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Beresford, Rob. "New Zealand Plant Protection Medal 2016." New Zealand Plant Protection 71 (July 26, 2018): 360–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2018.71.225.
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This medal is awarded by the New Zealand Plant Protection Society to honour those who have made exceptional contributions to plantprotection in New Zealand in the widest sense. The medal is awarded for outstanding services to plant protection, whether through research,education, implementation or leadership.
In 2016, the New Zealand Plant Protection Medal was awarded to Dr Rob Beresford who is one of New Zealand’s most experienced and versatile plant pathologists. Rob started his career in science with an MSc Hons, 1st class, in Auckland in 1978 and was appointed to DSIR Plant Diseases Division at Lincoln in 1979. He was awarded a National Research Advisory Council Postgraduate Research Fellowship to undertake PhD studies at Long Ashton Research Station in the UK from1982 to 1985, returning to Lincoln in 1986. Those studies kicked off a long career in epidemiology and today Rob is New Zealand’s pre-eminent plant disease epidemiologist. For 30 years, Rob has been New Zealand’s strongest advocate for the use of weather-based disease prediction for developing practicaldisease control strategies, particularly to reduce the economic, environmental and market residue impacts of fungicide use. By understanding and modelling relationships between pathogen biology and ecology and weather, Rob has translated complex correlations between biological and physical factorsinto simple practical tools for growers to use for disease control. To date, these have included decision support tools for apple scab, downy mildew in onions, botrytis in grapes and more recently Psa in kiwifruit. He has also developed prediction models for climatic risk of invasive pathogens (potato wart disease and myrtle rust) and for the impacts of climate change on crop diseases.
Recognising the importance of climate and weather in affecting plant diseases, Rob has, for many years, championed a network of weather stations in the key horticultural districts throughout New Zealand to generate data for the decision-support tools. It has been a struggle to keep the network running against shortages of funding and the frequent need to re-assert the value of the network to New Zealand horticulture. Rob has built a team of equally committed colleagues who share this understanding and, through tenacity and persistence, have recently achieved an upgrade of the entire network to internet-based communication systems. It is through his close collaborations over many years with the software company HortPlus that his decision support tools have been delivered to the commercial arena.
Rob was a member of the New Zealand team that argued the case at the World Trade Organisation for the easing of restrictions on New Zealand apples entering Australia. Rob’s superior skills in interpreting climate data, in this case Australian data, in terms of pathogen survival, establishment and spread, and his clarity in presenting the results were instrumental in the success of that case in 2010.
In parallel with Rob’s epidemiological strategy to reduce fungicide use is his interest in the threat of pathogens developing resistance to fungicides. Rob leads research to identify resistance threats to fungicides and also provides liaison between grower associations and agrochemical companies to design and implement robust resistance-management strategies. His focus on resistance started in 2005 when he published updated management strategies for all nine of the then available fungicide groups for the New Zealand Plant Protection Society (NZPPS). In 2007, he re-established the New Zealand Committee on Pesticide Resistance (NZCPR) (which had been in abeyance for 10 years) and chaired the committee’s work on fungicides, insecticides and herbicides from 2007 to 2012. He stepped aside to become NZCPR Science Advisor in 2012 so he could focus on resistance research. Following devastating disease outbreaks of apple scab (Venturia ineaqualis) in the pipfruit industry in 2009, Rob initiated a research programme with Pipfruit New Zealand that showed the cause of the outbreaks to be resistance to two groups of fungicides in use at the time. He has recently coordinated resistance strategy updates for botrytis affecting the wine industry, for summer fruit diseases and is currently leading a programme to monitor resistance of grape powdery mildew to key groups of fungicides. Rob was awarded the 2014 Plant & Food Research Chairman’s Award for his work on fungicide resistance.
Rob is an effective communicator at all levels from heavy science to grower forums and is always willing to share his time, skills and knowledge. He has been involved with undergraduate lecturing for many years and has successfully supervised several PhDs.
NZPP Medal recipients for the previous five years:2015: Gary Barker2014: -2013: Andrew Hodson2012: Margaret Dick2011: Jim Walker
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Sukach, Mykhailo. "Seventh International Scientific and Practical Conference «Transfer of Innovative Technologies 2021»." Gіrnichі, budіvelnі, dorozhnі ta melіorativnі mashini, no. 98 (December 30, 2021): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/gbdmm.2021.98.0601.
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the 7th International Scientific and Practical Conference "Transfer of Innovative Technologies 2021" was held from May 19 to 20 at the Kyiv National University of Civil Engineering and Architecture. It presented creative ideas, innovative projects and practical developments in the fields of construction, architecture, solving urgent problems of engineering and facility design, environmental protection, current trends in information technology and others. The conference, which was held by videoconference, was attended by domestic scientists, teachers and students of educational institutions, industry representatives, well-known experts from around the world. A total of 128 applications were submitted from one and a half hundred participants, including 15 foreign ones from Australia, Poland, Slovakia, the USA, Kazakhstan, Germany and China.
The competition commission determined the best works in the nominations: Presentation, Innovative project, Publication, awarded the Diplomas of the winners of 2021. Participants received Certificates, and the most active − Acknowledgments for their work, international scientific relations and organizational support of the forum. A preprint of the article was published in the Proceedings of the conference (online) and in the journal "Transfer of Innovative Technologies", Vol.4, No.1, and the presentations of the participants were published on the conference website. The best works are recommended for publication in the international scientific journals Transfer of Innovative Technologies, Underwater Technologies: Industrial and Civil Engineering. A decision was made to prepare and hold the next forum in 2022, to involve creative participants and new institutions in innovation activities, and to further integrate them into the world scientific space. The Organizing Committee thanks everyone for the presented materials and implementation of innovative technologies!
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Smart, Alan. "TIMOR GAP ZONE OF COOPERATION." APPEA Journal 30, no. 1 (1990): 386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj89026.
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On 11 December 1989 the Australian Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade, Senator Evans, and the Indonesian Foreign Minister, Mr Alatas, signed the Treaty to establish a Zone of Cooperation in the Timor Gap.The Timor Gap Treaty is the most substantial bilateral agreement concluded in the forty year history of Australia's relations with Indonesia. The Treaty negotiations have developed a unique regime to allow joint control of petroleum exploration and development activity in Area A of the Zone, the area of joint development. The Treaty encompasses administrative, maritime and fiscal arrangements, customs, migration and quarantine, search and rescue, environmental protection and pollution control, criminal jurisdiction, employment regulation, marine scientific research, health and safety regulations and procedures for settlement of disputes.Work has now commenced to establish the Joint Authority which will be responsible for the administration of petroleum operations in Area A. Contracts in Area A will be awarded by a work program bidding system.
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Flitney, Bob. "Excellence in environmental protection awards from the FSA." Sealing Technology 2006, no. 1 (January 2006): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1350-4789(06)70944-8.
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Gough, Noel. "Interrogating Silence: Environmental Education Research as Postcolonialist Textwork." Australian Journal of Environmental Education 15 (1999): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0814062600002676.
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In December 1997 I was privileged—and very pleasantly surprised—to receive the inaugural Allen Strom Eureka Prize for Environmental Education for ‘environmental education research of a substantive nature which contributes to professional thinking and practice’. According to the program for the prize-giving ceremony, I was awarded the prize ‘for research on recent cultural and philosophical movements, such as postmodernism, which has translated and applied complex social theories to theory and practice in environmental education’.I want to take this opportunity to repeat my thanks to the New South Wales Environment Protection Authority for their generous sponsorship of this prize. I offer these thanks not only as an individual recipient but also on behalf of the wider Australian environmental education community. I see particular significance in the Allen Strom Eureka Prize for Environmental Education being awarded in a suite that includes separate prizes for environmental research and environmental journalism. This helps to distinguish our field from other disciplines with which it is sometimes confused. My own research emphasises that environmental education is not just another type of environmental study but more a form of cultural and media literacy.
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Nikberg, I. I. "SOME HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS IN AUSTRALIA." Hygiene and sanitation 96, no. 3 (March 27, 2019): 243–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2017-96-3-243-247.
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Modern medical and environmental problems caused by the Australian set two main groups of the negative impact -original natural and climatic factors and the environmental pollution. Much of Australia is desert-dry low landscaping and water scarcity. The bulk of the population lives in cities and the countryside surrounding. Medical and environmental problems in these areas are the air pollution due to emissions of industrial enterprises and motor transport, preservation of safe drinking water, sanitary protection of soil, differentiated collection, removal and decontamination of waste. Issues of sanitary protection of the environment in Australia paid a lot of attention of the Government and non-governmental organizations.
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Rosser, Bruce A., and Jean M. Canil. "Discount and premium awards in the context of pre-existing ESOP conditions." Corporate Ownership and Control 3, no. 2 (2006): 54–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv3i2p7.
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This study examines interactions between pre-award ESOP restrictive conditions and award discounts/premiums that characterized executive stock option awards in Australia from the mid-1980s to 2000. Shareholder wealth effects at award suggest that (i) shareholders generally do not gain from offering discounts because associated value increments do not exceed the cost of the discount, (ii) premium awards coupled with exercise restrictions appear to be used to ameliorate the risk of CEO opportunism associated with irregular awards, and (iii) shareholders suffer a wealth decrement when premium awards are used to ameliorate the disinvestment incentive of inferior CEO dilution protection. The second of these findings implies risk of CEO opportunism. A major implication is that award discounts/premiums are used to modify the conditions of pre-existing ESOPs that presumably are dated and no longer optimal for addressing current incentive problems. Analyses of the optimality of award discounts/premiums should take this into account.
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Marlin, Richard. "The External Affairs Power and Environmental Protection in Australia." Federal Law Review 24, no. 1 (March 1996): 71–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22145/flr.24.1.3.
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Marlin, Richard. "The External Affairs Power and Environmental Protection in Australia." Federal Law Review 24, no. 1 (March 1996): 71–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0067205x9602400103.
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Stewart, Andrew. "The New Unfair Dismissal Jurisdiction in South Australia." Journal of Industrial Relations 28, no. 3 (September 1986): 367–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218568602800304.
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The transition in the South Australian jurisdiction over unfair dismissals has generated issues that challenge the future and directions of employment protection in Australia. The new provision, with its key remedial power of compensation in liett of reinstatement or re-employment, has in its practical operation approached far closer to the British model of statutory employment rights than any of its counterparts in the other states, and has further proved sufficiently flexible to generate entitlements to redundancy payments in a novel way. Many of the legal points raised in the decided cases to date reflect important aspects of definition, interaction with otherjurisdictions and employ ment policy generally; these include the definition of dismissal, the effect of alternative remedies on an unfair dismissal claim, the taxation of compensation awards and the significance of this type of legislation as a source of procedural (if not always substantive) fairness.
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Dobbinson, Suzanne J., Melanie A. Wakefield, Kris M. Jamsen, Natalie L. Herd, Matthew J. Spittal, John E. Lipscomb, and David J. Hill. "Weekend Sun Protection and Sunburn in Australia." American Journal of Preventive Medicine 34, no. 2 (February 2008): 94–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2007.09.024.
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Day, Diana G. "Resources development or instream protection? The case of Queensland, Australia." Environmentalist 9, no. 1 (March 1989): 7–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02242477.
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Kelly, Danial. "Natural Resources Law in Australia: Principles and Practices." Jambe Law Journal 1, no. 2 (July 12, 2019): 155–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/jlj.1.2.155-176.
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What is the jurisprudential approach taken to Natural Resources Law in Australia? The ultimate source of law in Australia is Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act however the Constitution does not specifically include an environment or natural resources power and the Commonwealth government can only make laws under the heads of power provided by the Constitution. This paper considers how natural resources law has developed as environmental protection law, especially the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act. Also discussed is the approach taken by the Northern Territory of Australia in relation to natural resources law. The discussion unearths the developing jurisprudence in Australian natural resources law that seems to increasingly favour environmental protection over human development.
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Crawford, David. "“The injured coastline"— a parliamentary report on coastal protection in Australia." Coastal Management 20, no. 2 (January 1992): 189–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08920759209362171.
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Rusche, Tim Maxian. "How to Enforce the Achmea Judgment – Tools for EU Member States before, during and after Investment Arbitration Proceedings Brought by an Investor from Another EU Member State." European Investment Law and Arbitration Review Online 6, no. 1 (December 20, 2021): 310–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24689017_0601016.
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Arbitration tribunals, in particular those established under the ICSID Convention, refuse to adhere to the judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union in Achmea. Are EU Member States at their mercy? So goes the story presented at conferences and roadshows, as well as in academic publications, which often point to the special protection that ICSID awards enjoy pursuant to Articles 53 and 54 of the ICSID Convention (this element is also often recalled by ICSID tribunals in awards in reaction to arguments based on Union law, in particular the unenforceability of intra-EU awards). This article sets out effective weapons that EU Member States may deploy prior to, during, and after the arbitration procedure, in order to enforce effectively the judgment in Achmea.
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Kingham, N. "Environmental action for community monitoring." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 11 (June 1, 2002): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0393.
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Community monitoring began in Australia in the 1980s primarily as an awareness-raising tool. Since that time, the community has developed increased skills and knowledge in monitoring procedures and both the data collectors and data users are placing greater demands on community data to be accurate and reliable. With over 3,500 community groups in the field collecting data at over 5,000 sites across Australia, the Waterwatch Program has developed guidelines and tools for monitoring and data collection for the community to collect reliable, accurate and useful data. This paper will discuss how Waterwatch is providing technical support through a range of data confidence guidelines and procedures to ensure that community monitoring and community data continue to play a significant role in the protection and management of our waterways. This paper will also draw on a couple of case studies from across Australia that demonstrate community data being used by a variety of stakeholders.
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Bates, Gerry. "Environmental Assessment Australia's New Outlook under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth)." Environmental Law Review 4, no. 4 (December 2002): 203–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/146145290200400402.
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Environmental law in Australia owes much of its origins to British ancestry, but as a political federation of states and territories, Australia has also looked to other federal jurisdictions in the USA and Canada to help determine appropriate legal responsibilities for protection of the environment and management of natural resources. Environmental assessment of activities at Commonwealth level indeed was initially influenced by the American and Canadian models; but in recent years Australian governments have sought a more refined approach that reflects the realities of a new era of ‘co-operative federalism’ ushered in by the Inter-governmental Agreement on the Environment 1992. The promulgation of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth) (EPBCA) represents the conclusion of this search for the most appropriate statement of Commonwealth/state responsibilities for the environment; and represents the most fundamental reform of Commonwealth responsibility for the environment in the past 30 years. The Act, which came into force on 16 July 2000, replaces five existing statutes; the Endangered Species Protection Act 1992 (Cth); the Environment Protection (Impact of Proposals) Act 1974 (Cth) (EPIP Act); the National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act 1975 (Cth); the Whale Protection Act 1980 (Cth), and the World Heritage Properties Conservation Act 1983 (Cth).1 The passage of the Act has been controversial because it appears to limit the legal responsibilities of the federal government to a narrow list of defined circumstances, omitting in the process some environmental issues in Australia that might appear to demand a national approach. The purpose of this paper is to describe the background and philosophy behind the new legislation, and outline the provisions for Commonwealth environmental assessment and approval of actions that might significantly affect the environment.
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Dare, Andrew J., Karl AM Andriessen, Merete Nordentoft, Michella Meier, Annemiek Huisman, and Jane E. Pirkis. "Media awards for responsible reporting of suicide: Experiences from Australia, Belgium and Denmark." International Journal of Mental Health Systems 5, no. 1 (2011): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1752-4458-5-15.
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Greenall, A. "A new beginning for environmental education in Australia." Australian Journal of Environmental Education 1, no. 2 (June 1985): 13–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s081406260000450x.
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In 1980-81 when I last wrote about the future of environmental education in Australian schools I was quite pessimistic and concluded that environmental education had been a phenomenon of the affluent seventies in Australia. This conclusion was based on observations, reading and experience with schools, education authorities and curriculum projects over the preceding seven years.Environmental education aims to develop not only awareness, understanding and skills. Most importantly, it also aims to encourage feelings of concern for the environment and protection. This means that it is concerned with social reconstruction — environmental education programs must have moral and political components if they are to achieve the accepted aims of environmental education. In 1980-81 I argued that environmental education had been subjected to incorporation within the existing hegemoney of schools in a neutralised form — the radical ‘action’ components of the environmental education aims had been deleted from school programs whilst the less controversial cognitive and skill aims had been retained, together with the name ‘environmental education’. There was evidence that programs of this genre had increased during the seventies, including an increased environmental content in traditional subjects in the curriculum. In general terms there was little inducement for schools to implement all the aims of environmental education.
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Petrie, L. G., and J. D. Wrigley. "Recreational Use of the Catchments and Storages of Sydney Water Board (Australia)." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0039.
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The Water Board has a number of catchment areas under its control. These catchment areas are used to supply water of acceptable quality and quantity to over 3.4 million people. A range of catchment protection measures is applied to these catchment areas depending on distance from and length of time from the offtake points. Several recreation pursuits have been permitted within the terms of the protection measures. To gain a view of public perception and acceptance the Board in 1986 completed a public review and survey of the present and potential future use of its water supply catchment areas and storages for recreational purposes. The study considered whether community recreational demands were being met and whether some or all of these demands can be satisfied without harming water quality or the environment. From the study, the Board has concluded that there is both broad community support for its strong protection of the water supply and significant interest in use of additional recreational facilities. Accordingly, the Board has identified a number of additional requested recreational opportunities that can be introduced while maintaining present levels of water quality protection and conservation values. These additional items include additional nature walks near some of the existing dam picnic areas, escorted tours of the catchment areas, walking trails on catchment perimeters and increased river bank fishing in the Warragamba Catchment Area. Additional facilities are being introduced at Prospect Reservoir in the populated western suburbs of Sydney including a bicycle/jogging/walking track, BMX track, skateboard area and historic lookout and picnic area. These new initiatives will be introduced as part of an ongoing programme of review. Additional future activities will be introduced where possible. The Board however is concerned that no recreational activity should be introduced that is likely to cause future problems with water quality protection. Future introduction of increased water treatment levels will enable a further review of catchment protection policies but the high costs of such treatment will cause the Board to delay those introductions as long as practicable. In brief, the Board has fully reviewed its present policy on recreational use and has concluded that the general pol icy is appropriate and has strong community support. The implementation of that policy is being modified, however, to provide for acceptable additional facilities for which there is a demonstrated community need.
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Smith, James C., Harriet Whiley, and Kirstin E. Ross. "The New Environmental Health in Australia: Failure to Launch?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4 (February 3, 2021): 1402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041402.
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Background: The New Environmental Health is an approach to environmental health adopted in 1999. The new approach was in response to emerging health risks from the pressures that development placed on the environment, climate change, and increasing vulnerabilities of local communities. The new approach heralded a change in perception and roles within environmental health. Twenty years on, it seems these changes have not been embraced by local government. Methods: To determine whether this was the case, we assessed the use of the term “environmental health” in local government annual reports, and where environmental health functions sit within the organisational structure of councils. Results: We found that the New Environmental Health has not been adopted by councils and environmental health relates solely to the delivery of statutory services and legislative compliance. Conclusions: One result of this is local environmental health practitioners, who constitute the major health protection capability of councils, are defined by the narrow legislative obligations imposed on councils. This represents a significant lost opportunity as public health is not protected in the way that was envisaged with the adoption of the New Environmental Health.
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Jones, CB, L. Day, and C. Staines. "TRACTOR RELATED FATALITIES FOLLOWING MANDATORY ROLLOVER PROTECTION STRUCTURE RETROFITTING IN VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA." Injury Prevention 18, Suppl 1 (October 2012): A49.2—A49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2012-040580d.38.
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Parr, Nick, and Stefania Siedlecky. "Use of ‘dual protection’ and other combinations of contraceptive methods in Australia." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 31, no. 6 (December 2007): 567–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-6405.2007.00145.x.
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Metzeling, Leon, David Tiller, Peter Newall, Fiona Wells, and Julia Reed. "Biological Objectives for the Protection of Rivers and Streams in Victoria, Australia." Hydrobiologia 572, no. 1 (April 4, 2006): 287–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-005-9005-2.
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Cheaitani, Atef, and Samir Cheytani. "New developments for corrosion protection of concrete structures in Australia." MATEC Web of Conferences 289 (2019): 03003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201928903003.
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The corrosion protection, repair and maintenance of reinforced concrete structures located along the coast of Australia has been a challenging task for engineers and asset owners over the past thirty years. Most of these structures are bridges and wharves which are situated in marine environments and are subject to tidal exposure. These environmental conditions create challenges in planning repair work, especially if electrochemical systems such as cathodic protection are installed for corrosion protection of these assets. While impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) is a proven technology which can provide long-term corrosion prevention solutions for marine structures, this technology has been viewed by many asset owners as overly complex and expensive. There is the perception that ICCP systems require costly permanent monitoring programs and have high maintenance costs. These perceptions have been supported by the frequent failure of power supply units, and in some cases, widespread defects associated with ICCP systems such as grout acidification in concrete elements situated in tidal zones. The perception about the complexity of ICCP technology has led to the selection of less effective galvanic-based systems for the protection of assets, and systems which require no monitoring and have low maintenance requirements. This paper will present information on the new developments which have emerged from long-term experience and research work related to the simplification in the design, installation and improved monitoring of ICCP systems.
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Kalina, I., D. Novykov, V. Leszczynski, K. Lavrukhina, P. Kukhta, and V. Nitsenko. "Entrepreneurial structures of the extractive industry: foreign experience in environmental protection." Naukovyi Visnyk Natsionalnoho Hirnychoho Universytetu, no. 5 (October 30, 2022): 136–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/nvngu/2022-5/136.
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Purpose. To propose measures on assessing the initial state of the environment based on the foreign experience of natural resources protection by business structures in the extractive industry (using the example of some countries that are members of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Methodology. In the course of the scientific research, the authors used a number of general scientific and special methods of cognition, such as analysis for critical assessment of approaches to the interpretation of the essence and necessity of nature protection; quantitative and qualitative comparisons to highlight the mutual impact of environmental protection measures used by companies of OECD member countries; scientific abstraction and systematization for setting out proposals regarding the application of the most successful measures for Ukraine, applied by OECD member countries. Findings. The authors considered the experience of foreign member countries of the OECD such as Kazakhstan, Australia, Canada, the USA in terms of the implementation of some international regulations on labor protection, local maintenance standards, the governments focus on cooperation with license holders for subsoil use operations. Originality. The authors suggested that the government of Ukraine pay attention to the measures introduced by Australia in terms of assessment of the initial state of the environment. Subsoil user companies should collect environmental information at the project planning stage in order to determine the factors that are subject to monitoring, further study, and control at the stage of liquidation of consequences after the termination of operations. Environmental information should include information on climatic conditions, geological data, soil data, hydrological data, data on vegetation, terrestrial and subterranean fauna, as well as information on socioeconomic conditions and cultural heritage sites. Practical value. The considered experience is also useful for Ukraine, since we have a significant part of enterprises in the extractive industry and the issues of environmental protection and nature management should occupy one of the first places in companies. The results of the research can be used by practitioners, scientists, and civil servants for further perspectives of the development.
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Harvey, Nick. "Energy Related Projects and Environmental Impact Legislation in South Australia." Energy & Environment 5, no. 4 (December 1994): 285–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958305x9400500401.
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Australian projects designed for the production, distribution and use of energy are generally governed by specific legislation within individual States, mostly for the promotion and regulation of resource development. These projects are also subject to environmental protection provisions in Commonwealth and State legislation, in particular environmental impact assessment legislation, which has a much longer history than in Europe. This paper examines the application of the Commonwealth and the South Australian environmental impact assessment legislation to South Australian energy related projects, focusing on the period from 1982–1993. The paper notes the importance of the State government and its instrumentalities in all major energy supply and energy use projects. The paper also notes that significant energy related projects are subject to public scrutiny through the environmental impact assessment process in South Australia but that key energy policy decisions which may also have significant impacts are not subject to the same public scrutiny. The paper concludes by canvassing strategic environmental assessment options as an alternative to project based assessment for energy related projects.
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Connor, M. A., and D. Reeve. "The Clean Technology Incentive Scheme of the State of Victoria, Australia." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 8 (April 1, 1994): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0377.
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Over the past decade environment protection policies have placed increasing emphasis on waste minimisation and cleaner production techniques. The Environment Protection Authority in Victoria, Australia, has sought to encourage waste minimisation by establishing a Clean Technology Incentive Scheme. This Scheme makes available secured interest-free loans of up to $100,000 to selected small and medium-sized companies proposing to install proven yet innovative waste reducing technology. Applications are evaluated by a Review Committee drawn from a diversity of backgrounds. The technical feasibility, innovativeness, environmental benefits and financial soundness of proposals are assessed and a short-list of potential loan recipients prepared. The managerial competence and financial status of short-listed applicants is checked before loans are made. The Scheme was established in 1988 and since then 35 offers of loans have been made. Whilst the newness of the Scheme makes evaluation of its long-term effectiveness premature, results to date are encouraging. Case studies of three especially successful projects are presented.
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Tundo, Pietro, Paul Anastas, David StC Black, Joseph Breen, Terrence J. Collins, Sofia Memoli, Junshi Miyamoto, Martyn Polyakoff, and William Tumas. "Synthetic pathways and processes in green chemistry. Introductory overview." Pure and Applied Chemistry 72, no. 7 (January 1, 2000): 1207–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200072071207.
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ContentsGreen Chemistry in the International ContextThe Concept of green ChemistryDefinition of green chemistry | Green chemistry: Why now? | The historical context of green chemistry | The emergence of green chemistryThe Content of Green ChemistryAreas of green chemistry | Preliminary remarks | Alternative feedstocks | Benign reagents/synthetic pathways | Synthetic transformations | Solvents/reaction conditionsGreen Chemistry in the International ContextIt has come to be recognized in recent years, that the science of chemistry is central to addressing the problems facing the environment. Through the utilization of the various subdisciplines of chemistry and the molecular sciences, there is an increasing appreciation that the emerging area of green chemistry1is needed in the design and attainment of sustainable development. A central driving force in this increasing awareness is that green chemistry accomplishes both economic and environmental goals simultaneously through the use of sound, fundamental scientific principles. Recently, a basic strategy has been proposed for implementing the relationships between industry and academia, and hence, funding of the research that constitutes the engine of economic advancement; it is what many schools of economics call the "triple bottom line" philosophy, meaning that an enterprise will be economically sustainable if the objectives of environmental protection, societal benefit, and market advantage are all satisfied2. Triple bottom line is a strong idea for evaluating the success of environmental technologies. It is clear that the best environmentally friendly technology or discovery will not impact on the market if it is not economically advantageous; in the same way, the market that ignores environmental needs and human involvement will not prosper. This is the challenge for the future of the chemical industry, its development being strongly linked to the extent to which environmental and human needs can be reconciled with new ideas in fundamental research. On the other hand, it should be easy to foresee that the success of environmentally friendly reactions, products, and processes will improve competitiveness within the chemical industry. If companies are able to meet the needs of society, people will influence their own governments to foster those industries attempting such environmental initiatives. Of course, fundamental research will play a central role in achieving these worthy objectives. What we call green chemistry may in fact embody some of the most advanced perspectives and opportunities in chemical sciences.It is for these reasons that the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) has a central role to play in advancing and promoting the continuing emergence and impact of green chemistry. When we think about how IUPAC furthers chemistry throughout the world, it is useful to refer to IUPAC's Strategic Plan. This plan demonstrates the direct relevance of the mission of IUPAC to green chemistry, and explains why there is growing enthusiasm for the pursuit of this new area as an appropriate activity of a scientific Union. The IUPAC Strategic Plan outlines among other goals:IUPAC will serve as a scientific, international, nongovernmental body in objectively addressing global issues involving the chemical sciences. Where appropriate, IUPAC will represent the interests of chemistry in governmental and nongovernmental forums.IUPAC will provide tools (e.g., standardized nomenclature and methods) and forums to help advance international research in the chemical sciences.IUPAC will assist chemistry-related industry in its contributions to sustainable development, wealth creation, and improvement in the quality of life.IUPAC will facilitate the development of effective channels of communication in the international chemistry community.IUPAC will promote the service of chemistry to society in both developed and developing countries.IUPAC will utilize its global perspective to contribute toward the enhancement of education in chemistry and to advance the public understanding of chemistry and the scientific method.IUPAC will make special efforts to encourage the career development of young chemists.IUPAC will broaden the geographical base of the Union and ensure that its human capital is drawn from all segments of the world chemistry community.IUPAC will encourage worldwide dissemination of information about the activities of the Union.IUPAC will assure sound management of its resources to provide maximum value for the funds invested in the Union.Through the vehicle of green chemistry, IUPAC can engage and is engaging the international community in issues of global importance to the environment and to industry, through education of young and established scientists, the provision of technical tools, governmental engagement, communication to the public and scientific communities, and the pursuit of sustainable development. By virtue of its status as a leading and internationally representative scientific body, IUPAC is able to collaborate closely in furthering individual national efforts as well as those of multinational entities.An important example of such collaboration in the area of green chemistry is that of IUPAC with the Organization for the Economical Cooperation and Development (OECD) in the project on "Sustainable Chemistry", aimed at promoting increased awareness of the subject in the member countries. During a meeting of the Environment Directorate (Paris, 6 June 1999), it was proposed that United States and Italy co-lead the activity, and that implementation of five recommendations to the member countries be accorded the highest priority, namely:research and developmentawards and recognition for work on sustainable chemistryexchange of technical information related to sustainable chemistryguidance on activities and tools to support sustainable chemistry programssustainable chemistry educationThese recommendations were perceived to have socio-economic implications for worldwide implementation of sustainable chemistry. How IUPAC and, in particular, its Divisions can contribute to this effort is under discussion. IUPAC is recognized for its ability to act as the scientific counterpart to OECD for all recommendations and activities. Although the initiatives being developed by the OECD are aimed primarily at determining the role that national institutions can play in facilitating the implementation and impact of green chemistry, it is recognized that each of these initiatives also has an important scientific component. Whether it is developing criteria or providing technical assessment for awards and recognition, identifying appropriate scientific areas for educational incorporation, or providing scientific insight into the areas of need for fundamental research and development, IUPAC can play and is beginning to play an important role as an international scientific authority on green chemistry.Other multinational organizations including, among others, the United Nations, the European Union, and the Asian Pacific Economic Community, are now beginning to assess the role that they can play in promoting the implementation of green chemistry to meet environmental and economic goals simultaneously. As an alternative to the traditional regulatory framework often implemented as a unilateral strategy, multinational governmental organizations are discovering that green chemistry as a nonregulatory, science-based approach, provides opportunities for innovation and economic development that are compatible with sustainable development. In addition, individual nations have been extremely active in green chemistry and provide plentiful examples of the successful utilization of green chemistry technologies. There are rapidly growing activities in government, industry, and academia in the United States, Italy, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Spain, Germany, Japan, China, and many other countries in Europe and Asia, that testify to the importance of green chemistry to the future of the central science of chemistry around the world.Organizations and Commissions currently involved in programs in green chemistry at the national or international level include, for example:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), with the "Green Chemistry Program" which involves, among others, the National Science Foundation, the American Chemical Society, and the Green Chemistry Institute;European Directorate for R&D (DG Research), which included the goals of sustainable chemistry in the actions and research of the European Fifth Framework Programme;Interuniversity Consortium "Chemistry for the Environment", which groups about 30 Italian universities interested in environmentally benign chemistry and funds their research groups;UK Royal Society of Chemistry, which promotes the concept of green chemistry through a "UK Green Chemistry Network" and the scientific journal Green Chemistry;UNIDO-ICS (International Centre for Science and High Technology of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization) which is developing a global program on sustainable chemistry focusing on catalysis and cleaner technologies with particular attention to developing and emerging countries (the program is also connected with UNIDO network of centers for cleaner production); andMonash University, which is the first organization in Australia to undertake a green chemistry program.Footnotes:1. The terminology "green chemistry" or "sustainable chemistry" is the subject of debate. The expressions are intended to convey the same or very similar meanings, but each has its supporters and detractors, since "green" is vividly evocative but may assume an unintended political connotation, whereas "sustainable" can be paraphrased as "chemistry for a sustainable environment", and may be perceived as a less focused and less incisive description of the discipline. Other terms have been proposed, such as "chemistry for the environment" but this juxtaposition of keywords already embraces many diversified fields involving the environment, and does not capture the economic and social implications of sustainability. The Working Party decided to adopt the term green chemistry for the purpose of this overview. This decision does not imply official IUPAC endorsement for the choice. In fact, the IUPAC Committee on Chemistry and Industry (COCI) favors, and will continue to use sustainable chemistry to describe the discipline.2. J. Elkington, < http://www.sustainability.co.uk/sustainability.htm
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MARSDEN, SIMON. "PROTECTING HERITAGE ON AUSTRALIA'S COASTS: A ROLE FOR STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT?" Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 15, no. 03 (September 2013): 1350014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333213500142.
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This article examines two experiences with strategic environmental assessment (SEA) in Australia, one complete the other in progress. The first applied SEA to a plan for a liquefied natural gas hub precinct on the National Heritage listed Kimberley coast of Western Australia, and the second applies SEA to a coastal management, planning and development framework for the World Heritage listed Great Barrier Reef on the coast of Queensland. Both cases illustrate the approach of the Australian governments to SEA, highlighting the benefits of the approach yet certain flaws in application and process. The research consists of an extensive evaluation of the relevant legislation, its application and reform, together with a thorough literature review. Results highlight concerns in relation to the objective of SEA in Australia, its initiation and timing, consideration of alternatives, and governance. Conclusions are that SEA in Australia will be enhanced if the purpose is more explicitly focused on environmental protection, if SEA is applied early to a reasonable range of alternative sites, and if the Australian Government continues to play an active role in relation to matters of national environmental significance.
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Smith, James C., Harriet Whiley, and Kirstin E. Ross. "Climate Change and Health: Local Government Capacity for Health Protection in Australia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 3 (January 18, 2023): 1750. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20031750.
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Climate change is the greatest global health threat of the 21st century, with numerous direct and indirect human health consequences. Local governments play a critical role in communities’ response to climate change, both through strategies to reduce emissions and adaption plans to respond to changing climate and extreme weather events. Australian local government environmental health officers (EHOs) have the relevant skills and expertise to inform and develop adaptation plans for health protection in the context of climate change. This study used an online survey followed by phone interviews of local government management to determine the extent to which EHOs are involved in adaptation planning in health protection climate change plans. Questions were also asked to determine whether local councils are aware of EHOs’ capability to contribute and to gauge the willingness of management to provide EHOs with the workload capacity to do so. The findings demonstrated that although climate adaptation and mitigation planning is occurring in local government, it is not including or considering the public health impacts on the community. Primarily, it was found that this oversight was due to a lack of awareness of the health impacts of climate change outside of a disaster or emergency scenario. Currently, EHOs are an untapped source of knowledge and skills that can contribute to climate change adaption planning. To support this, a framework of local environmental health practice was developed to assist the reconceptualization of the scope of practice required for the planning and response to climate change.
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Rothwell, Donald R. "Australian and Canadian initiatives in polar marine environmental protection: a comparative review." Polar Record 34, no. 191 (October 1998): 305–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400026012.
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AbstractIncreasing attention has been given to the protection of the polar marine environment throughout the 1990s. In the case of the Antarctic Treaty System, in addition to a number of recommendations and measures adopted at Antarctic Treaty Meetings, the 1991 Madrid Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty contains a number of measures that will enhance marine environmental protection in the Southern Ocean. In the case of the Arctic, the 1991 Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy identified marine pollution as being one of the major environmental issues in the Arctic, and a number of initiatives have since been developed to encourage the Arctic states to deal with the problem collectively and individually. However, while the collective responses of the polar states have been helpful in giving prominence to the importance of marine environmental protection in polar waters, it is the coastal states of the polar regions that need to take responsibility to give effect to these initiatives. Australia and Canada are two of the most prominent polar states in Antarctica and the Arctic, respectively. Both have large maritime claims and have also developed a range of domestic legal and policy responses to enhance marine environmental protection in the polar regions. A review is undertaken of the respective global and regional marine environmental protection regimes that apply in the polar regions, followed by a comparative analysis of the Australian and Canadian initiatives.
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Ecker, S., A. Karafilis, and R. Taylor. "Challenges of the Blackwood Basin, Western Australia." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 9 (May 1, 2001): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0504.
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Growing concern about the declining state of the catchment and river led to the formation of the Blackwood Basin Group in 1992. Funded primarily by the Natural Heritage Trust and using the river as the focus, the group aims to provide leadership and support to achieve sustainable management of natural resources in the catchment. Through an Integrated Catchment Management approach, the Blackwood Basin Group has managed a range of projects to improve the community's understanding and management of the Blackwood River and its catchment. A number of research, education, demonstration and on-ground action activities relating to river management have been undertaken in partnership with community and local, state and federal government organisations. Activities include demonstrations and evaluations of riparian restoration, funding riparian restoration activities, protection of high conservation value remnant vegetation, a flood risk study, zone action planning and monitoring the condition of the river and its tributaries.
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Dreher, Dennis. "Chicago Wilderness Green Infrastructure Vision: Challenges and Opportunities for the Built Environment." Journal of Green Building 4, no. 3 (August 1, 2009): 72–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.4.3.72.
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The Chicago Wilderness Biodiversity Recovery Plan has won state and national awards for its farsighted approach to regional biodiversity protection. Inspired by Daniel Burnham's Plan of Chicago, the Green Infrastructure Vision takes a step beyond the Recovery Plan by mapping an on-the-ground vision of what could and should be protected in the regional landscape. This Green Infrastructure Vision (GIV) identifies 1.8 million acres of macro-scale resource protection areas that span a region that includes southeastern Wisconsin, northeastern Illinois, and northwestern Indiana. This ambitious vision will require an integrated array of land protection techniques, including acquisition, conservation easements, greenway connections, restoration, and conservation development. Its implementation is being pursued at a range of spatial scales, including regional comprehensive plans, county and municipal plans and ordinances, and at the neighborhood and individual development level. The Vision presents unique opportunities and challenges for both the development community and local governments as progressive new approaches to sustainable land use and conservation development are considered and implemented.
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MacIntyre, Raina. "Vaccination for COVID-19 control and considerations for Australia." Microbiology Australia 42, no. 1 (2021): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma21009.
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Vaccines remain the main prospect for an exit strategy from the COVID-19 pandemic, and may, depending on efficacy, duration of protection and uptake, make herd immunity feasible. If herd immunity is not achievable, SARS-COV-2 will circulate long-term. There are many vaccine candidates in development and choices between vaccines that will vary in efficacy and safety. The efficacy of available vaccines is compared and ranges from 62–95% against symptomatic infection with the G614 variant. Efficacy is reduced against new variants of concern and is uncertain against asymptomatic infection. Some vaccines show a better protective immune response than natural infection. The principles of herd immunity and prerequisites for achieving it, such as vaccine efficacy, duration of protection and coverage, are discussed. The alternative vaccine strategies including mass vaccination, targeted risk or age-based vaccination and ring vaccination, as well as speed of vaccination are reviewed. Finally, the impact of variants of concern on vaccine programs and the logistics of mass vaccination are discussed.
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Junk, Wolfgang J. "Long-term environmental trends and the future of tropical wetlands." Environmental Conservation 29, no. 4 (December 2002): 414–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892902000310.
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Tropical wetlands assume important functions in the landscape and contribute considerably to the welfare of large parts of the human population, but they are seriously threatened because they are considered free resources of land and water. This review summarizes long-term environmental trends for tropical wetlands and predicts their future to the time horizon 2025. Many tropical countries do not have the economic strength, scientific and technological capacity, and/or administrative infrastructure to adequately react to the challenges of increasing population pressure and globalization of the economy with respect to the sustainable use of the resources. Furthermore, political instability and armed conflicts affect large areas in several tropical countries, hindering wetland research and management. Detailed wetland inventories are missing in most countries, as are plans for a sustainable management of wetlands in the context of a long-term integrated watershed management. Despite large regional variability, a continental ranking shows, in decreasing order of wetland integrity, South America, Africa, Australia and Asia, while efforts to mitigate human impacts on wetlands are largest and most advanced in Australia. Analysis of demographic, political, economic and ecological trends indicates fairly stable conditions for wetlands in tropical Australia, slight deterioration of the large wetland areas in tropical South America excepting the Magdalena and Cauca River flood plains where human population is larger, rapidly increasing pressure and destruction on many African and Central American wetlands and serious threats for the remaining wetlands in tropical Asia, by the year of 2025. Policy deficiencies, deficient planning concepts, limited information and awareness and institutional weakness are the main administrative reasons for wetland degradation and must be overcome to improve wetland management and protection in future. Intensification of international cooperation and assistance is considered of fundamental importance for most tropical countries to solve problems related to wetland research, protection and sustainable management.
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Campbell, Lachlan. "Wimmera River (Victoria, Australia) – Increasing Use of a Diminishing Resource." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): 245–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0058.
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The Wimmera River is central western Victoria's most important river, rising in the Grampians National Park, filling storages that supply the major water supply to the vast Wimmera and Mallee regions. It passes through the Little Desert National Park, an area of significant scenic, recreation, historical and conservation value and terminates in Victoria's largest inland freshwater lakes (Lakes Hindmarsh and Albacutya). The brittleness of the whole closed Wimmera River system, and the over committal of the water resources was brought to the public's attention when appeals were lodged against the proposal to licence a discharge of high standard secondary effluent from an extended aeration oxidation ditch and lagoon treatment facility at Horsham. Residents, user and community groups, Municipal Councils and Government Departments, aware of the deterioration of the Wimmera River had somewhere to focus their attention. Victoria's and possibly Australia's longest environmental appeal, lasting twenty-five days, and a State Environment Protection Policy, determined that all major point sources of nutrients should be removed from the River. More resources for clearing of unwanted emergent weeds, more facilities for protection of Crown Land and catchments generally, and the implementation of environmental summer flows as piping of the Wimmera-Mallee Stock and Domestic System proceeds, are all required. A River Management Board with strength, wealth, good public relations and a dedication to the task could make the Wimmera River an example for all Australia and a tourist attraction of immense value to the region.
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Abdo, Linda, Sandy Griffin, and Annabeth Kemp. "Apples for Oranges: Disparities in Offset Legislation and Policy among Jurisdictions and its Implications for Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development in Australia." Environmental Management and Sustainable Development 8, no. 1 (February 11, 2019): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/emsd.v8i1.14081.
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As a signatory to Agenda 21, the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (including the Sustainable Development Goals) and the Convention on Biological Diversity, Australia has an international obligation to ensure sustainable development. Biodiversity offsets are one tool used by Australian regulators to allow development to continue, whilst ensuring international obligations for sustainable development are met. In this study, legislation, policy and published guidelines for the Australian Commonwealth, states and territories were analysed to determine if the application of biodiversity offsets was consistent with the principles of sustainable development (environmentally, socially, economically) and if the allowance of biodiversity offsets in different jurisdictions created gaps in biodiversity and environmental protection across Australia. Regulation of biodiversity offsets was found to be inconsistent between the Commonwealth and the states and territories, with most jurisdictions having less than 50% similarity. This inconsistency in offset policy and legislation between jurisdictions could lead to loss of biodiversity. Additionally, jurisdictions did not adequately consider the social and economic aspects of sustainability in relation to biodiversity offsets, meaning that, through the allowance of biodiversity offsets, Australia may not be meeting their international obligations related to sustainable development. Further legislative development for biodiversity offsets is required in Australia to improve environmental protection and to adequately consider all aspects of sustainability. The Council of Australian Governments is a mechanism that could be used to ensure all jurisdictions consider the aspects of sustainability consistently in relation to biodiversity offsets.
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Chen, Chin-Sung, and Jing-Wen Lin. "An Action Research on the Long-Term Implementation of an Engineering-Centered PjBL of Sustainable Energy in a Rural Middle School." Sustainability 13, no. 19 (September 24, 2021): 10626. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131910626.
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(1) Background: Due to the high proportion of disadvantaged students in a rural school in Taiwan and the gap between students’ concepts and practices of environmental protection and sustainable energy, four science and mathematics teachers in this school planned an engineering-centred PjBL of sustainable energy curriculum in a Makers Club to enhance students’ creativity, engineering technical skills, practices of environmental protection and sustainable energy, and learning attitudes; (2) Methods: This study is a four-year action research. Teachers and students initiated the idea from rebuilding an old fan in a classroom; (3) Results: The students in the Makers Club improved their engineering technical skills and created various green-power generation devices (evolved from a ventilation ball generator, hydropower, ocean current power generators to tiny, 3D-printing wind power generators). They turned environmental protection and sustainable energy concepts into actions during practices and won awards from science and engineering fairs every year. This creative and supportive atmosphere spread from the club to the whole school and improved the students’ practices of environmental protection and learning attitudes after long-term implementation; (4) Conclusions: The design principles of the engineering-centred PjBL of sustainable energy curriculum played a critical role and were outlined at the end of the study.
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Roberts, Kelsey E., Olivia Hill, and Carly N. Cook. "Evaluating perceptions of marine protection in Australia: Does policy match public expectation?" Marine Policy 112 (February 2020): 103766. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2019.103766.
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Edokpolo, Benjamin, Nathalie Allaz-Barnett, Catherine Irwin, Jason Issa, Pete Curtis, Bronwyn Green, Ivan Hanigan, and Martine Dennekamp. "Developing a Conceptual Framework for Environmental Health Tracking in Victoria, Australia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 10 (May 17, 2019): 1748. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16101748.
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Victoria’s (Australia) Environment Protection Authority (EPA), the state’s environmental regulator, has recognized the need to develop an Environmental Health Tracking System (EHTS) to better understand environmental health relationships. To facilitate the process of developing an EHTS; a linkage-based conceptual framework was developed to link routinely collected environmental and health data to better understand environmental health relationships. This involved researching and drawing on knowledge from previous similar projects. While several conceptual frameworks have been used to organize data to support the development of an environmental health tracking system, Driving Force–Pressure–State–Exposure–Effect–Action (DPSEEA) was identified as the most broadly applied conceptual framework. Exposure and effects are two important components of DPSEEA, and currently, exposure data are not available for the EHTS. Therefore, DPSEEA was modified to the Driving Force–Pressure–Environmental Condition–Health Impact–Action (DPEHA) conceptual framework for the proposed Victorian EHTS as there is relevant data available for tracking. The potential application of DPEHA for environmental health tracking was demonstrated through case studies. DPEHA will be a useful tool to support the implementation of Victoria’s environmental health tracking system for providing timely and scientific evidence for EPA and other decision makers in developing and evaluating policies for protecting public health and the environment in Victoria.
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Qian, Xu. "Investment for Green Growth: An Analysis of the CAI Environmental Provisions." Journal of World Investment & Trade 23, no. 4 (August 5, 2022): 628–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22119000-12340263.
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Abstract Since 2012, international investment tribunals have passed several awards highlighting the interaction between environmental obligations imposed upon foreign investors and the host State’s duties towards investors in terms of green investment. The EU-China Comprehensive Agreement on Investment (CAI) is a step forward in continuing the debate on environmental protection and conservation in the context of investment law. This article focuses on section IV subsection 2 of the CAI and analyses the relevant provisions of the CAI and other Sino-EU BITs having a potential impact on the development of environmental policy and climate change-related measures. This article references publicly available investor-State arbitration decisions to understand the ramifications of environmental standards on foreign investment policymaking. Further, this article also highlights the potential impact of the CAI on green investment and green financing measures undertaken by the European Commission.
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Connell, Sharon, John Fien, Helen Sykes, and David Yencken. "Young People and the Environment in Australia: Beliefs, Knowledge, Commitment and Educational Implications." Australian Journal of Environmental Education 14 (1998): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0814062600001555.
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AbstractThere is a paucity of research in Australia on the nature of young people's attitudes, knowledge and actions. This paper reports on the findings from one such study of Australian high school students. The research was based on a survey of 5688 students from Melbourne and Brisbane. These young people identified protection of the environment as the most important problem In Australia and strongly supported the belief systems characteristic of an ‘environmental paradigm’. Despite this, the majority displayed relatively low levels of knowledge of key environmental concepts, and were involved in little environmental action-taking outside of household activities. Differences are reported between: students from Melbourne and Brisbane; girls and boys; high performing and general schools; and teachers and students. The paper concludes with a discussion of some implications for environmental education in Australia.
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Hill, David, and Helen Dixon. "Promoting Sun Protection in Children: Rationale and Challenges." Health Education & Behavior 26, no. 3 (June 1999): 409–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109019819902600310.
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This article outlines the epidemiological and educational arguments for promoting sun protection during childhood and highlights factors that may facilitate or hinder achievement of this behavioral outcome. A model describing behavioral factors in the causation of skin cancer is presented. Summary results from previous behavioral studies and interventions relating to primary prevention of skin cancer are described, and recent data on the cost-effectiveness of sun protection in Australia and its implications for health insurers are discussed. This article also includes a commentary on the demonstration projects promoting skin cancer prevention among children and their caregivers featured in this special issue of Health Education and Behavior.
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Alves de Lima, Araken, Patricia Carvalho dos Reis, Julio César Moreira Reis Castelo Branco, Rodrigo Danieli, Cibele Cristina Osawa, Eduardo Winter, and Douglas Alves Santos. "Scenario-Patent Protection Compared to Climate Change." International Journal of Social Ecology and Sustainable Development 4, no. 3 (July 2013): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jsesd.2013070105.
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The United Nations Framework on Climate Change (UNFCCC) took effect as a treaty in 1994 to promote international cooperation in the fight against global warming. Currently, nearly 190 countries are signatories of the UNFCCC, which has had successive additions as the Kyoto Protocol (1997). In 1995, the Climate Technology Initiative was established within the UNFCCC to encourage international cooperation in the accelerated development and diffusion of environmentally Sound Technologies - EST. Such technologies are also capable of protection provided by patents, and this kind of protection is a valuable tool for the industrial production inventions to become a worthwhile investment, contributing to economic development. Many patent applications claim advantages relative to efficiency, waste reduction, or even the costs of operation/manufacturing. However, the difficulty of accurately distinguishing the EST’s technologies among others, which are those that only claim environmental benefits, compared to those who actually have a higher potential to promote a more positive impact on the environment directed. This study aims to report some performance initiatives in relations between technologies, focusing on the so-called “GREEN”, and the effects of climate change. Some initiatives have already been started in countries such as Australia, Canada, United States, United Kingdom, Spain, Japan, South Korea and Israel. These nations are constituted in the form of their industrial property offices, as entities that have implemented regulations regarding the patentability of requests for green technologies or EST’s such requests are known as “green patents” applications. In this context, it is highlighted that the definition of “green patents” differs from country to country and this leads to greater uncertainty in this designation, with the codes of the International Patent Classification (IPC) should be prioritized. This study observed that, in the case of South Korea, green patents are technologies classified in accordance with the interests of the Government, or, according to designations of environmental laws. Moreover, it still shows that South Korea, Australia, United States, Japan, Israel already have programs to promote accelerated examination of “green patents” applications with different criteria.
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Swamikannu, X., D. Radulescu, R. Young, and R. Allison. "A comparative analysis: storm water pollution policy in California, USA and Victoria, Australia." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 7-8 (April 1, 2003): 311–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0704.
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Urban drainage systems historically were developed on principles of hydraulic capacity for the transport of storm water to reduce the risk of flooding. However, with urbanization the percent of impervious surfaces increases dramatically resulting in increased flood volumes, peak discharge rates, velocities and duration, and a significant increase in pollutant loads. Storm water and urban runoff are the leading causes of the impairment of receiving waters and their beneficial uses in Australia and the United States today. Strict environmental and technology controls on wastewater treatment facilities and industry for more than three decades have ensured that these sources are less significant today as the cause of impairment of receiving waters. This paper compares the approach undertaken by the Environmental Protection Authority Victoria for the Melbourne metropolitan area with the approach implemented by the California Environmental Protection Agency for the Los Angeles area to control storm water pollution. Both these communities are largely similar in population size and the extent of urbanization. The authors present an analysis of the different approaches contrasting Australia with the USA, comment on their comparative success, and discuss the relevance of the two experiences for developed and developing nations in the context of environmental policy making to control storm water and urban runoff pollution.
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Smith, S. J. "ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW 2000." APPEA Journal 41, no. 2 (2001): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj00055.
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Last year the petroleum industry witnessed the enactment of new legislation both at Commonwealth and State levels. The principal legislative change to environmental management was the introduction of the Commonwealth Government’s Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Act, 2000 (EPBC Act). South Australia and Victoria also implemented new Petroleum Acts and/ or Regulations.Construction of the Eastern Gas Pipeline was also completed last year, whilst preliminary approvals and environmental assessment continues for the Papua New Guinea, Timor Sea and Tasmania Natural Gas pipelines. Offshore exploration continued, particularly in the North West Shelf, Otway Basin, Timor Sea and Bass Strait.Other critical areas of environmental management included greenhouse gases, national pollution inventory reporting and the increasing requirements for environmental approval and management under various state environmental legislation.This paper provides an overview of environmental developments in the petroleum industry during the year 2000, in particular, the implication of new legislation, new technology, e-commerce and a greater focus on environmental reporting.
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Bentil, J. Kodwo. "Environmental Protection and Improvement Statutes and their Primacy over other Statutes in Australia—a Noteworthy Juridical Feature." Statute Law Review 8, no. 1 (1987): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/slr/8.1.32.
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Mallawaarachchi, T., R. K. Blamey, M. D. Morrison, A. K. L. Johnson, and J. W. Bennett. "Community values for environmental protection in a cane farming catchment in Northern Australia: A choice modelling study." Journal of Environmental Management 62, no. 3 (July 2001): 301–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jema.2001.0446.
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Webster, Susan M., and Meredith Temple-Smith. "Children and young people in out-of-home care: are GPs ready and willing to provide comprehensive health assessments for this vulnerable group?" Australian Journal of Primary Health 16, no. 4 (2010): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py10019.
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Children living in out-of-home care because of abuse or neglect are among the most vulnerable in Australia. In 2005 the Royal Australasian College of Physicians highlighted the need for increased attention to the health of such children and recommended regular health assessment. This qualitative study explored the views of a purposive sample of 20 GPs about what would influence GP willingness and readiness to undertake comprehensive health assessments for children entering out-of-home care. Ethical concerns, training, professional development needs, medico-legal issues, workforce and financial pressures and communication problems with the child protection sector were among key factors identified. Professional values about continuity of health care for children emerged as a new issue with important policy implications. This is the first in-depth study in Australia of GP perspectives about systematic health assessments for children in child protection and sheds new light on the low GP uptake of such assessments for at-risk population groups.