Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Environmental law – Social aspects'
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Cichelero, César Augusto. "Eticidade democrática: a liberdade social no consumo para o enfrentamento da crise ambiental e a proteção do direito ao meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2018. https://repositorio.ucs.br/11338/4152.
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Este trabalho tem como primeiro objetivo buscar uma conexão entre a ideia de consumocentrismo, a crise ambiental e o direito ao meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado. Pretende-se expor as amplas consequências socioambientais fruto de uma sociedade consumocentrista, com a ideia de que existe uma crise ambiental que limita o direito de todos ao meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado. Em um segundo momento, a presente dissertação pretende relacionar esse cenário do consumo atual com a obra O Direito da Liberdade de Axel Honneth. A escolha desta obra conduz a uma posição interdisciplinar que busca, em última instância, ir além da compreensão jurídica. Para tanto, a método adotado foi o dialético com o procedimento de revisão bibliográfica. Analisa-se os três conceitos de liberdade da teoria de Honneth em momentos específicos, em cada elemento a ideia é vislumbrar como a práxis do consumo ocorre sob cada um dos conceitos em suas respectivas instituições. A questão que se almeja responder é como a concepção de liberdade social pode transformar o consumo. O propósito final, portanto, será vislumbrar, ainda que à distância, as implicações e possibilidades de uma esfera de eticidade nas relações de consumo tendo em vista a crise ambiental e o dever de defender e preservar o meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, CAPES
This work aims to find a connection between the idea of consumerism, the environmental crisis and the right to the ecologically balanced environment. It is intended to expose the broad socioenvironmental consequences of a consumer-centric society, with the idea that there is an environmental crisis that limits everyone’s right to an ecologically balanced environment. In a second moment, the present dissertation intends to relate this current consumption scenario with the Axel Honneth’s book Freedom’s Right. The choice of this work leads to an interdisciplinary position that seeks, ultimately, to go beyond legal understanding. For this, it was used the dialectic method with a bibliographic review procedure. It will be analyzed the three concepts of freedom in Honneth's theory at specific moments, in each element the idea is to glimpse how the praxis of consumption occurs under each of the concepts in their respective institutions. The question that is intended to answer is how the conception of social freedom can transform consumption. The ultimate purpose, therefore, will be to glimpse, even if at a distance, the implications and possibilities of a sphere of ethics in consumer relations in view of the environmental crisis and the duty to defend and preserve the ecologically balanced environment.
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Zhang, Junru. "Determinants of corporate environmental and social disclosure in Chinese listed mining, electricity supply and chemical companies annual reports." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2013. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/529.
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As the environmental and social disclosing systems have been developed over decades, the climate of corporate environmental and social responsibility is becoming mature nowadays globally. What and how environment-sensitive companies (i.e. companies that are more likely to do environmental damages) disclose such information voluntarily are extensively concerned by the public, especially in China, where strong debatable issues constantly raise as a result of the rapid economic growth. Corporate environmental and social responsibility is no longer an international obligation but a domestic demand for China. This study will enhance our understanding of a very important issue in arguably the world's most vibrant economy.
The thesis has contributed the literature in a number of ways. First, this study aimed to measure the type and extent of both corporate environmental and social reporting across the Chinese environmental sensitive industries’ annual reports, which include mining, electricity supply, and chemical industries. A dichotomous method was employed and the Global Reporting Initiative third edition (G3) was selected as a benchmark. In addition, the characteristics of the companies that voluntarily disclose environmental and social information in their annual reports were to be examined under legitimacy theory. Seven hypotheses that developed seven predictor variables based on legitimacy theoretical framework with one of three industries examined each time. The variables were government ownership, management role, member of industrial association, profitability, operating leverage, company age, and firm size. Finally, results in differences across industries were to be discussed and compared.
This study aimed to measure the type and extent of corporate environmental and social reporting across the Chinese mining, electricity supply, and chemical industries' annual reports, using the Global Reporting Initiative third edition (G3) as a benchmark. In addition, the characteristics of companies that voluntarily disclose environmental and social information in their annual reports were to be examined under legitimacy theory. There are seven hypotheses that developed seven predictor variables based on legitimacy theoretical framework with one of three industries examined each time. The variables were government ownership, management role, member of industrial association, profitability, operating leverage, company age, and firm size. Finally, results in differences across industries were to be discussed and compared.
There were a total of 193 sample companies selected from the Shenzhen Stock Exchange database, and content analysis was applied to review and examine their annual reports in 2010. The G3 guidelines were used to indicate the extent of environmental and social performances by the sample companies. Companies’ specific characters for the predictor variables were also obtained from the Shenzhen Stock Exchange database. In order to accomplish the first aim of the study, descriptive statistics were used to determine the type and extent of environmental and social disclosures in the sample industries' 2010 annual reports. In addition, to accomplish the second aim, which is to examine the determinants of corporate environmental and social disclosure under legitimacy theory, univariate statistics and multiple regressions analysis were adopted. The comparisons across the sample industries were conducted after the regression analysis.
Research findings from environmental disclosure analysis showed that although mining industry disclosed slightly more information than electricity supply industry, the extent of environmental reporting for all three industries were typically low because information disclosed was limited to several categories. It was found that Chinese mining, electricity supply, and chemical industries are more likely to disclose information regarding energy and materials, which were the most concerned aspects in the Chinese society. Environmental disclosure regression analysis indicated that most of the predictor variables from legitimacy theory are able to explain the extent of environmental reporting in the sample industries. The results indicated that member of industrial association, company age, company size and profitability were significant to the extent environmental reporting across the three sample industries. However, government ownership was found to be insignificant in the study.
Results from social disclosure analysis indicated that electricity supply industries disclosed slightly more information than mining and chemical companies in their 2010 annual reports. Interestingly, all of the sample companies disclosed at least one item from the G3 social guidelines; however, the information disclosed was narrow in only a few categories, and the extent of social disclosure in the sample industries was typically low. The disclosure analysis found that Chinese mining, electricity supply, and chemical industries were more likely to disclose labour practices and decent work, and human rights information. The regression analysis showed that company size, profitability, leverage and management role have become the most significant factors, whereas member of industrial association was found to be insignificant in the sample industries.
This study concludes that on the basis of legitimacy theory, the amount of environmental and social information disclosed in the Chinese mining, electricity supply, and chemical industries’ annual reports was almost the same, and the firm specific predictor variables have similar influences across industries both environmentally and socially.
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Scharneck, Justin William. "A framework for the governance of social media in the workplace." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020180.
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Social media is fast becoming an ever-increasingly significant part of the world of business and a phenomenon which cannot be evaded. The advent of social media in the workplace compels organisations to acclimatise to the transformation emanating from employees‟ adoption of these technologies (Hanaki & Casella, 2008). Approximately seventy percent of organisations do not have a social media governance framework in place (Fink et al., 2011). Social media governance in organisations is very disjointed; companies have varying stances as to social media strategy, the risks, benefits and business use of social media (Thompson et al., 2011). The growth of social media and its use in the business environment will see a more standardised approach to social media governance (Thompson et al., 2011). Being at the forefront of technology development in Africa, and in certain areas, globally (Government of the Republic of South Africa, 2012), places added emphasis on IT organisations in South Africa to set the standard as it relates to social media governance. The diversity and depth of the human and technology resources within these organisations, creates an environment conducive to establishing and pioneering sound social media governance structures. The treatise consists of a study on the governance of social media and the successive development of two frameworks; an integrated framework for the governance of social media in the workplace, as well as integrated framework for a social media policy within an IT organisation. These frameworks are empirically evaluated amongst employees, within the context of Information Technology (IT) organisations, in South Africa. Several recommendations are proposed by the author in relation to the adoption of the proposed frameworks.
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Pepino, Camille. "La performance en droit des affaires." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0500/document.
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Les opérateurs économiques sont confrontés à un fort accroissement de la concurrence combiné à des préoccupations sociales et environnementales désormais devenues indispensables. De ce constat, il semble que la performance qu’elle soit de type économique, social ou environnemental, soit devenue une valeur intrinsèque qui s’intègre ponctuellement à des obligations, ou engendre des obligations. Elle sera parfois extérieure au contrat et imposée par le droit lui-même. En ce sens, le législateur impose que la rémunération de certains dirigeants de sociétés soit obligatoirement indexée sur des critères de performances. Mais la performance sera parfois interne au contrat et constituera un élément essentiel pour ce dernier. Ces manifestations traduisent un mouvement d’ensemble rendant nécessaire la construction d’une réflexion juridique sur la performance, prisme de lecture devenu inévitable et particulièrement crucial. En dépit de l’attrait de la quête de performance, le droit est à la recherche d’un point d’équilibre de nature à permettre un développement économique dans les meilleures conditions, adossé au respect de l’environnement, naturel, humain, voire sociétal. C’est dans cette perspective que la dynamique de cette étude est construite. Elle appréhende la performance comme le fait d’atteindre un objectif, avec des moyens et des méthodes efficientes, tout en limitant les pertes financières et les effets néfastes. La performance est la nouvelle clé de lecture de la vie en société, et le droit des affaires s’impose à cet égard comme l’un des premiers relaisEconomic operators are facing a sharp increase in competition combined with social and environmental concerns that have become of the essence. From this observation, it seems that the performance, be it economic, social or environmental, has become an value that is part of obligations, or creates itself obligations. It will sometimes be outside the contract and imposed by the law itself. In this sense, the legislator requires that the remuneration of certain companies executives is compulsorily indexed on performance criteria. But the performance will sometimes be internal to the contract and will be an essential element for the latter. These events reflect an overall movement making it necessary to construct a legal dissertation on performance, a new reading prism that has become inevitable and particularly crucial. Despite the attractiveness of the quest for performance, the law is seeking a point of balance likely to allow economic development in the best conditions, backed by respect for the environment, natural, human, even societal. It is in this perspective that the dynamics of this study is built. It understands performance as achieving a goal, with efficient means and methods, while limiting financial losses and adverse effects. Performance is the new key to reading life in society, and business law is one of the first relays
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Flores, Jose Cruz do Carmo. "Fechamento da mina : aspectos tecnicos, juridicos e socioambientais." [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/286759.
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Orientador: Hildebrando HerrmannTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias
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Resumo: o fechamento de mina insere-se como uma nova fase na vida do projeto de mineração. Seus principais objetivos são garantir que a saúde e a segurança públicas não serão comprometidas no futuro; que os recursos ambientais não serão expostos a posterior deterioração biológica, física e ou química; que o uso pós-mineração da propriedade será benéfico à comunidade e sustentável no longo prazo; e que quaisquer impactos socioeconômicos adversos serão mitigados. Os conceitos e procedimentos relativos ao fechamento de mina vêm se expandindo rapidamente, em termos de escopo e responsabilidade dos principais grupos interessados, dentre eles governo, empresas, comunidades impactadas e organizações não-governamentais (ONGs), instituições financeiras de crédito e outros componentes da sociedade civil. O Direito - como ciência social que o é - vem explicitando a consciência e a preocupação da sociedade com o adequado e seguro fechamento das minas, e internalizando as melhores práticas par.a se atingir seus objetivos. Esta tese dedica-se ao estudo e análise da arte do fechamento de mina sob os seus diversos aspectos. Ressalta-se a importância econômica e social da mineração, através da análise dos aspectos positivos e negativos desta atividade humana. Introduz-se o fechamento de mina como uma nova fase do projeto de mineração. Apresentam-se os conceitos de alguns termos usualmente encontrados nos trabalhos relativos ao tema fechamento de mina. Apontam-se as principais causas que conduzem ao fechamento, os tipos de fechamento que podem ocorrer e as etapas que integram o processo. Analisam-se os principais impactos ambientais, econômicos e sociais advindos do fechamento. Abordam-se os aspectos técnicos, jurídicos e socioambientais inerentes ao fechamento de mina na legislação de alguns países selecionados. Sintetiza-se a regulamentação do tema na legislação brasileira. Expõem-se os programas de fechamento de algumas minas brasileiras, de pequeno, médio e grande porte. Ao final, recomendam-se algumas questões inerentes ao evento, como sugestões para futuros estudos e pesquisas, e apresenta-se, como apêndice, a proposta de um conjunto de diretrizes, como contribuição ao estudo do tema e à progressiva regulamentação desta fase do projeto de mineração no Brasil
Abstract: Mine closure is a new stage in the life of a mining project. Its main objectives are guarantee that the future public hea1th and safety are not compromised; environmental resources are not subject to further physical and chemical deterioration; the post-mining use of a site is beneficial and sustainable in the long-tenn; and any adverse socio-economic impacts are minimized. The concepts and principIes surrounding mine closure are rapidly evolving in tenns of the supposed scope and responsibility of the major interested groups, among them government, industry, impacted communities and other stakeholders such as non-governmental organisations (NGOs), financial institutions and other components of civil society. The Law - as a social science - has highlighted the society conscious and preoccupation with the proper and safe mine closure and intemalized the best practices to achieve its purposes. This thesis focuses in the study and analysis of the evolution of mine closure art - under its several aspects. Highlight the economic and social importance of mining, through the analysis of positive and negative aspects of this human activity. Mine closure is introduced as new stage of the mining project. It is presented the concepts of some tenns usually employed in studies related to mine closure. Emphasize the main causes that can direct to closure, the types of closure that can occur and the steps part of this processo The main environmental, economic and social impacts from the mine closure process are analysed. Deal with technical, legal, social and environmental aspects in the law of some selected countries. Synthesize mine closure regulation in the Brazilian Law. Approach the programmes in course for closure of some small, medium and large size Brazilian mines. At the end recommends some points inherent to mine closure as suggestions to future researches and presents, as an appendix, a proposal of guidelines as a contribution to the study and the progressive regulation on mine closure in Brazil
Doutorado
Administração e Politica de Recursos Minerais
Doutor em Ciências
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Pinheiro, Adilson Ivan Caropreso. "O Plano Diretor de Curitiba (Lei n° 14.771/2015) e sua relação com a função social da propriedade na perspectiva dos direitos urbanísticos e ambiental." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2016. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/2335.
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A cidade de Curitiba já foi tida como sinônimo de vanguarda em desenvolvimento urbano e equilíbrio ecológico. Porém, como na maioria das grandes cidades brasileiras, ela enfrenta problemas sociais, sobretudo, na área da propriedade urbana e da própria preservação ambiental diante das invasões urbanas. Entretanto, a Constituição Federal garantiu aos administradores municipais um elemento essencial para a gestão de suas cidades, o Plano Diretor. Este instrumento, regulamentado pelo Estatuto da Cidade, suscita um planejamento estratégico do município, do seu desenvolvimento e uma maior gestão democrática dos próprios interesses dos cidadãos habitantes da cidade. Esta dissertação de Mestrado tem como objetivo analisar a eficácia jurídica da lei do Plano Diretor de Curitiba 2015 (Lei nº 14.771/2015), no tratamento dado por seus idealizadores (Sociedade, Poder Executivo municipal e Poder Legislativo municipal) à função social da propriedade, sob a perspectiva dos direitos Urbanístico e Ambiental. Por meio de pesquisa em bases de dados acadêmicos, na literatura especializada e na jurisprudência nacional, estabeleceu-se parâmetros para a classificação da eficácia dos ordenamentos contidos no plano diretor de Curitiba em plena (aplicável de imediato), contida (apenas parte pode ser aplicada) e limitado (necessita de uma regulamentação futura para ter eficácia). Entre os principais resultados da pesquisa, tem-se que de 96 artigos da lei do Plano Diretor de Curitiba, diretamente ligados à área do direito urbanístico, direito ambiental e à propriedade, 40% dos mesmos possuem eficácia limitada, 16% dos artigos possuem eficácia contida e 44% possuem a sua eficácia plena. Ou seja, 56% dos artigos, voltados ao tema da pesquisa, não possuem uma aplicabilidade plena de suas diretivas. Isto significa que a lei responsável pelo planejamento do desenvolvimento urbano da cidade, nos próximos 10 anos, não possui eficácia imediata e suficiente para transformar o aspecto nebuloso da distribuição justa e correta da propriedade e de sua função social dentro do território do município de Curitiba.The city of Curitiba has been regarded as a forefront synonymous of urban development and ecological balance. However, as in most large Brazilian cities, Curitiba faces social problems, especially in the area of urban property and its own environmental preservation facing urban invasions motivated by that. However, the Federal Constitution guaranteed the municipal administrators an essential element for the management of their cities, the Master Plan. This instrument, the Master Plan, which was regulated by the City Statute, provided a strategic planning for the municipality, in its development and a greater democratic management of its own citizens interests, the townspeople. This Master's dissertation aims to analyze the legal force of Curitiba’s Master Plan 2015 (Law No. 14,771 / 2015) in the treatment given by its creators (Society, Municipal Administration and Municipal Legislature) to the social function of property. It was elected as a paradigm for analysis of this work the Urban Law and Environmental Law and their determinations that guide the use, exploitation of urban land and the preservation of the natural and urban environment within the legal orders generated by the approval of the project law update of the master plan of the city of Curitiba. Through research in academic databases, in specific literature and in national jurisprudence, parameters were established for ranking the effectiveness of the orders contained in the full master plan of Curitiba (immediately applicable) contained (only part can be applied) and limited (it needs a future regulation to be effective). The results obtained throughout this work are posted at the end of this paper and they express that from the 96 articles directly related to the urban law area, environmental law and the property contained in the new law of Curitiba’s Master Plan, 40% of them have limited effectiveness, 16% of the articles have contained efficiency and 44% have their full effect, that is, 56% of the articles focused on the theme’s work does not have full applicability of their policies, which imposes thinking to the external observer that the law responsible for the urban development of the city for the next 10 years, at this moment, does not have sufficient efficacy to transform the nebulous aspect of the fair and correct distribution of property and its social function in the municipality of Curitiba.
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Horn, Luiz Fernando Del Rio. "As perspectivas ambiental e socioambiental do desenvolvimento sustentável sinérgico e sua aplicabilidade." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2009. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/479.
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O que são o desenvolvimento sustentável, seus desdobramentos teóricos e suas implicações, pode não suscitar muitas dúvidas ao investigador da academia, mas sua aplicação real vem provocando intensos debates nas muitas ciências, em razão dos temas que o cercam: quase tudo pertinente ao sistema social, para não dizer tudo. A extensão de qualquer enfrentamento a tal tema não permite grandes concessões e exceções das diversas áreas do conhecimento, sob pena de incompletude de observação, esta por si naturalmente limitada ao seu ponto cego. Assim, alguns pontos latentes para o desenvolvimento sustentável foram alinhados nos respectivos capítulos, de maneira que, no último, o somatório de revisões redunda num representativo avanço. A iniciar, e por meio do resgate histórico crítico, buscou-se a melhor definição para o desenvolvimento sustentável na contemporaneidade. Esta é observada em veias reflexivas na sequência, para contextualização do leitor nesta modernidade avançada. O processo produtivo de consumo, com ênfase para este último, detém toda a atenção a seguir, permitindo o conhecimento das engrenagens econômicas motivacionais. Dando continuação, aborda-se o desenvolvimento sustentável sob o prisma do sistema jurídico brasileiro, no qual a matriz do direito entra em discussão. Por fim, faz-se uma revisão minuciosa dos principais movimentos e correntes ambientais e socioambientais, prestando-se para a revisão do desenvolvimento sustentável, agora sinérgico.Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-05-30T16:09:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Luiz Fernando del Rio Horn.pdf: 871974 bytes, checksum: 3db221d36f479c613c269122b5246c1f (MD5)
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What is the maintainable development, their theoretical unfolding and their implications, it cannot raise a lot of doubts to the investigator of the academy, but its real application is provoking intense debates in a lot of sciences, in reason of the themes that surround it: almost everything pertinent to the social system, for not saying everything. The extension of any confronting of such a theme does not allow great concessions and exceptions of several areas of knowledge, under penalty of observation uncompleted, this for itself limited naturally to its blind point. Like this, some latent points for the maintainable development were aligned in the respective chapters, so that, in the last, the sum of revisions is redundant in a representative progress. In the first chapter, through the critical historical rescue, the best definition was looked for the maintainable development in the contemporaneousness. This is observed in reflexive veins in the second chapter, for contextualization of the reader in this advanced modernity. The productive process of consumption, with emphasis for this last one, stops all the attention in the chapter third, allowing the knowledge of the gears economical motivations. In the four there is an approach of the maintainable development under the prim of the brazilian legal system, in which the head office of the right enters in discussion. In the fifth and last, it is made a meticulous revision of the main movements and environmental currents and social environments, being rendered for revision of the maintainable development, now synergic.
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Oliveira, Robson de. "Contabilidade ambiental : evidencia????o de eventos econ??micos de natureza ambiental pelas empresas do setor qu??mico e petroqu??mico." FECAP - Faculdade Escola de Com??rcio ??lvares Penteado, 2005. http://132.0.0.61:8080/tede/handle/tede/649.
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Previous issue date: 2005-08-29The companies, as integrant part of the society, are being forced to meet environmental goals, besides the economical ones, demonstrating that besides the economical return generated to the shareholders, they are also creating social return to the communities where they are located. Environmental Accounting is the system of information which main aim is to gather, measure and disclose the environmental transactions seeking to exercise the important role of communication vehicle between company and society. In this context, the accounting statements deserve attention and special study, regarding that they represent the main disclosure channel of economic-environmental items of which the Accounting uses. The objective of this work was to analyze a sample of accounting statements published in Brazil with the objective of verifying how the investments, liabilities and environmental costs have been disclosed. Unhappily, the accounting statements of this companies had revealed little adequate to the new necessities of the users of the accounting information, and parallel, insufficient to take care of to the requirements of NBC T 15 - Information of Social and Ambient Nature, approved for the Resolution of the Federal Advice of Accounting - CFC n?? 1.003, that it will enter in vigor from 1?? of January of 2006.
As empresas, como parte integrante da sociedade, est??o sendo fortemente demandadas a cumprirem metas ambientais, al??m das econ??micas; demonstrando que, al??m do retorno econ??mico gerado aos acionistas, tamb??m est??o gerando retorno social ??s comunidades em que se encontram inseridas. A Contabilidade Ambiental apresenta-se como o sistema de informa????es que tem como finalidade principal coletar, mensurar e evidenciar as transa????es ambientais visando a exercer o importante papel de ve??culo de comunica????o entre a empresa e a sociedade. Neste sentido, as demonstra????es cont??beis merecem aten????o e estudo especiais, haja vista que representam o principal canal de evidencia????o de itens econ??mico-ambientais do qual faz uso a Contabilidade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de analisar uma amostra de demonstra????es cont??beis publicadas no Brasil, das empresas Petrobr??s, Braskem, Refap, Copesul, Bunge Fertilizantes, Basf, Petroqu??mica Uni??o e OPP, todas do ramo qu??mico e petroqu??mico, no intuito de verificar como t??m sido evidenciados os investimentos, passivos e custos ambientais pelas referidas empresas. Infelizmente, as demonstra????es cont??beis dessas companhias mostraram-se pouco adequadas ??s novas necessidades dos usu??rios da informa????o cont??bil, e paralelamente, insuficientes para atender ??s exig??ncias da NBC T 15 - Informa????es de Natureza Social e Ambiental, aprovadas pela Resolu????o do Conselho Federal de Contabilidade - CFC n?? 1.003, que entrar?? em vigor a partir de 1?? de janeiro de 2006.
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Kharlamova, G. "Environmental security: economic and social aspects." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2011. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/10022.
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Ecology – is complex problem, so complex decisions are needed.
Preservation of environment and acceptance of administrative decisions, recreational use of natural resources of natural-resources fund territories demand certain regulating actions. These actions have to be based on exact basis of complex interdisciplinary approach to environment security.
When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/10022
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Fauré, Eléonore. "Sustainability goals combining social and environmental aspects." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Miljöstrategisk analys (fms), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-191524.
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This thesis examines how to take into account both environmental and social sustainability goals to be used in scenarios or in policymaking. In paper I, we select four sustainability goals that have to be fulfilled by 2050 in normative future scenarios for Sweden in a degrowth context. Two goals address ecological challenges, climate change and land use issues specifically. The other two goals address social issues and deal with participation and influence in society as well as resource security and distribution. The environmental goals will require significant reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and land use compared to today's levels. The social goals are within reach today, although the degree of fulfillment differs across different groups in society. In paper II, we review existing and suggested climate or energy targets at a global, national and local scale and search for justice perspectives or for proposals for such perspectives. We find that the justice aspect is not explicitly formulated in existing climate and energy targets and that, the community of justice i.e. the receivers of benefits or burdens, in our reviewed examples, is limited to human beings, thereby excluding all other living beings. In paper III, we assess how four different backcasting scenarios for land use in a Swedish context, all of which fulfil a climate target of zero CO2 emissions in 2060, impact on other sustainability goals. We conduct a goal conflict analysis between the chosen climate goal and the other Swedish environmental goals, the gender equity goals and the public health goal. We find that there are more potential goal conflicts in scenarios with no global climate agreement. From the results of all three papers, I then discuss several aspects that have to be taken into account when setting goals, such as the major uncertainties associated with long-term goals, the elusiveness, the normativity of goals and the need to separate goals from the means to achieve the goals.Utsläpp av växthusgaser (GHG) och andra miljöproblem, såsom förlust av biologisk mångfald, markanvändning och övergödning av sötvatten och marina kustekosystem, är stora utmaningar för mänskligheten. De planetära gränser för dessa områden har redan överskridits. Av de 16 svenska miljömålen för 2020, vars syfte är att lösa dessa ödesfrågor, bedöms bara ett – "Ett skyddande ozonskikt" – uppnås i tid. Vad gäller sociala mål på global nivå fram till 2015 – FN:s Milleniemål – har visserligen betydande framsteg gjorts på en del områden, t.ex. jämställdhet i utbildningen, men utfallet skiljer sig mellan länder och inom länder med avseende på socioekonomisk grupp och kön. Denna avhandling undersöker hur man kan ta hänsyn till både miljömässiga och sociala hållbarhetsmål som ska användas i framtidsscenarier eller som underlag till beslutsfattande. I artikel I väljs fyra hållbarhetsmål i en tvärvetenskaplig process. Målen ska uppfyllas 2050 i s.k. normativa framtidsscenarier (backcasting) för Sverige i en kontext av nedväxt eller låg tillväxt. De två första målen handlar om klimatförändringar och markanvändningsfrågor. De två andra är sociala mål och omfattar delaktighet och inflytande i samhället samt tillgång till resurser och fördelning av dessa. För att uppnå de valda miljömålen, kommer drastiska minskningar av växthusgasutsläpp (GHG) och markanvändning att behövas, jämfört med dagens situation. Båda de sociala målen är inom räckhåll i dag, även om graden av uppfyllelse skiljer sig mellan olika grupper i samhället. I artikel II genomförs en kvalitativ dokumentanalys för att samla information om befintliga och föreslagna klimat- och energimål på global, nationell och lokal nivå. Vi letar också efter rättviseperspektiv i befintliga klimat- och energimål samt förslag till sådana perspektiv i föreslagna mål i den vetenskapliga litteraturen liksom i rapporter från miljöorganisationer. En slutsats är att rättvisa inte är uttryckligen formulerat i befintliga klimat- och energimål. Vi använder en teoretisk ram för social rättvisa som skiljer mellan vem som ger och får det som fördelas, vad som fördelas (rättvisevaluta) och hur det fördelas (distributionsprinciper). Utifrån vår analys fann vi att en egalitär princip används för de flesta föreslagna målen, exempelvis för globala mål om utsläpp av växthusgaser per capita. Samtliga av de granskade målen omfattar endast rättvisa mellan människor och exkluderar därmed andra levande varelser. I artikel III analyserar vi hur fyra olika backcastingscenarier för markanvändning i ett svenskt sammanhang år 2060 påverkar andra hållbarhetsmål när ett klimatmål om noll CO2-utsläpp är uppfyllt. Med hjälp av en matris gör vi en målkonfliktanalys med de övriga svenska miljömålen, jämställdhetsmål och mål för folkhälsan med dess 11 tillhörande målområden. Analysen visar att de potentiella målkonflikterna är fler i scenarier utan globalt klimatavtal. Detta beror främst på att vissa miljöfrågor måste behandlas på global nivå, samt att minskningen i miljöpåverkan kommer att bero på åtgärder som inte bara vidtagits i Sverige utan också globalt. Utifrån dessa tre artiklar diskuterar jag sedan olika aspekter som måste beaktas vid fastställandet av mål. Eftersom hållbarhetsmål är långsiktiga och kännetecknas av en hel del osäkerhet diskuterar jag behovet av att sätta upp "försiktigt utopiska mål" (cautiously utopian goals), det vill säga mål som kan vara omöjliga att uppnå, men möjliga att närma sig. Sådana mål kan få till stånd de djupgående förändringar som krävs för en hållbar och rättvis framtid samtidigt som de är acceptabla för de intressenter som berörs. Mål är ofta otydliga vad gäller vad som ingår eller inte. Vad gäller klimatmålen, exempelvis, är det ofta otydligt huruvida utsläpp från handel är inkluderade eller ej och vilket referensår en viss utsläppsminskning baseras på. Sådana avgränsningar bör synliggöras och helst diskuteras med avseende på hur de kan påverka till exempel andra länders utsläppsminskningar. Det finns också ett behov att skilja mål från medel för att uppnå målen, eftersom det gör det möjligt att formulera mål som kan uppnås på olika sätt. Ekonomisk tillväxt ses ofta som ett mål i sig, såsom i FN:s nya hållbarhetsmål (SDGs). Tillväxt borde dock betraktas som ett rent verktyg för att uppnå egentliga mål rörande, exempelvis, välbefinnande. Mål är också normativa och återspeglar både olika kulturella och etiska perspektiv på vad en god hälso- och sjukvård eller bostadsstandard bör vara. De underliggande värdena bör därför också synliggöras och ifrågasättas. Både inter- och intragenerationella rättviseperspektiv bör göras mer konkreta och tydliga så att sådana frågor kan följas upp. En bra start kan vara att förutom ett territoriellt perspektiv börja använda ett konsumtionsperspektiv vid upprättandet av klimat-eller markanvändningsmål, då effekten av vår konsumtion på andra länders miljö och hälsa har ökat under de senaste årtiondena.
QC 20160901
Beyond GDP Growth
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Orie, Kenneth Kanu. "Legal aspects of groundwater quantity allocation and quality protection in Canada." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=41192.
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Groundwater quantity allocation and quality protection in Canada largely proceed in a fragmented fashion. Each jurisdiction pursues the management of its water resources and the aquatic environment separately as well as independently of other jurisdictions. This approach is at odds with the unity of the natural environment and the inter-connectedness of groundwater resources.The challenge facing Canada is to make the law recognize and be more responsive to the unity of the aquatic environment and water resources. An active federal role in uniting and coordinating the efforts of the provinces in this regard is crucial if this challenge is to be met. However, since the constitutional division of powers in Canada encourages a fragmented approach to managing environment and water resources, the federal government is incapacitated, purely on a legal score, with respect to pulling together the efforts of the provinces. A cooperative approach, based on political rather than legal coordination, is therefore, the most realistic option for the federal government to meet the challenge.
In this work, the writer examines the various areas for federal-provincial cooperation regarding groundwater allocation and protection. Such institutional integration or cooperation cannot be effective unless groundwater is addressed together with the other component of the hydrologic cycle, namely: surface water and the ecosystem they support. At the same time, in adopting an integrated hydrologic cycle approach, specific groundwater management strategies canvassed in this work must be taken into account if groundwater is to be more efficiently allocated and protected. Pursuant to these considerations, this writer is of the opinion that groundwater resources in Canada should be managed in a way that meets both present and future needs of Canadians, thus in a sustainable fashion. This can best be achieved if resource management relies upon a combination of contaminant-focused and resource-focused approaches adopted under unified federal-provincial efforts as well as under an integrated hydrologic cycle management.
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Guerlet, Grégory. "La gestion des ports par une entite publique : aspects européens et environnementaux." Phd thesis, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00983306.
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Autrefois abris pour les navires en perdition, les ports sont devenus de véritables places portuaires comprenant des zones industrialo-portuaires. Portes ouvertes sur le monde, les ports sont au centre des échanges commerciaux des Etats et constituent un atout non négligeable dans le commerce extérieur de ceux-ci. Les différentes lois et réformes portuaires ont amené le législateur français et les acteurs portuaires à recentrer les missions de chacun au sein de la place portuaire afin que nos ports réussissent le défi de la concurrence imposée par nos voisins du Bénélux notamment, et répondent également aux contraintes environnementales que l'Europe imposent aux ports. En france, les ports ont toujours étaient considérés comme des services publics avec une dualité qui se traduisait par un service administratif pour les missions régaliennes et un service industriel et commercial pour les missions plus commerciales telles que l'outillage. La vision française du service public portuaire apparaît dès lors dépassée et la France doit s'adapter à une harmonisation de la gestion de ses ports aux normes européennes. La réforme de 2008 a transféré l'outillage à des entreprises privées, permettant aux ports de se réorganiser autour de l'aménagement et la gestion. Il convient de considérer le port comme au centre de la chaîne des transports commerciaux et une gestion intégrée de ces derniers apparaît nécessaire, impliquant un développement de nos ports côté terre, avec des dessertes terrestres, fluviales et ferroviaires qui seront une réponse à la concurrence. La multimodalité des ports est un axe de travail que la France doit mettre en place et est en cours de construction, avec une prise en compte de l'environnement au coeur de chaque projet. La France dispose d'une grande façade littorale jusqu'ici peu ou mal exploitée. La politique portuaire commence à devenir une des priorités des dirigeants nationaux et permettra à la France de (re)trouver sa vocation maritime jusqu'ici trop longtemps ignorée.
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Holznagel, Bernd. "Environmental mediation and negotiation : new approaches to the resolution of environmental disputes." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=65372.
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Bial, Joseph J. 1969. "Theoretical and empirical examination of decentralized environmental regulation." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/191225.
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This dissertation closely examines the merits, weaknesses, and potential of decentralized environmental regulation. I examine three areas of particular concern in the structure of environmental regulation. In the first chapter, I examine how information problems resulting from incorrectly specified atmospheric models are likely to affect economic efficiency in a permit market. While permit markets have been heralded as a promising solution for controlling environmentally damaging emissions, there is no formal research linking the atmospheric model, which directly affects permit prices, with economic outcomes. In the chapter, I develop a generalized theoretical model that demonstrates the problems that are likely to arise when there is uncertainty in the underlying atmospheric parameter estimates. As it turns out, permit markets operating with incorrectly specified atmospheric models may result in large losses in economic efficiency, even if the permit market is operating ideally in an economic sense. The second chapter analyzes a much broader issue, that of state versus federal environmental regulation. The chapter focuses on the methods used by states attempting to control interstate water pollution in the Ohio Valley in the early 1900s. The time period was chosen to predate federal intervention into environmental regulation and, hence, allows for a clean test of how states might be expected to address difficult pollution problems under a system of state regulation. Using a simple game theoretic model, the paper explores interstate water pollution control compacts and their uses in addressing interstate water pollution. I find that states were able to overcome significant bargaining difficulties in formulating the compacts, which ultimately led to effective control of interstate water pollution. The final chapter focuses on voluntary overcompliance by firms facing environmental standards. The paper models environmental regulation according to the EPA's Best Available Control Technology (BACT). The model predicts voluntary overcompliance by firms as they attempt to raise the (endogenous) environmental standard and, in the process, raise their rivals' costs. The paper also demonstrates the merits of nonuniform environmental standards. In attempting to elicit efficient levels of R&D investment, the regulatory authority may discourage socially wasteful overinvestment in pollution technology through the use of nonuniform standards.
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Дядечко, Алла Миколаївна, Алла Николаевна Дядечко, Alla Mykolaivna Diadechko, Дарина Володимирівна Боронос, Дарина Владимировна Боронос, and Daryna Volodymyrivna Boronos. "Environmental, social and economic aspects of global climate change." Thesis, Вид-во СумДУ, 2009. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/16882.
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Дядечко, Алла Миколаївна, Алла Николаевна Дядечко, Alla Mykolaivna Diadechko, and O. V. Poduzhailo. "Environmental aspects of the social-economic development of Ukraine." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2008. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/16051.
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Боронос, Дарина Володимирівна, Дарина Владимировна Боронос, Daryna Volodymyrivna Boronos, Вікторія Георгіївна Боронос, Виктория Георгиевна Боронос, and Viktoriia Heorhiivna Boronos. "Environmental, social and economic aspects of global climate change." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2008. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/8127.
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Jarumai, Cyril Joshua. "Some aspects of modern Irish law." Thesis, National Aviation University, 2021. https://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/48765.
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By the early 21st Century further amendment to the Constitution has been necessitated by Ireland’s membership of the European Union, which has involved the cession of a degree of sovereignty and the subordination of national law to European law. A significant amendment was effected pursuant to the Good Friday Agreement, when Ireland removed its territorial claim to Northern Ireland and replaced it with the principle of unity by consent.Today’s Irish law due to the pandemic conditions of its development is on
the way to its own improvement to regulate social relations effectively and protect the interests of their participants.
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Siddiqi, Khalid Mukhtar. "Framework for analyzing construction alternatives with respect to environmental laws." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19592.
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Mallory, Chaone. "Toward an Ecofeminist Environmental Jurisprudence: Nature, Law, and Gender." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1999. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2219/.
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This thesis develops a legal theory reflecting the insights of feminism and environmental philosophy. I argue that human beings are not ontologically separate, but embedded in webs of relationality with natural others. My primary purposes are to 1) delineate ways in which institutions of modernity (such as law and science) have precipitated ecosocial crisis through the attempt to dialectically enforce mastery and control over nature and women; and 2) explore alternate political forms and ontologies which challenge the classical liberalist view of the (human) individual as a radically isolated, discrete, autonomous being. My overarching theme is that law functions as a narrative that can both hinder and enhance the promotion of ecological ideas, and how ecofeminism can contribute to transformative projects of environmental philosophy and feminist law.
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Водоласкова, Катерина Юріївна. "Рhilosophical and legal aspects of environmental responsibility." Thesis, Тернопіль: Вектор, 2020. http://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/41888.
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The rules governing modern social relations in the field of aviation safety in the aviation sector are contained in the normative legal acts of different branches of legislation, and, accordingly, it allows to state about the formation of a comprehensive inter-branch institute of environmental safety in aviation. Therefore, legal aspects of environmental responsibility of aviation are being considered by multidisciplinary approach.Норми, що регулюють сучасні суспільні відносини у сфері авіаційної безпеки, містяться в нормативно-правових актах різних галузей законодавства, що, відповідно дозволяє констатувати формування всебічного міжгалузевого інституту екологічної безпеки в авіації. Тому правові аспекти екологічної відповідальності в сфері авіації розглядаються з використанням мультидисциплінарного підходу.
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Moosagie, Mohammed Allie. "Islamic law and social change : a legal perspective." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15878.
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Includes bibliographies.My thesis attempts, in the first instance to ascertain whether Islamic legal theory (usul) has made provisions for the accommodation of changing social exigencies. If such provisions have been made, are they adequately employed to achieve optimum benefit? In the second instance, the Islamic judicial process of discovering and formulating the Divine law and the elements that contribute towards it is subjected to scrutiny to ascertain whether it is proceeding according to the general provisions made for it in terms of the principles of the law or, whether this crucial process has since been abandoned, corrupted, distorted or replaced. I have chosen four representative classical works of usul al-fiqh on which to base my assessment of usul vis-a-vis changing social exigency. One of the works is a Shafi i exposition; the second two are Hanafi expositions, and the fourth is a general exposition not located in a particular legal school (madhhab).After illustrating the inherent leeways to be found in the legal propositions together with the inherent scope accompanying the notions of maslahah (utility) and urf (prevailing norms), I proceed to evaluate the extent to which these leeways are employed in the actual judicial process of two of the world's most authoritative judicial institutions namely; al-Azhar (Cairo) and Darul Ulum (Deoband). To do this, I analyze the fatwa (judicial decree) on organ transplantation from both these institutions. My analysis is not aimed at the outcome of the fatwahs, but rather at the processes involved in arriving at the particular verdicts. In my conclusion I point to the ample provisions made by legal theory to contend with any social exigency and to the tragic neglect of their employment in the application of the law to novel situations. It is, therefore, the inconsistency between the provisions of legal theory and the absence of their application in the actual judicial process that has contributed to the current tension between law and social change.
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Rossier, Yves. "Etude comparée de certains aspects patrimoniaux de la fiducie." Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=55664.
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Chen, Qian. "Legal aspects of aircraft financing and new challenges for China." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=40814.
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After over 50 years of development, aircraft financing has made significant achievements in expanding the domestic and global air transport system. An aircraft financing transaction is a complicated process which may involve not only the final users of the aircraft but also the manufacturers, banks or other private investors, trustees, lessors, and institutional lenders, concerning many areas of various subjects. This paper focuses on legal aspects of aircraft financing, especially on China’s current legal system of aircraft financing. Chapter One examines the history of aircraft financing in the United States, Japan and China. Chapter Two discusses different types of financing, and analyzes the classification of Leasing, the most frequently used type of aircraft financing. Chapter Three outlines main international conventions which have built the legal framework of international aircraft financing. Chapter Four turns to China’s current legal framework of aircraft financing. Chapter Five studies new challenges posed to China’s leasing industry in recent years. A few short paragraphs concludes the large gap between China’s domestic aircraft financing industry and the foreign ones, and the efforts that China is making to explore a new way of aircraft financing to harmonise Chinese ideals with international practices.Après plus de 50 ans de développement, le financement aéronautique a fait des pas importants dans l’expansion du transport aérien, chez nous et sur la scène internationale. Le financement d’un avion est un processus compliqué qui concerne non seulement les utilisateurs d’avions, mais aussi les fabricants, les banques ou autres investisseurs privés, les fiduciaires, les locateurs, les prêteurs institutionnels, en ce qui a trait a plusieurs aspects d’une variété de sujets. Le présent document se concentre sur les aspects juridiques du financement d'aéronefs, en particulier sur le courant système juridique de financement aéronautique de la Chine. Le premier chapitre examine l'histoire du financement aéronautique aux États-Unis, au Japon et en Chine. Le deuxième chapitre traite de différents types de financement, et analyse le crédit-bail, le type de financement aéronautique le plus souvent utilise. Chapitre trois décrit les principales conventions internationales qui ont servi à construire le cadre juridique international de financement aéronautique. Chapitre quatre se tourne vers le courant cadre juridique de financement aéronautique de la Chine. Chapitre cinq étudie les nouveaux défis auxquels l'industrie de location a fait face en Chine au cours des dernières années. Quelques courts paragraphes démontrent un écart important entre l’industrie du financement aéronautique en Chine et celle d’autres pays, et démontrent aussi les efforts que la Chine fait pour explorer un nouveau mode de financement aéronautique pour harmoniser les aspirations des chinois avec les pratiques internationales.
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Aganaba, Timiebi. "Towards space sustainability: lessons from environmental liability regimes." Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=106614.
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This thesis is about space sustainability and the need to protect the outer space environment for the long term. It attempts to address this by assessing the outer space liability regime, particularly the fundamental flaw that it does not directly account for damage caused to the space environment. Jurisprudential lessons can be learnt from existing environmental liability regimes for hazardous activities on earth, to protect the outer space environment. While it is acknowledged that there are short comings in the environmental liability regimes as they stand, if the inherent weaknesses are remedied environmental liability could be a good tool for deterrence and accountability for damage caused to the space environment by polluters.Cette thèse est sur la soutenabilité de l'espace et la nécessité de protéger l'environnement spatial à long terme. Elle traite du problème en regardant le régime de responsabilité civile spatiale, notamment en se penchant sur le fait qu'il ne tient pas compte des dommages causés à l'environnement spatial. Des leçons de jurisprudence peuvent être tirées des régimes actuels de responsabilité environnementale pour les activités dangereuses sur terre, pour protéger l'environnement spatial. Alors qu'il est reconnu qu'il y a des limitations dans les régimes de responsabilité tels qu'ils se présentent, si l'on remédie aux faiblesses inhérentes, la responsabilité environnementale pourrait être un bon outil de dissuasion et de responsabilité pour les dommages causés à l'environnement spatial par les pollueurs.
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Giles, Andrew. "Exploring the Social, Environmental and Economic Aspects of Trail Surfacing Decisions." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/964.
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Visitor activities in parks often have a heavy impact on the soil, vegetation, water and wildlife. In front country areas, the most extreme damage is concentrated on and adjacent to recreational trails. Aside from controlling the numbers, activities and behaviours of trail users, managers may choose to make trails more resistant to impact through surfacing. Unfortunately, surfacing may have negative influences on park visitors' enjoyment of trails by limiting access or detracting from the primitive setting. In addition, some surfaces may be ineffective in certain environmental conditions such as wet ground or steep slopes. Finally, the wide variety in construction and maintenance costs may make some surface types economically unfeasible.
The goals of this research are to investigate the role of trail surfacing in the management of impacts from outdoor recreation; to develop better understanding of the social, economic and environmental aspects of trail surfacing decisions; and to explore a comprehensive framework for incorporating these three factors in trail management. It is hoped that this research can assist park managers in selecting surfacing options to reduce visitor impact without excessively compromising recreational experience or organizational limitations, such as financial resources.
In addition to a comprehensive review of literature on visitor impact management on trails and surfacing techniques, this research employs three methods to further investigate the social, environmental and economic aspects of trail surfacing: a trail user survey, manager survey and trail condition assessment. The trail user survey was conducted at two well-used natural areas in southwestern Ontario, Canada: Presqu'ile Provincial Park and Belfountain Conservation Area. Surveys at each area explored trail users' perceptions and preferences of trail surfacing techniques in late summer 1999. The managers' survey provided insight into organizational approaches to surfacing, including construction cost and observations on recreational or environmental effectiveness. Finally, the trail condition assessment explored an approach to determining environmental effectiveness of trail surfacing techniques, but was limited by the physical and recreational variation between trails.
Seven recommendations for trail managers are presented, tying in several conceptual frameworks of visitor impact management and trail surfacing decisions developed in the thesis. First, trail managers are recommended to develop a full understanding of trail design principles and alternative visitor impact management techniques. If surfacing is selected as the best impact management technique, trail managers should obtain as much information on user characteristics, environmental conditions and organizational limitations as possible. Despite the benefits and drawbacks for all surfaces, road base gravel (or angular screenings with fines) merits special attention as an excellent surface, while asphalt and concrete are not recommended for front country, semi-primitive recreation. Finally, trail managers are encouraged to share information on surfacing more freely and open surfacing decision processes to affected trail users.
Overall, trail managers are provided with an approach to surfacing decisions that considers the social, environmental and economic aspects of trail surfacing, with the goal of working toward more enjoyable, environmentally responsible and cost-effective trail solutions.
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Bernauw, Kristiaan C. A. "The legal aspects of international air courier and air express services /." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66039.
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Stuyt, Michel L. J. M. "Legal aspects of commercial activities of private enterprise in outer space." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=65363.
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Mysak, Mark. "The Environmental is Political: Exploring the Geography of Environmental Justice." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2010. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc30497/.
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The dissertation is a philosophical approach to politicizing place and space, or environments broadly construed, that is motivated by three questions. How can geography be employed to analyze the spatialities of environmental justice? How do spatial concepts inform understandings of environmentalism? And, how can geography help overcome social/political philosophy's redistribution-recognition debate in a way that accounts for the multiscalar dimensions of environmental justice? Accordingly, the dissertation's objective is threefold. First, I develop a critical geography framework that explores the spatialities of environmental injustices as they pertain to economic marginalization across spaces of inequitable distribution, cultural subordination in places of misrecognition, and political exclusion from public places of deliberation and policy. Place and space are relationally constituted by intricate networks of social relations, cultural practices, socioecological flows, and political-economic processes, and I contend that urban and natural environments are best represented as "places-in-space." Second, I argue that spatial frameworks and environmental discourses interlock because conceptualizations of place and space affect how environments are perceived, serve as framing devices to identify environmental issues, and entail different solutions to problems. In the midst of demonstrating how the racialization of place upholds inequitable distributions of pollution burdens, I introduce notions of "social location" and "white privilege" to account for the conflicting agendas of the mainstream environmental movement and the environmental justice movement, and consequent accusations of discriminatory environmentalism. Third, I outline a bivalent environmental justice theory that deals with the spatialities of environmental injustices. The theory synergizes distributive justice and the politics of social equality with recognition justice and the politics of identity and difference, therefore connecting cultural issues to a broader materialist analysis concerned with economic issues that extend across space. In doing so, I provide a justice framework that assesses critically the particularities of place and concurrently identifies commonalities to diverse social struggles, thus spatializing the geography of place-based political praxis.
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Bristow, Theresa K. "Aspects of environmental awareness in England and Wales : case studies." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243970.
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WILLIAMS, Rebecca. "High steaks : climate change mitigation in the cattle sector." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/74342.
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Defence date: 14 March 2022Examining Board: Prof. Joanne Scott (European University Institute); Prof. Neha Jain (European University Institute); Prof. Maria Lee (University College London, External Examiner); Dr Jolene Lin (National University of Singapore)
Increasingly, the environmental impact of animal agriculture is being recognised. In the past, climate criticism was largely reserved for the fossil fuel sector, or even the transport and aviation sectors. However, now it is being realised that the agricultural sector is also a major contributor to climate change, particularly in terms of livestock production. Despite this, little attention has been paid, either in academic writing or in policy making, to improving the climate impacts of the livestock sector. This thesis begins to address this gap. Using a novel critical frame analysis approach, it seeks to provide a broad macro-level analysis of various legal regimes on the international and European level that affect emissions from cattle (and where relevant, livestock more broadly). On the basis of this critical frame analysis, tensions, synergies and common themes for livestock emissions mitigation across these regimes can be identified and investigated. It is hoped that this can help to strengthen productive synergies and to reduce damaging tensions while promoting fairer and more effective emissions mitigation for the sector. Most importantly, the thesis highlights affluence as the ‘forgotten’ problem in reducing cattle emissions. The importance of this key insight in terms of tackling future livestock emissions trajectories is significant, particularly in relation to the climate justice dimension of climate mitigation.
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Deumié, Florence. "The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety and the international trade of genetically modified organisms : a new element of the conflict between trade and the environment." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=31156.
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The present thesis deals with the international legal consequences of the Biosafety Protocol. If this Protocol answers the problem of GMOs, by enforcing the application of the precautionary principle to the international trade of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), it does not solve the conflict between the interests of trade and those of the environment. On the contrary, the Biosafety Protocol conflicts with the rules of the GATT and the national norms inspired by it would risk being contested before the dispute-settlement institutions of the World Trade Organisation. The Protocol therefore constitutes a new element in the conflict, pre-existing and unsolved, which sets the implicit supremacy of the GATT against the international environmental norms. It confirms the necessity to find a solution enabling the equal authority and mutual respect of the international environmental and trade rules.All information is correct as at 14 November 2000.
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Lydgate, Emily. "Sustainability and biofuels : reconciling social and environmental criteria with WTO law." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2013. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/sustainability-and-biofuels-reconciling-social-and-environmental-criteria-with-wto-law(86aa72c8-a660-419b-8262-8032e4430b01).html.
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This thesis examines European Union (’EU’) biofuels sustainability criteria in the context of the law of the World Trade Organization (’WTO’). The criteria were introduced as part of the 2009 EU Renewable Energy and Fuel Quality Directives. There has been no dispute; however, uncertainty about the criteria’s WTO-compatibility has inspired a number of legal analyses concluding that they are not compliant. Whether or not there is the political will for a dispute, it is interesting to consider sources of potential non-compliance. As they pursue ’sustainability,’ the EU criteria are well positioned to prompt larger questions regarding the relationship between international trade rules and sustainable development, described by the WTO Secretariat as a central WTO principle. The thesis identifies a core challenge: dispute settlement mechanisms to identify de facto discrimination risk including regulations that exhibit particular characteristics. EU criteria exemplify these characteristics, which also seem likely to apply to sustainability regulation more broadly. These include breadth, complexity and process-orientation, and response to emerging environmental problems. Thus, the criteria may be perceived as protectionist even though this is not their intent. The larger implication is that, despite its centrality in principle, applying sustainable development through national regulation raises particular challenges of WTO law. The Appellate Body must strike a balance between achieving the WTO’s primary mandate of trade liberalization and showing appropriate deference toward trade-restrictive regulations, particularly those, like EU criteria, that pursue climate change mitigation and other important social and environmental objectives. While this case study suggests a potential imbalance in favour of trade liberalization, the Appellate Body may redress this without major structural reform, as relevant WTO provisions have a range of interpretation, and dispute settlement outcomes continue to evolve.
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Lacey, Jacqueline Marie. "Teaching social skills through environmental education." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2000. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1765.
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This project was designed to address the need for a curriculum that links environmental education and social skills. All of the social skills units were created to improve the students' understanding of social skills and important environmental concepts.
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Singh, Karan. "Aviation and environmental pollution: international attempts for cleaner and quieter skies." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66932.
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The focus of this work is to evaluate the various efforts being made internationally, to address the issue of the aviation environmental pollution. There are inherent problems with the enforcement of rules created by the International Civil Aviation Organization. I have attempted to focus the discussion on the place these rules have within the framework of Public International Law. Secondly, I present the approach that is being taken by the states of the European Union, and how they deal with the problem of pollution caused by aviation activities. There is a discussion about the measures and legislations that are enacted by the Union and how that addresses local and international concerns related to aviation pollution. I conclude the discussion with the new development of the EU's pushing for the inclusion of aviation within the Emissions Trading System. Emissions trading would be a better alternative to non-implementation of SARPS, due to the inability of the international community to apply them uniformly. However, Emissions Trading is not to be seen as a substitute for SARPs. In my final evaluation there is a discussion of the best way forward for the international community. An integrated, international approach which takes the Emissions Trading initiative of the EU and complements that with other steps towards mitigating green house gas emissions and reducing noise pollution.Le but de cette étude est d'évaluer les différentes solutions proposées au niveau international pour répondre au problème posé par la pollution liée à l'activité aéronautique. L'Organisation de l'Aviation Civile Internationale a préconisé certaines mesures en la matière ; cependant la mise en place et l'exécution de ces normes présentent de nombreuses difficultés.Dans un premier temps, mon étude s'orientera sur la portée de l'application de ces normes sur l'ensemble des règles du droit international public. Puis, je présenterai l'approche choisie par l'Union Européenne (UE) pour résoudre ce problème de pollution engendrée par les activités aéronautiques. Il existe un débat au sein de l'UE relatif aux mesures et règlementations adoptées récemment dans ce domaine, mettant en exergue les inquiétudes au niveau local et international. En conclusion, je traiterai des dernières pressions exercées par l'UE pour inclure l'aviation dans 'le Système Communautaire d'Echange de Quotas d'Emissions (SCEQE)'. L'échange de quotas serait une meilleure alternative à la non-application des Normes et Pratiques Recommandées (SARP), en raison de l'incapacité de la communauté internationale d'appliquer ces dernières de manière uniforme. Cependant, les échanges de quotas ne doivent pas être considérés comme un substitut des SARP. Dans la dernière partie, une discussion sera menée à propos de la meilleure voie à suivre par la communauté internationale. Une approche internationale intégrée qui prenne en compte l'initiative du système d'échange de quotas de l'UE et le complète avec des mesures permettant la réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre et de la pollution sonore.
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Hau, Chi-hang, and 侯智恆. "The Social and environmental impacts of golf course development in Hong Kong and ways to improve its environmental standards." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1994. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31252837.
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Chan, Ho-ying, and 陳可盈. "Assess the environmental and social sustainability of the Three GorgesDam project." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B29806264.
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Chen, Kuan-Wei. "The legality of the use of space weapons: perspectives from environmental law." Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=107831.
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The undesirability and prevention of the weaponisation of outer space have been discussed for decades by the international community. Of particular concern, there is a lacuna in existing space law governing conventional space weapons which use kinetic energy to destroy or damage space objects. Despite proposals to prohibit the use and deployment of such space weapons, as well as the repeated adoption of General Assembly resolutions to stem such developments, States are at an impasse on the matter. Recent pronouncements and activities by major space faring States point to the worrying likelihood of such weapons being used in outer space, and thereby greatly threatening international peace and security. The creation of vast amounts of space debris following recent anti-satellite tests demonstrates just how damaging the use of kinetic space weapons can be to the natural environment of outer space. With States unable to agree on the legality of the use of space weapons, solutions can be sought beyond existing space law. This thesis argues that general public international law, and specifically international environmental law, can provide a viable and effective alternative to prohibiting the use of convention space weapons. Further, not only are States prohibited under general environmental law from engaging in activities that cause damage to the natural environment, under the laws of armed conflict there are conventional and customary laws which expressly prohibit the use of weapons that cause damage to the natural environment.L'inopportunité et la prévention de la militarisation de l'espace extra-atmosphérique ont été débattues depuis des décennies par la communauté internationale. Il existe notamment une lacune dans le droit de l'espace actuel, s'agissant des armements spatiaux qui utilisent l'énergie cinétique, dans le but de détruire ou d'endommager des objets spatiaux. En dépit de propositions pour interdire l'usage et le déploiement de telles armes, ainsi que de l'adoption répétée, par l'Assemblée Générale des Nations Unies, de résolutions visant à endiguer de tels développements, les États se trouvent dans une impasse sur ce sujet. Les récentes déclarations et activités des principaux États contributeurs dans le domaine spatial mettent en exergue la redoutable probabilité que de tels armements soient utilisés dans l'espace, constituant par conséquent un danger pour la paix et la sécurité internationales. La création d'un nombre considérable de débris spatiaux, qui a suivi les récents tests antisatellites, démontre à quel point l'utilisation d'armements spatiaux cinétiques peut être préjudiciable à l'environnement de l'espace extra-atmosphérique. Face à des États incapables de s'accorder sur la légalité de l'utilisation des armements spatiaux, des solutions peuvent être trouvées au delà des règles de droit spatial existantes. Ce mémoire soutient que le droit international public général, et plus particulièrement le droit international de l'environnement, peut fournir une alternative fiable et effective pour interdire l'usage d'armes spatiales conventionnelles. Par ailleurs, le droit général de l'environnement n'est pas le seul à interdire aux États de s'engager dans des activités qui causent des dommages à l'environnement; le droit des conflits armés regroupe des lois conventionnelles et coutumières, qui interdisent formellement l'utilisation d'armes qui causent des dommages à l'environnement.
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劉嘉琪 and Ka-ki Lau. "Ecotourism in China: an evaluation of its socio-economic and environmental significance." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B26826410.
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Chatterjee, Joyeeta. "Legal aspects of space debris remediation: active removal of debris and on-orbit satellite servicing." Thesis, McGill University, 2013. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=119752.
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With the alarming proliferation in the population of orbital debris, scientific analysis has indicated a need to perform space debris remediation through active removal of debris and on-orbit satellite servicing. This thesis aims to study the implications of the existing framework of international space law and public international law on space debris remediation. Following a description of the hypothesis and the research methodology, the introductory chapter explains the current state of the debris environment and the consequent need to perform space debris remediation. With that understanding, the economic and technological feasibility for such an endeavour is also assessed. The second chapter addresses the concerns regarding the current definition of a 'space object' and examines the requirement for the adoption of a separate legal definition of space debris to facilitate space debris remediation activities. The key question of legitimate exercise of jurisdiction and control over space objects, in the realm of space debris remediation, along with contentious issues such as transfer of ownership and/or registry of space objects are discussed in the third chapter. The fourth chapter elaborates on the related responsibility and liability considerations linked to remediation activities in outer space. The final chapter contains a summary of the important conclusions from the earlier chapters and presents some overall observations on the entire analysis.Avec la prolifération alarmante du nombre de débris orbitaux, des études scientifiques ont montré la nécessité d'effectuer un nettoyage des débris spatiaux, par le biais de la suppression effective de ces débris ainsi que la mise en place d'un système orbital de « service » aux satellites. Cette thèse vise à étudier les effets du cadre actuel du droit spatial international et du droit international public, sur la gestion du problème des débris spatiaux. Après une description du postulat et de la méthodologie de recherche, le chapitre introductif (chapitre I) explique l'état actuel de l'environnement des débris spatiaux et la nécessité d'éliminer ces débris. Dans ce contexte, la faisabilité économique et technique d'une telle entreprise est évaluée au chapitre II. Le chapitre III traite des questions liées à la définition actuelle d'«objet spatial» et examine les conditions de l'adoption d'une définition juridique distincte pour les débris spatiaux, afin de faciliter les activités de nettoyage afférentes. La question essentielle de l'exercice légitime de la juridiction et du contrôle des objets spatiaux, s'agissant de leur nettoyage, ainsi que les sujets controversés tels que le transfert de propriété et/ou l'enregistrement des objets spatiaux, sont examinés dans le chapitre IV. Le chapitre V entre dans le détail des réflexions sur la responsabilité liée aux activités de dépollution dans l'espace. La section finale (chapitre VI) comprend un résumé des conclusions importantes des chapitres précédents, et présente quelques observations générales sur toute l'analyse.
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De, Icaza Aneiros Carlos. "The effects of the North American Free Trade Agreement on Mexican environmental laws and policies and their enforcement : evaluating six years of cooperation (1994-2000)." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=31155.
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During the last fifty years trade liberalization has stimulated different levels of industrial and technological development and economic growth around the world. However, during that same period, the world has witnessed a rapid degradation of the environment and an excessive exploitation of natural resources. The urgency of the situation requires the reconciliation of trade liberalization and environmental protection goals.In this context, on January 1, 1994, the North American Free Trade Agreement entered into between Canada, Mexico and the United States came into force. This agreement has significant environmental content and includes a side agreement on environmental matters. This new framework of environmental protection is serving to reconcile trade and environmental goals in the region, and is shaping the new legal framework for environmental protection and enforcement in Mexico.
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Wong, On-shun Anson, and 王安信. "Enhancing sustainability by managing environmental and social risks in the hotel and resort industry of Guangdong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/194602.
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The introduction of environmental and social issues into the boardroom is one of the greatest challenges of our time. The threat of climate change adds urgency to the challenge, with the costs of inaction on climate change estimated at between 5 to 20% of global GDP, leading to a global recession.
In terms of managing environmental and social concerns, the tourism industry, and the hotel and resort industry, has lagged behind other industries such as utilities, chemicals and banking and investment. Globally an estimated 5% of all CO2 emissions can be attributed to tourism. Energy use in hotels is disproportionately high, thanks to energy intensive facilities such as spas, laundries and swimming pools.
The global hotel and resort industry can thus make significant contribution to reduce human impact on the global climate. This research develops a tool which helps the hotel and resort industry identify and manage non-financial risks such as environmental and social issues, and improve sustainable development of individual businesses and the sector as a whole.
The research focuses on Guangdong Province, China, the richest province in China in terms of hotel stock, hotel revenues and hotel employees. China herself will be the world’s biggest tourism market by 2020 and given its future growth forecasts is an important venue to study sustainable development.
Recognising the difficulty in precisely measuring aspects of social science such as non-financial risk and attitudes towards non-financial risk, the conceptual framework for the study uses the idea of a working non-financial risk management approach towards the production of a set of working propositions useful for business. The study first identifies stakeholders; develops a non-financial risk management methodology to identify, measure, examine and prioritise risks, and then presents the conclusions as working propositions for corporations to use. Recommendations for industry are developed and presented.
To achieve the development of the non-financial risk management tool, the research draws a fresh link between risk management, corporate environmental management, sustainability and non-financial risk management. Second, through three research studies, a detailed investigation into the use and practice of sustainability and non-financial risk management is undertaken across 15 hotels in Guangdong Province. The first study is a comprehensive set of detailed in-depth interviews with 79 industry-specific stakeholders. The interviews are coded and the results used to develop the second study, a questionnaire survey of 351 hotel guests and 70 industry-specific stakeholders. A third study executes in-depth case-studies and non-financial risk benchmarking across 15 hotel and resort facilities. The results of all three studies are triangulated for better accuracy and understanding.
The study presents a number of working propositions for corporations to adopt as starting points for their own non-financial risk management strategies. It is found that there is generally low awareness and application of non-financial risk management in the hotel and resort industry in Guangdong. The industry-specific stakeholders and guests have very different priorities in terms of non-financial risk management, while resource conservation does emerge as the leading issue amongst industry-specific stakeholders and hotel guests. Cost savings are found to be the main driver for implementing non-financial risk management, while cost of implementation is the main barrier. Through a factor analysis, it becomes clear that two distinct factors are at play in the guest domain: guests’ own well-being and self-need; and wider social or environmental concerns.
The study recommends a multi-stakeholder partnership as a value-added framework for public policy, and recommends further research into stakeholder theory in China’s hotel and resort industry.published_or_final_version
Kadoorie Institute
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
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Viko, Iyadah John. "Assessing the possible approaches and the limitations of the human rights aspects of environmental harm under the International Bill of Rights : the need for a convention on the human rights to a healthy environment." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2017. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=233655.
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The growing awareness of the inadequacy of international law as a means of addressing current environmental problems has led to calls for a new approach. In view of the links between the protection of the environment and the protection of human rights, according to the Stockholm Declaration of the United Nations Conference 1972, one such approach has been to focus on the development of international human rights law concepts and mechanisms to address environmental concerns. This thesis assesses the possible approaches and the limitations of the protection of the human rights to a healthy environment under the International Bill of Rights. The current international human rights law does not expressly provide for the human rights to a healthy environment. The thesis considers how the environment may be protected both through the application of presently accepted human rights and through the establishment of new human rights to a healthy environment. This thesis goes on to discuss the relationship between the international human rights law and the international environmental law, thereby giving an example of regime interaction. This is of strategic importance to understanding the meeting point of the two areas of law in this thesis. The need for sustainable development and the challenge of climate change have come to the fore and they both give urgency to the need for a human rights approach for the protection of the environment. There are concerns about whether there is a need for the provision of the human rights to a healthy environment in the international human rights law as existing rights are considered robust in themselves to protect the environment. This thesis will investigate the claim whether there are currently binding human rights to a healthy environment under the international law while building a solid argument on the need for a Convention on the human rights to a healthy environment. The thesis addresses the doctrinal and conceptual issues challenging the institutionalisation of the human rights to a healthy environment in the international human rights law. The thesis makes a case on the need for a Convention on the Human Rights to a Healthy Environment. It bolsters the point that the human rights to a healthy environment are long due; however what is lacking, is the doctrinal precision on the best way to institutionalise these rights. The research will attempt to proffer a proposal on the way forward by providing the institutional framework of the rights in a Convention. Before that, there is the need to discuss and settle several other possibilities and their limitations for the protection of the said human rights to a healthy environment. The proposed Convention could serve as a channel to offer a more coordinated, detailed, and well-documented approach for dealing with the linkages between human rights and the environment, as opposed to the fragmented approaches adopted across national and regional levels.
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Doyle, Alan Holland. "Churchwardens and clerical justices : aspects of social control in the Diocese of Worcester 1660-1870." Thesis, University of Buckingham, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.259592.
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Yeukai, Chandaengerwa. "Trade promotion vs the environment: Inevitable conflict." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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This study unveiled the trade-environment debate which has been revolving in the World Trade Organization for quite a long time now. While economic integration and trade liberalization offer the promise of growth and prosperity, environmentalists fear that free trade will lead to increased pollution and resource depletion. On the other hand, free traders worry that over-reaching environmental policies will obstruct efforts to open markets and integrate economies around the world. Trade liberalization has the potential to affect the environment both positively and negatively. Trade and environment tensions have therefore emerged as a major issue in the debate over globalisation. This paper examined the contours of these tensions and argued that trade policy and environmental programs can be better integrated and made more mutually supportive.
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Halim, Sadeka. "Invisible again : women and social forestry in Bangladesh." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ64569.pdf.
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Belaunde, Plenge Walther. "Social Responsibility Expenses: Tax Aspects to Consider." Derecho & Sociedad, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118609.
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Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a way of doing business that assumes a more active role in relation to everyone involved in such activity and to anyone who could be affected in anyway by it. Thus, the corporation becomes an agent who must adopt principles and policies for all of its activities, not only to prevent negative consequences but also to obtain larger benefits for its workers, shareholders, neighbors, community, among others.This paper analyses if the expenses on CSR are tax deductible for Income Tax purposes, focusing mainly in what is referred to as social and environmental expenses, which are the ones that demand the most resources.La Responsabilidad Social Corporativa (RSC) es una forma de realizar actividades empresariales asumiendo un rol más activo en relación a todos aquellos que forman parte de dicha actividad y de aquellos que pueden verse afectados de otra manera por las mismas. Así la empresa pasa a ser un actor que debe adoptar principios y políticas que acompañen a todas sus actividades no sólo para que no tengan consecuencias adversas, sino para que las mismas tengan mayores beneficios para sus trabajadores, accionistas, vecinos, comunidad, entre otros.En el artículo se analiza si los Gastos de responsabilidad social son deducibles para fines del Impuesto a la Renta, enfocándonos principalmente en los denominados gastos sociales y ambientales que son los que mayores recursos demandan.
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方曉蓉 and Hsiao-jung Belinda Fang. "The environmental economic & social implications of the intelligent transport system in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42576593.
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Konik, Inge. "A foucaultian critique of the conception of individual subjectivity within contemporary environmental discourse." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1016201.
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Certain prominent environmental theorists have accounted for and/or addressed our unmitigated environmentally damaging behavior in cognitive terms, related to a common (misplaced) belief that economic development and technological advancement, among other contemporary processes, will solve our environmental problems. However, I argue that they have not given due consideration to the complex (predominantly non-cognitive/non-conscious) discursive constitution of the individual, and thus seem to adhere to a Kantian notion of autonomy that overlooks such non-cognitive factors. Focusing on this non-cognitive aspect of discursive constitution, I ascribe our ecological apathy mainly to the fact that we have been discursively constituted as docile bodies and prostrate subjects. Further, I argue that, because this process of discursive constitution is primarily non-cognitive, any attempts to remedy our ecological apathy at a cognitive level alone will not be completely effective. Consequently, I propose that a more effective way of fostering pro-environmental dispositions may be for individuals to engage in an ethic/culture of the self that is not exclusively conceptual in orientation, and which is centered on the practice of a counter-discourse that does not constitute the individual as docile and prostrate nor negate the individual’s dependence on the environment. Alternatively, in order to engender pro-environmental civilizational change, it may be necessary to operate within the discursive parameters of dominant/popular institutions, in order to incrementally alter the discourses employed within, and disseminated through, these institutions, in a manner that would lead to the problematization, rather than the endorsement, of the ecologically deleterious technological, political and economic trajectories of our time.
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Heatherington, Tracey. "Environmental politics in a highland Sardinian community." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=68102.
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The movement to protect wilderness resources can conflict with local intentions for land use and development, particularly in economically marginal areas. In rural Italy, on the island of Sardinia, the plan to create a Gennargentu National Park has incited active opposition on the part of the communities affected. In the town of Baunei, responses to environmental legislation are motivated by the desire to maintain communal control over common lands. Political action, both formal and informal, is organised by local understandings about the impact of certain laws and institutions on the town economy, principally by the restriction of residents' usi civici (traditional rights of usufruct). This thesis considers the role and meaning of the usi civici in Baunei, and the implications of this for environmental politics in Sardinia.