Relevant bibliographies by topics / Environmental law – Russia

Academic literature on the topic 'Environmental law – Russia'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Environmental law – Russia"

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Krassov, Oleg. "Environmental Law in Russia." Review of European Community and International Environmental Law 2, no. 1 (March 1993): 21–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9388.1993.tb00088.x.

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Korolev, Sergey V., and Maria M. Mukhlynina. "Environmental policy and environmental law in modern Russia." Аграрное и земельное право, no. 8 (2021): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.47643/1815-1329_2021_8_147.

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Zavoronkova, N. G., and Yu G. Shpakovskii. "The doctrine of environmental law: theoretical and methodological problems." Courier of Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)), no. 5 (July 30, 2022): 26–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2022.93.5.026-045.

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The problem of studying the goals, objectives and legal mechanisms for the implementation of the Environmental Doctrine of the Russian Federation and the development of the doctrine of environmental law in the absence of a clear systematization and interconnection of a set of strategic planning documents is very relevant.The article summarizes and analyzes the main provisions of the Environmental Doctrine of Russia. The authors show that economic globalization significantly changes the nature of environmental management. Many environmental phenomena and related social relations are of a national, international nature.The authors of the article investigated the issues of strategic understanding of international and national environmental policy. The necessity of forming the doctrine of environmental law is shown.The authors believe that the current trends in the development of international relations and the national characteristics of Russia, its competitive advantages, as well as the challenges it faces internally and externally, require the development and implementation of a new environmental policy, its transformation into one of the national and foreign policy priorities. The authors substantiate the necessity and possibility of revising the current environmental and legal national regulation. The ideological and organizational-legal features of the preparation of a new environmental doctrine and the doctrine of environmental law are shown.The article is aimed at the development of ecological and legal mechanisms of environmental protection in the conditions of economic sanctions in order to develop a balanced state environmental policy in the new economic and political conditions of socio-economic development of Russia.
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Mol, Arthur P. J. "Environmental Deinstitutionalization in Russia." Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning 11, no. 3 (September 2009): 223–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15239080903033812.

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Sofronova, Ekaterina, Cameron Holley, and Vijaya Nagarajan. "Environmental Non-Governmental Organizations and Russian Environmental Governance: Accountability, Participation and Collaboration." Transnational Environmental Law 3, no. 2 (May 19, 2014): 341–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2047102514000090.

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AbstractThis article examines the role of environmental non-governmental organizations (ENGOs) in Russia and the impact of tightening governmental accountability measures. Drawing on 18 interviews conducted in 2012–13 with Russian and international ENGOs, the article examines three key governance issues, namely: the collaborative relationship between the state and ENGOs, the impact of accountability measures on ENGO activities, and the relationships between ENGOs themselves. The findings reveal that ENGOs maintain a legitimate and effective role within Russian environmental governance. However, their legitimacy and success is significantly limited and threatened by increasing accountability measures and state actions. The article accordingly identifies a number of recommendations for increasing the likelihood of successful ENGO action in Russian environmental governance, including improving ENGO collaboration with the state and resolving tensions between participation and accountability.
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Mukhametgareeva, Natalya, and Zylia Yusupova. "THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL COOPERATION BETWEEN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND THE EUROPEAN UNION BASED ON THE PARTNERSHIP AND COOPERATION AGREEMENT AND THE ROAD MAP ON THE COMMON ECONOMIC SPACE." Вестник Института права Башкирского государственного университета 5, no. 1 (April 29, 2022): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.33184/vest-law-bsu-2022.13.8.

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The Russian Federation and the European Union have urgent environmental issues that can be solved only by joint efforts. Russia actively works in cooperation with individual European countries and the European Union in this regard. The partnership between Russia and the European Union in the sphere of ecology is supported by the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement and the Road Map on the common economic space. The completion of such a treaty is very significant not only for the under question countries but for the whole continent.
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Medvedieva, M. O., and T. R. Korotkyi. "RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE CAUSED DURING THE ARMED CONFLICT BETWEEN UKRAINE AND THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION: OPPORTUNITIES IN THE ALGORITHM OF PROTECTING NATIONAL INTERESTS." Actual Problems of International Relations, no. 139 (2019): 58–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/apmv.2019.139.0.58-67.

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The article considers international customs, treaties and case-law dealing with responsibility for wartime environmental damage and protection of the environment before, during and after armed conflict. The authors provide the analysis of the rules of state responsibility, international humanitarian, criminal, environmental, human rights law, law of the sea, applicable in this field. The article examines the regime of international legal protection of the environment in relation to Ukraine-Russia armed conflict (in Crimea and eastern Ukraine) and analyzes the possibility of invoking responsibility of Russia as a state and imposing individual criminal responsibility for the damage caused to the environment in the course of this conflict. With this view the authors provide the overview of current Actual problems of international relations. Release 139. 2019 58 proceedings against Russia in international courts and the scope of environmental harm caused as a result of the Russian aggression against Ukraine.
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Ivanov, Aleksandr. "Tackling Environmental Crimes in Russia: Problems and Prospects from the Viewpoint of Building an Environmental and Legal Culture." Всероссийский криминологический журнал 13, no. 1 (February 26, 2019): 114–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-4255.2019.13(1).114-124.

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The author presents a brief historical overview of the institute of environmental-legal liability in Russian and foreign legislation and examines the relevance of introducing the concept of environmental-legal liability; the author also analyzes the discussion on including in Russian and foreign legislation a system of criminal law liability measures for crimes connected with the use of natural resources and environmental protection. The author examines views of Russian and foreign authors on the process of building environmental legislation and notes that it faces various problems. The greatest problem is that the public conscience is not ready for criminal law prohibitions in the environmental sphere, which leads to a high number of offences, the inability of law enforcement bodies to effectively use criminal law measures against people who have violated the nature protection legislation, the latent character of this group of crimes, the absence of unity and consistency in the actions of lawmakers, especially regarding the adoption of environmental normative legal acts at different levels. The author suggests replacing some concepts and norms used in Russian criminal legislation and changing the classification of environmental crimes. He uses the methods of comparative law to analyze the experience of creating a codified normative legal act in the sphere of nature protection. The author concludes that it is too early now to adopt an environmental code in Russia, that the legal system is not ready to build the institute of environmental legal liability and that it is necessary to develop environmental legislation through the traditional method – by including the corresponding rules in the acts of different branches of law. He examines the correlation between the existing administrative and criminal legal prohibitions and concludes that in some cases such prohibitions merge in public consciousness. The author states that the object of crime in the sphere of environmental protection is often multifaceted and complex. He presents the results of a sociological study and concludes that it is necessary to build a system of criminal law prohibitions that corresponds to the public needs and the existing level of legal culture of the people.
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Broslavskiy, Lazar I. "Russia Needs a Law on Compensation for the Environmental Damage." Ecological law 3 (June 24, 2020): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/1812-3775-2020-3-37-43.

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Averyanova, Natalja N. "Ensuring the environmental rights of Russian citizens is a priority direction of the state’s environmental policy." Izvestiya of Saratov University. Economics. Management. Law 22, no. 1 (February 21, 2022): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1994-2540-2022-22-1-53-59.

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Introduction. Decent and safe life and activities of Russian citizens can only be possible in the favorable environment. The constitutional and legal guarantee in this area is the consolidation of the environmental rights of Russian citizens as a constitutional value, and its provision is a priority task of the state and, accordingly, the most important direction of the implemented environmental policy. Theoretical analysis. The author determines the constitutional and legal content of environmental rights of Russian citizens, reveals their significance for citizens and peoples living on the territory of Russia, identifies trends, prospects and problems of their implementation and development, the role of public authorities in this process. Empirical analysis. The researcher claims that the right of citizens to participate in the management of state affairs in the environmental sphere is implemented in various forms, of which an environmental referendum should be recognized the most effective, since its results are binding on public authorities. Despite this, environmental referendums are not often held. The reasons for this are, on the one hand, the unwillingness of the authorities to listen to the opinion of the population when delivering commercially successful projects, on the other hand, the complexity of the legally established procedure for holding a referendum. Results. It is proved that the right to the favorable environment is the main comprehensive constitutional environmental right, with other constitutional environmental rights being the means of its implementation, or restoration in case of violation. It is concluded that the problems associated with the realization of human rights arise from imperfections in the field of law-making, law enforcement, as well as systemic problems of the state structure of Russia. It is pointed out that there is a need to develop state environmental policy in terms of strengthening legal, organizational and other measures aimed at more effective implementation of environmental rights of Russian citizens.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Environmental law – Russia"

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Logday, Ayesha. "Space Debris and the BRICS countries: The role of international Environmental Law." University of Western Cape, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7579.

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Magister Legum - LLM
Environmental Law is at the forefront of the global community and environmental protection and conservation is regarded as of the utmost importance.1 Outer Space is a unique, limited, and valuable resource. Outer space allows states to utilise thousands of satellites for research, national defence, and communications. At the inception of space law, only a few states dominated space activities and all human space activities were so challenging that nearly any method seemed acceptable for placing objects in outer space, currently more countries have space industries and launch capabilities
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Amelkina, Olga. "The role of law for improving municipal solid waste management: comparing Russia and Sweden (EU)." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-417107.

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Waste generation increases, and its management is one of the global challenges. Improper waste management creates many problems, but on the other hand, effective waste management can save natural resources, minimize GHG emissions, and provide additional workplaces. Sweden has already achieved some successful results in managing household waste, while modern Russia only began to reform the municipal solid waste management system in December 2014. This study makes a legal comparison of the Russian and the Swedish (EU) framework waste legislations, using the functional method of comparative law. The results show that Russia has already introduced many institutions, which are similar to those in the Swedish (EU) waste legislation. Nevertheless, there is still a huge potential to make the municipal solid waste management system in Russia more effective by improving framework waste legislation. Based on the findings from the comparison, there are following recommendations to Russia: to establish a separate waste collection system on the Federal level; make producers responsible for the whole life cycle of waste, including its waste management (from collection till disposal); correct the waste hierarchy; introduce the concepts of “preparing for re-use”, “re-use”, and a waste prevention program; change the norm of waste recovery to the recycling target.
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Reboul, Guillaume. "Metabarcoding and metagenomic approaches to decipher microbial communities in suboxic environments Microbial eukaryotes in the suboxic chemosyn- thetic ecosystem of Movile Cave, Romania Hyper- diverse archaea near life limits at the polyextreme geothermal Dallol area Performance of the melting seawater-ice elution method on the metabarcoding characterization of benthic protist communities Core microbial communities of lacustrine microbialites sampled along an alkalinity gradient Environmental drivers of plankton protist communities along latitudinal and vertical gradients in the oldest and deepest freshwater lake Ancient Adaptive Lateral Gene Transfers in the Symbiotic Opalina-Blastocystis Stramenopile Lineage Marine signature taxa and microbial community stability along latitudinal and vertical gradients in sediments of the deepest freshwater lake." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASL041.

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L’écologie microbienne concerne l’étude des microorganismes et de leurs interactions biotiques et abiotiques dans un écosystème donné. Ces vingt dernières années, l’avancement des techniques moléculaires pour analyser la diversité microbienne et, notamment, les nouvelles technologies de séquençages (NGS) ont permis de surmonter les limitations associées aux approches traditionnelles basées sur la culture et la microscopie. Ces approches moléculaires ont conduit à une accumulation des données de diversité microbienne et de potentiel métabolique dans des communautés microbiennes des écosystèmes variés.Cependant, ces efforts ont été principalement appliqués sur des environnements facilement accessibles ou liés à l’humain, comme le plancton (marin principalement) et la flore intestinale. Néanmoins, ceci a conduit à une très forte augmentation de données environnementales et au développement de la bioinformatique par le biais de nombreux outils. Parmi les environnements délaissés des études, les environnements faibles en oxygène sont probablement également porteurs de nouveautés phylogénique ou métaboliques.Afin de palier à cela, nous avons choisi d’explorer deux environnements suboxiques relativement peu étudiés : la cave Movile (Roumanie) et les sédiments du lac Baikal (Sibérie, Russie). Notre but étant de montrer les diversités phylogénétiques et fonctionnelles des microbes de ces biotopes.Pour cela, j’ai d'abord développé un pipeline d’analyse de données métabarcoding (petite sous-unités ribosomique). Ensuite, j’ai appliqué cet outil sur des données de métabarcoding de protistes provenant d’échantillons d’eau et de tapis microbiens de la cave de Movile, un écosystème chemosynthétique pratiquement fermé. Nous avons montré que la diversité des protistes de la cave s’étendait à quasiment tous les grands groupes eucaryotes et provenait à la fois d’origine d’eaux douces et marines. De plus, la plupart ont été affiliées à des groupes d’organismes typiquement anaérobies, ce qui est concordant avec les paramètres abiotiques de la cave. Écologiquement, ces protistes sont des prédateurs mais aussi vraisemblablement des partenaires symbiotiques avec des espèces procaryotes de la cave.Dans une deuxième étude, j’ai eu l’opportunité d’appliquer ce pipeline de métabarcoding sur des données procaryotes et eucaryotes provenant des couches superficielles des sédiments du lac d’eau douce Baikal. Comme attendu, les communautés microbiennes dans ces sédiments sont particulièrement diverses et relativement enrichis en archées. Nous avons aussi pu mettre en évidence des lignées que l’on pensait exclusivement marines dans ces sédiments. Ces lignées sont probablement planctoniques mais s’accumulent au fond par sédimentation. Enfin, les échantillons ont été prélevés dans le but de tester les influences de la profondeur, du bassin et de la latitude sur les communautés. Aucune d’elles ne s’est révélée significative.Dans une troisième étude, j'ai utilisé une approche métagénomique afin de révéler les acteurs écologiquement majeurs dans les sédiments, leurs rôles et de reconstruire leurs génomes. Cela nous a permis notamment de mettre en évidence le rôle primordial des Thaumarchaeota dans le cycle de l’azote et la production primaire de molécules de carbone. Les chloroflexi et les protéobacteries ont aussi un rôle important dans la surface des sédiments du lac Baikal. Ce travail de thèse participe à la connaissance globale de la diversité microbienne sur la planète en mettant en lumière des environnements peu étudiés. De plus, l’étude de la surface des sédiments du lac Baikal apporte de nouvelles données sur le sujet de la transition eau douces/eau marines des microbes. Enfin, la métagénomique a permis de révéler le cycle des nutriments et les microorganismes y participant dans ces échantillons de sédiment. En résumé, ce travail vient mettre en lumière l’écologie microbienne d’écosystèmes suboxiques, notamment la surface des sédiments du lac Baikal
Microbial ecology is the science of micro-organisms and their biotic and abiotic interactions in a given ecosystem. As technology has advanced, molecular techniques have been widely used to overcome the limitations of classical approaches such as culturing and microscopy. Indeed, the development of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies in the past twenty years has largely helped to unravel the phylogenetic diversity and functional potential of microbial communities across ecosystems.Nonetheless, most of the environments studied through these techniques concentrated on relatively easily accessible, tractable and host-related ecosystems such as plankton (especially in marine ecosystems), soils and gut microbiomes. This has contributed to the rapid accumulation of a wealth of environmental diversity and metagenomic data along with advances in bioinformatics leading to the development of myriads of tools. Oxygen-depleted environments and especially their microbial eukaryote components are less studied and may lead to future phylogenetic and metabolic discoveries.In order to address this, we conducted analyses on two poorly studied suboxic ecosystems: Movile Cave (Romania) and lake Baikal sediments (Siberia, Russia). In this task, we aimed at unveiling the taxonomic and functional diversity of microorganims in these environments.To do so, I first evaluated the available bioinformatics tools and implemented a bioinformatics pipeline for 16S/18S rRNA gene-based metabarcoding analysis, making reasoned methodological choices. Then, as a case study, I carried out metabarcoding analyses of the water and floating microbial mats found in Movile Cave in order to investigate its protist diversity. Our study showed that Movile Cave, a sealed off chemosynthetic ecosystem, harbored a substantial protist diversity with species spanning most of the major eukaryotic super groups. The majority if these protists were related to species of freshwater and marine origins. Most of them were putatively anaerobic, in line with the cave environment, and suggesting that in addition to their predatory role, they might participate in prokaryote-protist symbioses.In a second study, I applied my metabarcoding pipeline to explore unique and relatively unexplored environment of Lake Baikal sediments. I first applied a metabarcoding approach using 16S and 18S rRNA genes to describe prokaryotic as well as protist diversity. Overall, the communities within these ecosystems were very diverse and enriched in ammonia-oxidizing Thaumarchaeota. We also identified several typical marine taxa which are likely planktonic but accumulate in sediments. Finally, our sampling plan allowed us to test whether differences across depth, basin or latitude affected microbial community structure. Our results showed that the composition of sediment microbial communities remained relatively stable across the samples regardless of depth or latitude.In a third study, we applied metagenomics to study the metabolic potential of communities associated to Baikal sediments and to reconstruct metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) of dominant organisms. This revealed the considerable ecological importance of Thaumarchaeota lineages in lake Baikal sediments, which were found to be the major autotrophic phyla and also very implicated in the nitrogen cycle. Chloroflexi and Proteobacteria-related species also appeared ecologically important.This PhD thesis reveals the taxonomic diversity of poorly studied suboxic ecosystems and therefore contributes to our knowledge of microbial diversity on Earth. Additionally, the analyses of surface sediment samples in lake Baikal adds new light on freshwater-marine transitions. The metagenomic analyses reported here allowed us to postulate a model of nutrient cycle carried out by microorganismsin these sediments. Overall, this work sheds light on the microbial ecology of oxygen-depleted environments, and most notably lake Baikal surface sediments
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Books on the topic "Environmental law – Russia"

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Anne-Kristin, Jørgensen, ed. Implementing international environmental agreements in Russia. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003.

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Barbashova, Natal'ya. Environmental law. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1081758.

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The textbook outlines the course "Environmental Law". Special attention is paid to modern problems of environmental law and innovations in the environmental legislation of Russia. Using scientific literature, the issues of environmental safety, the role of innovations and regional factors in the implementation of environmental protection are highlighted. Such issues as environmental human rights, civil liability for environmental offenses and problems of ensuring nuclear and radiation safety are considered. The normative material is given as of June 1, 2021. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. For specialty students, postgraduates, law school teachers, as well as specialists working in the environmental field.
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Agafonov, Vyacheslav, Sergey Bogolyubov, Liya Vasil'eva, Galina Vyphanova, Dmitriy Gorohov, Natal'ya Zhavoronkova, Inna Ignat'eva, et al. Sources of environmental law. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1913253.

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The monograph summarizes new relevant materials and topics. The study of the sources (forms) of environmental and natural resource law, legislation on environmental assessment and environmental control (supervision), provisions of land and other codes as forms of law, mechanisms for regulating environmental management, as well as the evolution of sources of law in the field of agriculture. The complex nature of environmental law is demonstrated, the constitutional, legislative, and political foundations of environmental development, the unified state environmental policy of the Russian Federation and a number of foreign states are outlined. The genesis and systematization of forms of atmospheric air protection, specially protected natural territories of Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan, legal regulation of waste management, international and national measures of adaptation to climate change are reflected. The legislation on land reclamation, land management, subsoil use, forest management, water use, fishing and conservation of aquatic biological resources in the system of sources of environmental law is analyzed; the issues of intersectoral communication of environmental, urban planning, information, energy, civil legislation and law are considered. Examples from the field of law enforcement are given. The idea of ecologization of sources (forms), institutions, categories, norms of branches of Russian law is being developed. For lawyers — scientists and practitioners, teachers, postgraduates, masters, law students, and other specialists interested in the theory and practice of lawmaking and the application of environmental law.
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author, Tynkkynen Nina, and Hønneland Geir author, eds. Russia and the politics of international environmental regimes: Environmental encounters or foreign policy? Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2015.

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Broslavskiĭ, L. I. Ėkologii︠a︡ i okhrana okruzhai︠u︡shcheĭ sredy: Zakony i realii SShA i Rossii : Monografii︠a︡ = Ecology and environment protection : Laws and practices USA and Russia. Moskva: INFRA-M, 2013.

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Soili, Nystén-Haarala, ed. The changing governance of renewable natural resources in northwest Russia. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Pub. Co., 2009.

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Otvetstvennostʹ za okruzhai︠u︡shchui︠u︡ sredu i vozmeshchenie ėkologicheskogo vreda: Zakony i realii Rossii, SShA i Evrosoi︠u︡za : monografii︠a︡ = Liability for environment and damages compensation : laws and practices Russia, USA and European Union. Moskva: Infra-M, 2014.

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Mezhdunarodnai︠a︡ nauchnai︠a︡ konferent︠s︡iai︠a︡ "Tatishchevskie chtenii︠a︡: aktualʹnye problemy nauki i praktiki" (7th 2010 Tolʹi︠a︡tti, Russia). Tatishchevskie chtenii︠a︡: aktualʹnye problemy nauki i praktiki: Materialy VII Mezhdunarodnoĭ nauchnoĭ konferent︠s︡ii : aktualʹnye problemy ėkologii i okhrany okruzhai︠u︡shcheĭ sredy. Tolʹi︠a︡tti: Volzhskiĭ universitet im. V.N. Tatishcheva, 2010.

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Nozdrachev, Aleksandr, Mariya Vasil'eva, Elena Galinovskaya, Dmitriy Gorohov, Sergey Zyryanov, Anastasiya Kalmykova, Nikolay Kichigin, Mihail Ponomarev, Dmitriy Sivakov, and Yuliya Shuplecova. Commentary to Chapter 8 of the Code of the Russian Federation about administrative offenses from December 30, 2001 № 195-FZ "Administrative offense in the sphere of environment protection and natural resources" (article by article). ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1080399.

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The commentary discusses the features of application of measures of administrative responsibility for different types of offenses in the field of environmental protection, as well as in various fields of environmental management. Special attention is paid to the analysis of criteria of differentiation of the components of administrative offences and related criminal offences under the Criminal code of the Russian Federation. Taking into account all the changes and additions made to Chapter 8 of the Code of the Russian Federation on administrative offences as of November 1, 2019, are examples of administrative and judicial enforcement, as well as a synthesis and recommendations contained in the resolutions of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. For practitioners - judges, prosecutors, environmental agencies, leading proceedings for environmental offences, the police and other law enforcement agencies, attorneys, and administrative staff of business structures, experts of self-regulating organisations, academics, teachers, graduate students, undergraduates and law students and faculties.
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(Federation), Russia. Environmental cooperation: Agreement between the United States of America and the Russian Federation, signed at Washington June 23, 1994. Washington, D.C: Dept. of State, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Environmental law – Russia"

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Ratsiborinskaya, Daria N. "Russian Environmental Law — an Overview for Businesses." In Environmental Finance and Socially Responsible Business in Russia, 45–68. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-529-2_5.

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Belokrylova, Ekaterina A. "Environmental Law and Policy in the Russian Federation: An Overview." In Handbook of Environmental Materials Management, 1–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58538-3_103-1.

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Belokrylova, Ekaterina A. "Environmental Law and Policy in the Russian Federation: An Overview." In Handbook of Environmental Materials Management, 2569–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73645-7_103.

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Gladun, Elena, and Olga V. Zakharova. "Environmental perceptions and values of the Russian northern indigenous peoples." In Philosophies of Polar Law, 172–86. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2020. | Series: Routledge research in polar law: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429461149-10.

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Adamsky, Dmitry. "Deterrence à la Ruse: Its Uniqueness, Sources and Implications." In NL ARMS, 161–75. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-419-8_9.

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AbstractThis chapter traces the evolution of Russian thinking on deterrence and makes three arguments. First, the Russian approach to deterrence differs from the Western conceptualization of this term. Deterrence a la Ruse is much broader than the meaning that Western experts have in mind. It stands for the use of threats to maintain the status quo, to change it, to shape the strategic environment within which the interaction occurs, to prevent escalation and to de-escalate. The term is used to describe activities towards and during military conflict, and spans all phases of war. Second, the peculiar usage of the term deterrence in the Russian expert community reflects the imprint of Russian strategic culture, and of the Russian military transformation that has been ongoing since the Soviet collapse. Finally, the unique Russian conceptualization of deterrence has implications for both practitioners and theoreticians of international security policy.
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Martin-Russu, Luana. "Romania’s Nature Conservation Reform: A Surprising Convergence with European Law in Response to Societal Concerns." In Deforming the Reform, 151–82. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11081-8_5.

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AbstractTo grant more plausibility to the theoretical argument, Martin-Russu includes a second case study in her empirical analysis: an inquiry into Romania’s nature conservation reform and the framework regulating the protection of environmentally significant habitats and species. The evaluation of the legislative performance of the Romanian political elite in the field of nature conservation shows a questionable use of procedures, but this time coupled with a far higher level of responsibility and responsivity to societal concerns.The chapter reveals a reality at odds with the expectation that limited capacities lead to non-compliance; it shows how the lack of institutional capacities led, through the involvement of civil society actors, to a gradual improvement of EU-driven reforms. Martin-Russu provides a detailed account of how the expansion of protected areas in preparation for EU membership generated an increased need for their effective management, which translated into a legislative solution that allowed civil society organizations and the scientific community to assume responsibility for the administration of protected areas on an equal footing with the government. This, Martin-Russu argues, allowed citizens to pursue their interests through the actions and reactions of civil society, promoting the latter’s growth and gradually strengthening its voice.
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Agsous, Sadia. "The Making Stage of the Modern Palestinian Arabic Novel in the Experiences of the udabāʾ Khalīl Baydas (1874–1949) and Iskandar al-Khūri al-BeitJāli (1890–1973)." In European Cultural Diplomacy and Arab Christians in Palestine, 1918–1948, 63–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55540-5_4.

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AbstractIn 1946, the first Palestinian book fair took place at the Arab Orthodox Union Club in Jerusalem. What lay behind this event was a process that paralleled the political life revolving around the formation of local nationalism, a complex process of cultural and literary development within the Arab Nahda (‘Awakening’ or Renaissance) movement in which the Palestinians left their imprint through the press, literature, translation and other cultural fields. This chapter discusses the cultural environment of Khalīl Baydas and Iskandar al-Khūrī al-BeitJālī who initiated the modern Palestinian Arabic novel, both publishing in 1920. It addresses the Palestinian Nahda and the Russian educational enterprise as the formative context of these two authors and propose that Khalīl Baydas should be recognised as the architect of Palestinian literary realism.
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Bakhtiyar, Tuzmukhamedov. "Part IV Power Politics, International Law, and Global Security, Ch.50 The Russian Federation." In The Oxford Handbook of the International Law of Global Security. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198827276.003.0051.

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This chapter details Russia’s official position with respect to international security. In Russia, the term ‘international security’ applies primarily to international security in its military and political dimensions, including the use of force in self-defence or in pursuit of an international mandate, as well as arms control and non-proliferation. Recent developments, reflective of Russia’s assertive approach to its military instrument as means of maintaining security along its periphery, include the reinstated military presence in Abkhazia and South Ossetia following their separation from Georgia, and the reinstatement of Russia’s jurisdiction over Crimea. The latter was achieved, by and large, without violence, and with a local drive to secede from Ukraine backed by the Russian military presence. Other recent developments include Russia’s military support for the Government of Syria as part of international counter-terrorism efforts. It is fair to say that other facets, such as human rights, sustainable development, and environmental protection, to name a few, are also acknowledged. These, however, are more likely to be viewed as autonomous spheres of regulation, adjacent to, and intertwined with, international security. Whatever the scope and embrace of international security, according to Russia’s official position, it hinges on the rule of international law and its supremacy, drawn from the United Nations Charter.
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Seliverstov, Sergey, and Ivan Gudkov. "Chapter IX.19: Governance of the energy market in Russia." In Elgar Encyclopedia of Environmental Law, 216–26. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781788119689.ix.19.

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"The Constitutional Right to a Favorable Environment and the New Law on the Protection of the Environment: Problems of Environmental Review." In Human Rights in Russia and Eastern Europe, 187–204. Brill | Nijhoff, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004480209_013.

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Conference papers on the topic "Environmental law – Russia"

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Grudinin, Nikita. "PROSPECTS FOR IMPROVING THE FOUNDATIONS OF THE RUSSIAN CONSTITUTIONAL SYSTEM." In Law and law: problems of theory and practice. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/02033-3/040-048.

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The article deals with some areas of improvement of the foundations of the constitutional system in modern Russia. The author formulated proposals on strengthening the institutions of direct and representative democracy, strengthening the democratic legal nature of the Russian Federation’s statehood, as well as imposing on the state the responsibility for protecting nature, the environment and ensuring environmental safety.
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Gorsheneva, Irina Arkadyevna, and Serafima Evgenyevna Zaitseva. "DIRECTIONS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ACTIVITIES OF THE POLICE OF RUSSIA AND THE NORDIC COUNTRIES." In Themed collection of papers from Foreign International Scientific Conference «Trends in the development of science and Global challenges» by HNRI «National development» in cooperation with AFP. April 2022. – Managua (Nicaragua). Crossref, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/man2.2022.25.67.007.

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The article talks about the main directions of criminal law policy in the field of environmental protection in Russia and the Nordic countries. The mechanism of implementation of criminal liability for environmental crimes in Russia and some European countries (Norway, Finland, Sweden) is considered.
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Sarbayev, Grigory, and Yuliya Ivanova. "PAPTICIPATION OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS IN THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL STANDARTS IN THE FIELD OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND NATURAL MENEGEMENT." In Development of legal systems in Russia and foreign countries: problems of theory and practices. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/02090-6-0-130-139.

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The totality of developing problems in the field of ecology has become the starting point for a unified awareness of the need to develop joint international cooperation to prevent the emergence of new environmental threats and counteract existing ones. The United Nations is a platform for the development of environmental protection on the world stage. In the field of Law enforcement, the main significant role belongs to Interpol and its structural narrow-profile units.
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Field, David P., and Jim Stephens. "Japanese-Russian Arms Reduction Co-Operation Barge Mounted Low Level Liquid Waste Treatment Plant — Suzuran/Landysh." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4867.

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Basic Technical Details: Displacement: 5000 tonnes; Width: 23.2m; Height: 6.6m; Length: 65m; Draught: 3.5m; Processing Throughput: 7000m3/year. In October 1993, the Governments of Japan and the Russian Federation signed an Intergovernmental Agreement to reduce the threat of nuclear weapons in the Former Soviet Union. Towards achieving this goal, the Japanese Government had initially allotted $100 million towards, which was increased to $200 million in 1999. The main objective of the Suzuran project is to process low-level liquid radioactive waste, which has been in storage for some years, and prevent it from being dumped into the seas shared by Japan and Russia. The construction and completion of the Suzuran, in the Russian Far East, is the brainchild of the Japanese Government, and is the first successful international project of its kind in Russia. Suzuran neatly solves the problem of making safe the liquid radioactive waste being derived from general purpose and missile nuclear submarines of the Russian Pacific Fleet as they are decommissioned and dismantled. The project was administered by the Technical Secretariat of the Japan-Russia Committee for Co-operation on Reducing Nuclear Weapons, who appointed Crown Agents as their agent and RWE NUKEM as their Technical Consultants to manage the project on a day to day basis and oversee the tender, construction and commissioning. This project is unique and complex in that it is, in reality, two projects. Firstly, the construction of a sea-going barge and, secondly, the construction of a complex radioactive liquid waste processing facility. Changes in the Russian Radiation Regulations during the course of the project, required the design to be altered significantly; for example, the facility had to be mounted within the structure of the vessel. Numerous regulators, design and testing institutes were involved throughout the project, to ensure it complied with both Russian and International regulations. Suzuran is the only floating complex that can operate independently for up to 30 days away from base. It is also exceptional in having the greatest throughput capacity of any project of its type and in being fully actively commissioned and licensed to operate, as part of the original contract. Other similar projects, which have a lower throughput and are land-based, have been handed over prior to completion of active commissioning. The international project was particularly complex since it involved not only Japan and Russia but also a Japanese-American contractor, who subcontracted the construction work to Russian shipyards. The Amurski Shipyard at Komsomolsk-na-Amur constructed the Vessel and the processing Facility was constructed in America and shipped to Russia where it was installed on the Barge. The Barge was then towed down the Amur River and down the Russian East Coast to Bolshoi Kamen where it was inactively and actively commissioned. The completed Barge was completed and is now operating, following a one-year warranty period. The project required everyone’s close co-operation and understanding. Particularly onerous was the need to comply with comprehensive Russian regulations, both for sea-going vessels as well as for nuclear facilities. This is a success story in itself. The official Handover ceremony of Suzuran was held in November 2000 and is now operating at the Far Eastern Shipyard, Zvezda. This paper will describe the history and process involved in establishing the Barge project for the treatment of Low Level Liquid Radioactive Waste.
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Dmitriev, Sergey, Lev Prozorov, Aleksey Tkachenko, Andrey Guskov, and Svetlana Korneva. "Design and Siting for Large Diameter Well Type Repositories." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-5013.

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RADON enterprises are historically responsible in Russia for institutional waste of low and intermediate activity level. MosNPO RADON is a leading organization for 16 enterprises of RADON system, established in the early 60-s, only 14 from which are now in operation and have about 10% of their repositories available for upcoming waste. Construction of new repositories and selection of new perspective sites is very actual problem for RAW management in Russia now. Traditionally near surface repositories are considered to be acceptable for storage or even disposal of low and intermediate level waste (LILW), which decay to safe level in some hundreds of years. Forty years experience in LILW isolation using near surface repositories at Russian RADON facilities has shown that a lot of operational and natural factors impact on the engineered barriers and may cause failure of the isolation (freezing-thawing cycles, construction works). In addition construction of new old-type repositories requires more area. Since 1997 development and testing of Large Diameter Wells (LDW) as a new type of repositories for low and intermediate level waste is carried out at Zagorsk site. MosNPO RADON specialists developed the LDW construction technology with the aim to use such wells for LILW isolation in moraine clays. The diameter of LDW-type repository may range from 1 to 5 m depending on drilling rig capabilities and performance parameters of host rock. The depth of well (repository) depends on geological parameters and hydro-geological conditions at the site. These features affect on the siting process by additional geological and hydro-geological requirements. In result of preliminary studying of Central Russia two regions were found to be perspective for construction of LDW-type repositories.
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Pokhitonov, Yuri, and Dennis Kelley. "U.S. Department of Energy’s “Initiatives for Proliferation Prevention” Program: Solidification Technologies for Radioactive Waste Treatment in Russia." In ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16037.

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Large amounts of liquid radioactive waste have existed in the U.S. and Russia since the 1950’s as a result of the Cold War. Comprehensive action to treat and dispose of waste products has been lacking due to insufficient funding, ineffective technologies or no proven technologies, low priority by governments among others. Today the U.S. and Russian governments seek new, more reliable methods to treat liquid waste, in particular the legacy waste streams. A primary objective of waste generators and regulators is to find economical and proven technologies that can provide long-term stability for repository storage. In 2001, the V.G. Khlopin Radium Institute (Khlopin), St. Petersburg, Russia, and Pacific Nuclear Solutions (PNS), Indianapolis, Indiana, began extensive research and test programs to determine the validity of polymer technology for the absorption and immobilization of standard and complex waste streams. Over 60 liquid compositions have been tested including extensive irradiation tests to verify polymer stability and possible degradation. With conclusive scientific evidence of the polymer’s effectiveness in treating liquid waste, both parties have decided to enter the Russian market and offer the solidification technology to nuclear sites for waste treatment and disposal. In conjunction with these efforts, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) will join Khlopin and PNS to explore opportunities for direct application of the polymers at predetermined sites and to conduct research for new product development. Under DOE’s “Initiatives for Proliferation Prevention” (IPP) program, funding will be provided to the Russian participants over a three year period to implement the program plan. This paper will present updated details of U.S. DOE’s IPP program, the project structure and its objectives both short and long-term, polymer tests and plications for LLW, ILW and HLW, and new product development initiatives.
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Gupalo, T. A., V. V. Lopatin, and N. F. Lobanov. "Current Status of Radioactive Waste Disposal in Russia." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4532.

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A huge amount of radioactive waste has been accumulated in the Russian Federation (RF) in the course of implementation of the defense and energy programs, industrial and research activity involving the use of nuclear materials. The most justified and technically feasible technology of solidified RW isolation is its disposition in low-permeable geological formations in specially constructed underground facilities. Today in Russia a Closed Fuel Cycle (CFC) has been adopted, at the CFC final stage the spent nuclear materials and radioactive waste have to be isolated from the biosphere for the whole term of their potential hazard. In Russia, in accordance with the regional approach to the decision of Radioactive Waste (RW) disposal problem, several candidate disposal sites have been assigned.
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Levkina, Elena Vladimirovna, and Irina Aeksandrovna Kuzmicheva. "«Green economy» as a factor of economic security and sustainable development of the economy." In III All-Russian Scientific Conference with International Participation "Science, technology, society: Environmental engineering for sustainable development of territories". Krasnoyarsk Science and Technology City Hall, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47813/nto.3.2022.6.35-52.

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The current political and economic situation determines the need to change the concept of sustainable development of the economy and its economic security. In modern economic conditions, environmental and social factors are becoming increasingly important. This is due to the fact that the pace of economic growth has exacerbated the problem of the limited biocapacity of the planet, and the environmental factor limits the general welfare: from reduced life expectancy to natural disasters. The recognition by the world of the parity of environmental, economic and social values marked a transition to sustainable development. To date, about 200 states have announced the development and implementation of environmental policies in accordance with the principles of sustainable development. In the context of sustainability, new models of the economy related to environmental factors have become widespread both in theory and in practice: the «green economy», the economy based on green growth, the «low-carbon economy», the bioeconomy, the «blue economy», etc. The article is devoted to the study of trends in the greening of the Russian economy, as well as the latest developments in changing the system of indicators of economic and social progress. An analysis of Russia's activities in the field of ecologization of the economy is given, as well as a rationale for the prospects and effect of the transition to a «green economy» at the federal level. The object of the research is the formation of elements of the «green economy» in Russia. The subject of the work is an assessment of the level of development of the "green economy" in Russia and its impact on the economic security of the national economy.
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Shitikova, A. V., S. S. Bazhenova, and V. O. Lyakina. "Prospects for the Develropment of Organic production of Crop product." In Растениеводство и луговодство. Тимирязевская сельскохозяйственная академия, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/978-5-9675-1762-4-2020-181.

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The results of an analytical review of the prospects for the development of organic production are presented. The organic food market is one of the most dynamically developing in the world. It has grown more than fivefold over the past decade. In connection with the entry into force of the Federal law "on organic products and on amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation" (2018), which is aimed at creating conditions for the sustainable development of organic agriculture in Russia in order to provide the domestic market with domestic environmentally friendly food products, through the implementation of the country's natural and economic potential, the intensification of agricultural production will allow Russia to become one of the world market leaders in "ecological agriculture"products.
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Tyslenko, A. M., D. V. Zuev, and S. E. Skatova. "Spring triticale breeding in the Upper Volga Federal Agrarian Scientific Center." In CURRENT STATE, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRARIAN SCIENCE. Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea”, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33952/2542-0720-2020-5-9-10-79.

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The results of spring triticale breeding in the Upper Volga Federal Agrarian Scientific Center in cooperation with scientific institutions of Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan are presented. Collaboration was based on an environmental principle. The main task was creation of varieties tolerant to biotic and abiotic stresses with potential feed grain yield of 5.0–6.5 t/ha on low fertile soils and 8.0–-9.0 t/ha on cultivated by intensive technologies. During 2003–2019 high-yielding mid-early spring triticale varieties ‘Grebeshok’, ‘Amigo’, ‘Amore’, ‘Rovnya’, ‘Rossika’; mid-season ‘Normann’, ‘Carmen’, ‘Dobroe’, ‘Zaozerye’, Dauren were created and approved for use in various regions of the Russian Federation. Cultivation of these varieties contributes to an increase and stabilization of feed grain harvests, an improvement in the ecological balance of the environment, an introduction of temporarily uncultivated lands into agricultural circulation, and an increase in livestock productivity.
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Reports on the topic "Environmental law – Russia"

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Kozhevnikova, O. A. ELECTRONIC COLLECTION OF TEST TASKS FOR THE COURSE "FUNDAMENTALS OF PEDIATRICS AND HYGIENE" : A BANK OF QUESTIONS. SIB-Expertise, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/er0530.21012022.

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The test tasks are compiled in accordance with the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard in the direction of "Psychological and pedagogical education" and are designed to control the formation of the following universal general professional and professional competencies: OPK-1 (Able to carry out professional activities in accordance with regulatory legal acts in the field of education and professional ethics) and PC-6 (Capable of ensuring the protection of the life and health of students). Indicators of competence achievement are knowledge of the priority directions of the development of the education system of the Russian Federation, laws and other regulatory legal acts regulating activities in the field of education in the Russian Federation, legislative documents on the rights of the child, the Convention on the Rights of the Child; knowledge of methods and methods of ensuring the safety of students in dangerous situations; ability to apply basic regulatory legal acts in the field of education and professional ethics; the ability to analyze and assess the degree of danger in various situations, the ability to provide conditions for a safe and comfortable educational environment that contributes to the preservation of life and health of students.
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Ruff, Grigory, and Tatyana Sidorina. THE DEVELOPMENT MODEL OF ENGINEERING CREATIVITY IN STUDENTS OF MILITARY INSTITUTIONS. Science and Innovation Center Publishing House, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/model_of_engineering_creativity.

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The troops of the national guard of the Russian Federation are equipped with modern models of weapons, special equipment, Informatization tools, engineering weapons that have artificial intelligence in their composition are being developed, " etc., which causes an increase in the requirements for the quality of professional training of future officers. The increasing complexity of military professional activities, the avalanche-like increase in information, the need to develop the ability to quickly and accurately make and implement well-known and own engineering solutions in an unpredictable military environment demonstrates that the most important tasks of modern higher education are not only providing graduates with a system of fundamental and special knowledge and skills, but also developing their professional independence, and this led to the concept of engineering and creative potential in the list of professionally important qualities of an officer. To expedite a special mechanism system compact intense clarity through cognitive visualization of the educational material, thickening of educational knowledge through encoding, consolidation and structuring Principle of cognitive visualization stems from the psychological laws in accordance with which the efficiency of absorption is increased if visibility in training does not only illustrative, but also cognitive function, which leads to active inclusion, along with the left and right hemispheres of the student in the process of assimilation of information, based on the use of logical and semantic modeling, which contributes to the development of engineering and creative potential.
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Environmental assessment for the purchase of Russian low enriched uranium derived from the dismantlement of nuclear weapons in the countries of the former Soviet Union. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10144278.

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Monetary Policy Report - July 2022. Banco de la República, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-pol-mont-eng.tr3-2022.

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In the second quarter, annual inflation (9.67%), the technical staff’s projections and its expectations continued to increase, remaining above the target. International cost shocks, accentuated by Russia's invasion of Ukraine, have been more persistent than projected, thus contributing to higher inflation. The effects of indexation, higher than estimated excess demand, a tighter labor market, inflation expectations that continue to rise and currently exceed 3%, and the exchange rate pressures add to those described above. High core inflation measures as well as in the producer price index (PPI) across all baskets confirm a significant spread in price increases. Compared to estimates presented in April, the new forecast trajectory for headline and core inflation increased. This was partly the result of greater exchange rate pressure on prices, and a larger output gap, which is expected to remain positive for the remainder of 2022 and which is estimated to close towards yearend 2023. In addition, these trends take into account higher inflation rate indexation, more persistent above-target inflation expectations, a quickening of domestic fuel price increases due to the correction of lags versus the parity price and higher international oil price forecasts. The forecast supposes a good domestic supply of perishable foods, although it also considers that international prices of processed foods will remain high. In terms of the goods sub-basket, the end of the national health emergency implies a reversal of the value-added tax (VAT) refund applied to health and personal hygiene products, resulting in increases in the prices of these goods. Alternatively, the monetary policy adjustment process and the moderation of external shocks would help inflation and its expectations to begin to decrease over time and resume their alignment with the target. Thus, the new projection suggests that inflation could remain high for the second half of 2022, closing at 9.7%. However, it would begin to fall during 2023, closing the year at 5.7%. These forecasts are subject to significant uncertainty, especially regarding the future behavior of external cost shocks, the degree of indexation of nominal contracts and decisions made regarding the domestic price of fuels. Economic activity continues to outperform expectations, and the technical staff’s growth projections for 2022 have been revised upwards from 5% to 6.9%. The new forecasts suggest higher output levels that would continue to exceed the economy’s productive capacity for the remainder of 2022. Economic growth during the first quarter was above that estimated in April, while economic activity indicators for the second quarter suggest that the GDP could be expected to remain high, potentially above that of the first quarter. Domestic demand is expected to maintain a positive dynamic, in particular, due to the household consumption quarterly growth, as suggested by vehicle registrations, retail sales, credit card purchases and consumer loan disbursement figures. A slowdown in the machinery and equipment imports from the levels observed in March contrasts with the positive performance of sales and housing construction licenses, which indicates an investment level similar to that registered for the first three months of the year. International trade data suggests the trade deficit would be reduced as a consequence of import levels that would be lesser than those observed in the first quarter, and stable export levels. For the remainder of the year and 2023, a deceleration in consumption is expected from the high levels seen during the first half of the year, partially as a result of lower repressed demand, tighter domestic financial conditions and household available income deterioration due to increased inflation. Investment is expected to continue its slow recovery while remaining below pre-pandemic levels. The trade deficit is expected to tighten due to projected lower domestic demand dynamics, and high prices of oil and other basic goods exported by the country. Given the above, economic growth in the second quarter of 2022 would be 11.5%, and for 2022 and 2023 an annual growth of 6.9% and 1.1% is expected, respectively. Currently, and for the remainder of 2022, the output gap would be positive and greater than that estimated in April, and prices would be affected by demand pressures. These projections continue to be affected by significant uncertainty associated with global political tensions, the expected adjustment of monetary policy in developed countries, external demand behavior, changes in country risk outlook, and the future developments in domestic fiscal policy, among others. The high inflation levels and respective expectations, which exceed the target of the world's main central banks, largely explain the observed and anticipated increase in their monetary policy interest rates. This environment has tempered the growth forecast for external demand. Disruptions in value chains, rising international food and energy prices, and expansionary monetary and fiscal policies have contributed to the rise in inflation and above-target expectations seen by several of Colombia’s main trading partners. These cost and price shocks, heightened by the effects of Russia's invasion of Ukraine, have been more prevalent than expected and have taken place within a set of output and employment recovery, variables that in some countries currently equal or exceed their projected long-term levels. In response, the U.S. Federal Reserve accelerated the pace of the benchmark interest rate increase and rapidly reduced liquidity levels in the money market. Financial market actors expect this behavior to continue and, consequently, significantly increase their expectations of the average path of the Fed's benchmark interest rate. In this setting, the U.S. dollar appreciated versus the peso in the second quarter and emerging market risk measures increased, a behavior that intensified for Colombia. Given the aforementioned, for the remainder of 2022 and 2023, the Bank's technical staff increased the forecast trajectory for the Fed's interest rate and reduced the country's external demand growth forecast. The projected oil price was revised upward over the forecast horizon, specifically due to greater supply restrictions and the interruption of hydrocarbon trade between the European Union and Russia. Global geopolitical tensions, a tightening of monetary policy in developed economies, the increase in risk perception for emerging markets and the macroeconomic imbalances in the country explain the increase in the projected trajectory of the risk premium, its trend level and the neutral real interest rate1. Uncertainty about external forecasts and their consequent impact on the country's macroeconomic scenario remains high, given the unpredictable evolution of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, geopolitical tensions, the degree of the global economic slowdown and the effect the response to recent outbreaks of the pandemic in some Asian countries may have on the world economy. This macroeconomic scenario that includes high inflation, inflation forecasts, and expectations above 3% and a positive output gap suggests the need for a contractionary monetary policy that mitigates the risk of the persistent unanchoring of inflation expectations. In contrast to the forecasts of the April report, the increase in the risk premium trend implies a higher neutral real interest rate and a greater prevailing monetary stimulus than previously estimated. For its part, domestic demand has been more dynamic, with a higher observed and expected output level that exceeds the economy’s productive capacity. The surprising accelerations in the headline and core inflation reflect stronger and more persistent external shocks, which, in combination with the strength of aggregate demand, indexation, higher inflation expectations and exchange rate pressures, explain the upward projected inflation trajectory at levels that exceed the target over the next two years. This is corroborated by the inflation expectations of economic analysts and those derived from the public debt market, which continued to climb and currently exceed 3%. All of the above increase the risk of unanchoring inflation expectations and could generate widespread indexation processes that may push inflation away from the target for longer. This new macroeconomic scenario suggests that the interest rate adjustment should continue towards a contractionary monetary policy landscape. 1.2. Monetary policy decision Banco de la República’s Board of Directors (BDBR), at its meetings in June and July 2022, decided to continue adjusting its monetary policy. At its June meeting, the BDBR decided to increase the monetary policy rate by 150 basis points (b.p.) and its July meeting by majority vote, on a 150 b.p. increase thereof at its July meeting. Consequently, the monetary policy interest rate currently stands at 9.0% . 1 The neutral real interest rate refers to the real interest rate level that is neither stimulative nor contractionary for aggregate demand and, therefore, does not generate pressures that lead to the close of the output gap. In a small, open economy like Colombia, this rate depends on the external neutral real interest rate, medium-term components of the country risk premium, and expected depreciation. Box 1: A Weekly Indicator of Economic Activity for Colombia Juan Pablo Cote Carlos Daniel Rojas Nicol Rodriguez Box 2: Common Inflationary Trends in Colombia Carlos D. Rojas-Martínez Nicolás Martínez-Cortés Franky Juliano Galeano-Ramírez Box 3: Shock Decomposition of 2021 Forecast Errors Nicolás Moreno Arias
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