remaining the most popular research method at present. Studies still focus on basic research; interest in microbial community composition, structure, diversity and ecology remains high; and metagenomics and the microbiome have received considerable attention recently. Key words such as "organic matter", "nutrient", "enzyme activity", "nitrification", "denitrification" and "cyanobacteria" indicate current research hotspots, and we suggest this is because increasing attention is paid to environmental protection and management of the water environment by aquatic microorganisms. We predict that future research will promote the ultimate goals of warning about threats to the water environment and restoration by investigating the function of the aquatic microbial community.