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1
Kingham, N. "Environmental action for community monitoring." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 11 (June 1, 2002): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0393.
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Community monitoring began in Australia in the 1980s primarily as an awareness-raising tool. Since that time, the community has developed increased skills and knowledge in monitoring procedures and both the data collectors and data users are placing greater demands on community data to be accurate and reliable. With over 3,500 community groups in the field collecting data at over 5,000 sites across Australia, the Waterwatch Program has developed guidelines and tools for monitoring and data collection for the community to collect reliable, accurate and useful data. This paper will discuss how Waterwatch is providing technical support through a range of data confidence guidelines and procedures to ensure that community monitoring and community data continue to play a significant role in the protection and management of our waterways. This paper will also draw on a couple of case studies from across Australia that demonstrate community data being used by a variety of stakeholders.
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Edokpolo, Benjamin, Nathalie Allaz-Barnett, Catherine Irwin, Jason Issa, Pete Curtis, Bronwyn Green, Ivan Hanigan, and Martine Dennekamp. "Developing a Conceptual Framework for Environmental Health Tracking in Victoria, Australia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 10 (May 17, 2019): 1748. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16101748.
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Victoria’s (Australia) Environment Protection Authority (EPA), the state’s environmental regulator, has recognized the need to develop an Environmental Health Tracking System (EHTS) to better understand environmental health relationships. To facilitate the process of developing an EHTS; a linkage-based conceptual framework was developed to link routinely collected environmental and health data to better understand environmental health relationships. This involved researching and drawing on knowledge from previous similar projects. While several conceptual frameworks have been used to organize data to support the development of an environmental health tracking system, Driving Force–Pressure–State–Exposure–Effect–Action (DPSEEA) was identified as the most broadly applied conceptual framework. Exposure and effects are two important components of DPSEEA, and currently, exposure data are not available for the EHTS. Therefore, DPSEEA was modified to the Driving Force–Pressure–Environmental Condition–Health Impact–Action (DPEHA) conceptual framework for the proposed Victorian EHTS as there is relevant data available for tracking. The potential application of DPEHA for environmental health tracking was demonstrated through case studies. DPEHA will be a useful tool to support the implementation of Victoria’s environmental health tracking system for providing timely and scientific evidence for EPA and other decision makers in developing and evaluating policies for protecting public health and the environment in Victoria.
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Connor, M. A., and D. Reeve. "The Clean Technology Incentive Scheme of the State of Victoria, Australia." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 8 (April 1, 1994): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0377.
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Over the past decade environment protection policies have placed increasing emphasis on waste minimisation and cleaner production techniques. The Environment Protection Authority in Victoria, Australia, has sought to encourage waste minimisation by establishing a Clean Technology Incentive Scheme. This Scheme makes available secured interest-free loans of up to $100,000 to selected small and medium-sized companies proposing to install proven yet innovative waste reducing technology. Applications are evaluated by a Review Committee drawn from a diversity of backgrounds. The technical feasibility, innovativeness, environmental benefits and financial soundness of proposals are assessed and a short-list of potential loan recipients prepared. The managerial competence and financial status of short-listed applicants is checked before loans are made. The Scheme was established in 1988 and since then 35 offers of loans have been made. Whilst the newness of the Scheme makes evaluation of its long-term effectiveness premature, results to date are encouraging. Case studies of three especially successful projects are presented.
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Leeming, R., N. Bate, R. Hewlett, and P. D. Nichols. "Discriminating faecal pollution: a case study of stormwater entering Port Phillip Bay, Australia." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 10 (November 1, 1998): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0369.
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This investigation was designed to provide preliminary information to the Environment Protection Authority concerning the input of faecal matter to stormwater drains in the Rippleside area of Geelong, Victoria. Results derived from the combined use of sterol biomarkers (e.g. coprostanol and 24-ethylcoprostanol) and four sub-groups of bacterial indicators (e.g. thermotolerant coliforms, E. coli, faecal streptococci and enterococci) indicated that during wet weather, all sites sampled were affected by significant human faecal contamination. Ratios of coprostanol to bacterial indicators were similar to those for samples collected from nearby sewer mains. During dry weather, there were still severely elevated levels of faecal contamination based on bacterial indicators, but correspondingly low concentrations of faecal sterols suggesting minimal human or herbivore faecal contamination. The origin of the majority of the faecal pollution in dry weather therefore remains to be fully explained. It is clear from this and related studies that the combined measurement of faecal sterols and bacterial indicators can greatly assist distinguishing sources of faecal pollution. It is also shown for aquatic environments that the measurement of coprostanol or other single indicators alone, is inadequate to fully discern faecal contamination from human sources.
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Harvey, Mark S., Michael G. Rix, Volker W. Framenau, Zoë R. Hamilton, Michael S. Johnson, Roy J. Teale, Garth Humphreys, and William F. Humphreys. "Protecting the innocent: studying short-range endemic taxa enhances conservation outcomes." Invertebrate Systematics 25, no. 1 (2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is11011.
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A major challenge confronting many contemporary systematists is how to integrate standard taxonomic research with conservation outcomes. With a biodiversity crisis looming and ongoing impediments to taxonomy, how can systematic research continue to document species and infer the ‘Tree of Life’, and still maintain its significance to conservation science and to protecting the very species it strives to understand? Here we advocate a systematic research program dedicated to documenting short-range endemic taxa, which are species with naturally small distributions and, by their very nature, most likely to be threatened by habitat loss, habitat degradation and climate change. This research can dovetail with the needs of industry and government to obtain high-quality data to inform the assessment of impacts of major development projects that affect landscapes and their biological heritage. We highlight how these projects are assessed using criteria mandated by Western Australian legislation and informed by guidance statements issued by the Environmental Protection Authority (Western Australia). To illustrate slightly different biological scenarios, we also provide three case studies from the Pilbara region of Western Australia, which include examples demonstrating a rapid rise in the collection and documentation of diverse and previously unknown subterranean and surface faunas, as well as how biological surveys can clarify the status of species thought to be rare or potentially threatened. We argue that ‘whole of biota’ surveys (that include all invertebrates) are rarely fundable and are logistically impossible, and that concentrated research on some of the most vulnerable elements in the landscape – short-range endemics, including troglofauna and stygofauna – can help to enhance conservation and research outcomes.
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Mitchell, Tim, and Janine Barrow. "The evolution of strategic environmental assessments for oil and gas developments—an approvals practitioner's perspective." APPEA Journal 52, no. 2 (2012): 680. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj11094.
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Recent impact assessments for large-scale developments in Australia have brought a new focus and evolution in thinking in the application of strategic environmental assessments (SEA). The opportunity to provide a robust strategic-planning framework to facilitate certainty in approvals outcomes and timeframes is balanced by the risks of mis-aligned regulatory and external stakeholder expectations for data, engineering definition, process and condition-setting that may set onerous precedents. The need to consider the commercial reality of longer-term strategic assets and the associated confidentiality considerations is particularly important. While the concept of SEA is facing renewed interest in Australia with regulatory signals that it will continue to be made more standard in approach, it is certainly not a new science. Indeed, it is well established in international approvals circles, with some jurisdictions (e.g. the SEA Directive in the European Union) providing valuable insights. If planned well, SEA can deliver positive approvals outcomes with up-front definition of development zones and forward environmental protection objectives. This extended abstract provides a practitioner’s perspective on the merits of SEA for the oil and gas industry, referencing lessons learnt at domestic and international levels. Selected case studies and practices from other jurisdictions are outlined, with emphasis on providing a practical solution. The present approach to identify best practice objectives for SEA application for achieving optimal benefits for industry, government and community stakeholders are reviewed. The role of strategic assessment in the context of regional offsets planning is also considered.
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Smiles, DE. "Soil Science, soil protection and productivity opening address - National soils conference." Soil Research 30, no. 6 (1992): 817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9920817.
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Australia will continue to rely on its soils to maintain national well being. At the same time society will be more demanding that the soil resource be managed sustainably. Soil scientists are therefore challenged to be more effective in helping formulate policy, contributing to public understanding and in applying their knowledge to meet national need. Close consultation with land managers to define important problems is necessary as is increasing confidence that the knowledge we have is appropriate to the task. It is also important to recognise that much of our science was generated as a reductionist response to difficult problems and it is now necessary to integrate our knowledge to deal with those problems. Collaboration across organisations to ensure most effective use of that knowledge is necessary. Important opportunities to demonstrate application of soil science are identified. A plea is made to teach the subject, not just as an intellectual exercise but as a basis for problem solving across the whole range of uses to which soils are put. Case studies for guidance and to identify knowledge gaps are sought. There is also need to recognise that different client industries demand different communication models to ensure that soil science knowledge is applied appropriately.
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Scott, Gavin. "Sword or a shield? The changing dynamic of the regulatory landscape for Australian gas projects." APPEA Journal 54, no. 2 (2014): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj13082.
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From increased domestic opposition to CSG, to international legal challenges about the project financing of gas projects, the Australian gas industry is under siege from numerous stakeholders—communities, domestic governments and non-government organisations both in Australia and internationally. What this has meant for the industry is a significantly increased risk of in doing business in Australia. A key reason for this elevated risk is that stakeholders are becoming increasingly savvy in the legal and quasi-legal avenues for challenging a project—and regulators are increasingly providing stakeholders the tools to do this. During the past two years, we have seen a number of regulatory regimes used, not simply to protect stakeholders’ rights under these regimes, but as part of a strategy to undermine the legal, financial, and reputational foundations of project as a whole. These regimes include: the domestic and international social and environmental impact standards for the financing and assessment of projects; land access and compensation regimes; and, the native title and cultural heritage protection regimes. As a response to stakeholder action, regulators are also becoming more reactive and regulations more proscriptive. This extended abstract examines the financial and operational impacts of using regulatory regimes as a sword, rather than a shield, against gas proponents, using case studies including the challenge to US Ex-Im’s funding of the APLNG project and the James Price Point project. This extended abstract highlights how, in this new legal environment, proponents must balance compliance with relationships, domestic pressures with international standards and cost with exposure to risk.
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Beresford, Rob. "New Zealand Plant Protection Medal 2016." New Zealand Plant Protection 71 (July 26, 2018): 360–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2018.71.225.
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This medal is awarded by the New Zealand Plant Protection Society to honour those who have made exceptional contributions to plantprotection in New Zealand in the widest sense. The medal is awarded for outstanding services to plant protection, whether through research,education, implementation or leadership.
In 2016, the New Zealand Plant Protection Medal was awarded to Dr Rob Beresford who is one of New Zealand’s most experienced and versatile plant pathologists. Rob started his career in science with an MSc Hons, 1st class, in Auckland in 1978 and was appointed to DSIR Plant Diseases Division at Lincoln in 1979. He was awarded a National Research Advisory Council Postgraduate Research Fellowship to undertake PhD studies at Long Ashton Research Station in the UK from1982 to 1985, returning to Lincoln in 1986. Those studies kicked off a long career in epidemiology and today Rob is New Zealand’s pre-eminent plant disease epidemiologist. For 30 years, Rob has been New Zealand’s strongest advocate for the use of weather-based disease prediction for developing practicaldisease control strategies, particularly to reduce the economic, environmental and market residue impacts of fungicide use. By understanding and modelling relationships between pathogen biology and ecology and weather, Rob has translated complex correlations between biological and physical factorsinto simple practical tools for growers to use for disease control. To date, these have included decision support tools for apple scab, downy mildew in onions, botrytis in grapes and more recently Psa in kiwifruit. He has also developed prediction models for climatic risk of invasive pathogens (potato wart disease and myrtle rust) and for the impacts of climate change on crop diseases.
Recognising the importance of climate and weather in affecting plant diseases, Rob has, for many years, championed a network of weather stations in the key horticultural districts throughout New Zealand to generate data for the decision-support tools. It has been a struggle to keep the network running against shortages of funding and the frequent need to re-assert the value of the network to New Zealand horticulture. Rob has built a team of equally committed colleagues who share this understanding and, through tenacity and persistence, have recently achieved an upgrade of the entire network to internet-based communication systems. It is through his close collaborations over many years with the software company HortPlus that his decision support tools have been delivered to the commercial arena.
Rob was a member of the New Zealand team that argued the case at the World Trade Organisation for the easing of restrictions on New Zealand apples entering Australia. Rob’s superior skills in interpreting climate data, in this case Australian data, in terms of pathogen survival, establishment and spread, and his clarity in presenting the results were instrumental in the success of that case in 2010.
In parallel with Rob’s epidemiological strategy to reduce fungicide use is his interest in the threat of pathogens developing resistance to fungicides. Rob leads research to identify resistance threats to fungicides and also provides liaison between grower associations and agrochemical companies to design and implement robust resistance-management strategies. His focus on resistance started in 2005 when he published updated management strategies for all nine of the then available fungicide groups for the New Zealand Plant Protection Society (NZPPS). In 2007, he re-established the New Zealand Committee on Pesticide Resistance (NZCPR) (which had been in abeyance for 10 years) and chaired the committee’s work on fungicides, insecticides and herbicides from 2007 to 2012. He stepped aside to become NZCPR Science Advisor in 2012 so he could focus on resistance research. Following devastating disease outbreaks of apple scab (Venturia ineaqualis) in the pipfruit industry in 2009, Rob initiated a research programme with Pipfruit New Zealand that showed the cause of the outbreaks to be resistance to two groups of fungicides in use at the time. He has recently coordinated resistance strategy updates for botrytis affecting the wine industry, for summer fruit diseases and is currently leading a programme to monitor resistance of grape powdery mildew to key groups of fungicides. Rob was awarded the 2014 Plant & Food Research Chairman’s Award for his work on fungicide resistance.
Rob is an effective communicator at all levels from heavy science to grower forums and is always willing to share his time, skills and knowledge. He has been involved with undergraduate lecturing for many years and has successfully supervised several PhDs.
NZPP Medal recipients for the previous five years:2015: Gary Barker2014: -2013: Andrew Hodson2012: Margaret Dick2011: Jim Walker
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Dunin, F. X., C. J. Smith, and O. T. Denmead. "Hydrological change: reaping prosperity and pain in Australia." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 11, no. 1 (January 17, 2007): 77–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-11-77-2007.
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Abstract. The adage: “There is no such thing as a free lunch”, is relevant to land-use hydrology in Australia. Changes in land use to achieve greater productivity of food and fibre may have an adverse effect on the water balance and hence on the natural resource capital of a catchment. An altered regime of catchment outflow accompanies those land-use changes which, together with land degradation, impairs available water resources in quantity and quality and threatens enterprise sustainability, notwithstanding the initial improvement in productivity. Central to any hydrological change is an altered pattern of seasonal and annual water use by vegetation that has become modified in function with an amended transpiration fraction of daily evapotranspiration. In Australia, since measurement of evapotranspiration became feasible, the hydrological consequences of changes in land use have been determined, allowing the benefits in terms of plant productivity achieved through enhanced water use efficiency to be weighed against changed catchment outflows, diminished in either quantity or quality. Four case studies are presented as examples of ecological and hydrological changes: two deal with the upland forest environment and two with arable lowlands. In an upland eucalypt forest, following wildfire with subsequent regeneration from natural seedling establishment, substantial reduction in water yield occurred throughout a 50-year period of succession in the even-aged stand. In comparison, the effect of converting eucalypt forest to pine plantations was less detrimental to the yield of water from the catchments, with substantial growth increases over 30 years. In the lowlands, agricultural productivity, both as annual pasture and as crop, far exceeds that of natural perennial grassland and woodland. This increase in productivity comes not so much from any change to the yield of total water outflow but at the expense of water quality, compromised with increased material transport in suspension and solution resulting from accelerated erosion in association with outbreaks of soil salinity and acidity. The present study is aimed at optimising management to give plant production outcomes that ensure environmental protection through resource conservation. In the uplands, harvesting of water is the dominant consideration so that conservative management with limited plant productivity is sought. In the lowlands, the objective is to devise novel ecosystems with profitable plant production that exercises due control on outflow in maintaining the chemical and physical integrity of the edaphic environment.
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Huxedurp, Leonie M., Guðný Þ. Pálsdóttir, and Nanda Altavilla. "Risk-based planning for water recycling in an Australian context." Water Supply 14, no. 6 (June 3, 2014): 971–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2014.058.
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Australia has seen an unprecedented proliferation in large scale water recycling schemes since the late 1990s. This has been driven by a recent decade of drought, policies to encourage water efficiency in new homes and buildings in urban areas, and to reduce pressure on rain-fed water supplies by replacement with alternate water sources in rural areas. Underpinning these drivers are principles of economic and environmental sustainability and protection of public health. National guidelines for recycling of treated sewage, released in 2006, replaced an approach using prescriptive end point water quality targets, with a 12-step risk-based framework for the planning and operation of Australian water recycling schemes. Essential to this risk-based approach is an understanding of the sewage treatment system and assessing the risks in the catchment, the treatment process, distribution system and end use environment. Inherent also in this process is the identification of critical control points with tangible operational targets for pre-empting, preventing and correcting off-spec conditions before they derail a scheme. Validation of systems through microbial log reduction targets for indicator viruses, bacteria, protozoa and helminths, differentiated according to end use and expected exposures, may be obtained through treatment, site controls or a combination of both. Drawing on case studies from the Australian states of New South Wales (NSW) and Queensland (Qld), this paper gives insight to preventative risk management of water recycling schemes with typical risk profiles. Some advantages and disadvantages of the guideline approach are considered. The information paints a picture of the industry's risk management obligations in the planning phase and may be of use to practitioners in other regions where planning for safe and sustainable water recycling is developing.
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Ridley, J. "The role of engineering innovation in Blue Carbon solutions." APPEA Journal 52, no. 2 (2012): 706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj11120.
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Humanity faces the global challenge of safely removing CO2 from the atmosphere to secure a stable climate. Broadly, there are three options: terrestrial, soils and ocean, and coastal blue carbon sinks. Each option has unique characteristics in relation to permanence, leakage, environmental integrity and co-bene?ts. This extended abstract explores opportunities for blue carbon projects and highlights the important role of engineers in advancing the success of these innovative techniques. Examples of blue carbon include salt marshes, mangroves, seagrasses, macro-algae, coral reefs and open-ocean micro-algae. Regional case studies for mangrove rehabilitation and pioneering research in Australia on micro-algae and open-ocean sequestration are also presented. The world’s oceans contain about 90% of the global carbon budget. Nearly half of global primary productivity occurs in the open-ocean; this productivity has been achieved using only 0.05% of the earth’s biomass. Coastal and marine systems are ef?cient at the continuous storage of carbon, retaining it for centuries. Co-bene?ts include coastal protection, ?sh nurseries, marine biodiversity and improved water quality. Blue carbon is therefore not only direct mitigation, but also a major contributor to the adaptation of changing climate, building a more resilient ecology and supporting long-term sustainability, including that of the major carbon-based industries. Engineers are well equipped to lead this blue revolution while working with scientists and carbon professionals. This extended absrtact highlights opportunities for fast-track implementation and the engineering challenges; it draws on case studies to show scaleable solutions for achieving climate and food security.
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Nash, Chris, and Wendy Bacon. "Reporting sustainability in the English-language press of Southeast Asia." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 12, no. 2 (September 1, 2006): 106–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v12i2.865.
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This article reports on a preliminary scan of six English-language newspapers in Southeast Asia, with a side comparison to a leading Australian newspaper, regarding their coverage of environmental sustainability issues over a two month period in 2005. It identifies the ownership and key politico-economic issues for each masthead, and does a detailed quantitative analysis of their subject matter and use of sources, followed by two case studies of complex, multisourced stories critical of corporate or government activities. The analysis draws on field theory, and canvasses debates about the power relations among journalists and sources. It concludes that there is a common set of journalistic practices across the sample regardless of national and political differences, but considerable diversity of approaches within that commonality. Patterns of ownership, particularly state vs non-state offer little general explanatory power for this diversity. Protection of the environment had ‘motherhood status’ in the reporting, but precisely because of this status no assumptions can be made about the quality of the coverage.
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TILSE, CHERYL, JILL WILSON, LINDA ROSENMAN, DAVID MORRISON, and ANNE-LOUISE MCCAWLEY. "Managing older people's money: assisted and substitute decision making in residential aged-care." Ageing and Society 31, no. 1 (September 17, 2010): 93–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x10000747.
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ABSTRACTCurrent approaches to the assessment of cognitive capacity in many jurisdictions seek to balance older people's empowerment with their protection. These approaches incorporate a presumption of capacity, a decision-specific rather than global assessment of that capacity, and an obligation to provide the support needed for adults to make or communicate their own decisions. The implication is that older people are assisted to make decisions where possible, rather than using substitute decision makers. For older people, decision making about financial matters is a contentious domain because of competing interests in their assets and concerns about risk, misuse and abuse. In residential-care settings, older people risk being characterised as dependent and vulnerable, especially in relation to decisions about financial assets. This paper reports an Australian study of the factors that facilitate and constrain residents' involvement in financial decision making in residential settings. Case studies of four aged-care facilities explored how staff interpreted the legislative and policy requirements for assisted and substitute decision making, and the factors that facilitated and constrained residents' inclusion in decisions about their finances. The observed practices reveal considerable variation in the ways that current legislation is understood and implemented, that there are limited resources for this area of practice, and that policies and practices prioritise managing risk and protecting assets rather than promoting assisted decision making.
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Cheng, Allen C., and Bart J. Currie. "Melioidosis: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Management." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 18, no. 2 (April 2005): 383–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.18.2.383-416.2005.
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SUMMARY Melioidosis, caused by the gram-negative saprophyte Burkholderia pseudomallei, is a disease of public health importance in southeast Asia and northern Australia that is associated with high case-fatality rates in animals and humans. It has the potential for epidemic spread to areas where it is not endemic, and sporadic case reports elsewhere in the world suggest that as-yet-unrecognized foci of infection may exist. Environmental determinants of this infection, apart from a close association with rainfall, are yet to be elucidated. The sequencing of the genome of a strain of B. pseudomallei has recently been completed and will help in the further identification of virulence factors. The presence of specific risk factors for infection, such as diabetes, suggests that functional neutrophil defects are important in the pathogenesis of melioidosis; other studies have defined virulence factors (including a type III secretion system) that allow evasion of killing mechanisms by phagocytes. There is a possible role for cell-mediated immunity, but repeated environmental exposure does not elicit protective humoral or cellular immunity. A vaccine is under development, but economic constraints may make vaccination an unrealistic option for many regions of endemicity. Disease manifestations are protean, and no inexpensive, practical, and accurate rapid diagnostic tests are commercially available; diagnosis relies on culture of the organism. Despite the introduction of ceftazidime- and carbapenem-based intravenous treatments, melioidosis is still associated with a significant mortality attributable to severe sepsis and its complications. A long course of oral eradication therapy is required to prevent relapse. Studies exploring the role of preventative measures, earlier clinical identification, and better management of severe sepsis are required to reduce the burden of this disease.
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CARR, M. K. V., and J. W. KNOX. "THE WATER RELATIONS AND IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS OF SUGAR CANE (SACCHARUM OFFICINARUM): A REVIEW." Experimental Agriculture 47, no. 1 (January 2011): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479710000645.
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SUMMARYThe results of research on the water relations and irrigation needs of sugar cane are collated and summarized in an attempt to link fundamental studies on crop physiology to irrigation practices. Background information on the centres of production of sugar cane is followed by reviews of (1) crop development, including roots; (2) plant water relations; (3) crop water requirements; (4) water productivity; (5) irrigation systems and (6) irrigation scheduling. The majority of the recent research published in the international literature has been conducted in Australia and southern Africa. Leaf/stem extension is a more sensitive indicator of the onset of water stress than stomatal conductance or photosynthesis. Possible mechanisms by which cultivars differ in their responses to drought have been described. Roots extend in depth at rates of 5–18 mm d−1 reaching maximum depths of > 4 m in ca. 300 d providing there are no physical restrictions. The Penman-Monteith equation and the USWB Class A pan both give good estimates of reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo). The corresponding values for the crop coefficient (Kc) are 0.4 (initial stage), 1.25 (peak season) and 0.75 (drying off phase). On an annual basis, the total water-use (ETc) is in the range 1100–1800 mm, with peak daily rates of 6–15 mm d−1. There is a linear relationship between cane/sucrose yields and actual evapotranspiration (ETc) over the season, with slopes of about 100 (cane) and 13 (sugar) kg (ha mm)−1 (but variable). Water stress during tillering need not result in a loss in yield because of compensatory growth on re-watering. Water can be withheld prior to harvest for periods of time up to the equivalent of twice the depth of available water in the root zone. As alternatives to traditional furrow irrigation, drag-line sprinklers and centre pivots have several advantages, such as allowing the application of small quantities of water at frequent intervals. Drip irrigation should only be contemplated when there are well-organized management systems in place. Methods for scheduling irrigation are summarized and the reasons for their limited uptake considered. In conclusion, the ‘drivers for change’, including the need for improved environmental protection, influencing technology choice if irrigated sugar cane production is to be sustainable are summarized.
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Wade, Tim. "EXPLORATION SUSTAINING DEVELOPMENT—TAXATION CONSIDERATIONS." APPEA Journal 33, no. 1 (1993): 423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj92034.
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As we move towards the year 2000, an important consideration in the minds of the major players in Australia's petroleum industry will be the impact of Australia's taxation system. It is essential for the sustenance and encouragement of exploration for petroleum that the taxation system does not adversely impinge upon investment decisions.Over the recent past a number of issues have arisen which impact petroleum exploration and development. Briefly these are as follows:Income Tax Ruling IT 2642 provides the views of the Commissioner of Taxation in relation to the deductibility and classification of exploration expenditure. This has implications for the tax treatment of expenditure incurred in the petroleum industry.Provisions allow for the costs of environmental impact studies to be written off over the life of the project or 10 years, whichever is the lesser. These provisions will only apply where a taxpayer is not able to obtain a deduction under any other provision of the Act (there may be an overlap with the provisions governing petroleum exploration expenditure deductions). New provisions now also provide an outright deduction for expenditure incurred on or after 1 July 1991 in relation to rehabilitating a petroleum site and for expenditure incurred on or after 19 August 1992 on Environment Protection Expenditure.Recent amendments to the Research and Development ("R&D") provisions now make it clear that the R&D tax concession does not apply to petroleum prospecting or exploration expenditure. These amendments are retrospective from 1 July 1985.In addition to these developments, petroleum companies have been forced to contend with an enormous array of new taxes, new rules, new interpretations and new practices (including continuing Large Case Tax Audits). The stifling effect of these developments has inevitably resulted in large capital hungry companies pursuing offshore opportunities.
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Sasco, Annie J., and Harri Vainio. "From in utero and childhood exposure to parental smoking to childhood cancer: a possible link and the need for action." Human & Experimental Toxicology 18, no. 4 (April 1999): 192–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/096032799678839905.
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The objective ofthe present work is to critically summarize published studies and reassess the state of knowledge on a highly controversial topic: the potential association between prenatal exposure to passive smoking as well as maternal active smoking and postnatal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and enhanced incidence of childhood cancer. Elements to be considered include the substantial proportion of pregnant women who remain smokers, the widespread nature of exposure to ETS during pregnancy as well as during childhood, the known toxicology of tobacco smoke, and in particular sidestream smoke, characterized by a rich carcinogen content, the specific metabolism of foetuses and new-borns and finally the amount of epidemiologic data already available. We conducted a thorough review of the literature to identify studies either exclusively dealing with the effects of passive smoking on the occurrence of childhood cancers or more generally etiologic studies of cancer, be it overall or site-specific. We identified close to 50 publications presenting pertinent results from epidemiological investigations and about 50 more on mechanisms and metabolism, smoking in pregnancy and exposure to ETS as well as selected reviews and commentaries. Collaborative epidemiological studies were conducted in the United Kingdom (UK), USA, Sweden, Netherlands and internationally (France, Italy). In addition, other studies were also available from the USA, UK, Canada, Australia, Sweden, Italy, Denmark and People' Republic of China. The vast majority were case-control studies dealing with all cancers, leukaemia and lymphomas, central nervous system (CNS) tumours, Wilms' tumour, retinoblastoma, neuroblastoma, hepatoblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, bone and soft tissues tumours, germ cell tumours, as well as specific histological types of leukaemias, lymphomas or CNS tumours. No strong association between maternal smoking in pregnancy and/or exposure to ETS and childhood cancer is found. Yet, several studies found slightly increased relative risks, generally smaller than 1.5, i.e. the order of magnitude associated with some recognized hazards of exposure to ETS (1.2 to 1.3 for adult lung cancer and cardiovascular diseases). Tumours most often found associated with maternal smoking in pregnancy or ETS exposure are childhood brain tumours and leukaemia-lymphoma, with risks up to two or greater in selected studies. In a few studies, risks associated with paternal smoking are higher than the maternal ones. This evidence from human studies coupled with demonstration ofgenotoxic effects on the foetus of exposure to metabolites of tobacco smoke, and demonstrable presence of adducts should lead to strong recommendations aiming at fully protecting foetuses, new-borns and infants from tobacco smoke.
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Day, Diana G. "Resources development or instream protection? The case of Queensland, Australia." Environmentalist 9, no. 1 (March 1989): 7–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02242477.
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Lavoie, Fernando Luiz, Clever Aparecido Valentin, Marcelo Kobelnik, Jefferson Lins da Silva, and Maria de Lurdes Lopes. "HDPE Geomembranes for Environmental Protection: Two Case Studies." Sustainability 12, no. 20 (October 20, 2020): 8682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12208682.
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High-density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembranes have been used for different applications in engineering including sanitation, such as landfills and waste liquid ponds. For these applications, the material can be exposed to aging mechanisms as thermal and chemical degradation, even to UV radiation and biological contact, which can degrade the geomembrane and decrease the material’s durability. This paper aims to present an experimental evaluation of two exhumed HDPE geomembranes, the first was used for 2.75 years in a sewage treatment aeration pond (LTE sample) and another was used for 5.17 years in a municipal landfill leachate pond (LCH sample). Physical and thermal analyses were used such as thermogravimetry (TG), differential thermal analysis (DTA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanic analysis (DMA). The thermogravimetric analyses showed significant changes in the LCH sample’s thermal decomposition probably caused by the interaction reactions between the polymer and the leachate. For the DSC analyses, the behavior seen in the LTE sample was not observed in the LCH sample. In the DMA analyses, the behavior of the LTE sample storage module shows which LCH sample is less brittle. The LTE sample presented low stress cracking resistance and low tensile elongation at break, following the DMA results.
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Carter, Jennifer L., and Greg J. E. Hill. "Critiquing environmental management in indigenous Australia: two case studies." Area 39, no. 1 (March 2007): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4762.2007.00716.x.
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González Zarandona, José Antonio. "Between destruction and protection: the case of the Australian rock art sites." ZARCH, no. 16 (September 13, 2021): 148–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.26754/ojs_zarch/zarch.2021165087.
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Can heritage be practiced and thought outside the binary of exaltation vs. denigration? To answer this question posed by the editors, this paper will analyse the destruction and protection of Indigenous heritage sites in Australia, where the destruction of significant cultural heritage sites, mainly Indigenous heritage sites, is the result of biased and outdated practice of cultural heritage that divides Indigenous heritage (prior 1788) from Australian heritage (after 1788). This rift has caused an immense damage to Indigenous heritage around the country as it shows how in Australia heritage is practiced and thought outside the dualism of celebration versus destruction. In this paper, I will show how the destruction of Indigenous rock art sites has been a constant in the 20th and 21st century and how this destruction has been framed in media as a result of vandalism. By arguing that this framing is perpetuating the dualism of celebration versus destruction, I suggest that we can move out of this binary by considering the concept of iconoclasm to go beyond this dualism.
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Howgrave-Graham, Alan R. "Case Studies on Environmental Sustainability in Australia: A Multi-level Review." International Journal of Environmental, Cultural, Economic, and Social Sustainability: Annual Review 7, no. 3 (2011): 91–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1832-2077/cgp/v07i03/54932.
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Anand, Divya. "Sustainable development and environmental politics: Case studies from India and Australia." Thesis Eleven 105, no. 1 (May 2011): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0725513611400393.
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Knudsen, Daniel J. "Environmental Reviews and Case Studies: “Environmental Protection Bureau, 2.0”: China's Environmental Courts as Enforcement Institutions." Environmental Practice 15, no. 4 (December 2013): 441–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1466046613000306.
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Lumby, Catharine, and Kath Albury. "Homer versus Homer: Digital Media, Literacy and Child Protection." Media International Australia 128, no. 1 (August 2008): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x0812800110.
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Despite growing work on the educational potential of digital media, literacy debates in Australia have remained locked in a banal opposition between serious educational aims and trivial entertainment media. To reinvigorate these debates, this article overviews progressive approaches to media literacy and case studies debates around the sexualisation of girls and young women in popular media. Ultimately, the authors — drawing on their submission to the recent Senate Inquiry on the subject — identify two ways to reset the media education and literacy agenda by incorporating a more productive engagement with digital media literacy.
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Sas-Bojarska, Aleksandra. "Landscape as a Potential Key Concept in Urban Environmental Planning: The Case of Poland." Urban Planning 6, no. 3 (August 19, 2021): 295–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/up.v6i3.4044.
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Rapid urban development increases the consumption of materials, energy, and water, resulting in an overproduction of waste and emissions. These cause many environmental threats, such as ozone layer depletion and rain acidification, leading to climate change. Therefore, the question arises on how to improve the effectiveness of tools that strengthen environmental protection. This discursive article presents an approach stressing the role of landscape in environmental protection in Poland. It indicates that landscape protection is an ecological, not just an aesthetic activity, as it is often considered in Poland. The landscape reflects all changes occurring in individual elements of the environment resulting from urban development. Through landscape transformations, one can track the growth and accumulation of adverse effects in the chain of environmental changes. Knowledge regarding the dynamics and scope of these transformations can improve ecological design and technologies. Therefore, the landscape condition should be treated as an indicator of sustainable development. If so, one could hypothesise that effective landscape protection contributes to minimising environmental and climate changes. The relationships between the landscape and environmental/climate threats discussed in this article prompt combining some tools related to these threats, which may ensure both effective landscape protection and sustainable development, leading to reduced climate change. The possibilities and benefits of integrating these tools are presented here as well. General considerations are supplemented with references to the situation in Poland to support the need for implementing a more policy-oriented and interdisciplinary approach to landscape protection.
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Lilley, Ian. "Environmental Reviews and Case Studies: Cultural Heritage, Community Engagement, and Environmental Impact Assessment in Australia." Environmental Practice 18, no. 3 (September 2016): 205–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1466046616000302.
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Best, Ashleigh. "The legal status of animals: a source of their disaster vulnerability." July 2021 10.47389/36, no. 36.3 (July 2021): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.47389/36.3.63.
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The 2019–20 Australian bushfire season had a devastating impact on animals. A report sponsored by the World Wide Fund for Nature (2020) estimates that 3 billion native wild animals were affected by the bushfires, with several species now closer to extinction. Thousands of domesticated farm animals also perished, either as an immediate result of the bushfires or as a consequence of being euthanised with fire-related injuries. In addition, there was concern about the adequacy of arrangements for the evacuation and care of companion animals during the emergency. In these diverse ways, the bushfires brought the profound and multidimensional vulnerability of animals to disaster events into stark focus. Using case studies, this paper examines the role the law plays in contributing to this vulnerability. It investigates how the status of animals as ‘property’ under law increases their exposure to hazards and affects their priority in disaster planning and response. This paper also scrutinises the extent to which statutory welfare and environmental protections are capable of optimising wellbeing and survival outcomes for animals in disasters.
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Gremminger, Nicolas, and Jörg Risse. "The Truth About Investment Arbitration (not only) under TTIP Four Case Studies." ASA Bulletin 33, Issue 3 (September 1, 2015): 465–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/asab2015040.
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In the course of the negotiations between the European Union and the United States about the “Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership” (TTIP) the aspects of investment protection and investment arbitration have attracted much press attention. They have become key targets of criticism and massive attacks. Investment arbitration has been depicted as some obscure and undemocratic mechanism that helps rich companies to exploit poor countries. The discussion has become so agitated that oftentimes the underlying facts got out of sight. The goal of the present article therefore is to shed some light on these facts and thereby trace the heated discussion back to an objective, sober-minded level. The authors explain in a step-by-step approach how investment protection in bilateral/multilateral investment treaties works and what standard principles of protection these treaties typically grant to foreign investors (e.g. no direct/indirect expropriation without compensation; no discrimination against foreign investors; the duty to accord fair and equitable treatment to foreign investors). These legal basics are then filled with life by the illustration of four publicly known investment arbitration case studies: Adem Dogan v. Turkmenistan, Philip Morris v. Australia, Vattenfall v. Germany and Walter Bau v. Thailand. The authors conclude that much of the current criticism is unfounded as it ignores factual realities and new developments in international investment arbitration.
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Black, Ann. "Development of Sharia and Legal Studies in Australia." Jurnal Hukum Islam 20, no. 1 (December 8, 2022): 22–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.28918/jhi.v20i1.6506.
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This research departs from concerns about an environmental crisis that encompasses deforestation, land-use change, habitat loss, land grabbing, water contamination, and soil degradation that we have faced. Meanwhile, the urgency of an Islamic response to fight those conditions should be more than simple actions like a religious lecture, Friday sermon, or green fatwa for around 1.9 billion Muslim communities around the world. Therefore, this study aims to critically analyze the Sharia contribution today to improve environmental protection by re-Islamization of forest and land law in modern ways, ultimately, to prevent the development and utilization of land and forest resources from continuing to fall into the vicious circle of the past. As an Islamic environmental law research, this study used a multidisciplinary approach, including historical approach, empirical approach, and conceptual approach; it also used a literature review method to synthesize research findings. This paper found that re-Islamized forests and land law could be an ongoing debate due to the differences of national and local legal characteristics that also depend on sharia position if it is an unequivocal discourse. Moreover, accommodating Sharia as an integral part of the state law shown a uniqueness and the flexibilities of Islamic doctrine and an affirmation of Muslim optimism to their faith of course a real contribution to involve in ecological right movement. On the other hand, considering the re-Islamization of forests and land law is an alternative source to enforce the ecological behaviours of the Muslim community to more pro-environment.
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Rolfe, John, and Jill Windle. "Testing benefit transfer of reef protection values between local case studies: The Great Barrier Reef in Australia." Ecological Economics 81 (September 2012): 60–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.05.006.
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Nain Gill, Gitanjali. "Environmental protection and developmental interests." International Journal of Law in the Built Environment 6, no. 1/2 (April 8, 2014): 69–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlbe-03-2013-0010.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a case study of a global challenge: the relationship between commercial development and the protection of eco-fragile systems particularly where river water is involved. It reviews and critiques the legal and political processes that underpinned the Commonwealth Games (CWG) 2010 in Delhi and the building of the accommodation Village on the floodplain of the river Yamuna. Design/methodology/approach – The paper covers the controversial modern history of the Yamuna river that runs through Delhi. The river is “dead” and has been subject to litigation concerning its usage and that of its flood plain. In particular, the controversy peaked prior to the CWG 2010 in Delhi and the required buildings associated with the games. The paper traces the history of the legal actions and the inter-related involvement of the various actors being the politicians, construction developers, the river bank dwellers and the local environmentalists. Close analysis is made of the statutory administrative procedures required for environmental clearance, the subsequent case law both in the High Court of Delhi and the Supreme Court of India. Additionally, usage is made of the media and its concerns over corrupt and negligent practices. Findings – The Indian judiciary in their willingness to promote the construction of the Village failed to apply its own environmental jurisprudence. There was a failure to “lift the veil” and review flawed administrative practices that violated governing statutes. National pride, time pressures, political support, economic interests and rapid urbanisation created a pressure that the courts could not challenge. It was left to investigative committees, after the Games had concluded, to expose these wrongdoings. Originality/value – The paper highlights the issue of the relationship of the courts and political and economic interests and how legally protected ecological interests are ignored.
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Pini, Barbara, Su Wild River, and Fiona M. Haslam McKenzie. "Factors Inhibiting Local Government Engagement in Environmental Sustainability: case studies from rural Australia." Australian Geographer 38, no. 2 (July 2007): 161–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049180701399985.
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Asbridge, Emma, Richard Lucas, Arnon Accad, and Ralph Dowling. "Mangrove Response to Environmental Changes Predicted Under Varying Climates: Case Studies from Australia." Current Forestry Reports 1, no. 3 (July 16, 2015): 178–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40725-015-0018-4.
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de Little, Siobhan C., Roser Casas-Mulet, Lisa Patulny, Joanna Wand, Kimberly A. Miller, Fiona Fidler, Michael J. Stewardson, and J. Angus Webb. "Minimising biases in expert elicitations to inform environmental management: Case studies from environmental flows in Australia." Environmental Modelling & Software 100 (February 2018): 146–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2017.11.020.
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Van der Veldt, Danja. "Case studies of ISO 14001: A new business guide for global environmental protection." Environmental Quality Management 7, no. 1 (1997): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tqem.3310070102.
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de Meyer, Christian P. "Case studies in coastal protection: Zeebrugge (Belgium) and Bali (Indonesia)." Ocean and Shoreline Management 12, no. 5-6 (January 1989): 517–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0951-8312(89)90028-3.
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Rothwell, Donald R. "Australian and Canadian initiatives in polar marine environmental protection: a comparative review." Polar Record 34, no. 191 (October 1998): 305–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400026012.
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AbstractIncreasing attention has been given to the protection of the polar marine environment throughout the 1990s. In the case of the Antarctic Treaty System, in addition to a number of recommendations and measures adopted at Antarctic Treaty Meetings, the 1991 Madrid Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty contains a number of measures that will enhance marine environmental protection in the Southern Ocean. In the case of the Arctic, the 1991 Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy identified marine pollution as being one of the major environmental issues in the Arctic, and a number of initiatives have since been developed to encourage the Arctic states to deal with the problem collectively and individually. However, while the collective responses of the polar states have been helpful in giving prominence to the importance of marine environmental protection in polar waters, it is the coastal states of the polar regions that need to take responsibility to give effect to these initiatives. Australia and Canada are two of the most prominent polar states in Antarctica and the Arctic, respectively. Both have large maritime claims and have also developed a range of domestic legal and policy responses to enhance marine environmental protection in the polar regions. A review is undertaken of the respective global and regional marine environmental protection regimes that apply in the polar regions, followed by a comparative analysis of the Australian and Canadian initiatives.
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Dantas, Jaya A. R., Penelope Strauss, Roslyn Cameron, and Claire Rogers. "Women Migrants in Western Australia: Case Studies of Resilience and Empowerment." Social Change 50, no. 1 (March 2020): 77–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049085719901074.
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This article presents findings from an exploratory research using descriptive case studies of 12 migrant women in Western Australia. The purposive sample represents the government, academia, the private sector, community, civil society and not-for-profit organisations and is ranged in age from the late 20s to the 70s. Underpinned by theoretical frameworks of resilience and empowerment, women have shared their personal case narratives, and five case studies are presented in this paper. Our findings resonate with the vital and uncontested importance of education, the desire to be empowered, the capacity to be resilient and adaptive and the importance of giving back to the community. Key recommendations include the need for migrant women’s continued access to avenues of empowerment and furthering education. The provision of adaptive structures builds resilience and grows strong communities where women feel empowered. We propose that women migrants, through alliances and collaboration, cross borders of learning and work towards generating change and transformation.
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Smith, James C., Harriet Whiley, and Kirstin E. Ross. "The New Environmental Health in Australia: Failure to Launch?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4 (February 3, 2021): 1402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041402.
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Background: The New Environmental Health is an approach to environmental health adopted in 1999. The new approach was in response to emerging health risks from the pressures that development placed on the environment, climate change, and increasing vulnerabilities of local communities. The new approach heralded a change in perception and roles within environmental health. Twenty years on, it seems these changes have not been embraced by local government. Methods: To determine whether this was the case, we assessed the use of the term “environmental health” in local government annual reports, and where environmental health functions sit within the organisational structure of councils. Results: We found that the New Environmental Health has not been adopted by councils and environmental health relates solely to the delivery of statutory services and legislative compliance. Conclusions: One result of this is local environmental health practitioners, who constitute the major health protection capability of councils, are defined by the narrow legislative obligations imposed on councils. This represents a significant lost opportunity as public health is not protected in the way that was envisaged with the adoption of the New Environmental Health.
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Vovk Korže, Ana. "INNOVATIVE APPROACH TO EDUCATION ON CURRENT ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS: SOME CASE STUDIES." GAMTAMOKSLINIS UGDYMAS / NATURAL SCIENCE EDUCATION 10, no. 1 (March 25, 2013): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.48127/gu-nse/13.10.35.
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For effective education on current environmental problems in Slovenia two educa-tional polygons were established with the help of the Ministry of Education. The mission of the first educational polygon for ecoremediation is to educate the youth about the adapta-tion to climate change. The focus is on green technologies and natural systems. The polygon for self-learning is intended for teaching practically all generations, not just schoolchildren, how to raise the awareness of their own self-sufficient supply. The emphasis is on protection of soil and organic matter in sustaining life in the soil. Key words: adaptation to climate change, ecoremediation, environmental problems, learn-ing by doing, self-sufficient supply.
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Wright, Ian A., Susan Wright, Kristy Graham, and Shelley Burgin. "Environmental protection and management: A water pollution case study within the Greater Blue Mountains World Heritage Area, Australia." Land Use Policy 28, no. 1 (January 2011): 353–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2010.07.002.
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Hong, Wei, Lin Gan, Juan Xu, and Tao Zhou. "Survey on Environmental Protection of College Students’ Consumption and Environmental Protection Concept Under “Otaku Economy”." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 937, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 042009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/937/4/042009.
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Abstract With the development of economy and the progress of science and technology, Internet economy rises rapidly. As a result, people’s environmental behavior and environmental protection concept can be greatly changed.Among these changes, the environmental protection situation of college students under the Otaku economy is the most typical.This paper studies the influence of college students on the environment from two aspects: the daily consumption behavior of college students’ Otaku economy and the concept of environmental protection of college students.The relevant data and conclusions can let us make better suggestions.This can not only promote the innovation of environmental protection in the new era, but also provide some case materials for the research on the changes of environmental protection in the era of Otaku economy. In this paper, questionnaire survey and field interview are used to obtain basic information, and data analysis and processing are used. Finally, the specific impact of College Students’ consumption habits and environmental protection ideas on the environment is obtained, and relevant conclusions and suggestions are drawn.
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Ráthonyi-Ódor, Kinga, Éva Bácsné Bába, and Gergely Ráthonyi. "Responsible Behavior and Environmental Protection – in Case of Football Clubs." Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce 13, no. 1-2 (December 20, 2019): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2019/1-2/7.
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There has been a hotspot in sports industry these days that is becoming more and more wide-spread in sports organizations and among managers, namely CSR, that is corporate social responsibility. In the life of geographical regions, towns or villages, professional football clubs play a crucial role. Consequently, clubs tend to take responsibility for these communities in return for their support: whether it is the local population or the authorities, other businesses or the environment, they are ready to stand up for good causes. Nowadays sports centres with their regular events have a significant effect on the environment either regionally or globally. That is the reason why it has become vital in the management of sports facilities to respect environmental principles when designing and using sports facilities and to avoid producing pollution that could harm and deteriorate the environment. The aim of our study was on the one hand, to present the definitional and theoretical evolution of CSR, than the CSR concept in sport, special regard to environmental protection. On the other hand, to analyze what kind of CSR related issues do football clubs (Real Madrid C. F. – RM, Borussia Dortmund – BVB) and how they are addressing issues of environmental sustainability in the context of CSR. According to RM and BVB, we can say that they really try to do efforts to responsible behavior and environmental protection. They have special respect for the society and took big step to use different environmental management tools. It was easy to find information, reports and case studies about these activities.
JEL Classification: M14
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Summers, Anna, and Lorne Kriwoken. "The role of intermediaries in managing environmental problems: three coastal case studies from Tasmania, Australia." Australian Journal of Maritime & Ocean Affairs 7, no. 3 (July 3, 2015): 203–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/18366503.2015.1100700.
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Hill, David, and Helen Dixon. "Promoting Sun Protection in Children: Rationale and Challenges." Health Education & Behavior 26, no. 3 (June 1999): 409–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109019819902600310.
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This article outlines the epidemiological and educational arguments for promoting sun protection during childhood and highlights factors that may facilitate or hinder achievement of this behavioral outcome. A model describing behavioral factors in the causation of skin cancer is presented. Summary results from previous behavioral studies and interventions relating to primary prevention of skin cancer are described, and recent data on the cost-effectiveness of sun protection in Australia and its implications for health insurers are discussed. This article also includes a commentary on the demonstration projects promoting skin cancer prevention among children and their caregivers featured in this special issue of Health Education and Behavior.
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Adewale, O. "The right of the individual to environmental protection: a case study of Nigeria." Environment and Urbanization 4, no. 2 (October 1992): 176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095624789200400218.
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Stanton, Emily, and Anita Bell. "Health protection." InnovAiT: Education and inspiration for general practice 12, no. 12 (September 14, 2019): 725–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1755738019873361.
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Health protection is a key function of Public Health England, encompassing emergency preparedness, resilience and response, environmental health, and communicable disease control. The aim of this article is to discuss the role of health protection, its structure in England, and how GPs are integral to the reporting, surveillance and actions to protect public health. Case studies are included. Finally, the article will highlight knowledge that GPs will find useful when considering notifiable infectious diseases and the role of GP and health protection in the NHS Long Term Plan.
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McDonald, Jan, and Phillipa C. McCormack. "Responsibility and Risk-Sharing in Climate Adaptation: a Case Study of Bushfire Risk in Australia." Climate Law 12, no. 2 (April 25, 2022): 128–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18786561-20210003.
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Abstract ‘Shared responsibility’ for managing risk is central to Australian adaptation and disaster-resilience policies, yet there is no consensus on what this term means or how it is discharged by various actors at each phase of the risk-management process. This has implications for both equity and effectiveness, because shared responsibility assumes that individuals have capacity and that the decisions they make will not conflict with other public values. This article explores how law assigns responsibility for climate adaptation by examining its approach to a specific climate impact in Australia: the increasing frequency and severity of bushfire. Australia faces heightened bushfire risk from the interplay of climate change effects and demographic shifts. While planning laws attempt to limit exposure of new communities to fire risks, adapting existing communities involves hazard mitigation across the landscape, through fuel reduction – accomplished by controlled burning or clearing of brush and timber – and the construction of fuel breaks. Most Australian jurisdictions impose some form of obligation on land managers or owners to mitigate fire risk. However, the effectiveness of shifting responsibility onto individual landholders, measured in terms of bushfire risk mitigation, is not established. The shifting of responsibility also has implications for equity because shared responsibility for fire management assumes that individuals know what must be done and have the capacity to do it themselves or pay others to. The law also privileges bushfire protection above other public values, including the protection of biodiversity and cultural values. To account for the complexity of adaptation decision-making, bushfire mitigation laws should avoid creating inequities and should include mechanisms for resolving trade-offs between competing values.