Relevant bibliographies by topics / Environmental policy Victoria Citizen participation

Academic literature on the topic 'Environmental policy Victoria Citizen participation'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Environmental policy Victoria Citizen participation"

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Kittisak, Prukkanone. "Citizen Participation Practice in Thailand Environmental Policy." International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy 4, no. 2 (2016): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepp.20160402.11.

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Tulloss, Janice K. "Citizen Participation in Boston's Development Policy." Urban Affairs Quarterly 30, no. 4 (March 1995): 514–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107808749503000402.

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Jurkowski, Elaine, Borko Jovanovic, and Louis Rowitz. "Leadership/Citizen Participation." Journal of Health & Social Policy 14, no. 4 (June 2002): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j045v14n04_04.

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Dodds, Lyn, and Bill Hopwood. "BAN waste, environmental justice and citizen participation in policy setting." Local Environment 11, no. 3 (June 2006): 269–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13549830600558762.

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Bozhinova, Katerina. "Environmental Governance and Public Participation." Politikon: The IAPSS Journal of Political Science 24 (September 1, 2014): 23–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.22151/politikon.24.2.

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Environmental sustainability is a complex term, characterized by dynamic interactions between human and natural dimensions. Policy-makers in the developed world face the challenge of balancing economic growth with citizen concerns for curbing human impact leading to environmental degradation. This thesis contributes to the investigation of environmental governance on local scale by assessing the quality of environmental decisions. It examines and compares how the involvement of interest groups and citizens into local decision-making structures promotes efficient environmental policies. By applying the crispy sets qualitative comparative analysis (cs/QCA), this study aims to indentify the conditions necessary and sufficient for formulating participatory environmental decisions. The results suggest that successful policy formulation is dependent upon the presence of governmental agenda-setting and multilevel governance. The findings outline good practices, which reveal how governments can organize and facilitate participatory decision-making to ensure legitimate representation of interests and, thus, reach consensus-based decisions, which then translate easily into policy formulation.
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Kamau, Stephen Kiruku, and Daniel Mange Mbirithi. "Citizen Participation in the Formulation of Public Policy in Mombasa County, Kenya." International Journal of Current Aspects 5, no. 4 (November 20, 2021): 90–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.35942/ijcab.v5i4.213.

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To assist the government in determining its mandate, citizens should be involved as they best know their needs. The significance of citizen engagement in the process of policy formulation is rooted in among others, the fact that public policy outputs and effects affect those to whom the policy is targeted at. This study aimed to determine the effect of public participation in the public policy making process in Mombasa County, Kenya. The objectives of the research were; to establish the modes of citizen participation used in public policy making process in Mombasa County, Kenya; to determine the main factors that influence citizen participation in public policy making process; to establish the implication of citizen participation in public policy making process and to determine the extent of citizen/ public participation in public policy making process. The study was guided by Good Governance Theory. The study utilized descriptive survey research design. The study targeted 560 County government and civil society representatives including women leaders, youth leaders and people living with disabilities representatives. The study used Yamane formulae to determine the sample size of 233 respondents. Purposive sampling was employed to select respondents. Data were collected through primary sources which include questionnaire, and interview schedule; while the secondary data were collected from the documentary sources. Data analysis involved both quantitative and qualitative methods. Quantitative data were analyzed descriptively and inferentially, and presented through frequency tables, pie chart and bar graphs. Qualitative data were analyzed by themes and presented through narration and pros forms. The findings of the study established that the main factors that affect citizen participation in formulation of public policy include direct benefits (financial, material), tangible or non-tangible to long or short term, among others. Other factors such as culture, history, government policy and social, political and economic structures influence community participation. Also, the findings of the study revealed that citizens are well acquainted with public policy processes and there is effective county government guidelines and clear standards enhance public policy making processes. The study findings revealed that involvement in policy formulation is positively related to performance. Also, consultation enables easy supervision of work. The research also concluded that education is essential for both parties who are participating towards high quality public policy formulation as it would certainly reduce unnecessary manipulation and the problem brought on by lack of knowledge, accountability and transparency and understanding of each party’s requirements. The study recommends that County Government of Mombasa should establish a participatory framework that allows citizens to monitor and evaluate development outcomes in the counties to ensure better decision making and implementation for subsequent projects and plans.
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Canan, Penelope. "Citizen participation: Protecting the democratic approach to environmental disputes." Environmental Impact Assessment Review 9, no. 4 (December 1989): 333–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0195-9255(89)90027-9.

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Goldman, Benjamin A. "Community right to know: Environmental information for citizen participation." Environmental Impact Assessment Review 12, no. 3 (September 1992): 315–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0195-9255(92)90023-q.

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Di Maria, Franco. "Una psicologia perla politica." PSICOLOGIA DI COMUNITA', no. 1 (July 2009): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/psc2009-001002.

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- The research reported in this book examined the effects of two potential motivators of political activism - policy change mind an policy change opportunity - in a social field. Different point of view described community, group, individual strategies on citizen responsveness and demonstrate the need to account for sources of motivation in order to more fully understand when, why, and how citizes chose to become politically active.Key words: political participation, motivation, citizen
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Layzer, Judith A. "Citizen Participation and Government Choice in Local Environmental Controversies." Policy Studies Journal 30, no. 2 (May 2002): 193–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0072.2002.tb02141.x.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Environmental policy Victoria Citizen participation"

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Ng, Hang-sau, and 伍杏修. "Participation of grassroots' organization in environmental protection policy." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1992. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31249346.

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Brzezinski, Danielle. "Ecological and Policy Implications of Voluntary Participation in Fisheries Management." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2009. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/BrzezinskiD2009.pdf.

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Uithaler, Eldrid Marlon. "Evaluating the effectiveness of public participation in the environmental impact assessment process in South Africa." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/5928.

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This research is based on reflections of various practitioners and their views on how public participation processes may or may not contribute to effective EIA decisions. It is therefore grounded in what is described as practitioner-based research. To study comparative development activities effectively, one must draw on many disciplines and construct a balanced understanding of historical and contemporary development processes. No single conventional disciplinary area of research is able to integrate the issues of public participation, EIA and decision-making in the context of the current development debate. The emergence of Trans-disciplinary areas of research allows for such integration. The Africa Earth Observatory Network (AEON) institute creates the space for this study to achieve an integrated response to the question of the effectiveness of public participation in EIA and decision-making. This further creates the opportunity to contribute and expand the growing body of knowledge and literature of public participation in the earth stewardship science discipline. Making use of triangulation, this study fulfils four major tasks: firstly, an assessment is made on the historical and theoretical importance, process and outcome of both EIA and public participation internationally and in South Africa. Secondly, three prominent case studies (i) the Coega IDZ, (ii) the Pondoland N2 Toll Road, and (iii) the anticipated Hydraulic Fracturing in the Karoo each focusses on concerns of an environmental, socio-economic, and political nature to assess if the public participation process has had influence, if any, on the final decisions for these projects to go-ahead. Thirdly, a survey was conducted to establish the views and perceptions of practitioners in the EIA and public participation domain on the effectiveness of public participation in EIA processes. Lastly, face-to-face interviews were conducted with various ‘pracademics’, i.e. consultants, practitioners, government, and non-governmental officials to establish their views on how public participation may or may not influence EIA decisions. Utilising the International Association for Public Participation’s (IAP2) participation spectrum as an evaluation tool, this research explores thirteen key criteria normally attributed to effective public participation. This provides a scale (inform, involve, consult, collaborate) to assess whether public participation in EIA in South Africa is least effective (inform) or most effective (collaborate). My research confirms that in South Africa an enabling environment to address impacts on our environment is emerging. One of the main challenges remains putting in place robust, clear and effective regulations, models or approaches that provide for effective public participation and decision-making in EIAs. My research also suggests that the legislation on which EIA is based cannot by itself guarantee the effectiveness of public participation processes. In practice, EIA is an institutional process of power division between different actors, and the practitioner or ‘pracademic’ has to play a more fundamental role to ensure effectiveness and fairness in the public participation process. Academic commentators should therefore call for new approaches that emphasise collaborative interaction between decision-makers and the public as well as deliberation amongst participants.
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Cooper, Judith Patricia. "Public participation in the Environmental Assessment and Review Process : the role of intervenor funding." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28344.

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This thesis examines the opportunities for public participation in the federal Environmental Assessment and Review Process (EARP) and the influence of intervenor funding on that input; the application of EARP to Military Flying Activites in Labrador and Quebec is used as a case study. The analytical approach is critical and based on a public interest perspective. Five research questions are posed based on an interpretation of four normative objectives for the EAR Process and identification of several areas of EARP that restrict public access to decision making. The research questions ask to what extent intervenor funding would increase overall participation in the Process; whether funding would affect the ability of intervenors to be involved in stages of the Process where public input is limited; whether intervenor funding would ensure that the values and interests of public groups are more actively considered at each stage of the Process; how intervenor funding affects the quality and quantity of public input to the Process; and how the administration of the funding program affects public participation in the case study. Questionnaires were developed from these questions and three participant groups in the case study were interviewed. The results of these interviews are summarized and evaluated against the normative objectives and a set of six evaluative criteria - representativeness, educational, accountability, fairness, effectiveness, and efficiency. The criteria are developed from a theoretical rationale for financially supported public participation in EARP. The first general conclusion of this research is that the EAR Process is fundamentally flawed. Notwithstanding incremental reforms like intervenor funding, the assumptions of Environmental Impact Assessment and the structure of EARP treat project assessment as a project specific venture amenable to prediction and technical analysis. In fact is is inseparable from a value-laden and political development planning process. The EAR Process understates this essentially political character yet vests the most significant decision making author^ in the hands of those with the most to gain from project development. After recognition of this problem, this analysis makes recommendations, based on the analysis of the case study, that could assist EARP in approaching the normative objectives. First, while the proponent improved public consultation by 1985, and in the formal review, public involvement in the Initial Environmental Evaluation (IEE) in 1981 was inadequate. I therefore recommend that the affected publics be involved in decision making at the initial assessment stage of EARP and allowed an avenue of appeal. To support this recommendation the information used for initial assessment decisions needs to be comprehensive and readily accessible. In addition FEARO should provide an independent audit of these decisions. Second, while financial support to caribou research by the proponent since 1986 is laudable, project monitoring should have occurred since the release of the IEE. I therefore recommend that project monitoring be a required element of any application of the EAR Process, after an IEE and a formal review; it should include the affected publics in an advisory capacity and during implementation. Third, the EAR Process does not effectively deal with issues of fundamentally differing values; in this case study the viability of territories under land claims negotiations and the militarization of the Canadian arctic are avoided and unfairly unrepresented. To deal with this problem I recommend that public input be sought when drafting of the Panel's Terms of Reference for a public review. Fourth, information was withheld from intervenors from several government departments during the review. All government departments should be legally required to supply prompt and complete responses to reasonable information requests when they pertain to any stage of the EAR Process. Fifth, the funding program has so far been well administered; while funding has increased public access to the Process for remote settlements, further study is required to assess whether funds were sufficient to allow adequate regional representation. Finally, the credibility of the funding program is thrown into doubt by the participation of the Department of Regional Industrial Expansion in setting up an independent funding committee, their withdrawal from the same, and later support for a pro-development group after the funding was disbursed. An intervenor funding policy is required to regularize funding allocation from one independent agency for the duration of the review.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of
Graduate
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Yu, Wai-kin Nicol, and 余偉健. "Public and private parties' participation in housing development in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31260445.

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Spitz, Andrea. "Crossing over : interactive video as a tool to enable the increased participation of illiterate and semi-literate communities in environmental management." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15960.

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Bibliography: pages 53-57.
This dissertation has four main aims: 1. To assess whether multi-media (particularly interactive video) can be used in illiterate and semi-literate communities as a tool for both increased environmental awareness and increased participation in various stages of the development process. 2. To assess whether interactive video as an approach in itself facilitates empowerment of target communities. 3. To create a visual communication experience which combines the rigours of academic research with the practical application of academic theories in the field. 4. To foster a sensitivity in the "reader" towards access to information.
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Theron, Izak Petrus. "Integrating conservation and development : community participation in ecotourism projects : an investigation into community participation in ecotourism development projects in order to ensure the integration of protected area conservation and rural development, with particular reference to a case study at Cathedral Peak in the Natal Drakensberg Park." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/18595.

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This study arises out of a proposal of the Natal Parks Board (NPB) to develop a 200 bed hutted camp at Cathedral Peak in the Natal Drakensberg. In line with the NPB's stated commitment to the principles of Integrated Environmental Management (IEM), a multidisciplinary group, comprising five students from the Masters programme of the Department of Environmental and Geographical Sciences of the University of Cape Town, was commissioned to conduct a Preliminary Environmental Impact Assessment (PEIA) on the proposed development. The author was one of the members of this study team, hereafter referred to as the Masters Group, which conducted the PEIA at Cathedral Peak under the supervision of the Environmental Evaluation Unit of the University of Cape Town.
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Wall, Don. "Earth Tones: How Environmental Journalism and Environmental Ethics Influence Environmental Citizenship." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2007. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc3907/.

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Environmental ethics and environmental journalism are influencing the developing philosophy of environmental citizenship. This philosophy involves the ideas that people are part of the environment, that the future depends on a healthy environment, and that action on behalf of the environment is necessary. It applies to individuals, communities, large and small companies and corporations, governments, and a coalition of nations. Environmental philosophers and environmental journalists can work together, in a symbiotic way, to foster discussions among citizens and policy makers about ideas as well as events, and thus, influence attitudes and policies, and continue to influence environmental citizenship. Environmental citizenship as an extension of democracy offers the best chance for undoing the manmade problems which are degrading the quality of life on Earth. A healthier environment is the will of the people. An informed, voting public will succeed in creating a healthier environment. Pioneering work by philosophers and journalists, especially over the last forty-five years has brought the dialogue about environmental problems to an unprecedented level and continues to offer encouragement to the mindful evolution of mankind. These ecological discussions of rights and responsibilities, intrinsic and economic values, pragmatism and utilitarianism, culture and spirit, are increasingly being applied to a developing idea of sustainability, and are, thus, helping to expand ideas about what it means to be a citizen in a democracy.
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Zeelie, Hein. "Environmental concern in South Africa : an analysis of elite and public attitudes and their implications for public policy." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53413.

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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2003.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South Africa, like so many other developing countries, is confronted with a very complex situation: although large-scale environmental degradation is threatening the future of the country, environmental matters are not regarded as of sufficient importance amongst the general population for them to contribute to environmental improvements. Most of the country's populations, many argue, are simply too poor and too focused on fulfilling short-term survival needs to give priority to the environment. Employing the 2001 World Values Survey, this study analyzes the attitudes of the general public of South Africa towards environmental matters. These attitudes are contrasted with those of the elites, who have a disproportionate influence over policy-making, by looking at the 2000 South African National Leadership Opinion Survey. This study finds that, as hypothesized, the general population of the country is quite unwilling (or unable) to contribute materially or financially to environmental improvements, especially in relation to the elites. In the final part of the study, these findings are employed in the development of a set of guidelines that policy-makers can use to increase the probability of developing successful and effective environmental policies. These guidelines take into account the nature and dimensions of popular attitudes, and consider ways in which environmental policies can foster the support of a public that is confronted with so many other serious issues.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suid-Afrika, soos soveel ander ontwikkelende lande, is gekonfronteer met 'n baie komplekse situasie: alhoewel grootskaalse degradasie van die omgewing die toekoms van die land bedreig, sien die algemene publiek nie omgewingskwessies as belangrik genoeg om 'n bydrae te lewer nie. Die argument is dat te veel van die land se bevolking net te arm of te gefokus is op die bevrediging van kort-termyn oorlewingsbehoeftes om prioriteit te gee aan omgewingskwessies. Deur gebruik te maak van die 2001 Wêreld Waardestudie, analiseer hierdie studie die houdings van die Suid-Afrikaanse publiek teenoor omgewingskwessies. Hierdie houdings word gekontrasteer met die van die elites, wat 'n disproporsionele invloed het oor die beleidsmakingsproses, deur gebruik te maak van die 2000 Suid-Afrikaanse Nasionale Leierskap Opinie Studie. Die studie vind dat, soos gehipotiseer, die publiek onwillig (of net nie in staat) is om bydrae te lewer tot die oplossing van omgewingskwessies, veral in vergelyking met die elites. In die finale afdeling van hierdie studie word die bevindinge gebruik om 'n stel riglyne te ontwikkel wat deur beleidmakers gebruik kan word om die waarskynlikheid van suksesvolle en effektiewe omgewingsbeleid te verbeter. Hierdie riglyne neem in ag die natuur en dimensies van publieke houdings, en bring na vore maniere waardeur omgewingsbeleide die ondersteuning van 'n publiek, wat gekonfronteer word met soveel ander ernstige kwessies, kan opbou.
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Ingle, Beau Steven. "Collaborative Partnerships and Invasive Species Management: Filling the Voids in Management." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1366326076.

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Books on the topic "Environmental policy Victoria Citizen participation"

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Anderson, Rod. Cheap as chips: A history of campaigns to save Victoria's native forests. Clayton, Vic: R. W. Anderson, 2007.

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Fraites, Ellen L. Environmental leadership report: Environmental activism in Maryland. [College Park]: University of Maryland, Coastal and Environmental Policy Program, 1991.

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Citizen participation in global environmental governance. London: Earthscan, 2012.

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Klaus, Rennings, and Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung. Forschungsbereich Umwelt- und Ressourcenökonomik, Logistik., eds. Nachhaltigkeit, Ordnungspolitik und freiwillige Selbstverpflichtung: Ordnungspolitische Grundregeln für eine Politik der Nachhaltigkeit und das Instrument der freiwilligen Selbstverpflichtung im Umweltschutz. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag, 1996.

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Service, Canada Environmental Protection. Public participation for environmental protection. Hull, Qué: CEPA Office, Environment Canada, 1994.

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Frankena, Frederick. Citizen participation in environmental decision making: A bibliography. Monticello, Ill., USA: Vance Bibliographies, 1987.

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Environmental democracy. London: Earthscan, 1999.

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Coenen, Frans H. J. M., Huitema Dave, and O'Toole Laurence J. 1948-, eds. Participation and the quality of environmental decision making. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998.

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John, McCormick. Reclaiming paradise: The global environmental movement. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989.

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Bob, Hall, and Institute for Southern Studies, eds. Environmental politics: Lessons from the grassroots. Durham: Institute for Southern Studies, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Environmental policy Victoria Citizen participation"

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van Noordwijk, Toos (C G. E. )., Isabel Bishop, Sarah Staunton-Lamb, Alice Oldfield, Steven Loiselle, Hilary Geoghegan, and Luigi Ceccaroni. "Creating Positive Environmental Impact Through Citizen Science." In The Science of Citizen Science, 373–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58278-4_19.

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AbstractInterest in citizen science is growing, including from governments and research funders. This interest is often driven by a desire for positive environmental impact, and the expectation that citizen science can deliver it by engaging the public and simultaneously collecting environmental data. Yet, in practice, there is often a gap between expected and realised impact. To close this gap, we need to better understand pathways to impact and what it takes to realise them. We articulate six key pathways through which citizen science can create positive environmental change: (1) environmental management; (2) evidence for policy; (3) behaviour change; (4) social network championing; (5) political advocacy; and (6) community action. We explore the project attributes likely to create impact through each of these pathways and show that there is an interplay between these project attributes and the needs and motivations of target participant groups. Exploring this interplay, we create a framework that articulates four citizen science approaches that create environmental impact in different ways: place-based community action; interest group investigation; captive learning research; and mass participation census.
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Abe, T., T. Tsurutani, N. P. Lovrich, and J. C. Pierce. "Citizen Participation in Environmental Policy Making in the Coastal Area Some Lessons from a Cross-National Study." In Ocean Space Utilization ’85, 51–58. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68284-4_7.

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Hadden, Susan G. "5. Citizen Participation in Environmental Policy Making." In Learning from Disaster, edited by Shelia Jasanoff. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.9783/9781512803358-006.

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Fischer, Frank. "Beyond Technocratic Environmentalism: Citizen Inquiry in Sustainable Development." In Knowledge, Power, and Participation in Environmental Policy Analysis, 29–46. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351325721-3.

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Garcia, Maria Jesus Garcia. "Future Perspectives and Evolution of Citizen Participation in Government." In Modern Regulations and Practices for Social and Environmental Accounting, 149–62. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-9410-0.ch008.

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A regulatory policy based on the idea of smart regulation takes the view that legislation and regulations serve the economy, and therefore, laws must be intended to create the conditions to improve national economies and economic growth, as laid down by the OECD and the European Union itself. Such a regulatory policy is informed by a set of principles which apply to both regulatory institutions and regulations, such as transparency, cooperation, accountability, efficiency, effectiveness, participation, and openness. This regulatory approach takes the view that regulations are of better quality when they have been influenced by citizens. As a consequence, smart regulation results in participatory democracy. Citizens collaborate with the government in the lawmaking process at an early stage and throughout the lifecycle of a legislative act by means of consultations. This chapter focuses on consultation as the principal mechanism for participatory democracy in the context of smart regulation law-making in the European Union.
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Sharp, Robin J. A., Julie A. Ewald, and Robert Kenward. "Guidelines and Recommendations." In Transactional Environmental Support System Design, 246–57. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-2824-3.ch021.

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Policy guidelines and recommendations were derived from direct and indirect sample surveys of stakeholders in most European Union countries and some others and from related analytical work. They call for rationalisation of the high level environmental assessment systems in Europe, greater sharing of data derived from them, more research into the information needs of stakeholders, especially local stakeholders, who take key decisions about the environment, recognition of the value of participation in biodiversity-related activities by ordinary users of the countryside, promotion of citizen capability to use electronic mapping tools for biodiversity monitoring and management, analysis of the links between land-use changes and success in biodiversity conservation, and support for progress towards a comprehensive decision-support system via an internet portal providing a one-stop site for ideas and knowledge.
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Dzur, Albert W. "Democratic Innovation in Public Administration." In Democracy Inside, 93–117. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190658663.003.0005.

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City and local governments have welcomed public participation, in short-term ways, on issues such as crime prevention, affordable housing, urban planning, service provision, and general budgeting. They have been reluctant, however, to include citizens in substantive, long-term collaborative governance. At a time of budget constraints, multifaceted social problems, declining public trust, changing citizen expectations, and social media transparency, public administrators are motivated to experiment, but only incrementally. Drawing from interviews with reformers, this chapter discusses ad hoc strategies of citizen involvement directed toward specific policy problems, environmental commitments to participation involving multiple forms of citizen engagement, educational innovations such as citizens’ academies, and power-sharing innovations such as participatory budgeting. While some participatory innovations dissipate after a few months, others take root in a self-sustaining civic environment. Factors relevant to sustainability include divisions of labor between citizens and city managers, persistent outreach, substantive work done by citizens, and real power-sharing opportunities.
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