Journal articles on the topic 'Environmental policy – united states – case studies'
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Portia Oduro, Peter Simpa, and Darlington Eze Ekechukwu. "Addressing environmental justice in clean energy policy: Comparative case studies from the United States and Nigeria." Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances 19, no. 2 (May 30, 2024): 169–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gjeta.2024.19.2.0087.
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This paper explores the intersection of environmental justice and clean energy policy through a comparative analysis of case studies from the United States and Nigeria. Environmental justice, defined as the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people in environmental decisions, is increasingly recognized as a critical aspect of transitioning to clean energy systems. By examining clean energy policies and initiatives in both countries, this study aims to identify successes, challenges, and lessons learned in addressing environmental justice considerations. In the United States, the analysis focuses on federal and state-level clean energy policies, assessing their impact on marginalized communities and efforts to promote equity in access to clean energy resources. Similarly, in Nigeria, attention is given to government-led clean energy initiatives and their implications for environmental justice, particularly in rural and underserved areas. Through a comparative lens, this paper highlight’s common themes and divergent approaches to addressing environmental justice in clean energy policy between the two countries. It identifies opportunities for cross-country collaboration and knowledge sharing to advance equitable and sustainable energy transitions globally. The findings underscore the importance of integrating environmental justice principles into clean energy policy development and implementation, with recommendations provided for policymakers and stakeholders to promote inclusivity, fairness, and community engagement in shaping the future of clean energy.
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Morris, John C., Madeleine W. McNamara, and Amy Belcher. "Building Resilience Through Collaboration Between Grassroots Citizen Groups and Governments: Two Case Studies." Public Works Management & Policy 24, no. 1 (September 30, 2018): 50–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087724x18803116.
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As sea level rise grows in importance as a public policy issue, coastal communities must search for alternative strategies to develop resilience to the growing threat. One way to tap into existing resources involves partnerships between local governments and citizen-based environmental organizations to explore strategies aimed at mitigating the effects of sea level rise and recurrent flooding in coastal communities. This article presents two cases of collaboration between governments and existing citizen groups in a region among the most threatened by sea level rise in the continental United States—Hampton Roads, Virginia. We find that these efforts are quite effective in developing and implementing low-cost mitigation strategies that can protect infrastructure while applying social capital to serve as a bridge between citizens and government.
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Solecki, W. D., and F. M. Shelley. "Pollution, Political Agendas, and Policy Windows: Environmental Policy on the Eve of Silent Spring." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 14, no. 4 (December 1996): 451–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c140451.
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The objective of this paper is to illustrate that concern over environmental pollution became a significant national issue in the United States during the late 1950s, many years earlier than is typically acknowledged by environmental historians and policy analysts. Kingdon's model of agenda development is used to document how air and water pollution was transformed from an issue of local concern and control to an issue of national significance during the 1950s. The analysis focuses on two case studies: the development of pollution as a political issue in the state of New Jersey; and the development of pollution as a significant policy issue in the national political arena. Political leaders both within New Jersey and nationwide linked pollution control to other contemporary concerns about urban decay and suburban growth in order to win the allegiance of undecided voters. Pollution control became part of the debate over the role of the federal government in addressing urban ills. Concern about pollution also became important in the general restructuring of the US political landscape in this period, helping to set the stage for Democratic Party activism on the environment and other issues after 1960.
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Switzer, David, and Arnold Vedlitz. "Green Colored Lenses: Worldviews and Motivated Reasoning in the Case of Local Water Scarcity." Environment and Behavior 49, no. 7 (September 28, 2016): 719–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013916516669391.
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Studies linking local issue severity to public opinion often treat the effect as homogeneous, suggesting a straightforward relationship between issue exposure and policy opinions. It is more likely that individuals perceive local issues in conditional ways. We advance a theory of motivated reasoning whereby worldviews act as a lens through which individuals interpret the world around them. When the observed environment conforms to individuals’ prior beliefs, they will be even more likely to perceive risk and call for policy action. When the information presented to them is incongruent with their worldview, increasing issue severity will have a minimal effect. We test our theory by combining an indicator of water scarcity with data from two nationally representative, probability-based panel surveys about water issues in the United States. Analyzing interactive models predicting risk perception and policy preferences, we find that water scarcity drives individuals with opposing environmental worldviews even further apart.
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Grimm, Heike M., and Charlotte L. Bock. "Entrepreneurship in public administration and public policy programs in Germany and the United States." Teaching Public Administration 40, no. 3 (September 23, 2022): 322–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01447394211021636.
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The following contribution hypothesizes that it is crucial for future professionals in public administrations and organizations to be familiar with the concepts, tools, and techniques of policy, public, and social entrepreneurship to address societal, environmental, health, and wicked problems in an innovative and sustainable way. Attention is drawn to the importance of entrepreneurship as an essential asset and feature of public administration and public policy education at higher educational institutions in Germany and the United States. The paper aims at filling a research gap because knowledge about the interrelationships between entrepreneurship and public administration and public policy education is still underdeveloped. Emphasis is put on the discussion why entrepreneurship should be incorporated in curricula and how study programs have been designed or reformed, while placing emphasis on entrepreneurship in meeting current and complex challenges in the public sector. Findings from a systematic online assessment are presented which show whether and how policy, public and social entrepreneurship are taught as an integral element of current governance and public policy study programs and what difference it makes teaching and learning wise. The findings reflect a high demand for entrepreneurship education by public administration and public policy students, on the one hand, and a low incorporation in curricula, on the other hand. Two case studies from Germany and the United States are presented which serve as good practice examples on how to transfer public, policy, and social entrepreneurship into curricula.
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Nakayama, Mikiyasu, Nicholas Nicholas Bryner, and Satoru Mimura. "Return Migration after Natural Disasters." Journal of Asian Development 3, no. 1 (February 27, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jad.v3i1.10742.
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This special issue features policy priorities, public perceptions, and policy options for addressing post-disaster return migration in the United States, Japan, and a couple of Asian countries. It includes a series of case studies in these countries, which are based on a sustained dialogue among scholars and policymakers about whether and how to incentivize the return of displaced persons, considering social, economic, and environmental concerns. The research team, composed of researchers from Indonesia, Japan, Sri Lanka, and the United States, undertook a collaborative and interdisciplinary research process to improve understanding about how to respond to the needs of those displaced by natural disasters and to develop policy approaches for addressing post-disaster return. The research focused on the following three key issues: objectives of return migration (whether to return, in what configuration, etc.), priorities and perceptions that influence evacuees’ decision-making regarding return, and policies and practices that are used to pursue return objectives. This special issue includes ten articles on the following disaster cases: the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011, Hurricane Katrina in 2005 and Hurricane Sandy in 2012, the Great Indian Ocean Tsunami in 2004, and the Great Sumatra Island Earthquake in 2009. Important lessons for the future were secured out of these case studies, covering the entire phase of return, namely planning, implementation, and monitoring.
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Nguyen, Minh Quang. "Citizen science matters: theorizing citizen science and exploring its promises for addressing Mekong environmental problems." Ministry of Science and Technology, Vietnam 64, no. 1 (April 15, 2022): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31276/vmostjossh.64(1).25-35.
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Starting with the view that the emergence of citizen science initiatives proves the fullest potential to address environmental problems and promote sustainability from the ground up, this conceptual paper aims to explore why citizen science matters for a low-carbon future in the Mekong region. Based on a literature review and semi-structured expert interviews, this paper highlights the im-portance and unique impacts of citizen science in science, policy, and sustainability education spheres. These impacts are reflected in case studies of United States and Belgium. Results from empirical data also reveal that citizen science is transforming research, educating and informing the public, and decentralizing and informing policy. The results further provide promises for ad-dressing environmental problems in Mekong countries where environmental degradation seems to be getting murkier. The paper concludes with a discussion as to how citizen science should be embedded in local environmental governance as it revolutionizes our understanding of the envi-ronmental challenges and promotes evidence-informed policy making.
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Chiapella, Ariana M., Zbigniew J. Grabowski, Mary Ann Rozance, Ashlie D. Denton, Manar A. Alattar, and Elise F. Granek. "Toxic Chemical Governance Failure in the United States: Key Lessons and Paths Forward." BioScience 69, no. 8 (July 10, 2019): 615–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biz065.
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AbstractOver 40 years of regulations in the United States have failed to protect human and environmental health. We contend that these failures result from the flawed governance over the continued production, use, and disposal of toxic chemicals. To address this failure, we need to identify the broader social, political, and technological processes producing, knowing, and regulating toxic chemicals, collectively referred to as toxic chemical governance. To do so, we create a conceptual framework covering five key domains of governance: knowledge production, policy design, monitoring and enforcement, evaluation, and adjudication. Within each domain, social actors of varying power negotiate what constitutes acceptable risk, creating longer-term path dependencies in how they are addressed (or not). Using existing literature and five case studies, we discuss four paths for improving governance: evolving paradigms of harm, addressing bias in the knowledge base, making governance more equitable, and overcoming path dependency.
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Aczel, Miriam R., and Karen E. Makuch. "Environmental Impact Assessments and Hydraulic Fracturing: Lessons from Two U.S. States." Case Studies in the Environment 2, no. 1 (2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cse.2017.000638.
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Although the United States has been stimulating well production with hydraulic fracturing (“fracking”)1 since the 1940s [1], high-volume hydraulic fracturing (HVHF) combined with horizontal drilling is a relatively recent [2, 3] development with potential to adversely impact human health [4], environment [5], and water resources [6], with uncertainty about impacts and gaps in the data on HVHF compared to conventional drilling techniques [7]. Part of protecting environmental and public health is identifying potential risks before licenses are issued and drilling operations proceed. To this end, two case studies, focusing on the environmental impact assessment (EIA) procedures of California and New York, are analyzed in this paper. Both states have histories of strong environmental protection law and policy [8–10] and legally require an EIA to be conducted before development of HVHF sites [11, 12], an outgrowth of the 1969 federal National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). New York State conducted what appears to be a thorough EIA [13] and concluded that as there were too many gaps in the data on HVHF, fracking could not proceed. California’s EIA, which was less extensive, and did not consider health impacts [14], concluded that HVHF could proceed, relatively unabated. A comparison of these cases illustrates that the processes designed to ensure adequate identification, monitoring, and assessment of environmental impacts are prone to differences [15]—an outcome of the fact that laws governing HVHF in the US are not consistent across, nor controlled at, the federal level [16, 17].
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Meyerson, Beth E., Alissa Davis, Hilary Reno, Laura T. Haderxhanaj, M. Aaron Sayegh, Megan K. Simmons, Gurprit Multani, Lindsey Naeyaert, Audra Meador, and Bradley P. Stoner. "Existence, Distribution, and Characteristics of STD Clinics in the United States, 2017." Public Health Reports 134, no. 4 (May 21, 2019): 371–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033354919847733.
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Objectives: Studies of sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics have been limited by the lack of a national list for representative sampling. We sought to establish the number, type, and distribution of STD clinics and describe selected community characteristics associated with them. Methods: We conducted a 2-phased, multilevel, online search from September 2014 through March 2015 and from May through October 2017 to identify STD clinics in all 50 US states and the District of Columbia. We obtained data on clinic name, address, contact information, and 340B funding status (which requires manufacturers to provide outpatient drugs at reduced prices). We classified clinics by type. We also obtained secondary county-level data to compare rates of chlamydia and HIV, teen births, uninsurance and unemployment, and high school graduation; ratios of primary care physician to population; health care costs; median household income; and percentage of population living in rural areas vs nonrural areas. We used t tests to examine mean differences in characteristics between counties with and without STD clinics. Results: We found 4079 STD clinics and classified them into 10 types; 2530 (62.0%) clinics were affiliated with a local health department. Of 3129 counties, 1098 (35.1%) did not have an STD clinic. Twelve states had an STD clinic in every county, and 34 states had ≥1 clinic per 100 000 population. Most STD clinics were located in areas of high chlamydia morbidity and where other surrogate needs were greatest; rural areas were underserved by STD clinics. Conclusions: This list may aid in more comprehensive national studies of clinic services, STD clinic adaptation to external policy changes (eg, in public financing or patient access policy), and long-term clinic survival, with special attention to clinic coverage in rural areas.
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Lakhina, Shefali Juneja, Elaina J. Sutley, and Jay Wilson. "“How Do We Actually Do Convergence” for Disaster Resilience? Cases from Australia and the United States." International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 12, no. 3 (March 25, 2021): 299–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13753-021-00340-y.
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AbstractIn recent years there has been an increasing emphasis on achieving convergence in disaster research, policy, and programs to reduce disaster losses and enhance social well-being. However, there remain considerable gaps in understanding “how do we actually do convergence?” In this article, we present three case studies from across geographies—New South Wales in Australia, and North Carolina and Oregon in the United States; and sectors of work—community, environmental, and urban resilience, to critically examine what convergence entails and how it can enable diverse disciplines, people, and institutions to reduce vulnerability to systemic risks in the twenty-first century. We identify key successes, challenges, and barriers to convergence. We build on current discussions around the need for convergence research to be problem-focused and solutions-based, by also considering the need to approach convergence as ethic, method, and outcome. We reflect on how convergence can be approached as an ethic that motivates a higher order alignment on “why” we come together; as a method that foregrounds “how” we come together in inclusive ways; and as an outcome that highlights “what” must be done to successfully translate research findings into the policy and public domains.
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Mulligan, Timothy D., Sinem Mollaoğlu-Korkmaz, Russell Cotner, and Adrienne Domas Goldsberry. "PUBLIC POLICY AND IMPACTS ON ADOPTION OF SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENTS: LEARNING FROM THE CONSTUCTION INDUSTRY PLAYMAKERS." Journal of Green Building 9, no. 2 (July 2014): 182–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/1943-4618-9.2.182.
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Sustainable practices in the built environment are becoming a more common phenomona as market penetration of green buildings grow. Despite the reported benefits of green buildings, barriers to sustainability still exist. To motivate wider adoption of sustainable built environments, this research studies public policy and its impacts. The study aims to understand the links between public policy, construction playmakers' (e.g., organizations', institutions', business owners', and developers') motivation to build green, and growth of sustainable built environments in the United States. As a step forward in this direction, this paper focuses on the case of Michigan and explores construction playmakers' motivations to build and/or occupy sustainable buildings and how effective current public policy in Michigan is at addressing these motivations. There is little research on the links among legislation, construction playmakers' motivation to build green, and the growth of sustainable built environment in the United States. This article's findings show that: 1) green building costs are still the most frequently-reported barrier to green building, 2) property developers are significantly less likely to utilize green building practices than other construction playmakers, 3) single-family residential buildings were the least likely building type to receive green certifications, and 4) construction playmakers report low levels of green policy awareness and use despite the presence of relevant public policies. These findings will provide direction for policy makers and advocates in creating policy that will effectively promote green building construction.
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Hirsch, Annemarie G., April P. Carson, Nora L. Lee, Tara McAlexander, Carla Mercado, Karen Siegel, Nyesha C. Black, et al. "The Diabetes Location, Environmental Attributes, and Disparities Network: Protocol for Nested Case Control and Cohort Studies, Rationale, and Baseline Characteristics." JMIR Research Protocols 9, no. 10 (October 19, 2020): e21377. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/21377.
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Background Diabetes prevalence and incidence vary by neighborhood socioeconomic environment (NSEE) and geographic region in the United States. Identifying modifiable community factors driving type 2 diabetes disparities is essential to inform policy interventions that reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes. Objective This paper aims to describe the Diabetes Location, Environmental Attributes, and Disparities (LEAD) Network, a group funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to apply harmonized epidemiologic approaches across unique and geographically expansive data to identify community factors that contribute to type 2 diabetes risk. Methods The Diabetes LEAD Network is a collaboration of 3 study sites and a data coordinating center (Drexel University). The Geisinger and Johns Hopkins University study population includes 578,485 individuals receiving primary care at Geisinger, a health system serving a population representative of 37 counties in Pennsylvania. The New York University School of Medicine study population is a baseline cohort of 6,082,146 veterans who do not have diabetes and are receiving primary care through Veterans Affairs from every US county. The University of Alabama at Birmingham study population includes 11,199 participants who did not have diabetes at baseline from the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study, a cohort study with oversampling of participants from the Stroke Belt region. Results The Network has established a shared set of aims: evaluate mediation of the association of the NSEE with type 2 diabetes onset, evaluate effect modification of the association of NSEE with type 2 diabetes onset, assess the differential item functioning of community measures by geographic region and community type, and evaluate the impact of the spatial scale used to measure community factors. The Network has developed standardized approaches for measurement. Conclusions The Network will provide insight into the community factors driving geographical disparities in type 2 diabetes risk and disseminate findings to stakeholders, providing guidance on policies to ameliorate geographic disparities in type 2 diabetes in the United States. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/21377
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Schirm, Stefan A. "Globalisation, Divided Societies and Nation-Centred Economic Policies in America and Britain." European Review of International Studies 9, no. 2 (August 24, 2022): 240–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/21967415-09020008.
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Abstract A stronger emphasis on domestic politics and national sovereignty has recently shaped international economic relations, for instance, in the United Kingdom and the United States. This trend weakened the liberal international economic order (lio) with its promotion of globalisation and multilateralism. Why have the UK and the US, which formerly spearheaded the liberal order, embraced nation-centred foreign economic policies (ncp) under the Trump and Johnson governments? I argue that domestic forces predominantly drove this shift, since a political de facto alignment of value-based societal ideas and material interests increasingly favoured national self-determination and the privileging of domestic groups. The negative consequences of the lio such as rising income inequality, job losses and a perceived heteronomy had strengthened societal ideas and interests that converged in support of ncp. I examine these arguments by applying the societal approach to governmental preference formation in case studies on Johnson’s Brexit policy and Trump’s trade policy towards China.
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R. Gunawardene, N. "Conservation for a New Generation: Redefining Natural Resources Management." Pacific Conservation Biology 16, no. 1 (2010): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc100066.
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Having studied environmental science and policy in the United States (US) during my undergraduate years, I was interested to read an overview of the legislative and administrative changes that have occurred in the US over the last 20 years. The first paragraph of the introduction thrust me into the position of the ?new generation? of natural resource practitioners that Professor Richard L. Knight?s generation has engendered. He put into perspective what my generation takes for granted- the cross-disciplinary nature of conservation biology and the effort that was required to get multi-disciplinary cooperation on environmental issues. The book is structured in three parts looking at current partners/stakeholders in land management, the tools that are available for conservation and land management and finally the middle ground, where the diverse parties involved in conservation of natural resources meet. Each part is supported by case studies, mainly from the US, written by people involved in each study.
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Sethi, Tavpritesh, Anant Mittal, Shubham Maheshwari, and Samarth Chugh. "Learning to Address Health Inequality in the United States with a Bayesian Decision Network." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 33 (July 17, 2019): 710–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.3301710.
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Life-expectancy is a complex outcome driven by genetic, socio-demographic, environmental and geographic factors. Increasing socio-economic and health disparities in the United States are propagating the longevity-gap, making it a cause for concern. Earlier studies have probed individual factors but an integrated picture to reveal quantifiable actions has been missing. There is a growing concern about a further widening of healthcare inequality caused by Artificial Intelligence (AI) due to differential access to AI-driven services. Hence, it is imperative to explore and exploit the potential of AI for illuminating biases and enabling transparent policy decisions for positive social and health impact. In this work, we reveal actionable interventions for decreasing the longevitygap in the United States by analyzing a County-level data resource containing healthcare, socio-economic, behavioral, education and demographic features. We learn an ensembleaveraged structure, draw inferences using the joint probability distribution and extend it to a Bayesian Decision Network for identifying policy actions. We draw quantitative estimates for the impact of diversity, preventive-care quality and stablefamilies within the unified framework of our decision network. Finally, we make this analysis and dashboard available as an interactive web-application for enabling users and policy-makers to validate our reported findings and to explore the impact of ones beyond reported in this work.
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Huang, Li, Daniel Cronan, and Andrew (Anaru) Kliskey. "Stakeholder-Driven Policies and Scenarios of Land System Change and Environmental Impacts: A Case Study of Owyhee County, Idaho, United States." Sustainability 16, no. 1 (January 4, 2024): 467. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16010467.
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While stakeholder-driven approaches have been increasingly used in scenario modeling, previous studies have mostly focused on the qualitative elements, e.g., narratives and policy documents, from the stakeholders, but lack engagement of stakeholders with quantitative inputs. In this study, we conducted workshops with a stakeholder group to integrate the participatory mapping of future policies in the simulation, and to compare the environmental impacts after including the participatory mapping. A land system change model named CLUMondo was used to simulate four scenarios, i.e., Business-As-Usual (BAU), Destroying Resources in Owyhee (DRO), Ecological Conservation (EC), and Managed Recreation (MR), in Owyhee County, Idaho, United States. The InVEST models were used to assess water yield, soil erosion, and wildlife habitat under the four scenarios. The results show that the DRO scenario would decrease shrubland and increased grassland, thus leading to less water yield, more soil erosion, and deteriorated wildlife habitat anticipated through to 2050. On the contrary, the EC and MR scenarios reverse the trend and would improve these ecosystem services over the same time horizon. The stakeholder-driven policies appear to influence the spatial distribution of the land system and ecosystem services. The results help to reach a nuanced understanding of the stakeholder-driven scenarios and highlight the importance of engaging stakeholders in scenario modeling and environmental impact analysis.
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Knowles, Molly, Aidan P. Crowley, Aditi Vasan, and Shreya Kangovi. "Community Health Worker Integration with and Effectiveness in Health Care and Public Health in the United States." Annual Review of Public Health 44, no. 1 (April 3, 2023): 363–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-071521-031648.
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Community health workers (CHWs) have worked in a variety of settings in the United States for more than 70 years and are increasingly recognized as an essential health workforce. CHWs share life experience with the people they serve and have firsthand knowledge of the causes and impacts of health inequity. They provide a critical link between marginalized communities and health care and public health services. Several studies have demonstrated that CHWs can improve the management of chronic conditions, increase access to preventive care, improve patients’ experience of care, and reduce health care costs. CHWs can also advance health equity by addressing social needs and advocating for systems and policy change. This review provides a history of CHW integration with health care in the United States; describes evidence of the impact of CHW programs on population health, experience, costs of care, and health equity; and identifies considerations for CHW program expansion.
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Chan, Faith Ka Shun, Liang Emlyn Yang, Gordon Mitchell, Nigel Wright, Mingfu Guan, Xiaohui Lu, Zilin Wang, Burrell Montz, and Olalekan Adekola. "Comparison of sustainable flood risk management by four countries – the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, the United States, and Japan – and the implications for Asian coastal megacities." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 22, no. 8 (August 12, 2022): 2567–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-2567-2022.
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Abstract. Sustainable flood risk management (SFRM) has become popular since the 1980s. Many governmental and non-governmental organisations have been keen on implementing the SFRM strategies by integrating social, ecological, and economic themes into their flood risk management (FRM) practices. However, the justifications for SFRM are still somewhat embryonic, and it is not yet clear whether this concept is influencing current policies in different countries. This paper reviews the past and current flood management experiences from flood defence to SFRM in four developed countries to highlight lessons for coastal megacities in development. The paper explores recent strategies such as “Making Space for Water”, Planning Policy Statement 25 (PPS25), and the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) in the UK and “Room for the River” in the Netherlands, which were implemented to mitigate flooding, integrate FRM with sustainability concepts, and deliver sound FRM practice for future generations. In this context, the United States has also established a National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), and in a different approach, Japan has developed an advanced flood warning and evacuation contingency system to prepare for climatic extremes. These case studies give good lessons in achieving long-term SFRM to deliver sound flood management practices considering socio-economic and environmental concerns. Most developing coastal megacities especially in Asia are still heavily reliant on a traditional hard-engineering approach, which may not be enough to mitigate substantial risks due to human factors (e.g. large population, rapid socio-economic growth, subsidence from excessive groundwater extraction) and natural factors (e.g. climate change including sea-level rise and land subsidence). It is clear that different countries and cities have their interpretation of SFRM, but this paper explores how policymakers can adopt “mixed options” to move towards long-term thinking about sustainability with social, economic, and environmental considerations.
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Janusch, Holger, and Maria Behrens. "Great Normative Power: The European and American Trade Approaches with Chile and Mexico." European Foreign Affairs Review 17, Issue 3 (August 1, 2012): 367–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2012030.
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In Europe, a lively scientific debate has emerged about the role of norms in the European foreign policy. One aspect of this debate is norms related to human rights, labour rights and environmental standards in European trade policy. In this article, the normative dimension of EU's trade policy will be analysed in comparison with the US by using the concept of normative power. By classifying the trade approaches of the EU and the United States, we question the hypothesis of Europe's normative power and ask whether the EU is a unique normative actor in world politics. In the second section, normative power will be defined in demarcation to concepts of great power, empire and hegemon. In the third section, this theoretical differentiation will be used for the empirical classification of the European and American trade approaches. First, the self-proclamation of the EU and the US related to human rights, labour standards and environmental standards in trade policy will be analysed. Then trade approaches of the EU and the US will be measured in accordance to their self-proclamation by analysing the trade policy in three dimensions: negotiations, agreements and implementation. The trade agreements of the EU and the US with Chile and Mexico serve here as case studies.
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Tiffin, Hannah S., Edwin G. Rajotte, Joyce M. Sakamoto, and Erika T. Machtinger. "Tick Control in a Connected World: Challenges, Solutions, and Public Policy from a United States Border Perspective." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 7, no. 11 (November 20, 2022): 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7110388.
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Ticks are able to transmit the highest number of pathogen species of any blood-feeding arthropod and represent a growing threat to public health and agricultural systems worldwide. While there are numerous and varied causes and effects of changes to tick-borne disease (re)emergence, three primary challenges to tick control were identified in this review from a U.S. borders perspective. (1) Climate change is implicated in current and future alterations to geographic ranges and population densities of tick species, pathogens they can transmit, and their host and reservoir species, as highlighted by Ixodes scapularis and its expansion across southern Canada. (2) Modern technological advances have created an increasingly interconnected world, contributing to an increase in invasive tick species introductions through the increased speed and frequency of trade and travel. The introduction of the invasive Haemaphysalis longicornis in the eastern U.S. exemplifies the challenges with control in a highly interconnected world. (3) Lastly, while not a new challenge, differences in disease surveillance, control, and management strategies in bordering countries remains a critical challenge in managing ticks and tick-borne diseases. International inter-agency collaborations along the U.S.–Mexico border have been critical in control and mitigation of cattle fever ticks (Rhipicephalus spp.) and highlight the need for continued collaboration and research into integrated tick management strategies. These case studies were used to identify challenges and opportunities for tick control and mitigation efforts through a One Health framework.
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Adetomi Adewumi, Favour Oluwadamilare Usman, Chinelo Emilia Okoli, and Kehinde Andrew Olu-lawal. "Solar energy innovations in the USA: A comparative global review." International Journal of Science and Research Archive 11, no. 1 (February 28, 2024): 1528–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2024.11.1.0246.
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This comparative global review delves into solar energy innovations in the United States, providing insights into the nation's advancements and positioning within the international landscape. The United States has emerged as a key player in the field of solar energy, characterized by rapid technological innovations, policy initiatives, and substantial investments. By comparing these developments with global trends, the study aims to shed light on the unique characteristics and impacts of solar energy innovations in the USA. The review begins by examining the historical evolution of solar energy technologies in the United States, highlighting key milestones and breakthroughs. Subsequently, it explores the policy frameworks and regulatory measures that have shaped the growth of the solar energy sector, drawing comparisons with strategies adopted by other leading nations. The study delves into financial incentives, government support, and the role of private-sector initiatives in fostering a conducive environment for solar innovation. A critical aspect of the review is the comparative analysis of solar energy adoption rates, capacity additions, and grid integration strategies across various countries. By benchmarking the USA's solar energy landscape against global benchmarks, the study aims to identify best practices, challenges, and opportunities for further advancements. The review also considers the socio-economic and environmental impacts of solar energy innovations in the USA, assessing job creation, economic growth, and carbon emissions reductions. Comparative case studies with other nations provide a comprehensive understanding of the broader implications of solar energy adoption on a global scale. As solar energy continues to gain prominence as a sustainable and scalable solution, this review contributes to the ongoing discourse by providing a nuanced perspective on the unique trajectory of solar innovations in the USA. The findings aim to inform policymakers, researchers, and industry stakeholders, offering valuable insights for the continued growth and optimization of solar energy technologies in both domestic and global contexts.
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Pak, Seonggyu, Seongho Jung, Changhyun Roh, and Chankyu Kang. "Case Studies for Dangerous Dust Explosions in South Korea during Recent Years." Sustainability 11, no. 18 (September 6, 2019): 4888. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11184888.
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Despite recent extensive research and technical development to prevent and mitigate dust explosions, processes that produce and handle combustible materials in the form of powders and dusts, either as a main product or as an undesired by-product, have become a constant dust explosion threat as they become more sophisticated and complicated. This study analyzed the characteristics of 53 dust explosions that occurred in South Korea over the last 30 years, and investigated the differences of dust explosions that happened in various countries, such as Japan, the United States, the United Kingdom, and France. In addition, case studies showed the severity of dust explosions occurring in South Korea. Through the special focus on the three most recent years of dust explosions, the causes and processes of the accidents were identified. Analyses of dust explosions in South Korea show that they were mainly caused by organic matter and metal, and, unfortunately, dust explosions occurred repeatedly during grinding, mixing, and injection of powder materials into facilities. No reported accidents occurred during the production processes of wood or paper during the last three years. Taking these characteristics into account, effective ways to prevent or mitigate dust explosions at workplaces where many dust explosions occurred were suggested.
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Sixt, Gregory N., Claudia Strambo, Jingjing Zhang, Nicholas Chow, Jie Liu, and Guoyi Han. "Assessing the Level of Inter-Sectoral Policy Integration for Governance in the Water–Energy Nexus: A Comparative Study of Los Angeles and Beijing." Sustainability 12, no. 17 (September 3, 2020): 7220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12177220.
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As concerns around water scarcity and energy security increase, so too has interest in the connections between these resources, through a concept called the water–energy nexus. Efforts to improve the integration of water and energy management and to understand their cross-sector relevance are growing. In particular, this paper develops a better empirical understanding on the extent to which governance settings hinder and/or enable policy coherence between the water and energy sectors through a comparative analysis of two case studies, namely, Los Angeles County, California, the United States, and the city of Beijing, China. This paper examines the extent to which the institutional context enables policy coordination within (vertically) and between (horizontally) the water and energy sectors in Beijing and Los Angeles. To do so, we propose a framework for analyzing policy integration for the water energy nexus based on environmental policy integration (EPI). The results highlight the multiple and flexible approaches of EPI in nexus governance, not least with regards to horizontal and vertical policy integration, but also in terms of explicit (i.e., intended) and implicit (i.e., unintended) coordination. The level of nexus-focused policy integration is highly dependent on the motivation at the local context and the criteria to evaluate policy success in each sector.
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Schley, Hannah L., Ilene F. West, and Christopher K. Williams. "Advancing Wildlife Policy of Eastern Timber Wolves and Lake Sturgeon through Traditional Ecological Knowledge." Sustainability 14, no. 7 (March 24, 2022): 3859. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14073859.
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Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) is becoming more prominent in wildlife management decisions and policy making. The cooperation of TEK and Western science paradigms have been beneficial for conserving our natural resources and wildlife populations. However, there are still concerns with accepting TEK as part of wildlife management, policy, and regulations. With increasing challenges to wildlife conservation, it is vital to implement Indigenous TEK to form more robust and holistic approaches to wildlife management. Here, we present two case studies in the upper Midwest region of the United States involving the Ojibwe tribe that show the importance of TEK collaboration and how that knowledge can be used for the betterment of ecologically sensitive species—lake sturgeon and eastern timber wolves.
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Lee, Jihee, and Donghee Shin. "Curriculum and Textbook Analysis of Nuclear Power in Major Countries: Focusing on Science and Social Studies." Korean Association For Learner-Centered Curriculum And Instruction 23, no. 7 (April 15, 2023): 183–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.22251/jlcci.2023.23.7.183.
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Objectives The purposes of this study were to analyze status, history and policy, science and social studies curriculum, textbooks of nuclear power in major countries.
Methods In accordance with global nuclear policies, the United States and Japan were selected as countries to expand and maintain nuclear power plants. In the case of a country abolishing it, Korea, Germany, France were chosen. Australia is one of the countries that doesn't have it. We identified the current status of nuclear power through the number of nuclear power plants, generation, historical and policy data in major countries. And this study investigated nuclear power generation after collecting data from science and social studies curriculum and textbooks published by selected countries and discussed the implications.
Results In terms of the curriculum, science subject was more than social studies subject, especially in high school physics and chemistry. Textbooks of the 2009 Revised Curriculum and US textbooks showed high in frequency. In domestic textbooks and foreign science textbooks, contents were many “pros and cons, and controversial situations of nuclear power generation”. In foreign social studies textbooks, contents were many “nuclear accident”.
Conclusions In order to students to properly understand the issue of nuclear power generation, nuclear content and educational methods should be planned systematically from elementary school.
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Shokoohyar, Sina, Amirsalar Jafari Gorizi, Vahid Ghomi, Weimin Liang, and Hak J. Kim. "Sustainable Transportation in Practice: A Systematic Quantitative Review of Case Studies." Sustainability 14, no. 5 (February 24, 2022): 2617. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14052617.
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After the COVID-19 pandemic and the spectrum of new climate change disruptions in the supply chain, a holistic approach towards sustainable transportation is needed. Sustainable transportation could benefit sustainable development from different angles; reduced traffic deaths, increased share of renewable energy, higher quality of transport-related infrastructure, increased satisfaction with public transportation, increased responsible consumption and production, and reduced fossil fuel consumption. This study is an attempt to show whereon the scholars were focused previously and where the focus needs to be more on. This study has reviewed 358 case studies and categorized them into twenty groups based on the transportation mode and eleven groups based on the authors’ primary areas of concern. Keyword analysis followed by topics modeling showed three non-overlapping trends in the cohort. The results, with a corroboratory investigation on the benefits of the United States’ infrastructure bill, were discussed in four categories: in-vehicle improvements, built-environment elements, human factors, and planning and regulations.
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Gibson, Allison, Jessica Walsh, and Lisa M. Brown. "Disaster Mental Health Services Review of Care for Older Persons After Disasters." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 12, no. 3 (August 30, 2017): 366–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2017.60.
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AbstractAs older persons make up an ever greater proportion of the world’s population, a range of concerns are being voiced by policy-makers, program managers, and care providers about best or optimal practices for serving this population’s needs during all stages of disasters. Given that age-related vulnerabilities are common in late life, this article describes existing systems of care in the United States for the provision of disaster mental health services. Second, it evaluates the evidence for disaster treatment interventions with this subgroup of the population. Third, it synthesizes the findings of recent studies focusing on screening, assessment, and treatment approaches. To advance our current system of care and to adequately respond to the mental health needs of older persons, it is advantageous to periodically review progress, identify current gaps and unmet needs, and describe opportunities for improvement. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2018; 12: 366–372)
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Jung, Do-Young, and Kyoo-Man Ha. "A Comparison of the Role of Voluntary Organizations in Disaster Management." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 4, 2021): 1669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13041669.
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This research aimed to compare different voluntary organizations in disaster management in the United States, Japan, and South Korea. Comparative case studies were used to evaluate the following: the specialized expertise and unsolicited goods and services approach of the United States, the collaborative relations and small-scale approach of Japan, and the additional support and unsystematic coordination approach of community-based organizations in Korea. Three variables were considered: volunteers and their organizations, financial independence, and preferred strategies. The key findings are as follows: each country has tried to enhance the role of its own voluntary organizations in disaster management; the nations studied have similarities and differences in their strategies and actions; and the specific developments in each country have been varied and reflective of its respective culture. This work, as a pioneering study, evaluated three national cases in terms of voluntary organizations in disaster management in the Asia–Pacific region.
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Da Silva Alves, Renato, Christiane Silva Souza, Flaviane Mello Lazarini, Marlete Scremin, Sirlaine De Pinho, Bruno De Pinho Amaral, Dávila Dayane Martins Souza, et al. "SCIENTIFIC PRODUCTION ON THE NATIONAL HARM REDUCTION POLICY." Health and Society 4, no. 01 (January 3, 2024): 34–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.51249/hs.v4i01.1806.
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Objective: to verify the level of knowledge and systematization of scientific production linked to the National Harm Reduction Policy after its implementation. Methods: scientometric study using the secondary databases United States National Library of Medicine (PubMed) and also in the Scientific Electronic Library Online, using as eligibility criteria the published articles included in the time cut of the last 13 years, available in full and in english, Spanish and Portuguese languages, articles with central theme related to the epidemiology of diseases were excluded, case studies, research in the areas of basic sciences, among others that did not fit the policy themes, an instrument was elaborated for data extraction, the selection of articles was carried out independently by the researchers, divergences were resolved with the use of the instrument elaborated, the identified articles were selected and classified through the analysis of titles and abstract, tabulated and organized in microsoft excel 2016 spreadsheets. Results: there was a predominance of publications between 2012 and 2016 with the central theme related to harm reduction, the state of Rio de Janeiro and other countries presented the highest number of publications, with no qualis classification level and with evidence level five. Conclusion: The scientific production related to harm reduction was expressed insipid, considering that the theme is of importance for public health.
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Mirpuri, Sheena, Kathryn Traub, Sara Romero, Marisol Hernandez, and Francesca Gany. "Cardiovascular health status of taxi/for-hire vehicle drivers in the United States: A systematic review." Work 69, no. 3 (July 16, 2021): 927–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/wor-213525.
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BACKGROUND: Taxi/for-hire vehicle (FHV) drivers are a predominantly immigrant, male, and growing population in large, metropolitan cities in the U.S. at risk for cardiovascular conditions. OBJECTIVE: This review sought to systematically investigate the literature given mounting evidence of poor taxi/FHV driver health. METHODS: A systematic search of peer-reviewed journal articles that included a range of cardiovascular risks and conditions among taxi/FHV drivers in the U.S. was conducted. RESULTS: 8800 journal articles were initially found. 14 eligible articles were included: 3 mixed methods articles, 1 qualitative article, and 10 quantitative articles. Articles spanned 13 cardiovascular risks and conditions, including tobacco, nutrition, physical activity, stress, depression, body mass index/waist circumference, cholesterol, blood glucose/diabetes, air pollution, sleep, blood pressure/hypertension, heart disease, and stroke. The majority of studies were cross-sectional and utilized convenience samples. CONCLUSIONS: Rigorous and high quality research is needed to further investigate rates of cardiovascular health in this population. The complexity of data collection in this group presents challenges to this endeavor. The high prevalence of poor nutrition, limited physical activity, diabetes, and blood pressure across studies indicates an urgent need to address low rates of health care access at a policy level and to design targeted workplace interventions.
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Andrikopoulou, Tatiana, Ralph M. J. Schielen, Chris J. Spray, Cor A. Schipper, and Astrid Blom. "A Framework to Evaluate the SDG Contribution of Fluvial Nature-Based Solutions." Sustainability 13, no. 20 (October 13, 2021): 11320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132011320.
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Nature-based solutions (NBSs) are measures reflecting the ‘cooperation with nature’ approach: mitigating fluvial flood risk while being cost-effective, resource-efficient, and providing numerous environmental, social, and economic benefits. Since 2015, the United Nations (UN) 2030 Agenda has provided UN member states with goals, targets, and indicators to facilitate an integrated approach focusing on economic, environmental, and social improvements simultaneously. The aim of this study is to evaluate the contribution of fluvial NBSs to the UN 2030 Agenda, using all its components: Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), targets, and indicators. We propose a four-step framework with inputs from the UN 2030 Agenda, scientific literature, and case studies. The framework provides a set of fluvial flooding indicators that are linked to SDG indicators of the UN 2030 Agenda. Finally, the fluvial flooding indicators are tested by applying them to a case study, the Eddleston Water Project, aiming to examine its contribution to the UN 2030 Agenda. This reveals that the Eddleston Water Project contributes to 9 SDGs and 33 SDG targets from environmental, economic, societal, policy, and technical perspectives. Our framework aims to enhance the systematic considerations of the SDG indicators, adjust their notion to the system of interest, and thereby enhance the link between the sustainability performance of NBSs and the UN 2030 Agenda.
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Cho, Hannah, Sang-woo Ji, Hee-young Shin, and Hwanju Jo. "A Case Study of Environmental Policies and Guidelines for the Use of Coal Ash as Mine Reclamation Filler: Relevance for Needed South Korean Policy Updates." Sustainability 11, no. 13 (July 2, 2019): 3629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11133629.
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The South Korean government is pursuing a national project to use the complex carbonates found in coal ash to capture CO2 and promote coal ash recycling. One possible approach is the use of coal ash as fill material in mine reclamation, but environmental concerns have so far blocked the implementation of this procedure, and no relevant regulations or guidelines exist. In this study, we review international approaches to the environmental management of coal ash recycling and consider how the lessons learned can be applied to South Korea. Each studied country was proactively using coal ash for beneficial uses under locally suitable conditions. The United States, European Union, United Kingdom, Australia, and Japan are all putting coal ash to beneficial use following thorough analyses of the environmental impact based on several considerations, including bulk concentration, coal ash leachate concentration, field inspections, and water quality monitoring. Our findings can contribute to the development of proper regulations and policies to encourage the use of recycled coal ash in South Korea as an approach to managing carbon emissions and climate changes. There are currently no relevant regulations in South Korea, so we consider the adoption of the strictest standards at each stage of the other cases at the time of introduction. Based on our findings, detailed and appropriate management guidelines can be developed in the future. Establishing management plans for complex carbonates, verifying their environmental stability, and using them as fill material will provide clear benefits for South Korea in the future.
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Ansari, Bahareh, Katherine M. Tote, Eli S. Rosenberg, and Erika G. Martin. "A Rapid Review of the Impact of Systems-Level Policies and Interventions on Population-Level Outcomes Related to the Opioid Epidemic, United States and Canada, 2014-2018." Public Health Reports 135, no. 1_suppl (July 2020): 100S—127S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033354920922975.
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Objectives In the United States, rising rates of overdose deaths and recent outbreaks of hepatitis C virus and HIV infection are associated with injection drug use. We updated a 2014 review of systems-level opioid policy interventions by focusing on evidence published during 2014-2018 and new and expanded opioid policies. Methods We searched the MEDLINE database, consistent with the 2014 review. We included articles that provided original empirical evidence on the effects of systems-level interventions on opioid use, overdose, or death; were from the United States or Canada; had a clear comparison group; and were published from January 1, 2014, through July 19, 2018. Two raters screened articles and extracted full-text data for qualitative synthesis of consistent or contradictory findings across studies. Given the rapidly evolving field, the review was supplemented with a search of additional articles through November 17, 2019, to assess consistency of more recent findings. Results The keyword search yielded 535 studies, 66 of which met inclusion criteria. The most studied interventions were prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs) (59.1%), and the least studied interventions were clinical guideline changes (7.6%). The most common outcome was opioid use (77.3%). Few articles evaluated combination interventions (18.2%). Study findings included the following: PDMP effectiveness depends on policy design, with robust PDMPs needed for impact; health insurer and pharmacy benefit management strategies, pill-mill laws, pain clinic regulations, and patient/health care provider educational interventions reduced inappropriate prescribing; and marijuana laws led to a decrease in adverse opioid-related outcomes. Naloxone distribution programs were understudied, and evidence of their effectiveness was mixed. In the evidence published after our search’s 4-year window, findings on opioid guidelines and education were consistent and findings for other policies differed. Conclusions Although robust PDMPs and marijuana laws are promising, they do not target all outcomes, and multipronged interventions are needed. Future research should address marijuana laws, harm-reduction interventions, health insurer policies, patient/health care provider education, and the effects of simultaneous interventions on opioid-related outcomes.
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Mishra, Rashmi, and Deepika Varshney. "Consumer Protection Frameworks by Enhancing Market Fairness, Accountability and Transparency (FAT) for Ethical Consumer Decision-Making: Integrating Circular Economy Principles and Digital Transformation in Global Consumer Markets." Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies 50, no. 7 (July 8, 2024): 640–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajess/2024/v50i71494.
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This research explores the evolving role of consumer protection laws for enhancing market fairness, accountability, and transparency (FAT) to facilitate informed consumer decision-making within the digital economy. Exploring international standards by The United Nations Guidelines for Consumer Protection (UNGCP), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and the United Nations on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), as well as regional initiatives like the European Commission's, the study investigates circular economy principles for consumer resilience and marginalized groups such as low-income populations and rural communities. Utilizing a normative and exploratory research approach, data is gathered from global policy documents and scholarly sources. Comparative qualitative analysis is conducted to identify standard practices. The significance of adopting consumer protection frameworks to study the intricacies of digital transactions and environmental sustainability and its impact on consumer protection law, which will help citizens make informed decisions. This study highlights innovative strategies, such as the OECD’s guidelines for e-commerce and national policies promoting circular economy principles. By exploring case studies from countries like Germany, the Netherlands, China, Japan, India and Oman for circular economy practices and Sweden, the United States, Armenia, Australia and Oman for financial sector improvements, the research provides the framework for improving consumer protection policies globally.
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Richert-Boe, K. E., L. L. Humphrey, A. G. Glass, and N. S. Weiss. "Screening digital rectal examination and prostate cancer mortality: a case-control study." Journal of Medical Screening 5, no. 2 (June 1, 1998): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jms.5.2.99.
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Background Prostate cancer is the second most common cause of death from cancer in men in the United States. Digital rectal examination is the oldest and most commonly used screening test for prostate cancer, but as yet there are no studies which demonstrate its effectiveness. Methods A case-control study was conducted among members of a large health maintenance organisation to estimate the effect of screening digital rectal examination on mortality from prostate cancer. 150 men, aged 40–84 when cancer was diagnosed, who developed fatal prostate cancer, and 299 male controls matched for age who did not die from prostate cancer were studied. A history of screening digital rectal examination during the 10 years before the date on which cancer was diagnosed was determined from medical records. Results A similar proportion of men who died from prostate cancer and controls had undergone at least one screening digital rectal examination during the 10 year interval (odds ratio = 0.84, 95% confidence interval 0.48 to 1.46). Similar results were obtained when a shorter interval (such as five years before diagnosis) during which screening histories were evaluated was considered, or in analyses in which men with a history of benign prostatic hypertrophy were excluded. Conclusions The data suggest that screening digital rectal examination does not reduce mortality from prostate cancer to any appreciable degree.
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VanderVeur, Jennifer, Siobhan Gilchrist, and Dyann Matson-Koffman. "An Overview of State Policies Supporting Worksite Health Promotion Programs." American Journal of Health Promotion 31, no. 3 (January 5, 2016): 232–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4278/ajhp.141008-quan-505.
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Purpose. Worksite health promotion (WHP) programs can reduce the occurrence of cardiovascular disease risk factors. State law can encourage employers and employer-provided insurance companies to offer comprehensive WHP programs. This research examines state law authorizing WHP programs. Design. Quantitative content analysis. Setting. Worksites or workplaces. Subjects. United States (and the District of Columbia). Intervention. State law in effect in 2013 authorizing WHP programs. Measures. Frequency and distribution of states with WHP laws. Analysis. To determine the content of the laws for analysis and coding, we identified 18 policy elements, 12 from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Worksite Health ScoreCard (HSC) and 6 additional supportive WHP strategies. We used these strategies as key words to search for laws authorizing WHP programs or select WHP elements. We calculated the number and type of WHP elements for each state with WHP laws and selected two case examples from states with comprehensive WHP laws. Results. Twenty-four states authorized onsite WHP programs, 29 authorized WHP through employer-provided insurance plans, and 18 authorized both. Seven states had a comprehensive WHP strategy, addressing 8 or more of 12 HSC elements. The most common HSC elements were weight management, tobacco cessation, and physical activity. Conclusion. Most states had laws encouraging the adoption of WHP programs. Massachusetts and Maine are implementing comprehensive WHP laws but studies evaluating their health impact are needed.
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Zamathula Queen Sikhakhane Nwokediegwu, Ejike David Ugwuanyi, Michael Ayorinde Dada, Michael Tega Majemite, and Alexander Obaigbena. "URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT: A REVIEW OF SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES IN THE USA." Engineering Science & Technology Journal 5, no. 2 (February 25, 2024): 517–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.51594/estj.v5i2.829.
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This comprehensive review explores the landscape of Urban Water Management in the United States, focusing on sustainable practices aimed at addressing the challenges posed by rapid urbanization and climate change. With urban areas facing increasing water stress, this study aims to identify, analyze, and evaluate a range of sustainable practices implemented across the country. The review encompasses diverse aspects of Urban Water Management, including water efficiency measures, green infrastructure initiatives, climate change resilience strategies, and pollution mitigation efforts. In examining water efficiency measures, the study investigates technological innovations and policy frameworks that have contributed to optimizing water use in urban settings. Additionally, the role of green infrastructure is explored, emphasizing its benefits and applications through case studies of successful implementations, shedding light on how nature-based solutions can enhance water sustainability. The review delves into the critical dimension of climate change resilience in urban water systems, analyzing the impacts of climate change on water resources and exploring adaptation and mitigation strategies. Infrastructure improvements and integrated planning approaches are examined as essential components in building resilient urban water systems. Addressing pollution mitigation, the study focuses on stormwater management and wastewater treatment. Best management practices and regulatory measures are scrutinized to understand how urban areas are effectively managing and treating water to mitigate pollution and protect water quality. Furthermore, the review highlights the significance of integrated water resources management as a holistic approach to addressing water challenges in urban contexts. Stakeholder engagement and cross-sectoral coordination are emphasized as integral elements in implementing sustainable and comprehensive water management strategies. Through case studies of successful urban water management projects, the review extracts valuable lessons and insights for future implementations. The challenges and opportunities in the current landscape are explored, providing a nuanced understanding of the barriers to sustainable practices and identifying emerging opportunities. This review synthesizes key findings, implications, and recommendations for advancing sustainable urban water management practices in the United States. The insights generated contribute to the ongoing dialogue on effective water management strategies in the face of evolving urban and environmental dynamics.
Keywords: Urban Water Management, Sustainable Practices, Water Efficiency, Climate Change, Resilience, United States, Pollution Mitigation, Water Infrastructure.
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Joe, Jaewan, Piljae Im, and Jin Dong. "Empirical Modeling of Direct Expansion (DX) Cooling System for Multiple Research Use Cases." Sustainability 12, no. 20 (October 21, 2020): 8738. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12208738.
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This study provides a general procedure to generate a direct expansion (DX) cooling coil system for a roof top unit (RTU), which is a typical heating ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) system for commercial buildings in the United States. Experimental data from a full-scale unoccupied 2-story commercial building is used for the HVAC modeling. The regression for identifying the model coefficients was carried out with multiple stages, and the results were validated with measured data. The model’s applicability was evaluated with multiple case studies, including a building energy simulation (BES) program validation, model-based predictive control (MPC), and fault diagnostics and detection (FDD).
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Prehoda, Emily, Joshua Pearce, and Chelsea Schelly. "Policies to Overcome Barriers for Renewable Energy Distributed Generation: A Case Study of Utility Structure and Regulatory Regimes in Michigan." Energies 12, no. 4 (February 20, 2019): 674. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12040674.
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Because of its environmental damage and now often being the most expensive source for electricity production, coal use is declining throughout the United States. Michigan has no active coal mining and seemingly supportive legislation for distributed generation (DG) and renewable energy (RE) technologies. However, Michigan still derives approximately half of its power production from large centralized coal plants, despite the availability of much lower cost RE DG technologies. To understand this conundrum, this study reviews how Michigan investor owned utilities utilize their political power to perpetuate utility structures that work toward the financial interests of the utilities rather than the best interests of the state’s electricity consumers, including other firms and residents. Background is provided covering the concept of DG, the cost savings associated with DG, and utility regulatory regimes at the national, regional, state, and local levels. Recent case studies from specific utility strategies are provided in order to illustrate how Michigan utilities manipulate regulatory regimes via policy misinterpretation to deter or hinder the proliferation of DG in favor of maintaining the existing interests in centralized, fossil fuel-based electrical energy production. The results of this study demonstrate how DG proliferation is hindered by Michigan regulated utilities via the exercise of political power within existing legal and regulatory regimes. This highlights the need to think about how utilities may interpret and implement rules when designing energy legislation and policy to maximize the benefits for consumers and society. Policy recommendations and alternate strategies are provided to help enhance the role of energy policy to improve rather than limit the utilization of RE DG.
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Field-Juma, Alison, and Nancy Roberts-Lawler. "Using Partnerships and Community Science to Protect Wild and Scenic Rivers in the Eastern United States." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 16, 2021): 2102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13042102.
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The Musconetcong (New Jersey) and the Sudbury-Assabet-Concord (Massachusetts) are federally-designated Partnership Wild and Scenic Rivers, a model for river conservation under the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act. These two rivers are embedded in a patchwork of private and public land ownership. The Act has been used to facilitate partnerships among municipal, state, federal and local non-profit actors to implement river conservation plans. These partnerships have supported community science-based monitoring to make the case for dam removal and stricter water pollution controls. Two case studies examine using community science to provide actionable data to decision-makers. In New Jersey, a documented increase in macroinvertebrates post-dam removal supported additional dam removals, leading to the return of American shad to the river. Quality controls and training proved to be key components. In Massachusetts, stricter effluent discharge permits reduced instream Total Phosphorus from 0.8 mg/L in 1999 to the eutrophication threshold of 0.023–0.05 mg/L. Community engagement in river science and stewardship was an important co-benefit. As many US rivers evolve from generating hydropower and conveying waste into major recreational resources, local organizations are uniquely positioned to engage the public and generate quality-controlled data to use in advocating for major improvements in water and habitat quality. Useful policy and regulatory frameworks for broader applicability are suggested.
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Mukherjee, Debraj, Hasan A. Zaidi, Thomas Kosztowski, Kaisorn L. Chaichana, Roberto Salvatori, David C. Chang, and Alfredo Quiñones-Hinojosa. "Predictors of access to pituitary tumor resection in the United States, 1988–2005." European Journal of Endocrinology 161, no. 2 (August 2009): 259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje-09-0043.
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ObjectiveSurgery remains a common form of treatment for sellar and parasellar tumors involving the pituitary gland and adjacent structures. Studies have suggested that pituitary surgery procedures performed at high-volume centers are associated with less adverse outcomes, yet it remains unclear which types of patients are more likely to be admitted to such centers. We set out to determine which factors most influenced admission to these high-volume centers.MethodsA retrospective analysis of the National Inpatient Sample over an 18-year period was linked to socioeconomic and environmental data contained within the Area Resource File. Only patients undergoing transsphenoidal surgery in the United States, >18-years-old were included. The primary outcome was admission to a high-volume (>25 pituitary surgeries/year) hospital.ResultsOverall, patients' odds of admission to a high-volume center increased over an 18-year time period. However, African–Americans (odds ratio, OR=0.46), Hispanics (OR=0.28), and Asians (OR=0.49) experienced declining odds of admission over time. Patients from high-income brackets (OR=1.53) and from areas with higher neurosurgeon density (OR=1.61) were more likely to be admitted to high-volume centers. Conversely, patients coming from counties with higher poverty (OR=0.92) were less likely to be admitted to high-volume centers.ConclusionRacial and socioeconomic factors play a significant role in the admission of patients to high-volume pituitary surgery centers. This study demonstrates potential key policy areas for meaningful intervention to help ease disparities in access to quality care for surgical pituitary disease.
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Pellow, David, and Jasmine Vazin. "The Intersection of Race, Immigration Status, and Environmental Justice." Sustainability 11, no. 14 (July 19, 2019): 3942. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11143942.
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Environmental injustice occurs when marginalized groups face disproportionate environmental impacts from a range of threats. Environmental racism is a particular form of environmental injustice and frequently includes the implementation of policies, regulations, or institutional practices that target communities of color for undesirable waste sites, zoning, and industry. One example of how the United States federal and state governments are currently practicing environmental racism is in the form of building and maintaining toxic prisons and immigrant detention prisons, where people of color and undocumented persons are the majority of inmates and detainees who suffer disproportionate health risk and harms. This article discusses the historical and contemporary conditions that have shaped the present political landscape of racial and immigration conflicts and considers those dynamics in the context of the literature on environmental justice. Case studies are then presented to highlight specific locations and instances that exemplify environmental injustice and racism in the carceral sector. The article concludes with an analysis of the current political drivers and motivations contributing to these risks and injustices, and ends with a discussion of the scale and depth of analysis required to alleviate these impacts in the future, which might contribute to greater sustainability among the communities affected.
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Kinchy, Abby, and Guy Schaffer. "Disclosure Conflicts." Science, Technology, & Human Values 43, no. 6 (April 8, 2018): 1011–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0162243918768024.
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Many governments and corporations have embraced information disclosure as an alternative to conventional environmental and public health regulation. Public policy research on transparency has examined the effects of particular disclosure policies, but there is limited research on how the construction of disclosure policies relates to social movements, or how transparency and ignorance are related. As a first step toward filling this theoretical gap, this study seeks to conceptualize disclosure conflicts, the social processes through which secrecy is challenged, defended, and mobilized in public technoscientific controversies. In the case of shale oil and gas development (“fracking”) in the United States, activists and policy makers have demanded information about the contents of fluids used in the extraction process and the routes of oil shipments by rail. Drilling and railroad companies have resisted both demands. Studies of such disputes reveal the dynamic and conflictual nature of information disclosure. In both cases, disclosure conflicts unfold dynamically over time, reflecting power disparities between industry groups and their challengers and requiring coalitions of activists to pursue multiple tactics. When a disclosure policy is established, it does not resolve social conflict but shifts the focus of struggle to the design of information systems, the quality of disclosed data, and the knowledge gaps that are now illuminated.
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Goh, Joel, Jeffrey Pfeffer, and Stefanos A. Zenios. "Reducing the Health Toll from U.S. Workplace Stress." Behavioral Science & Policy 5, no. 1 (April 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/237946151900500102.
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Many studies have documented that workplace stress can harm health. But in an open, competitive economy, can these harmful effects realistically be prevented? To find out, we used publicly available data to compare U.S. and European estimates of health care costs and mortality from workplace stress. We found that if the United States had workplace policies that were comparable to those of a European country of similar wealth, it would spend approximately $40 billion less on health care costs related to potentially preventable workplace stress than it spends now. These results suggest that focusing policy interventions on the workplace could help address soaring U.S. health care costs.
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Stout, Jordan, and Jeff Rubini. "National Contingency Plan Phase II Activities: A Problem Analysis & Decision Framework for Understanding & Evaluating Oil Pollution Threats from Sunken Ships Off California." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 2134–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014.1.2134.
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ABSTRACT The National Contingency Plan (NCP) provides an assessment framework through which to manage pollution threats in the United States. Although the NCP delivers an assessment framework for evaluating Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation & Liability Act (CERCLA) threats through formalized Site Assessments, Feasibility Studies, and Remedial Investigations, the NCP falls short of delivering a similar iterative process through which to evaluate non-emergent oil pollution threats. Recent experience with two historical wrecks in California (SS MONTEBELLO and M/V FERNSTREAM) suggest an opportunity to develop a problem analysis and decision framework enabling assessment/response (A&R) teams to evaluate more fully the nature of a problem, as well as the relative efficacy of alternative courses of action available to the Federal On-Scene Coordinator (FOSC). Using those two experiences as case studies, promising practices are distilled and adapted thru a formal policy analytic process to develop a problem analysis and decision framework for non-emergent oil threats. The intent is to bolster the utility of the NCP's Operational Response Phases for Oil Removal with emphasis on Phase II activities, and to provide FOSCs, Area Committees and Regional Response Teams a more robust evaluation tool.
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Spencer-Hwang, Rhonda, Analyn Cruz, MY Ong, Ashley Chitanda, Yolisa Harvey, Jayden Hwang, Huma Shah, Shanalee Tamares, and Lori Wilber. "Prevalence of Burnout Among Public Health Professionals: A Systematic Review." Journal of Public Health Management & Practice 30, no. 3 (April 10, 2024): 384–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/phh.0000000000001887.
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Context: Since the initial outbreak of COVID-19, health professionals—both clinical health care, as well as public health concentrations—have faced tremendous pressures. A growing body of literature indicates the pandemic has magnified already prevalent burnout rates among clinical health professionals and to what extent for public health professionals remains to be determined. Objective: This study purpose is to conduct a systematic review of literature examining burnout prevalence among public health professionals before and during the COVID-19 pandemic—nationally and internationally—with identification of potential risk factors. Design: We conducted a literature search in PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO, SocINDEX, and ClinicalKey since inception through April 4, 2023. Inclusion criteria included peer-reviewed, original research studies (qualitative or quantitative), in English, assessing prevalence of, or risk factors for, burnout in public health professionals. Two authors independently screened abstracts, titles, full report of studies and abstracted data related to burnout. This review was conducted using Joanna Briggs Institute Systematic Reviews guidelines and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines with narrative synthesis. Protocol for this review registered on PROSPERO (CRD42023424468). Results: Of 3327 health-related articles mentioning burnout, 15 met inclusion criteria (11 quantitative and 4 qualitative) with 10 in international settings and 5 in US majority of quantitative studies were from international settings and only 1 in United States. Seventy-eight percent of studies that included prevalence data, exhibited a burnout prevalence greater than 50% (with a range of 19%-81%). The pandemic likely heightened (13% increase) already elevated burnout prevalence. Major risk factors identified included overwork, lack of support, changing roles, and full-time employment status, though many risk factors had not been studied in the United States. Conclusions: Burnout is prevalent among public health professionals, nationally and internationally, and likely heightened by the COVID-19 pandemic. More research is warranted assessing burnout among differing public health concentrations and interventions developed. Public health is an essential framework for protecting and promoting health nationally and internationally, and we need to ensure and support solidity of that framework.
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Chen, Yujuan, De’Etra Young, Jason de Koff, and Kofi Britwum. "Extension Agents’ Perceptions, Practices, and Needs of Urban Forestry: A Case Study from Tennessee, United States." Sustainability 15, no. 21 (October 26, 2023): 15328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su152115328.
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Urban forests are essential green infrastructure for sustainable cities. However, existing studies are mainly focused on the general public’s perception and needs of urban forestry, and little is known about non-traditional educators like extension agents. To address this gap, the main objective of this study is to explore extension agents’ perceptions, practices, and future training needs. Specifically, a statewide online survey consisting of 33 questions was designed and disseminated to extension agents in Tennessee via email with 64 responses. We found that the majority of respondents valued urban forestry, with 68.9% of them believing that urban forests are very important, especially for providing shade, cooling, energy saving, aesthetic values/beautification, increasing property values, and wildlife habitat and biodiversity. Their main clientele includes homeowners, farmers, and landowners, and 63.3% of extension agents reported that they have received urban forestry-related requests. However, less than half of them are comfortable addressing these requests, and over 50% of them reported that they are slightly or not knowledgeable about urban forestry. Additionally, the interest in urban forestry is high, with 98.3% of respondents having some level of interest in urban forestry. This demonstrates great potential for urban forestry education, extension, and training in the region.
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Bizikova, Livia, Darren Swanson, and Ruth Waldick. "Building on Lessons Learned from Landscape-Level Integrated Assessment to Inform Key Elements in ILM." GEOMATICA 65, no. 3 (September 2011): 267–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5623/cig2011-043.
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Integrated landscape management (ILM) is gaining increasing attention among Canadian practitioners for its capabilities to address environmental, social and economic goals simultaneously, while promoting sustainable development. ILM is relatively new in the family of integrated assessment (IA) approaches. This paper focuses on the lessons learned from the longer history of IA and its spatially explicit applications to inform current applications of ILM in Canada. We specifically focus on the role of spatially explicit information in addressing critical issues already flagged by ILM practitioners. In particular, we focus on challenges in defining roles and benefits of participation, linking environmental and social issues in integrated models and, testing and presenting uncertainties in the integrated models. We illustrate how some of these challenges were addressed using case studies from Canada, the United States and Europe. The experiences from these studies show that using GIS and other geospatial information tools can be effectively integrated into IA to enhance the relevance of IA for decision-making and to assist with participatory engagement activities by introducing new ways to explore and present choices and options to practitioners. The use of geospatial tools also enable integrated modelling to occur at spatially disaggregated levels, which increases the context under which external influences may be considered. Despite these benefits, current applications of these tools tend to be limited to technical representation of system conditions and the visualization of biophysical processes. A deficiency of socio-economic indicators and change information, including policy and management actions and impacts, means that outcomes from these tools currently have limited relevance for policy-makers.
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Tsvetkova, Natalia, Anna Sytnik, and Tatiana Grishanina. "Digital diplomacy and digital international relations: Challenges and new advantages." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. International relations 15, no. 2 (2022): 174–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu06.2022.204.
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The paper introduces concepts relative to digital international relations, including the following clusters as data/digital diplomacy; cyber security and cyber diplomacy; global internet governance; and, finally, digital voting. All these elements have come under the pressure of datalization that is the growth of digital actors and of big data analytics used often for political purposes. This paper focuses on one of the elements of digital international relations, notably the digital diplomacy. The authors discuss new challenges including digital uncertainty, fractured digital reality, and framing. Based on the analysis of data retrieved from social media by computational algorithms, the authors test these new challenges in case studies related to the digital diplomacy conducted by the United States, Russia and China in such countries as Afghanistan, Syria and Iran in various timelines. The authors reveal that multiple digital bloggers, mass-media, various entities, etc., can diminish the effectiveness of governmental digital diplomacy. At the same time, the datalization, digital uncertainty, and fragmentation allow the official diplomacy of the states to promote values through specific policy of framing discussed in the paper. Based on the empirical data, it can be concluded that the current stage of digitalization of international relations compels the states to introduce new binding agreements to draw “cyber red lines” or, equally, to maintain internet freedom that will contribute to shaping a balance of power in cyberspace.