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Journal articles on the topic 'Environmental policy – Ontario – Pickering'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Rowan, Michael. "“On Their Knees”: Politics, Protest, and the Cancellation of the Pickering Airport, 1972–1975." Articles 45, no. 2 (September 18, 2018): 46–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1051385ar.

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The Pickering Airport in Ontario was announced in March 1972 and cancelled in September 1975. During that three-year period there was a bitter struggle between protesters, whose land was expropriated for the airport, and the federal government. The expropriation process gave both protesters and bureaucrats the opportunity to plead their cases through public forums on why the Pickering Airport was necessary or not. By the 1970s, citizens became more distrustful of experts and believed they deserved a full seat at the policy table, while bureaucrats were frustrated by challenges to their authority and the slow policy process. The debate over the Pickering Airport raises important questions about the effectiveness of public forums like hearings or public inquires in determining policy. Citizens groups may have a seat at the policy table, but the policy process has remained bitter and divisive.

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2

Wanigaratne, S., E. Holowaty, H. Jiang, TA Norwood, R. Pietrusiak, and R. Brown. "Estimating cancer risk in relation to tritium exposure from routine operation of a nuclear-generating station in Pickering, Ontario." Chronic Diseases and Injuries in Canada 33, no. 4 (September 2013): 247–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.24095/hpcdp.33.4.06.

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Introduction Evidence suggests that current levels of tritium emissions from CANDU reactors in Canada are not related to adverse health effects. However, these studies lack tritium-specific dose data and have small numbers of cases. The purpose of our study was to determine whether tritium emitted from a nuclear-generating station during routine operation is associated with risk of cancer in Pickering, Ontario. Methods A retrospective cohort was formed through linkage of Pickering and north Oshawa residents (1985) to incident cancer cases (1985–2005). We examined all sites combined, leukemia, lung, thyroid and childhood cancers (6–19 years) for males and females as well as female breast cancer. Tritium estimates were based on an atmospheric dispersion model, incorporating characteristics of annual tritium emissions and meteorology. Tritium concentration estimates were assigned to each cohort member based on exact location of residence. Person-years analysis was used to determine whether observed cancer cases were higher than expected. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to determine whether tritium was associated with radiation-sensitive cancers in Pickering. Results Person-years analysis showed female childhood cancer cases to be significantly higher than expected (standardized incidence ratio [SIR] = 1.99, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.08–3.38). The issue of multiple comparisons is the most likely explanation for this finding. Cox models revealed that female lung cancer was significantly higher in Pickering versus north Oshawa (HR = 2.34, 95% CI: 1.23–4.46) and that tritium was not associated with increased risk. The improved methodology used in this study adds to our understanding of cancer risks associated with low-dose tritium exposure. Conclusion Tritium estimates were not associated with increased risk of radiation-sensitive cancers in Pickering.

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3

Montpetit, Éric, and William D. Coleman. "Policy Communities and Policy Divergence in Canada: Agro-Environmental Policy Development in Quebec and Ontario." Canadian Journal of Political Science 32, no. 4 (December 1999): 691–714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423900016954.

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AbstractDespite what would appear to be pressures for policy convergence in Canada due to growing continental integration and market competitiveness, agro-environmental policies in the provinces of Quebec and Ontario have become increasingly divergent over the past decade. Quebec's policies are comprehensive, coercive in approach and intrusive in the production process; those in Ontario, while comprehensive, rely more on industry self-regulation and shy away from intruding significantly into farming practices. Three institutional factors help explain this policy divergence. First, Quebec's main environmental act enabled the Ministry of the Environment to participate in the agro-environmental policy community's “subgovernment,” while the Ministry of the Environment in Ontario remained in the “attentive public.” Second, the agricultural policy network in Ontario took on many attributes of closed bipartite corporatism during the 1990s, thereby enhancing the power potential of Ontario's farmers. Third, path dependence related to policy feedback predisposed Ontario to self-regulatory approaches, but favoured strong statist policies in Quebec. The combination of these institutional differences creates distinct negotiation settings in the two provinces. Consequently, in Ontario, policy discussions tend to focus on wealth generation to the exclusion of distributive justice, while in contrast, Quebec's institutions focus more on distributive issues, perhaps at the expense of aggregate value creation.

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4

Rodgers, David W. "Comparison of Impinged and Open-Water Alewives at Pickering Nuclear Generating Station, Lake Ontario." North American Journal of Fisheries Management 15, no. 1 (February 1995): 152–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1995)015<0152:coiaow>2.3.co;2.

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5

Reinhardt, E. G., M. Little, S. Donato, D. Findlay, A. Krueger, C. Clark, and J. Boyce. "Arcellacean (thecamoebian) evidence of land-use change and eutrophication in Frenchman?s Bay, Pickering, Ontario." Environmental Geology 47, no. 5 (February 2, 2005): 729–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00254-004-1213-y.

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6

Hiscock, Elizabeth Claire, Sterling Stutz, Angela Mashford-Pringle, Sharon Tan, Bryanna Scott, Lyric Oblin-Moses, and Christine Skura. "An environmental scan of Indigenous Patient Navigator programs in Ontario." Healthcare Management Forum 35, no. 2 (February 4, 2022): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08404704211067659.

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Indigenous people in Canada continue to experience barriers accessing healthcare services including systemic racism and disproportionate healthcare disparities. Indigenous Patient Navigators (IPNs) and programs may mitigate these barriers by providing culturally safe care and support for Indigenous patients and their families navigating healthcare systems. Unfortunately, few IPNs and IPN programs exist in Ontario. We conducted an environmental scan of IPN resources and programs in Canada. Our aim was to determine evaluation frameworks, training, responsibilities of IPNs, and current IPN programs in Canada. We found 97 web sites or documents that were gathered between January and March 2021. We offer gaps in knowledge uncovered during the environmental scan. We conclude with recommendations for the implementation of IPN programs. Indigenous patient navigators have the potential to improve Indigenous healthcare experiences. Specific and sustained action is required to improve and create an equitable health system for Indigenous people across Canada.

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7

Iannantuono, Adele, and John Eyles. "Environmental health metanarratives: an analysis of policy making in Ontario, Canada." Health & Place 5, no. 2 (June 1999): 139–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1353-8292(99)00005-2.

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8

Gliksman, Louis, Kenneth Allison, Edward Adlaf, and Brenda Newton-Taylor. "Toward Comprehensive School Drug Policy in Ontario." Journal of Drug Education 25, no. 2 (June 1995): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/4vr4-bcvx-13we-584e.

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The study reported here examines the development and implementation of School Drug Policy in Ontario Boards of Education, the components of these policies, and the composition of policy development committees. Data from 125 Boards of Education were obtained from responses to a questionnaire administered in the Fall of 1991. Findings from the study indicate that school drug policies are increasingly comprehensive—including not only disciplinary measures, but also a preventive curriculum and early intervention component. The composition of policy development working groups normally consisted of such groups as board personnel, teachers, and practitioners from other fields. Students were not often included in the process of policy development. Thus, the development and implementation of school drug policy in Ontario indicates a “top down” rather than “bottom up” approach.

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9

Tufescu, M. V. A. "Seasonal variation patterns of the fish community in the littoral waters of northern Lake Ontario, the Pickering-Darlington area." Hydrobiologia 281, no. 3 (April 1994): 141–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00028677.

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10

Winfield, Mark. "The Ultimate Horizontal Issue: The Environmental Policy Experiences of Alberta and Ontario, 1971–1993." Canadian Journal of Political Science 27, no. 1 (March 1994): 129–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423900006247.

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AbstractThis article summarizes the conclusions of a comparative study of the environmental policy experiences of two Canadian provinces, Alberta and Ontario, in the period 1971–1993. The examination led to the conclusion that there is a pattern of environmental politics and policy-making common to both provinces, although it emerges at a different pace. This divergence is a function of well-known societal differences between the two provinces. Furthermore, in the Ontario and Alberta experiences, the policy-making capacity of the state can be seen to be severely challenged by the cross-sectoral nature of environmental policy issues. A number of observations regarding the effects of federal-provincial relations and of American influences on environmental policy-making at the provincial level in Canada are also possible.

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11

Warecki, George. "Environmental Coalitions and the Limits of Science." Ontario History 109, no. 1 (March 23, 2017): 60–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1039199ar.

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This article examines the origins, evolution, ideology, and political impact of an environmental coalition in the 1970s. Two wilderness activists in northwestern Ontario challenged established preservationist groups to shift their advocacy from public battles over management policy for individual parks, to design and promote a system of provincially-owned wilderness parks. To build public support and maximize their political clout, the two advocates persuaded five groups to form the Coalition For Wilderness (CFW) in 1973. Unfortunately CFW was mostly a two-man show. Constituent groups gave insufficient material support because of their diverse interests, economic woes, and the “free rider” problem. Nevertheless, CFW’s tactic of privately lobbying park planners within the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources had some political impact. It generated policy information and educated the public about the need for a wilderness park system, thereby supporting the parallel efforts of the bureaucrats. Ironically, the coalition’s scientific rationale for protecting wilderness limited its influence among planners and the wider advocacy community, both of whom regarded recreational and other reasons for wilderness protection as more politically defensible than science. This difficult episode taught the CFW leadership valuable lessons, enabling Ontario preservationists to build more successful coalitions in the 1980s and 1990s.

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12

Munton, Don. "Fumes, Forests and Further Studies: Environmental Science and Policy Inaction in Ontario." Journal of Canadian Studies 37, no. 2 (May 2002): 130–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jcs.37.2.130.

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13

KIRCHHOFF, DENIS, DAN MCCARTHY, DEBBE D. CRANDALL, LAURA MCDOWELL, and GRAHAM WHITELAW. "A POLICY WINDOW OPENS: STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT IN YORK REGION, ONTARIO, CANADA." Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 12, no. 03 (September 2010): 333–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333210003632.

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Government agenda setting has been a focus of research in the field of policy sciences for over two decades. The concept of a policy window is explored as a driver of governmental agenda setting. The Regional Municipality of York, Ontario, Canada was chosen as a case study for exploring the application of strategic environmental assessment at the municipal level through a policy window lens. Problem, policy and political streams converged to provide the necessary conditions for improved environmental assessment and infrastructure planning in York Region. A focusing event and the resulting crisis motivated stakeholders to identify and act on the problem. An SEA-type approach was initiated as one key response. A variety of activities were initiated by York Region including the development of a Sustainability Strategy, synchronisation of master planning, wider consideration of alternatives at the master plan level and improved public consultation. Conclusions are drawn and several recommendations are presented and discussed.

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14

Chenoy, Neville, Suzanne Jackson, Trevor Hancock, and Karin Domnick Pierre. "Enhancing Health — A New Agenda for Ontario." Healthcare Management Forum 2, no. 2 (July 1989): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0840-4704(10)61373-7.

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Recognizing that changes in demography, the social environment, economics, technology and political trends are under-lying factors affecting health, Paradigm Health in Toronto examined these considerations to assess change to achieve a positive vision of health. Phase I of the study looked at opportunities and threats from the broad external environment affecting health, examined the internal strengths and weaknesses of the present Ontario health system, and analyzed the participants in the system. Phase II identified the important strategic issues gathered from the environmental study, and the strategies which could deal with these issues.

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15

Vine, Michelle M., Julianne Vermeer, Leonardo Romano, Daniel W. Harrington, Alexandra E. Butler, Karen A. Patte, Katelyn M. Godin, and Scott T. Leatherdale. "Secondary School Nutrition Policy Compliance in Ontario and Alberta, Canada: A Follow-Up Study Examining Vending Machine Data from the COMPASS Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 7 (April 6, 2021): 3817. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073817.

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(1) Objective: To longitudinally assess food and beverages sold in vending machines in secondary schools (grades 9–12) participating in the COMPASS study (2015/2016 and 2018/2019) and (2) to examine if patterns and trends observed in previous years (2012/2013 to 2014/2015) are consistent with lack of policy compliance in Ontario and Alberta, Canada. (2) Methods: Policy compliance was assessed through comparing nutritional information on drink (e.g., sports drinks) and snack (e.g., chocolate bars) products in vending machines to Policy and Program Memorandum (P/PM) 150 in Ontario (required policy) and the Alberta Nutrition Guidelines for Children and Youth (recommended policy). Longitudinal results and descriptive statistics were calculated. (3) Results: Longitudinal results indicate that between Y4 (2015/2016) and Y7 (2018/2019), snack and drink vending machines remained mostly non-compliant in Ontario and Alberta, with a small proportion of Ontario drink machines changing from non-compliant to compliant. At the school level, descriptive results indicate the proportion of Ontario schools with policy-compliant snack and drink machines decreased between Y4 and Y7. Alberta schools were non-compliant for drink and snack machines. (4) Conclusions: Secondary schools continue to be non-compliant with provincial policies. School nutrition policies need to be simplified in order to make it easier for schools to be compliant. Enforcement of compliancy is also an area that deserves consideration.

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16

Simmons, Harvey G. "Mental-Health Policy in Ontario Compared to Policy for Persons With Developmental Handicaps." Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health 9, no. 2 (September 1, 1990): 163–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.7870/cjcmh-1990-0026.

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It is generally agreed that policy for developmentally handicapped people in Ontario has been more successful than mental-health policy. The reasons for this are explained in terms of nine key variable which have a major impact on policy: language, money, pressure groups, the press, opposition political parties, the bureaucracy, the minister of health, the professions, and the law. No ranking of these variables is attempted because, it is argued, is it impossible to capture the flow of politics by establishing a hierarchy of influences.

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17

Meriano, Mandana, Nick Eyles, and Ken W. F. Howard. "Hydrogeological impacts of road salt from Canada's busiest highway on a Lake Ontario watershed (Frenchman's Bay) and lagoon, City of Pickering." Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 107, no. 1-2 (June 2009): 66–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2009.04.002.

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18

PausJenssen, Anne M., Peter A. Singer, and Allan S. Detsky. "Ontario??s Formulary Committee." PharmacoEconomics 21, no. 4 (2003): 285–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00019053-200321040-00006.

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19

Zhang, Yimin, Shiva Habibi, and Heather L. MacLean. "Environmental and Economic Evaluation of Bioenergy in Ontario, Canada." Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 57, no. 8 (August 2007): 919–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3155/1047-3289.57.8.919.

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20

Weisberg, Sheri. "Housing policy for persons with mental illness in Ontario." Administration and Policy in Mental Health 21, no. 3 (January 1994): 227–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00707488.

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21

Hall, J. Peter. "Science and policy issues in the Eastern Ontario Model Forest." Forestry Chronicle 82, no. 3 (May 1, 2006): 429–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc82429-3.

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The Eastern Ontario Model Forest is unique in its dense population and long history of land use change, exploitation and environmental impacts. The Forest Science Committee has developed science and policy framework to complement decision-making processes that demonstrates the value of science in addressing the issues affecting all elements of sustainability. Of primary importance are the questions about the evolving values and attitudes of stakeholders and how changing forest management policies affect them. Key words: model forest, science policy framework, sustainability issues

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22

Pond, David. "Institutions, political economy and land-use policy: greenbelt politics in Ontario." Environmental Politics 18, no. 2 (February 27, 2009): 238–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09644010802682619.

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23

Woudsma, Clarence G., and Pavlos S. Kanaroglou. "Motor carrier policy evolution and rate issues in Ontario, 1983–1991." Journal of Transport Geography 3, no. 2 (June 1995): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0966-6923(95)00004-m.

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24

McAllister, Ashley. "Five Challenges of Designing Disability Income Support for People with Mental Illnesses: A Qualitative Case Study of Australia and Ontario." Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health 36, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 109–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.7870/cjcmh-2017-035.

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In most disability income support (DIS) programs, mental illnesses is the fastest growing category of illness, but it is unknown how policy designers consider this vulnerable group. Forty-five DIS policy designers in Australia and Ontario explained how they consider mental illnesses when designing policy. Using a grounded theory approach, five challenges emerged: validating duration, proving an illness, (un)differentiating mental illnesses, managing mental illnesses, and separating the person from the illness. Each challenge is described and compared across Australia and Ontario. These challenges provide a framework for other settings to determine how well their DIS policies have considered mental illnesses in policy design.

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25

Bocking, Stephen. "Fishing the Inland Seas: Great Lakes Research, Fisheries Management, and Environmental Policy in Ontario." Environmental History 2, no. 1 (January 1997): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3985561.

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26

Temby, Owen, and Ryan O’Connor. "Property, Technology, and Environmental Policy: The Politics of Acid Rain in Ontario, 1978–1985." Journal of Policy History 27, no. 4 (August 24, 2015): 636–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898030615000299.

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27

Labonte, Ronald. "Healthy Public Policy in Canada: A Survey of Ontario Health Professionals." International Quarterly of Community Health Education 9, no. 4 (January 1989): 321–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/efw1-bp4v-hvx1-mn37.

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“Healthy public policy” has become a catchphrase of the “new” health promotion. The concept, however, remains vague and lacking in practice. A survey of Ontario public health workers was conducted in June 1988, using the World Health Organization's Second Health Promotion Conference Declaration on Healthy Public Policy as a source of policy statements and action areas. Results are constrained by a low response rate (22.5%, N = 180), but indicate a high degree of support for healthy public policy concepts by senior level public health workers. Social environment policy issues (notably child poverty and unaffordable housing) are highest ranked priority issues, although physical environment (pollution) ranked most important when respondents were asked to choose a single issue. Lifestyle health issues are relatively low-ranked, although they remain priorities for action by respondents and their employers. The Canadian and Ontario Public Health Associations are thought to have the best analyses of healthy public policies, but are not seen as prominent policy actors. Government and media are considered weakest in their analysis of healthy public policy. Respondents' comments indicate a willingness to strengthen their role, and that of their health associations, in advocacy for healthy public policies.

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28

Wolfe, Anita, and Helen A. Howes. "Measuring environmental performance: Theory and practice at ontario hydro." Environmental Quality Management 2, no. 4 (1993): 355–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tqem.3310020403.

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29

Caswell, Susan, Patti-Jean Naylor, Dana Olstad, Sara Kirk, Louise Mâsse, Kim Raine, and Rhona Hanning. "Recreation Facility Food and Beverage Environments in Ontario, Canada: An Appeal for Policy." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 15 (August 2, 2021): 8174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18158174.

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Canadian, municipally funded recreation/sport facilities typically have unhealthy food environments. Ontario, unlike some provinces, lacks a voluntary recreation facility nutrition policy. This study assessed the healthfulness of food environments and vending sales in 16 Ontario recreation/sport facilities and, secondarily, compared data from facilities within municipalities that banned versus permitted plastic bottled-water sales (water-ban, n = 8; water, n = 8) to test the nutritional effects of environmental policy. Concession and vending packaged food/beverage offerings and vending sales were audited twice, eighteen months apart. The products were categorized using nutrition guidelines as Sell Most (SM), Sell Sometimes (SS), and Do Not Sell (DNS). Both water and water-ban facilities offered predominantly (>87%) DNS packaged food items. However, proportions of DNS and SM concession and vending beverages differed (p < 0.01). DNS beverages averaged 74% and 88% of vending offerings in water and water-ban facilities, respectively, while SM beverages averaged 14% and 1%, respectively. Mirroring offerings, DNS beverages averaged 79% and 90% of vending sales in water versus water-ban facilities. Ontario recreation/sport facilities provided unhealthy food environments; most food/beverage offerings were energy-dense and nutrient-poor. Water bans were associated with increased facility-based exposure to DNS beverage options. A nutrition policy is recommended to make recreation facility food/beverage environments healthier and to mitigate unintended negative consequences of bottled-water bans.

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30

Narine, L., G. Pink, and P. Leatt. "Prediction of the financial performance of Ontario hospitals: A Test of Environmental Determinist and Adaptationist Perspectives." Health Services Management Research 9, no. 3 (August 1996): 137–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095148489600900301.

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While other industries for many years have been concerned with the problem of financial distress, it is only recently that this issue has become a matter of interest to hospital managers, policy makers, and the general public. However, the determinants of hospital financial performance are neither well studied nor understood. The objectives of this study were to identify factors that affect the financial performance of Ontario hospitals and to construct a model that could be used to predict financial performance in the future. A number of organization and environmental factors that could influence financial performance were postulated and then tested for their statistical impact and predictive ability. Cross-sectional data over the 3-year-period 1986–1988 for 223 Ontario public hospitals were used. The first 2 years of data served as a derivation sample for hypothesis testing and development of a predictive model. The third year of data was used as a holdout sample for cross validation. Information on the variables investigated came from secondary sources, in particular Statistics Canada's Annual Hospital Returns. Univariate analyses revealed distressed hospitals were more likely to earn more revenues from non-government sources, to be non-teaching institutions and have longer chronic lengths of stay, and to be found in areas with higher per capita incomes, number of females in the population, physician supply, and area wage rates. A five variable prediction model was developed which accounted for 25% of the variance in financial performance in the derivation sample and on cross validation dropped to 21%. The model identified greater hospital size, older plants, higher technological complexity, more intensive care services, and location in areas with more females to be significant predictors of financial distress. Overall, environmental factors (community and structural characteristics) were more important in influencing financial performance. The implication for hospital managers is to underscore that an important dimension of successful leadership requires they remain outwardly focused and involved in managing the external environment. For policy makers the need is to develop funding formulae which encourage efficiency and are also responsive to differences in community and structural characteristics across hospitals.

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31

Sharpe, Bob. "Environmental education and environmental information systems: A project on the Grand River Basin, Ontario." International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education 4, no. 1 (March 1995): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10382046.1995.9964961.

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32

Fung, Felix, and Tenley Conway. "Greenbelts as an Environmental Planning Tool: A Case Study of Southern Ontario, Canada." Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning 9, no. 2 (June 2007): 101–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15239080701381355.

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33

Goldberg, Ted, and Randolph Reid. "Methods of Payment to Hospitals in Ontario." Journal of Public Health Policy 7, no. 2 (1986): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3342260.

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34

Tarride, JE, M. Haq, D. O'Reilly, F. Xie, G. Blackhouse, JM Bowen, and RA Goeree. "PSY18 THE BURDEN OF OBESITY IN ONTARIO." Value in Health 12, no. 7 (October 2009): A378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1098-3015(10)74861-0.

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35

Blay-Palmer, Alison. "Growing Innovation Policy: The Case of Organic Agriculture in Ontario, Canada." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 23, no. 4 (August 2005): 557–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c17r.

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A case study of innovation in organic agriculture in Ontario, Canada, illustrates the merits of multiscaled analysis as a tool to identify relevant policy options for the European Union and North America. Policy recommendations that emerged from interviews included the need to: develop and reinforce local networks and associational capacity; address inequities that result from global subsidies; and develop national research funding and standards to support organics. These policy changes would provide production and marketing alternatives, making the sector more resilient. Theoretically, the research highlights the dynamic and interconnected facets of innovation and the need for multiscaled analysis to capture interscale linkages.

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36

Tufescu, M. V. A., and T. V. Tufescu. "Ratios of expected values (REX), a method for impact evaluation of thermal discharges on the fish community in the Pickering littoral waters of Lake Ontario." Hydrobiologia 328, no. 1 (August 1996): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00016901.

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37

Pollock-Ellwand, Nancy. "Landscape Policy and Planning Practice: The gap in understanding, Ontario, Canada." Landscape Research 26, no. 2 (April 2001): 99–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01426390120045409.

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38

Vine, Michelle M., and Susan J. Elliott. "Examining local-level factors shaping school nutrition policy implementation in Ontario, Canada." Public Health Nutrition 17, no. 6 (September 19, 2013): 1290–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980013002516.

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AbstractObjectiveIncreasing numbers of overweight and obese youth draw attention to the school as an important setting for targeted nutrition interventions, given that it is where they spend a majority of their waking time. The objective of the present study was to explore local-level factors shaping the implementation of a school nutrition policy.DesignIn-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted in person or via the telephone (a maximum of 60 min). An interview guide was informed by the Analysis Grid for Environments Linked to Obesity (ANGELO) framework, research objectives and literature. Key themes centred on policy implementation, including facilitators and barriers (i.e. resources, capacity), user satisfaction (i.e. students) and communication strategies.SettingSecondary schools in Ontario, Canada.SubjectsTwenty-two participants from local agencies supporting school nutrition programming (n8) and secondary-school principals, vice principals and teachers (n14) from nine schools across three Ontario school boards.ResultsResults are organized according to environments outlined in the ANGELO framework. The cost of healthy food for sale, revenue loss (economic), proximity of schools to off-site food outlets (physical), the restrictive nature of policy, the role of key stakeholders (political), the role of stigma and school culture (sociocultural) act as local-level barriers to policy implementation.ConclusionsGaps in policy implementation include the high cost of food for sale and subsequent revenue generation, the close proximity of internal and external food environments, the need for consultation and communication between stakeholders, and strategies to reduce stigma and improve the school nutrition culture.

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39

McWhirter, Jennifer E., Spencer Byl, Alyssa Green, William Sears, and Andrew Papadopoulos. "Availability of tanning salons in Ontario relative to indoor tanning policy (2001–2017)." Preventive Medicine Reports 12 (December 2018): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2018.08.010.

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40

Anglin, Lise, Lynn Kavanagh, and Norman Giesbrecht. "Alcohol-Related Policy Measures in Ontario: Who Supports What and to What Degree?" Canadian Journal of Public Health 92, no. 1 (January 2001): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03404838.

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Mudroch, Alena. "Lake Ontario sediments in monitoring pollution." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 28, no. 2 (November 1993): 117–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00547030.

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Cohen, Jared C., and Kevin J. Latchford. "Sugammadex in Ontario hospitals: Access and institutional policies." Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 26, no. 1 (April 22, 2019): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jep.13151.

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Bentkover, JD, EJ Stewart, R. Magar, Saffar J-M, EM Greene, S. Klawansky, and D. Parison. "PCVD4: AN ECONOMIC MODEL OF HYPERTENSION IN ONTARIO." Value in Health 2, no. 3 (May 1999): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1098-3015(11)70914-7.

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Chiarelli, A. M., V. Mai, V. Moravan, E. Halapy, V. Majpruz, and R. K. Tatla. "False-Positive Result and Reattendance in the Ontario Breast Screening Program." Journal of Medical Screening 10, no. 3 (September 2003): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096914130301000306.

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Objective: To determine the association between initial screen result and returning for a second screen in an organised breast screening programme for women with a biennial screening recommendation. Setting: Women who attended the Ontario Breast Screening Program (OBSP). Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted of 140,723 Ontario women aged 50 years ond older who had an initial screen at the OBSP between 1 July 1990 and 31 December 1995 and were followed until 30 June 1998. Rescreening rates at 36 months and risk ratio estimates were calculated using survival methods. Age of women, year of screen, region (within Ontario) and initial screen result were compared. For initial screen results, returning for a second screen was examined by integration of screening centre with an assessment programme and by modality of referral. Results: Women with a false-positive result were less likely to return for a second screen as were women aged 70 and older and those living in regions of Ontario with fewer OBSP screening centres. However, there were minimal differences in reattendance behaviour by initial screen result for women screened at the OBSP centre with an assessment programme. Conclusions: Integration of breast screening and assessment services improved reattendance of women with false-positive screen results within an organised screening programme.

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Summers, A. M., S. A. Farrell, T. Huang, C. Meier, and P. R. Wyatt. "Maternal Serum Screening in Ontario Using the Triple Marker Test." Journal of Medical Screening 10, no. 3 (September 2003): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096914130301000302.

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Objectives: To summarise the experience and evaluate the performance of the Ontario maternal serum screening (MSS) programme. Methods: This study used information collected in the Ontario MSS database, which contains data on each screened pregnancy. In the Ontario MSS programme, women are screened between 15 and 20 weeks of gestation. The risk cut-off for Down's syndrome was ≥1 in 385 at term and women with a serum alpha-fetoprotein ≥2.2 multiples of the unaffected population median were defined as screen-positive for open neural tube defects. Results: Between 1 October 1993 and 30 September 2000, 428,410 women residing in Ontario were screened for open neural tube defects, and 423,895 women were screened for Down's syndrome and trisomy 18. Approximately 48% of all pregnant women in the province had MSS. The uptake rate of amniocentesis following a positive Down's syndrome screening was 67%. Of 717 cases of Down's syndrome ascertained in the screened population, 531 were detected by MSS, giving a term detection rate (DR) of 70.6%, with a false-positive rate (FPR) of 7.2%. For neural tube defects, the DRwas 72.7%, with a FPR of 2.0%. The screen also detected 50% of cases of trisomy 18 at term, with a FPR of 0.2%. Coincidentally, 113 cases of chromosome aneuploidies other than Down's syndrome and trisomy 18 were detected Discussion: In the Ontario MSS programme, MSS performed as expected in the detection of Down's syndrome, open neural tube defects and trisomy 18. MSS is an effective and practical method for large- scale second ttrriimester screeni.ng for Down's syndrome, open neuraI tube defects and ttrriisomy 18, and the MSS database is an extremely useful tool in monitoring the performance of this screen.

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Moran, Kathy, Sarah Maaten, Astrid Guttmann, David Northrup, and Jeffrey C. Kwong. "Influenza vaccination rates in Ontario children: Implications for universal childhood vaccination policy." Vaccine 27, no. 17 (April 2009): 2350–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.02.017.

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Giannias, Dimitrios A. "Net social benefit per household of marginal environmental changes in Southern Ontario." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 43, no. 1 (October 1996): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00399569.

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Cunningham, John A., and Pia Mäkelä. "Comparing Drinking Patterns in Finland and Ontario (Canada)." Contemporary Drug Problems 30, no. 3 (September 2003): 685–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009145090303000307.

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A comparison is made of drinking patterns in Finland and Ontario (Canada). Respondents in two existing population surveys, the 1996 Joint Nordic Questionnaire and the 1996 Ontario Drug Monitor, were compared on their frequency of alcohol use in the past year, frequency of heavy drinking (6+ on Nordic survey and 5+ in Ontario), and both frequency and typical quantity of beer, wine and liquor consumption in males and females. It appeared that there are fewer nondrinkers and more weekly drinkers in the Finnish sample than in the Ontario sample. Further, both males and females in Ontario consumed 6+ drinks on one occasion more frequently than their Finnish counterparts. However, examination of the patterns of beer, wine and liquor consumption, particularly the distribution of very heavy drinking days (e.g., 12 or more drinks of liquor on one occasion), indicates that there is some evidence for periodic heavy drinking in Finnish males. Contrary to expectations, Canadian and Finnish drinking patterns appeared fairly similar. However, there was some evidence for a higher prevalence of binge drinking by Finnish men as compared with Canadian men.

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Libstug, A. R., V. Moravan, and S. E. Aitken. "Results from the Ontario breast screening program, 1990–1995." Journal of Medical Screening 5, no. 2 (June 1, 1998): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jms.5.2.73.

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Objective The Ontario breast screening program (OBSP) is a provincial breast screening programme offering two view mammography, clinical breast examination, instruction in breast self examination, and systematic two year recall to Ontario women 50 years and older. This paper presents the results of the programme's intermediate outcomes from 1990 to 1995 and compares them with recommended standards and other published programmes. Methods Programme data from a provincial screening programme in a large Canadian province were collated from 18 sites in operation between July 1990 and December 1995. Results In its first five years of operation, 215 738 screens were performed on 142 173 women. The referral rates for initial and rescreens are 13.8% and 8.6% respectively. A total of 1718 women were diagnosed with cancer, 1325 at initial screens and 393 at rescreens, resulting in cancer detection rates of 9.3 and 5.3/1000. The cancer detection rates for invasive cancers were 8.3/1000 at initial screens and 4.5/1000 at rescreens. The benign to malignant biopsy ratio was 1.5:1 at initial screens and 1.3:1 at rescreens. Of the 1358 cancers diagnosed at initial screens, 11.6% were in situ and 50.3% of invasive cancers of known size were <15 mm. For women with invasive cancer where nodal status was known, 71.3% were node negative. The proportions at rescreens were 15.7%, 60.0%, and 76.0% respectively. Conclusions While the OBSP has achieved the standards suggested by other studies and programmes during its first five years of operation, there is work to be done to increase participation and obtain more complete data on tumour size and nodal status.

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Perera, Ajith H., James A. Baker, Lawrence E. Band, and David J. B. Baldwin. "A strategic framework to eco-regionalize Ontario." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 39, no. 1-3 (1996): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00396138.

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