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1
Gillespie, Al. "International environmental ethics : value and method in international environmental law and policy." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361026.
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Sack, Fabian P. D. "A moral law for the jungle a Kantian exploration in corporate environmental ethics /." Access electronically, 2005. http://www.library.uow.edu.au/adt-NWU/public/adt-NWU20060731.153244/index.html.
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Kogon, Susan J. Coonin. "Seeds of change the roots of Jewish environmental ethics as a challenge to the technical paradigm /." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 153 p, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1456295651&sid=4&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Lenferna, Georges Alexandre. "Creating a new declaration of rights : a critical reconstruction of earth jurisprudence's global legislative framework." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001979.
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This thesis aims to critique the Universal Declaration of the Rights of Mother Earth and its underlying moral justification in order to provide a stronger and improved version of both. In Chapter 1 I explore what sort of moral justification is necessary to establish the Universal Declaration on firm grounds and explore its relation to environmental ethics and rights discourse. I argue that a non-anthropocentric perspective is necessary to justify the Universal Declaration’s rights. In Chapter 2 I explore the underlying justification of the Universal Declaration as discovered in the works of Cormac Cullinan and Father Thomas Berry. I argue that their ethical framework is indeterminate, has many ambiguities and uncertainties, and, among other problems, it does not provide a clear action-guiding framework. In Chapter 3 I develop an alternative justification for the Universal Declaration. I argue against many predominant moral theories, that in light of our best scientific and moral understanding we should expand the realm of moral concern to include all living beings, a moral theory I call Life’s Imperative. In Chapter 4 I illustrate that Life’s Imperative is a much stronger, more coherent justification for the Universal Declaration, one that coheres with both our best understanding of the natural world and our relation to it, and to an environmental ethic reflective of that relationship. Unfortunately many of the weaknesses in the current implicit justification of the Universal Declaration have also led to it enshrining rights that are themselves problematic. In order to address these issues, I revise its rights to accord with the stronger justification that I established in Chapter 3. The end result of doing so is a revised version of the Universal Declaration
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Silva, Cristiane Velasque da. "Ecologia integral como fundamento para o direito universal ao meio ambiente e ecologicamente equilibrado." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2018. https://repositorio.ucs.br/11338/4153.
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O presente trabalho tem por objetivo estudar o fundamento ético do direito universal ao meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado. Investiga-se a raiz humana da crise global atual, a exemplo do “antropocentrismo desordenado” advindo pelo relativismo prático. Analisa-se que a crise atual é ambiental, social e de valores, caracterizada como uma crise socioambiental. A partir disso, avalia-se a possibilidade de uma ética ambiental universal, alicerçada na lei natural, a qual tem como princípio central, a regra de ouro: não faças ao outro aquilo que não queres que te façam, presente em inúmeras tradições. Ademais, estuda-se o direito universal ao meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado, seus aportes teóricos, a previsão legal e a necessidade de lhe atribuir uma fundamentação ética. Como fundamento a este direito universal, apresenta-se a proposta de uma “ecologia integral”, trazida na Encíclica “Laudato si’ sobre o cuidado da casa comum”, pelo Papa Francisco, que inclui a ecologia ambiental, social, econômica, cultural, da vida cotidiana. A ecologia integral advém de uma ética ambiental universal, interpela a cada um e a cada comunidade a uma responsabilidade solidária em relação à natureza e ao próprio ser humano, possibilitando o combate à pobreza, desenvolvimento da dignidade dos excluídos e o cuidado da casa comum planetária. A metodologia adotada é a hipotético-dedutiva, com as técnicas de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. Conclui-se que a ecologia integral, como fundamento ético ao direito universal ao meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado, está apta a colaborar na sua concretização, na superação da crise socioambiental e na preservação da própria vida humana.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, CAPES
This present work aims to study the ethical ground for the universal right to an ecologically balanced environment, by means of investigating the human root of the current global crisis such as the “excessive anthropocentrism” originated from practical relativism. Considered as a socio-environmental crisis characterized by environmental, social and moral issues, the possibility of a universal environmental ethics based on the natural law, the so-called golden rule, present in various traditions that states you should not do to your neighbour as you would not want done to you. In addition, this study looks into the universal right to the environment, from the ecological perspective, as well as to its theoretical contributions, legal forecast and to the necessity of an ethical foundation to it. As a basis for such universal right it is proposed an” integral ecology” as presented in the Encyclical Laudato Si by Pope Francis on care for our common home, which includes the environmental, social, economic, and cultural ecology of daily life. Integral ecology originates from a universal environmental ethics that calls each and every one and every community to a solidary responsibility in relation to nature and to the human being himself,as an integrated approach to combating poverty, restoring dignity to the excluded and at the same time providing care to our planetary common home. It is adopted the hypothectical-deductive methodology, using bibliographic and documentary techniques. In conclusion, integral ecology as a basis for the universal right to an ecologically balanced environment can effectively contribute to overcoming the socio-environmental crisis and to the preservation of human life itself.
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Theil, Stefan. "Towards the environmental minimum : an argument for environmental protection through human rights." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/271827.
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Chapter one offers an introduction and a general outline of argument. Chapter two lays out the current scholarship on human rights and the environment and presents rejoinders to three prominent lines of objection to linking human rights and environmental interests: conceptual, those arising from issues of recognition, vagueness and conflicts between human rights, ecological, especially from those seeking protections for the environment regardless of its utility to humans, and those wishing to expand human rights beyond human interests, and adjudication concerns, namely from those sceptical that the polycentric nature of environmental issues create an insurmountable barrier to any significant improvements through judicially enforced human rights. Chapter three introduces and defends the environmental minimum as a normative framework for systematically conceptualizing the relationship between human rights and the environment. As such, it is chiefly concerned with ensuring a good faith regulatory engagement with environmental pollution: specific risks to recognised human rights trigger the environmental minimum, which then provides minimum standards (legal, established and emerging) that set the standard of review for determining whether a violation of human rights has occurred. Chapter four deals with the crucial empirical argument, outlining how the framework can systematically account for and consistently guide the further development of the case law under the European Convention on Human Rights. This conclusion rests on a comprehensive analysis of the environmental case law since 1950 using quantitative methods to expose doctrinal patterns previously not recognized in legal scholarship. Finally, chapter five explores and evaluates the potential benefits of the environmental minimum framework beyond human rights adjudication. Specifically, it investigates benefits to the varied fields of public law, regulatory policy, International Environmental Law, constitutionalism, and other international human rights treaties.
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Reisfield, Meredith. "Enabling Successful Environmental Partnerships." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/688.
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This thesis discusses environmental partnerships, in which an NGO and corporation collaborate to address mutual goals. I begin by discussing the goals of environmental partnerships before reviewing a brief history of these partnerships, the current state of the partnerships landscape, and partnership trends across industries and within NGOs. Next, I examine the potential benefits and drawbacks to partnering for both public and private participants. Finally, strategies for corporations, NGOs, research institutes, academia, and government to enable the creation and maintenance of successful partnerships are proposed to address critical environmental issues in the absence of effective regulation.
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Duruigbo, Emeka Alexander. "Environmental aspects of international oil trade and shipping, business ethics and economic cooperation as compliance tools in international law." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0001/MQ34443.pdf.
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Farchakh, Loubna. "The concept of intergenerational equity in international law /." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=80918.
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The theory of intergenerational equity is closely linked to the notion of sustainable development. It is indeed considered to be one of its aspect. Intergenerational equity can be divided in two facets: the intergenerational component links the present generation to future generations, while the intragenerational aspect imposes, within the same generation, a duty for industrialized countries to help developing countries. The legal status of intergenerational equity appears to be limited because of its qualification as a concept. Therefore, this concept of intergenerational equity belongs to the realm of soft law. Nevertheless, legal implications can be drawn out from this theory. Different means of implementation can be envisioned, some belonging to the domain of soft law, other employing more classical tools, such as institutional mechanisms.
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Tomsana, Aphelele. "An analysis of environmental obligations and liabilities of a distribution division to improve ecologically sustainable development." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2775.
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Thesis (MTech (Environmental Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018.Worldwide, there is a growing about the protection of the environment while ensuring social and economic development for the benefit of the existing and forthcoming generation which pressures every person to take reasonable measures when conducting his/her business. Amongst the reasonable measures, there are environmental legislative provisions enacted by the international community, as well as locally, to regulate required actions for the protection of the environment. South Africa’s environmental legislation outlines ecologically sustainable development by making provisions in the Bill of Rights in the Constitution for everyone to take reasonable legislative measures to alleviate damaging impacts on the environment. International conventions have assisted South Africa and other countries worldwide in environmental protection, thus improving ecologically sustainable development. Eskom’s (the South African power utility) distribution department, referred to as the Company from here onwards, has established environmental objectives and commitments to prevent pollution, promote environmental reporting, comply with all the applicable environmental legislations and other relevant requirements to ensure performance is measured and continual improvement is achieved. The research used both quantitative and qualitative research methods to analyse environmental obligations and associated environmental liabilities of the Company to improve ecologically sustainable development. In order to answer the research questions and achieve the objectives, a set of questionnaires was distributed to sampled respondents; data were retrieved using SAP EH&S Incident Management software while independent variable (environmental obligation) and dependent variables (environmental liability and ecologically sustainable development) were identified. Site visits were also conducted. Furthermore, a correlation coefficient analysis test was calculated using Microsoft excel and a graph was used to illustrate the R-Square value. Positive (+1) relationship between variables was observed which indicates dependability of dependent variable to the independent variable. The research findings indicate that the environment can be safeguarded through understanding and implementing environmental obligations and environmental liabilities to protect the environment for the benefit of the current and future generations by improving ecologically sustainable development. South Africa (1998a) explained that the environment is held in public trust for the people, thus the beneficial use of environmental resources serves the public interest and the environment must be safeguarded as a common heritage. Therefore, anyone found to have contravened legislation will be held liable in the form of sanctions as stated in South Africa, (1998c). An environmental obligation is a duty of care imposed on the user, landowner or a person in control of the protection of the environment and, where protection is impossible, to remediate the impact for the benefit of contemporary and upcoming generations. This is reasonably in line with the principles of sustainable development and a continual improvement of environmental quality and services. There have been dependent variables in the research where both environmental liability and ecologically sustainable development are dependent on environmental obligations (an independent variable) being realised. For this reason, every person or institution should ensure that environmental obligations are understood, adhered to and ensure that ecologically sustainable development is achieved. The Company has undertaken business activities to ensure that electricity is distributed to a wider population, bearing in mind that the interaction may have negative impact on the environment. When any incident that degrades the environment occurs, the incident is reported and managed throughout its life-cycle. There are, however, cases where environmental obligations are not understood or implemented. There is a need to ensure that all people that undertake activities that have a negative impact on the environment, such as pollution of the environment, are properly trained to be able to identify such activities, set environmental objectives and management programmes. Additionally, monitor the implementation of those programmes to ensure that these objectives are met and to achieve ecologically sustainable development. Ecologically sustainable development is achieved when environmental obligations are adhered to and required environmental liabilities are implemented and monitored. SANS ISO 14001: 2015 is an Environmental Management System which can be implemented to help any company understand its business operations, identify environmental issues, find solutions and ensure that all environmental issues are addressed, and good environmental performance is realized.
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Lin, Chia-Fan. "Environmental discourse on ethics, society and law : an inquiry from the point of view of Jürgen Habermas's theory of modernity." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1997. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU483234.
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Environmental problems cause people to think and look for change. In this context, the so-called deep environmental discourse emerges in order to address the problem in 'deep' terms. Within it, there are two dominant approaches: the axiological and spiritual approaches. The former commits itself to arguing for an extension of our moral relations to the natural environment, while the latter stresses a need for a reopening for our communication with nature. However, both approaches are accused of naturalism and scientism. In addition, the axiological approach tends inevitably towards a metaphysical mode of thinking, while the spiritual approach is inclined to thinking in terms of myth. The results of these approaches is that the critical potential of the deep environmental discourse is lost. In this project, I apply Heberman's theory of modernity to restore and re-establish the critical potential of the deep environmental discourse. The green ideas of 'intrinsic value of nature' and 'unity with nature' can be reformulated as a postmetaphysical mode of thinking without metaphysical and spiritual implications. The idea of 'reconciliation with nature' can be defused since a comprehensive conception of rationality, i.e., communicative rationality, can replace a restricted conception of rationality, i.e. purposive rationality. Deep thinking is then directed towards a critique of the philosophy of the subject embodied in a form of simple modernity. The normative thrust of the deep environmental discourse is identified with reflexive modernity. Contrary to the spiritual approach, a reconstructed deep position is not opposed to modernity. In addition, in contrast to the axiological approach, a reconstructed position is not confined to simple modernity. Methodologically speaking, the limitation of simple modernity can be analysed in terms of a critique of the philosophy of consciousness by the philosophy of language. In terms of social theory, simple modernity is confined to a one-sided rationalisation resulting in the 'colonisation of systems over the lifeworld'. In terms of legal theory, simple modernity is exhibited in the limited understanding of law in both normative and descriptive perspectives.
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Wu, Tung-Chieh Jansen 1966. "Intergenerational and intragenerational equity and transboundary movements of radioactive wastes." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=29566.
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The purpose of this thesis is to explore the distributional side of environmental risks and burdens and, more particularly, to explain the significance of including intergenerational and intragenerational equity concerns within the fashioning of a legal regime governing the transboundary movement of radioactive waste. The thesis focuses on fairness and equity considerations between generations (intergenerational equity) and within contemporary generations (intragenerational equity) in the context of transboundary movements of radioactive wastes. First, a detailed exploration of the emergence of intergenerational and intragenerational equity principles is conducted. Then, the implementing principles of intergenerational and intragenerational equity with regard to environmental risk and burden distribution are put forward. Further, sensitive to the equity dimensions of the transboundary movement of radioactive waste, the thesis explains transboundary movement within a broader political and economic framework, and illustrates the potential transboundary and transgenerational externalities arising from transboundary movement. Management strategies available to help prevent or reduce transboundary and transgenerational externalities are examined. In addition, the evolution of the legal regime governing transboundary movements is reviewed and proposals for reform of the current regime are presented. Finally, the thesis concludes with concrete observations and recommendations. Through the lens of intergenerational and intragenerational equity, the thesis evaluates the fairness of environmental risk and burden distribution, spatially and intertemporally, in the context of transboundary movements of radioactive wastes.
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Smith, Sean Robert. "An Empirical Analysis of Differences in Environmental Transparency Across Firms." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/677.
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In recent years, many firms have voluntarily taken actions to gradually increase the transparency of their corporate social responsibility (CSR) efforts. Using data on a sample of U.S. firms, this paper empirically examines the factors that encourage firms to choose different levels of CSR transparency. This adds to the previous literature that has focused only on the binary decision to engage or not to engage in CSR, as opposed to the extent and comprehensiveness of voluntary CSR reporting. Environmental transparency data are collected from the Roberts Environmental Center (REC) at Claremont McKenna College, while data for firm characteristics and toxic releases are collected from Standard & Poor’s Compustat North American and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Robust regression analysis of environmental transparency shows that consumer, investor, and community stakeholders significantly increase the level of environmental transparency. In addition, environmental transparency is higher among firms that compete internationally relative to those with only a domestic presence.
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Leonardelli, Pavlova Perizzollo. "O dever ético e constitucional na atribuição de um valor intrínseco à natureza e o papel pedagógico da jurisdição na formação de uma cultura ambiental autêntica." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2014. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/675.
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A cultura ambiental autêntica, construída sobre as sólidas bases da ética ambiental e da
alfabetização ecológica proporciona o cumprimento espontâneo do dever ético e
constitucional da preservação do meio ambiente. A jurisdição, através de decisões paradigma
em prol do ambiente, indica o posicionamento do Estado e dessa forma contribui para a
construção dessa nova cultura ambiental autêntica. Inicialmente, considera-se que a relação do
homem com o meio ambiente sofreu grande transformação nos séculos XVI e XVII. A
revolução científica teve forte influência sobre os países do ocidente, que adotaram o
antropocentrismo em substituição ao teocentrismo que até aquele momento vigorava. A partir
de então, o ser humano iniciou uma trajetória de domínio da natureza, extraindo dela tudo o
que acreditava ser bom para a humanidade, sem medir consequências e tratando a natureza
pura e simplesmente como objeto. Os sintomas que indicavam o surgimento de uma crise
ambiental começaram a aparecer, demonstrando a necessidade de mudanças para reverter a
situação que ali se instalava. Em termos de legislação ambiental, o Brasil inovou de forma
significativa, contudo, as normas ainda são pouco eficazes. Em virtude disso, necessária a
reforma do pensamento e o consequente rompimento do paradigma mecanicista ainda vigente.
A forma como a humanidade interpreta a natureza precisa ser revista e remodelada,
estruturada por uma cultura ambiental ética e autêntica, com vistas a proteção, preservação e
responsabilidade com o universo do presente e também com o futuro. Desta forma também se
cumpre o princípio da dignidade da pessoa humana, que se constitui como um dos
fundamentos do Estado Democrático de Direito, expresso na Constituição de 1988. O Estado
tem o dever constitucional de preservar e manter o meio ambiente. Assim, através da
educação ambiental e da práxis jurisdicional, a pedagogia ambiental se perfaz e se dissemina
por toda a sociedade. As decisões advindas dos tribunais e da corte constitucional
demonstram na prática o quanto contribuem para a construção de uma cultura ambiental que
envolva simultaneamente a ética e o cumprimento do dever legal de preservar e manter o
ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado, tudo de forma espontânea e, sobretudo, autêntica.Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-06-13T16:36:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Pavlova Perizzollo Leonardelli .pdf: 989988 bytes, checksum: ee75f6788e5e9bcde362a57046122d1a (MD5)
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The authentic environmental culture, built on the solid foundations of environmental ethics and ecological literacy provides the spontaneous fulfillment of ethical and constitutional obligation of preserving the environment. The jurisdiction, through paradigm decisions in favor of the environment, indicates the position of the State and thus contributes to the construction of this new authentic environmental culture. Initially, it is considered that the relationship between man and the environment has undergone major transformation in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The scientific revolution had strong influence on Western countries, which have adopted anthropocentrism replacing theocentrism that until then prevailed. Since then, humans began a trajectory of domination of nature, extracting her everything he believed to be good for humanity, without measuring the consequences and treating the nature as an object. Symptoms indicating the emergence of an environmental crisis began to appear, demonstrating the need for changes to reverse the situation that was installed there. In terms of environmental legislation, Brazil innovated significantly; however, the legal regulations are ineffective. Because of that, necessary reform of thought and the consequent disruption of the mechanistic paradigm still dominant. The way how the humanity interprets the nature needs to be reviewed and overhauled, structured by an ethic and authentic environmental culture, focused in protection, preservation and responsibility to the universe in the present and also in the future. Thus also fulfills the principle of human dignity, which constitutes one of the foundations of the democratic rule of law, expressed on the Constitution of 1988. The state has a constitutional obligation to preserve and maintain the environment. Thus, through the environmental education and the jurisdictional praxis, the environmental pedagogy completes and spreads throughout society. The resulting decisions of the courts and the constitutional court demonstrate in practice how much contribute to build an environmental culture that involves both the ethics and the fulfillment of the legal obligation to preserve and maintain ecologically balanced environment, all spontaneously and above all, authentic.
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Parra, Witte Falk Xué. "Living the law of origin : the cosmological, ontological, epistemological, and ecological framework of Kogi environmental politics." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/274896.
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This project engages with the Kogi, an Amerindian indigenous people from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountain range in northern Colombia. Kogi leaders have been engaging in a consistent ecological-political activism to protect the Sierra Nevada from environmentally harmful developments. More specifically, they have attempted to raise awareness and understanding among the wider public about why and how these activities are destructive according to their knowledge and relation to the world. The foreign nature of these underlying ontological understandings, statements, and practices, has created difficulties in conveying them to mainstream, scientific society. Furthermore, the pre-determined cosmological foundations of Kogi society, continuously asserted by them, present a problem to anthropology in terms of suitable analytical categories. My work aims to clarify and understand Kogi environmental activism in their own terms, aided by anthropological concepts and “Western” forms of expression. I elucidate and explain how Kogi ecology and public politics are embedded in an old, integrated, and complex way of being, knowing, and perceiving on the Sierra Nevada. I argue that theoretically this task involves taking a realist approach that recognises the Kogi’s cause as intended truth claims of practical environmental relevance. By avoiding constructivist and interpretivist approaches, as well as the recent “ontological pluralism” in anthropology, I seek to do justice to the Kogi’s own essentialist and universalist ontological principles, which also implies following their epistemological rationale. For this purpose, I immersed myself for two years in Kogi life on the Sierra, and focused on structured learning sessions with three Mamas, Kogi spiritual leaders and knowledge specialists. I reflect on how this interaction was possible because my project was compatible with the Mamas’ own desire to clarify and contextualise the Kogi ecological cause. After presenting this experience, I analyse the material as a multifaceted, interrelated, and elaborate system to reflect the organic, structured composition of Kogi and Sierra, also consciously conveyed as such by the Mamas. I hereby intend to show how the Kogi reproduce, live, and sustain this system through daily practices and institutions, and according to cosmological principles that guide a knowledgeable, ecological relationality with things, called ‘the Law of Origin’. To describe this system, I develop a correspondingly holistic and necessary integration of the anthropological concepts of cosmology, ontology, epistemology, and ecology. Based on this, I argue that Kogi eco-politics are equally embedded in this system, and constitute a contemporary attempt to maintain their regulatory relations with the Sierra Nevada and complement their everyday care-taking practices and rituals. In Kogi terms, this continuity and coherence is a moral imperative and environmental necessity. Thus framing and clarifying Kogi eco-politics may enrich insights into the nature of indigenous ecological knowledge, and may help address environmental problems.
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Abreu, Ricardo de. "Racionalidade na aplicação do princípio da precaução em matéria ambiental." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2007. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/1007.
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Nos casos em que prevalece a incerteza científica sobre as repercussões que novas descobertas da própria ciência e da técnica podem causar nas condições que mantém a harmonia do ambiente, o princípio da precaução surge como instrumento político e jurídico de gestão de riscos. Nesse contexto, onde prevalece a dúvida sobre a causa e o grau de perigo em potencial, encontra-se o seguinte problema: é possível distinguir entre a aplicação racional e a utilização inacional ou arbitrária do princípio da precaução como norma de Direito Ambiental? Diretrizes como a não discriminação, a proporcionalidade e a coerência, que devem orientar as decisões de atuar ou de não atuar, tanto no campo político, como no do Direito Ambiental, exigem das instâncias decisórias o aprofundamento da compreensão do conteúdo de sentido do princípio da precaução, pois o que está em jogo é o equilíbrio entre, por um lado, as liberdades dos indivíduos, das empresas e das organizações, e, por outro, a necessidade de reduzir o risco de efeitos nocivos ao ambiente e à saúde das pessoas. Assim, a presente dissertação tem como objetivo geral a indicação de elementos para que uma decisão jurídica envolvendo ciência e ambiente seja racional, relativamente à fundamentação e à aplicação de medidas inspiradas pelo princípio da precaução. No primeiro capítulo, o trabalho procura esclarecer o conceito de princípio, investigando se há diferença, no âmbito do Direito, entre regras e princípios. Para tanto, são Observadas as contribuições de Dworkin, Alexy e Ávila. Examina-se, ainda, o papel da norma moral na justificação de escolhas racionais e justas, procurando ampliar a compreensão do problema. As bases teóricas escolhidas são as éticas de Aristóteles, Kant e Jonas. No segundo capítulo, a pesquisa pretende analisar- o conteúdo de sentido do princípio da precaução como princípio de direito ambiental, a fim de destacar suas principais características. No terceiro e último capítulo se busca explorar- a ideia de risco, com fundamento, principalmente, na perspectiva de Ulrich Beck, e retomar as principais diretrizes de aplicação do princípio, a partir das quais, por meio do pensamento de Habermas, pretende-se esboçar uma resposta válida ao problema investigado. Tendo em vista a preocupação da sociedade mundial com a proteção dos valores que fundamentam e orientam escolhas, o presente trabalho pode contribuir para melhor compreender, ética e juridicamente, o conteúdo de sentido do princípio da precaução, criando, assim, ao menos teoricamente, condições favoráveis à construção política e jurídica de justificativas ponderadas e coerentes, que buscam formar e orientar a geração e a implementação do Direito Ambiental.Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2015-09-23T19:03:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Ricardo de Abreu.pdf: 20160731 bytes, checksum: 2f8a2ee653b9beab621283461ea39040 (MD5)
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The principle of precaution surges as a political and judicious instrument to manage risks within cases in which there is a prevailing scientific uncertainty about the repercussions that new scientific discoveries and techniques can have on the conditions that maintain a harmonious environment. In this context, where doubt supersedes the potential degree and danger, the following problem arises: Is it possible to distinguish between rational application and irrational utilization or the arbitrary application of the principal of precaution in environmental law? Principals such as anti-discrimination, proportionality and coherence should guide decisions to act or not to act as much as politics and environmental law, and also require that decisions deepen one's understanding of the principle of precaution. Consequently, what is at stake is the balance between, on the one hand, the liberties of individuals business and organizations and, on the other hand, the need to reduce risk of harmful effects on the environment and the public's health. Therefore, the general objective of this dissertation is the identification of the elements needed for making rational legal decisions that involve science and the environment in the context of measures inspired by the principle of precaution. The first chapter aims to clarify the principal concept, examining whether there are differences in the legal context between roles and principles. The contributions of Dworkin, Alexy and Avila. are recognized. The paper of the moral norm in the justification of rational and just choices is examined in order to expand the understanding of the problem. The theoretical foundation consists o f the ethics of Aristotle, Kant and Jonas. The second chapter intends to analyze the meaning of the principle of precaution as the beginning of environmental law, in order to illustrate its main characteristics. The third and final chapter attempts to explore the idea of risk as a fundamental perspective, principally through the perspective of Ulrich Beck, and retake the legal principles of the application from the beginning and through the thoughts of Habermas, intends to sketch a valid answer to the investigated problem. In view of world-wide social concem over the protection of the values that undergird and guide choices, the present work can contribute toward an improved understanding, both ethical andjudicial, the content of the principle of precaution, resulting in the creation of, at least theoretically, conditions favorable for the political, judicial building of coherent and weighted justifications, that aim to form and guide the generation and implementation of environmental law.
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Machado, Maria Isabel Lopes. "Termo de ajustamento de conduta: uma contribuição da Educação Ambiental na construção de um saber ambiental." reponame:Repositório Institucional da FURG, 2008. http://repositorio.furg.br/handle/1/2664.
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Dissertação(mestrado)- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Ambiental, Instituto de Educação, 2008.Submitted by eloisa silva (eloisa1_silva@yahoo.com.br) on 2012-09-17T17:59:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MariaIsabel.pdf: 894340 bytes, checksum: de1362f5e1b65c53cc55904b27d97e6e (MD5)
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A legislação ambiental tutela o ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado como extensão do direito à vida, disciplinando ações de fiscalização e, quando constata ameaça ou a ocorrência de dano ambiental autua o infrator e, dentre outras medidas, confere ao sujeito a possibilidade de ajustar a sua conduta aos preceitos legais através do instrumento Termo de Ajustamento de Conduta (TAC). O TAC é uma forma de acordo que busca diretamente o compromisso da reparação do dano causado e, de modo indireto tem como meta uma mudança de comportamento do sujeito em relação ao ambiente natural. Busca através do compromisso individual e coletivo, que as atividades humanas sejam desenvolvidas com os cuidados necessários ao ambiente ao redor, ou seja, dentre outros valores, busca atitudes humanas éticas, cidadãs e solidárias. Assim, este estudo, tem como objetivo conhecer os elementos que tenham favorecido um aprendizado aos sujeitos autuados por dano ambiental a partir da realização das medidas do TAC. Desenvolvido na linha de pesquisa da educação não formal, assenta-se em uma concepção sócio-jurídica, com reflexões focalizadas em princípios éticos, que orientam o cuidado constitucional do ambiente natural como extensivo do direito à vida, não só para hoje, como também, para amanhã. O marco teórico tem aporte nos conceitos de Ost (1995), Rodrigues (2006) e Milaré (2000), e, em especial, à diversidade de idéias da epistemologia da complexidade de Edgar Morin (2005a; 2005b; 2005c; 2003; 2000), com desenvolvimento de reflexões que enfatizam o ser humano como um ser múltiplo, cidadão de direitos e de deveres de um dado contexto, que transforma e é transformado nas inúmeras interações do cotidiano e como ser que tem potencial para criar possibilidades de cuidado com o ambiente ao seu redor. Para tanto, realizou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa do tipo: exploratória descritiva, com entrevistas semi-estruturadas e observações simples de sujeitos que realizaram as medidas do TAC, na zona rural dos municípios de Cerro Grande do Sul, Chuvisca e Sertão Santana. A partir da análise textual de Moraes (2006), do TAC como estratégia pedagógica, emergiram duas grandes categorias: a) os elementos que favorecem um aprendizado aos compromitentes do TAC com as sub categorias: a compreensão de limites como uma visão solidária; o reconhecimento do erro como erro; a compreensão da necessidade de cuidado com o ambiente natural como um valor; a conscientização acerca da importância de um agir preventivo e; b) as lacunas e dificuldades limitantes de um aprendizado com as sub categorias: a falta de visão solidária em relação ao ambiente; influências culturais; a questão econômica que engloba a dificuldade de sobrevivência e a dificuldade para executar as medidas do TAC; o desconhecimento da legislação, a falta de informações; a fragmentação dos saberes; a falta de compreensão daimportância das medidas do TAC. Neste contexto, relaciono a interdependência dos sistemas sociais, enfatizando a importância da Educação Ambiental neste trâmite legal, para a construção de valores sociais, conhecimentos, habilidades, atitudes e competências voltadas à conservação do meio ambiente e sua sustentabilidade, que propicie aos sujeitos autuados por dano ambiental vislumbrarem novas maneiras de ser, de fazer, de comprometer-se, de dar-se conta da importância de suas ações no contexto social, uma vez que se dar conta do cuidado com o ambiente natural significa valorizar a vida humana, já que estas se encontram vinculadas, tecidas junto.
Environmental legislation tutelage the ecologically balanced environment as an extension of the right to life, disciplining action of fiscalization and, when it evidences threat or the occurrence of ambient damage litigates the infractor and, among other measures, gives the subject the opportunity to adjust their conduct to legal precepts through the instrument Conduct Adjustment Term (CAT). The CAT is a form of agreement that directly seeks the commitment of repair of the caused damage and indirectly aims to change subject’s behavior in relation to the natural environment. Searches through individual and collective commitment, that human activities are developed with the necessary care to the environment around, i.e., among other values, seek ethical, citizens and solidary human attitudes. Thus, this study aims to know the elements that have favored the learning of citizens litigated for ambient damage, from the accomplishment of the measures of the CAT. Developed in the search line of non-formal education, one is based in a social-legal conception, with reflections focused in ethical principles that guide the constitutional care of natural environment as extensive of the right to life, not only for today, but also for tomorrow. The theoretical framework has input on Ost (1995), Rodrigues (2006) and Milaré’s (2000) concepts and, in special, the diversity of ideas of Edgar Morin’s (2005a; 2005b; 2005c; 2003; 2000) complexity’s epistemology with development of reflections that emphasize the human being as a multiple being, citizen of rights and duties of a given context, that transforms and is transformed in countless interactions of daily life and as a being which has the potential to create opportunities of environmental care around it. Hence, a qualitative research of the type: exploratory descriptive, with semi-structured interviews, was carried out, with simple observations of subjects who underwent the CAT’s measures, in the rural area of the municipalities of Cerro Grande do Sul, Chuvisca and Sertão Santana. From Moraes’s (2006) textual analysis of CAT as a pedagogical strategy, two great categories had emerged: a) the elements that favor a learning to the compromisers of the CAT with sub categories: the understanding of limits as a sympathetic view, the understanding of limits as a solidary vision; the recognition of the error as error; the understanding of necessity of care with the natural environment as a value; the awareness about the importance of preventive action and; b) the gaps and limitation difficulties of a learning with the sub categories: the lack of solidary vision in relation to the environment; cultural influences; the economic issue which includes the difficulty of survival and the difficulty to carry out the measures of the CAT; the ignorance of legislation, lack of information; the fragmentation of knowledge; the lack of understanding of the importance of measures of the CAT. In this context, I relate the interdependence of the social systems, emphasizing the importance of Environmental Education in this legal process, for the construction of social values, knowledge, abilities, attitudes and abilities dedicated to the conservation of the environment and its sustainability, which propitiates to the subjects litigated for ambient damage to glimpse new ways to be, to do, to commit themselves, to realize the importance of its action in the social context, since become conscious of care with the natural environment is valuing human life, as they are linked, woven together.
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Barros, Trissia Maria Fortunato Paes de. "Relações obrigacionais entre a ética, o direito e o meio ambiente /." Franca : [s.n.], 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/89877.
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Orientador: José Carlos Garcia de FreitasBanca: Euclides Celso Berardo
Banca: Maria Amália de Figueiredo Pereira Alvarenga
Resumo: Com efeito, os temas pertinentes ao Meio Ambiente são inesgotáveis e de impressionante atualidade, posto que o desequilíbrio ambiental acentua-se a cada dia que passa em um cenário complexo típico de uma sociedade tecnológica e científica em construção, ameaçando sobremaneira a qualidade de vida humana, senão a sua própria sobrevivência. Nesse modo de ver, a questão preliminar, ao abordar o tema proposto, refere-se à necessidade da sociedade global proteger juridicamente o Meio Ambiente em sua totalidade. Como conseqüência, constata-se que o campo de estudo do Direito Ambiental vem crescendo e se sofisticando com novos princípios e institutos, cedendo espaço para todos os elementos integrantes dos sistemas ecológicos, inclusive o humano. Aliás, possivelmente, a mais importante característica do Direito Ambiental é a de que seus princípios e normas possuem nítido caráter humanista do imperativo ético da dignidade da pessoa humana. A esse respeito, visando-se a promover um novo olhar sobre o Meio Ambiente é que caminha a presente dissertação de mestrado, ordenando reflexões dedutivas e históricas sobre o tema em sua inerente amplitude, integrando-se os conhecimentos da Ciência Ecológica, do Direito Ambiental e da Ética em torno de um conjunto de problemas e limitações humanas para que o maior bem estar possam vir a ser atingido por todos. De outra parte, torna-se igualmente importante à proteção do Meio Ambiente através do processo educativo. A Educação Ambiental deve ser promovida em todos os níveis de ensino, fato este disposto no artigo 225, parágrafo 1º, inciso VI da Constituição Federal, porquanto é necessário educar e conscientizar a coletividade quanto à efetiva gravidade da degradação ambiental mundial. Aliás, a oportunidade trazida pela Educação Ambiental e seu conseqüente...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Indeed, issues related to the Environment are endless and incredibly up to date, regarding the fact that environmental imbalance gets bigger day after day in a complex scene which is typical of a technological and scientific society that is being formed, threatening the quality of human life, not to mention its own survival. From that viewpoint, the preliminary issue, when approaching the proposed topic, refers to global societys need to juridically protect the Environment as a whole. As a consequence, its been noticed that the field of study of Environmental Law has been growing and becoming more and more sophisticated with new principles and institutes; making room for every component of ecological systems, including the human one. Possibly, Environmental Laws most important characteristic is that its principles and rules have a sharp humanistic character of the ethic imperative of human dignity. With that respect, aiming at promoting a different look over the environment is the objective of this very masters degree essay, with deductive and historic reflection on the theme in its inherent amplitude, integrating knowledge of Ecological Science, Environmental Law, and Ethics related to a group of human problems and limitations so that all people are able to achieve major well being. Besides, its equally important to protect the Environment through educational processes. Environmental Education must be implemented in each and every level of education, as stated on the Federal Constitution 225(1)(6), for its necessary to teach and make people fully aware of the effective seriousness of worlwide environmental degradation. By the way, the opportunity brought about by Environmental Education and its subsequent ethic awakening may indicate the beginning of a new era of cooperation among nations and peoples, looking forward to new inspirations that contact with Nature and with humanistic idea...(Complete abstract click access below)
Mestre
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Gurr, Anna. "The Effects of Positive and Negative Environmental Responsibility on Financial Performance." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1800.
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As environmental responsibility (ER) gains momentum in the corporate and stakeholder world, it is imperative to understand the relationship between ER and financial performance. While there is prior research looking at this relationship, this study provides further insight into the specific effects of negative and positive ER. In addition, it looks over the years 2008-2011 having implications for companies about the effects of their ER even through financial hardships. This study uses a widely respected corporate social responsibility database, in which ER scores were separated from. In this study, 287 firms in the S&P 500 are examined through times-series regression analyses. The results reveal that positive ER had a negative relationship with financial performance indicators Tobin’s q and ROA. However, negative ER had such strong positive relationship with financial performance in both measures, that when looking at the effect of net ER, the relationship was tipped back to positive. This indicates that negative ER worsens a company’s financial position more than spending on positive ER initiatives.
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Warren, Alisa Renee Warren. "The Monster on the Hill: A Story of Environmental Injustice in Appalachia." Ohio University Honors Tutorial College / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouhonors1524840984220302.
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Barros, Tríssia Maria Fortunato Paes de [UNESP]. "Relações obrigacionais entre a ética, o direito e o meio ambiente." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/89877.
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barros_tmfp_me_fran.pdf: 701169 bytes, checksum: b531c021c3f78a9a99f0b9382c89a378 (MD5)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Com efeito, os temas pertinentes ao Meio Ambiente são inesgotáveis e de impressionante atualidade, posto que o desequilíbrio ambiental acentua-se a cada dia que passa em um cenário complexo típico de uma sociedade tecnológica e científica em construção, ameaçando sobremaneira a qualidade de vida humana, senão a sua própria sobrevivência. Nesse modo de ver, a questão preliminar, ao abordar o tema proposto, refere-se à necessidade da sociedade global proteger juridicamente o Meio Ambiente em sua totalidade. Como conseqüência, constata-se que o campo de estudo do Direito Ambiental vem crescendo e se sofisticando com novos princípios e institutos, cedendo espaço para todos os elementos integrantes dos sistemas ecológicos, inclusive o humano. Aliás, possivelmente, a mais importante característica do Direito Ambiental é a de que seus princípios e normas possuem nítido caráter humanista do imperativo ético da dignidade da pessoa humana. A esse respeito, visando-se a promover um novo olhar sobre o Meio Ambiente é que caminha a presente dissertação de mestrado, ordenando reflexões dedutivas e históricas sobre o tema em sua inerente amplitude, integrando-se os conhecimentos da Ciência Ecológica, do Direito Ambiental e da Ética em torno de um conjunto de problemas e limitações humanas para que o maior bem estar possam vir a ser atingido por todos. De outra parte, torna-se igualmente importante à proteção do Meio Ambiente através do processo educativo. A Educação Ambiental deve ser promovida em todos os níveis de ensino, fato este disposto no artigo 225, parágrafo 1º, inciso VI da Constituição Federal, porquanto é necessário educar e conscientizar a coletividade quanto à efetiva gravidade da degradação ambiental mundial. Aliás, a oportunidade trazida pela Educação Ambiental e seu conseqüente...
Indeed, issues related to the Environment are endless and incredibly up to date, regarding the fact that environmental imbalance gets bigger day after day in a complex scene which is typical of a technological and scientific society that is being formed, threatening the quality of human life, not to mention its own survival. From that viewpoint, the preliminary issue, when approaching the proposed topic, refers to global society s need to juridically protect the Environment as a whole. As a consequence, it s been noticed that the field of study of Environmental Law has been growing and becoming more and more sophisticated with new principles and institutes; making room for every component of ecological systems, including the human one. Possibly, Environmental Law s most important characteristic is that its principles and rules have a sharp humanistic character of the ethic imperative of human dignity. With that respect, aiming at promoting a different look over the environment is the objective of this very master s degree essay, with deductive and historic reflection on the theme in its inherent amplitude, integrating knowledge of Ecological Science, Environmental Law, and Ethics related to a group of human problems and limitations so that all people are able to achieve major well being. Besides, it s equally important to protect the Environment through educational processes. Environmental Education must be implemented in each and every level of education, as stated on the Federal Constitution 225(1)(6), for it s necessary to teach and make people fully aware of the effective seriousness of worlwide environmental degradation. By the way, the opportunity brought about by Environmental Education and its subsequent ethic awakening may indicate the beginning of a new era of cooperation among nations and peoples, looking forward to new inspirations that contact with Nature and with humanistic idea...(Complete abstract click access below)
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Martinotto, Fernanda. "Direito e genoma humano : proteção da biodiversidade face às pesquisas genéticas no direito brasileiro." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2011. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/617.
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O tema da proteção da biodiversidade e, em especial, do Genoma Humano tem suscitado grande interesse e preocupação no Direito atual, agregando-se às preocupações de profissionais de diversas áreas como bioética, genética, saúde, além de diversos outros segmentos. O artigo 225 da Constituição Federal de 1988 estabelece a proteção da biodiversidade e da integridade do patrimônio genético no país. As hipóteses desenvolvidas no presente estudo afirmam que a preservação do patrimônio genético é um dos meios eleitos pela Constituição Federal para garantir o gozo ao meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado; de que a preservação da diversidade do patrimônio genético humano se faz imperiosa como meio de garantir os interesses difusos, coletivos e individuais com o fim de evitar a degradação do meio ambiente e promover a garantia dos demais direitos do homem. Corroborando tais premissas além da visão jurídica destaca-se a evolução do conceito de bioética, que passou do campo médico para uma bioética global, com as conseqüências da sociedade de risco para as gerações futuras, analisando os limites éticos das intervenções no meio ambiente e no Genoma Humano. Os riscos da intervenção sobre o genoma humano são analisados de modo a considerar suas repercussões sobre as populações vulneráveis frente ao princípio da precaução e o direito à intimidade, quando do uso das informações contidas no código genético humano. Analisa-se, ainda, a responsabilidade do pesquisador tendo o princípio do poluidor-pagador como instrumento de efetivação dessa responsabilização, na perspectiva de caracterizar a tutela do patrimônio genético como um direito humano fundamental.Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-06-05T17:07:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Fernanda Martinotto.pdf: 897262 bytes, checksum: f5813eef57bd036d87c84193eb180d3e (MD5)
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The issue of protecting biodiversity and in particular the human genome has sparked great interest and concern in the current law, adding to the concerns of professionals in various fields such as bioethics, genetics, health, and several other segments. Article 225 of the Constitution of 1988 provides for the protection of biodiversity and the integrity of the genetic heritage in the country. The hypotheses developed in this study say that the preservation of genetic heritage is one of the means chosen by the Federal Constitution to guarantee the enjoyment to a balanced environment, that preserving the diversity of human genetic resources becomes imperative as a means to safeguard the interests diffuse, collective and individual in order to prevent environmental degradation and promote the guarantee of other rights. Confirming these assumptions beyond the legal view highlights the evolution of the concept of bioethics, which passed the medical field for a global bioethics, with the consequences of risk society for future generations by examining the ethical limits of interventions in the environment and Human Genome. The risks of the intervention on the human genome are analyzed in order to consider its impact on vulnerable populations against the precautionary principle and the right to privacy, when the use of information contained in the human genetic code. We analyze also the responsibility of the researcher,with the polluter-pays principle as a tool for fulfillment of this responsibility in view of characterizing the genetic heritage protection as a fundamental human right.
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Fulton, Kathryn Anne. "Personhood, discourse, emotion, and environment in a Tlingit village." Thesis, Connect to title online (Scholars' Bank) Connect to title online (ProQuest), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/8096.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2008.Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 592-621). Also available online in Scholars' Bank; and in ProQuest, free to University of Oregon users.
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Jennings, Jesse. "An Analysis of Corporate Structures Available for Social Enterprise: “To B or Not to B?”." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/2166.
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There exist major disparities in issues concerning health, education, the environment, and other problems that affect overall well-being. Currently, government and nonprofit institutions do not sufficiently mitigate these problems. This thesis examines traditional corporate structures that uphold the profit-maximization dilemma and analyzes emerging corporate structures that encourage greater social enterprise. The alternative corporate structures provide greater flexibility for mission-driven companies. Such structures encourage─and legally require─increased awareness and investment in social and environmental enterprise. Executives must decide, to what extent, they will utilize the power and influence of business to do good works.
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Pinheiro, Teresa Villac. "Sustentabilidade e contratações públicas no Brasil: Direito, Ética Ambiental e Desenvolvimento." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/106/106132/tde-08112017-141101/.
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Esta tese analisa a insercao da sustentabilidade nas contratacoes publicas brasileiras, em perspectiva interdisciplinar que relaciona Direito, Etica Ambiental e Desenvolvimento. Empreende-se analise do modelo de Desenvolvimento brasileiro, focado no crescimento economico e as limitacoes decorrentes. A Sustentabilidade e estudada como valor e principio, em conteudo multidimensional que ultrapassa o classico tripe ambiental, social e economico, com destaque a Etica. A partir da jusfilosofia, o Direito e examinado em suas funcoes de contencao, legitimacao economica e manutencao do status quo, suas relacoes com o desenvolvimento economico, assim como em seu potencial de desencadear transformacoes sociais, pela substituicao de uma racionalidade calcada nos mitos da lei e do progresso por paradigmas emergentes fundados na Etica Ambiental e na Sustentabilidade como principio e valor. A pesquisa e conclusiva pelas contratacoes publicas sustentaveis brasileiras como vetores da consecucao de um ideal de Desenvolvimento que nao se restrinja aos aspectos economicos, mas que foque nas liberdades humanas, no bem-estar intergeracional, na preservacao ambiental e na reducao das desigualdades sociais, por meio de um Direito atuante e transformador e das conexoes entre teoria e pratica. Conclui-se que as contratacoes publicas sustentaveis brasileiras provocaram uma fissura na hegemonia da regulacao que caracteriza o Direito e a Administracao Publica pelo conteudo emancipatorio que a juridicidade e a articulacao dos atores em rede podem assumir.This thesis analyzes the insertion of sustainability in Brazilian public procurement, from an interdisciplinary perspective that relates Law, Environmental Ethics and Development. The study puts under analysis the development model adopted in Brazil, focused on economic growth, and its resulting limitations. Sustainability is examined as a value and a principle, in a multidimensional content that surpasses the classical tripod based on environmental, social and economic dimensions, with emphasis on Ethics. From a Philosophy of Law approach, Law is scrutinized in its functions of contention, economic legitimation and status quo maintenance, its relations with economic development, as well as its potential to unleash social transformation, by replacing a rationality based on the myths of law and progress with emerging paradigms founded on Environmental Ethics and Sustainability as a principle and a value. The research demonstrates that Brazilian sustainable public procurement is a vector for the achievement of an ideal of development not restricted to economic aspects, but focused on human liberties, intergenerational welfare, environmental preservation and reduction of social inequalities, by means of an active and transforming Law and the connections between theory and practice. The work concludes that Brazilian sustainable public procurement breaks the hegemony of regulation that characterizes Law and Public Administration, due to the emancipatory content that can be assumed by Law and the articulation of the agents in network.
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Nascimento, Ademariza Bahls do. "Do princípio da precaução à ética da responsabilidade: em busca dos pressupostos para a construção do estado democrático de direito ambiental." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2012. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/3079.
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É inegável que a sociedade atual vive uma crise ambiental, decorrente do esgotamento dos bens ambientais que compromete a qualidade de vida do homem, devido aos avanços tecnológicos e industriais. O meio ambiente sadio e equilibrado é direito de todos e reconhecido constitucionalmente. O Estado moderno tem como obrigação a proteção ambiental no sentido de preservar o meio ambiente para as atuais e futuras gerações. É imprescindível o equilíbrio entre desenvolvimento econômico e preservação do meio ambiente buscando um desenvolvimento sustentável. Portanto, o atual Estado Democrático de Direito precisa se encaminhar rumo à construção de um Estado Democrático de Direito "Ambiental". Destaca-se a contribuição dos princípios constitucionais estruturantes do Estado Democrático de Direito nesta tarefa. Entre eles: o Princípio do Estado Democrático e de Direito, Princípio Republicano e o Princípio da Dignidade da Pessoa Humana. A busca pela sustentabilidade deve constar entre os objetivos do Estado de Direito Ambiental. Faz-se relevante verificar a contribuição de uma ampliação do conceito qualitativo para um conceito também quantitativo da sustentabilidade, através da criação de um novo indicador, o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Sustentável. Destacam-se como princípios estruturantes do Estado Democrático de Direito Ambiental os princípios da: precaução, da prevenção, da responsabilidade, da cooperação e do poluidor pagador. E ainda, a contribuição da aplicação do Proactinary Principle, uma revisão do princípio da precaução, que defende a tomada de medidas pró-ativas na defesa do meio ambiente. Analisa-se decisões judiciais com o intuito de verificar a aplicação destes princípios em ações relacionadas à proteção do meio ambiente. A construção de um Estado Democrático de Direito Ambiental encontra limitações e possibilidades. E diante disto, se utiliza da contribuição da filosofia para a proposta de uma nova ética de responsabilidade, prudência e cuidado para com o futuro ambiental, através de uma revisão da phrónesis de Aristóteles e da ética da responsabilidade de Hans Jonas, como uma possibilidade de se concretizar o novo modelo de Estado proposto.
It is undeniable that today's society is experiencing an environment crisis, due to the depletion of environmental assets that compromises the quality of human life, due to technological and industrial advances. A balanced and healthy environment is everyone's right and constitutionally recognized. The modern State has as an obligation the environmental protection in order to preserve the environment for present and future generations. It is essential the balance between economic development and environmental preservation seeking a sustainable development. Therefore, the current Democratic State of Law needs to move toward building a Democratic State of "Environmental" Law. It highlights the contribution of structural constitutional principles of a Democratic State of Law in this task. Among them: the principle of the Democratic State and of the Law, Republican Principle and the Principle of Human Dignity. The search for sustainability should be one of the objectives of the State of Environmental Law. It is important to verify the contribution of an expansion of the qualitative concept for also a quantitative concept of the sustainability, by creating a new indicator, the Index for Sustainable Human Development. Stand out as structuring principles of the Democratic State of Environmental Law the principles of: precaution, prevention, responsibility, cooperation and the polluter pays. And yet, the contribution of the application of the Proactionary Principle, a review of the precautionary principle, which advocates taking proactive measures in protecting the environment. It analyzes judicial decisions in order to verify the application of these principles in lawsuits related to environmental protection. The construction of a Democratic State of Environmental Law finds limitations and possibilities. Therefore, using the contribution of philosophy to the proposal for a new ethic of responsibility, prudence and care for the environmental future, through a review of the phronesis of Aristotle and the ethics of responsibility by Hans Jonas, as a possibility to implement the new State model proposed.
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Machado, Telma Maria Santos. "Ética da responsabilidade ambiental em Hans Jonas e a relevância do diálogo entre a Filosofia, a Biologia e o Direito." Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 2014. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/5230.
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This work will focus on the Hans Jonas´ ethics and seek to demonstrate the relevance of, the dialogue between Philosophy, Biology and Law, in full technological era. While recognizing the need for extensive interaction between various areas of knowledge because of the challenges of environmental responsibility that redound to the possibility of having what Jonas calls |authentic human life on the planet|, it became necessary to make an epistemological cut due the for thematic limitation. Mainly in the light of statements contained in the book The imperative of responsibility, the environmental ethics theme will be analyzed from a biological, legal and specially philosophical standpoint. This will be deal with in specific, but not limited chapters, because Jonas´ proposed ethics will guide the analysis of each of them.Este trabalho versará sobre a ética da responsabilidade de Hans Jonas e procurará demonstrar a relevância, em plena era tecnológica, do diálogo entre a Filosofia, a Biologia e o Direito. Embora se reconheça a necessidade de uma ampla interação entre as várias áreas do conhecimento frente aos desafios de uma responsabilidade ambiental que redunde na possibilidade de se ter o que Jonas denomina de vida humana autêntica no planeta , tornou-se imprescindível proceder a um corte epistemológico em vista da necessária limitação temática. À luz principalmente de assertivas constantes do livro O Princípio Responsabilidade, o tema ética ambiental será analisado do ponto de vista biológico, jurídico e especialmente filosófico, em capítulos específicos, porém não estanques, eis que a proposta ética de Jonas norteará a análise de cada um deles.
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Menezes, Filho Arnaldo de Souza. "A CONSTRUÇÃO DE POLÍTICAS PÚBLICAS DE PROTEÇÃO ANIMAL NO BRASIL: uma análise sobre os direitos dos animais sob o ponto de vista ético, jurídico e social." Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2015. http://tedebc.ufma.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/797.
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Previous issue date: 2015-03-13Analysis of the construction of public policies for animals in Brazil, from the discussion of animal rights as an ethical issue, legal, social and political. It identifies the historical aspects of animal use that mark the relations between men and these. Analyzes the ethical discussions about the existence of moral rights for animals since ancient times, who founded the contemporary discussion of the acceptance of animals as subjects of rights. Analyzes the construction of animal rights in the Brazilian legal system, in infra laws and constitutions. Identifies the transformation of the issue of animal rights in a public issue, by inserting the Brazilian political agenda and demanding animal protection actions of the government through public policy formulation and implementation. Thus, we consider the relevance and responsibility of the Brazilian government in the promotion of public policies of animal protection.
Análise da construção de políticas públicas para animais no Brasil, a partir da discussão dos direitos dos animais como questão ética, jurídica, social e política. Identificam-se os aspectos históricos de uso dos animais que marcam as relações entre os homens e estes. Analisam-se as discussões éticas acerca da existência de direitos morais para os animais desde a Antiguidade, que fundaram a discussão contemporânea da admissão dos animais como sujeitos de direitos. Analisa-se a construção dos direitos dos animais no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, em legislações infraconstitucionais e nas constituições. Identifica-se a transformação da questão dos direitos dos animais em questão pública, inserindo-se na agenda política brasileira e demandando ações de proteção animal do Poder Público através da formulação e implementação de política públicas. Com isso, considera-se a pertinência e responsabilidade do Poder Público brasileiro na promoção de políticas públicas de proteção animal.
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Zhang, Junru. "Determinants of corporate environmental and social disclosure in Chinese listed mining, electricity supply and chemical companies annual reports." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2013. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/529.
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As the environmental and social disclosing systems have been developed over decades, the climate of corporate environmental and social responsibility is becoming mature nowadays globally. What and how environment-sensitive companies (i.e. companies that are more likely to do environmental damages) disclose such information voluntarily are extensively concerned by the public, especially in China, where strong debatable issues constantly raise as a result of the rapid economic growth. Corporate environmental and social responsibility is no longer an international obligation but a domestic demand for China. This study will enhance our understanding of a very important issue in arguably the world's most vibrant economy.
The thesis has contributed the literature in a number of ways. First, this study aimed to measure the type and extent of both corporate environmental and social reporting across the Chinese environmental sensitive industries’ annual reports, which include mining, electricity supply, and chemical industries. A dichotomous method was employed and the Global Reporting Initiative third edition (G3) was selected as a benchmark. In addition, the characteristics of the companies that voluntarily disclose environmental and social information in their annual reports were to be examined under legitimacy theory. Seven hypotheses that developed seven predictor variables based on legitimacy theoretical framework with one of three industries examined each time. The variables were government ownership, management role, member of industrial association, profitability, operating leverage, company age, and firm size. Finally, results in differences across industries were to be discussed and compared.
This study aimed to measure the type and extent of corporate environmental and social reporting across the Chinese mining, electricity supply, and chemical industries' annual reports, using the Global Reporting Initiative third edition (G3) as a benchmark. In addition, the characteristics of companies that voluntarily disclose environmental and social information in their annual reports were to be examined under legitimacy theory. There are seven hypotheses that developed seven predictor variables based on legitimacy theoretical framework with one of three industries examined each time. The variables were government ownership, management role, member of industrial association, profitability, operating leverage, company age, and firm size. Finally, results in differences across industries were to be discussed and compared.
There were a total of 193 sample companies selected from the Shenzhen Stock Exchange database, and content analysis was applied to review and examine their annual reports in 2010. The G3 guidelines were used to indicate the extent of environmental and social performances by the sample companies. Companies’ specific characters for the predictor variables were also obtained from the Shenzhen Stock Exchange database. In order to accomplish the first aim of the study, descriptive statistics were used to determine the type and extent of environmental and social disclosures in the sample industries' 2010 annual reports. In addition, to accomplish the second aim, which is to examine the determinants of corporate environmental and social disclosure under legitimacy theory, univariate statistics and multiple regressions analysis were adopted. The comparisons across the sample industries were conducted after the regression analysis.
Research findings from environmental disclosure analysis showed that although mining industry disclosed slightly more information than electricity supply industry, the extent of environmental reporting for all three industries were typically low because information disclosed was limited to several categories. It was found that Chinese mining, electricity supply, and chemical industries are more likely to disclose information regarding energy and materials, which were the most concerned aspects in the Chinese society. Environmental disclosure regression analysis indicated that most of the predictor variables from legitimacy theory are able to explain the extent of environmental reporting in the sample industries. The results indicated that member of industrial association, company age, company size and profitability were significant to the extent environmental reporting across the three sample industries. However, government ownership was found to be insignificant in the study.
Results from social disclosure analysis indicated that electricity supply industries disclosed slightly more information than mining and chemical companies in their 2010 annual reports. Interestingly, all of the sample companies disclosed at least one item from the G3 social guidelines; however, the information disclosed was narrow in only a few categories, and the extent of social disclosure in the sample industries was typically low. The disclosure analysis found that Chinese mining, electricity supply, and chemical industries were more likely to disclose labour practices and decent work, and human rights information. The regression analysis showed that company size, profitability, leverage and management role have become the most significant factors, whereas member of industrial association was found to be insignificant in the sample industries.
This study concludes that on the basis of legitimacy theory, the amount of environmental and social information disclosed in the Chinese mining, electricity supply, and chemical industries’ annual reports was almost the same, and the firm specific predictor variables have similar influences across industries both environmentally and socially.
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Milon, Pauline. "Analyse théorique du statut juridique de la nature." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0051.
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Cette thèse interroge le statut juridique de la nature à travers une analyse théorique. Réfléchir sur le statut de la nature revient à questionner la singularité du lien qui lie l’homme à la nature : s’agit-il d’une mise en rapport induisant une échelle de valeur avec la hiérarchie qui l’accompagne, ou plutôt d’une mise en relation sans hiérarchie mais avec des liens d’interdépendance ? Finalement l’idée est de sortir d’une logique dualiste séparant l’homme de la nature. La nature est réifiée par le droit. Objet du droit, défini par et pour l’homme, elle est qualifiée de chose, de bien ou encore de patrimoine. Mais cette thèse est avant tout le constat d’une évolution du statut de la nature, qui ne peut plus être considérée aujourd’hui seulement comme un objet. L’évolution socio-politique accompagne un mouvement tendant à sa subjectivisation progressive. S’opère alors un rééquilibrage « désacralisant » l’homme quand il persiste à se couper du reste de la natureThis thesis questions the legal status of nature through a theoretical analysis. Reflecting on the status of nature is tantamount to questioning the singularity of the link between man and nature: is it a relationship that induces a scale of value with a subsequent hierarchy, or rather a relationship without hierarchy but with links of interdependence? Eventually, the idea is the idea is to escape from a dualistic logic separating man from nature. Nature is first reified by law. Object of law, defined by and for men, nature is considered as a thing, a good or an heritage. But this thesis is above all the observation of an evolution of the status of nature which can no longer be considered today only as an object. The socio-political evolution accompanies a movement aiming at the progressive subjectivization of nature. A rebalancing then occurs, "desacralizing" man as he persists in cutting himself from the rest of nature
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Corbett, Trevor R. "The honest thief: a qualitative study exploring the ethics of clandestine intelligence collection in a statutory environment." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29755.
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Researchers studying intelligence ethics have rarely had access to the insight of serving intelligence practitioners. In this study, a small number of practitioners were sampled in an attempt to gain an understanding of the techniques they use to make sense of the ethically questionable tasks they are required to undertake within the legal framework of the institution of intelligence. The researcher argued that intelligence practitioners may use some of the neutralization techniques found in criminological and psychological models in order to remain effective in an environment which places their personal ethical framework at risk of compromise. In some aspects, themes seemed to correspond with the Rational Choice Theory of Cornish and Clarke (1986), the Neutralization Theory of Sykes and Matza (1957) and the Cognitive Dissonance theory of Festinger (1957). Themes were categorised under two primary headings: the institutional framework and a conceptual and theoretical perspective of ethics in relation to intelligence practice. It could be argued that intelligence ethics studies may be entrenched in the overarching fields of philosophy, criminology and psychology as they all offer useful explanations of how deviant behaviour is understood and justified by individuals. A combination of factors played into how they made ethical decisions and how they justified (or did not) these decisions. Findings suggested a combination of institutional frameworks (deontologically derived rules predetermined by the institution) and personal ethical frameworks (derived by each individual participant’s family, religion etc) were key in creating a working ethical framework (intertwining the former and the latter) which allowed/justified them in making ethical decisions which they considered vital to a nation-state’s survival.
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Molinari, Claire Marcella. "The environment, intergenerational equity & long-term investment." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:30dd270b-3f0f-4b8b-979e-904af5cb597b.
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This thesis brings together two responses to the question ‘how can the law extend the timeframe for environmentally relevant decision-making?’ The first response is drawn from the context of institutional investment, and addresses the timeframe and breadth of environmental considerations in pension fund investment decision-making. The second response is related to the context of public environmental decision-making by legislators, the judiciary, and administrators. Three themes underlie and bind the thesis: the challenges to decision-making posed by the particular temporal and spatial characteristics of environmental problems, the existence and effects of short-termism in a variety of contexts, and the legal notion of the trust as a means for analysing and addressing problems of a long-term or intergenerational nature. These themes are borne out in each of the four substantive chapters. Chapter III sets out to demonstrate the theoretical potential of pension funds to drive the reduction of firms’ environmental impact, and, focusing particularly on the notion of fiduciary duty, explores the barriers that stand in their way. Chapter IV provides a practical application of the theoretical recommendations outlined in its predecessor. It provides a framework outlining how pension funds might implement a longer term, more sustainable approach to investing. The second half of the thesis, operating in the context of public environmental decision-making, is centred upon a particularly poignant legal notion with respect to the environment and time: the concept of intergenerational equity. Just as the first half of the thesis deals with the timeframes relevant to investment decision-making by pension funds within the bounds of fiduciary duty, largely a private law affair with public implications, the second half of the thesis is concerned with the principle of intergenerational equity as a means for extending the decision-making timeframe of legislative, judicial and administrative decision-makers. As previous analyses of the concept of intergenerational equity provide little insight into its practical implications when applied to particular factual situation, Chapter V sets out the structure of the principle of intergenerational equity as revealed by case law. Chapter VI brings together the issues from the first three papers by conceptualising intergenerational equity in resource management as an issue of long-term investment. Long-term environmental decision-making faces many obstacles. Individual behavioural biases, short-term financial incentive structures, the myopic pressures of the electoral cycle and the tendency of the common law to reinforce the (often shorttermist) status quo all present significant barriers to the capacity of both private and public decision-makers to act in ways that favour the longer term interests of the environment. Nonetheless, this thesis argues that there is reason for hope: drawing upon the three themes that underlie all of the substantive Chapters, it articulates potential legislative changes and recommends the adoption of particular governance structures to overcome barriers to long-term environmental decision-making.
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Mulier, Vincent. "Pragmatism in the Columbia Basin : laws, values, and the emergence of a regional river ethic /." view abstract or download file of text, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3035572.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2001.Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 225-231). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
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Fortugno, Stefania A. (Stefania Angela). "An ethical and preventive approach to transboundary hazardous waste movements : a view from Canada." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=26200.
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The purpose of this study is to examine the issues relating to transboundary hazardous waste movements and the most recent efforts to address them at the international, regional and national levels. The transfer of hazardous wastes from the country of origin to other nations raises a number of environmental, ethical and economic concerns, particularly when developing nations are targeted as waste recipients. This work argues that the only appropriate response is the adoption of an ethical and preventive approach to the transboundary movement and management of hazardous waste. At the national level, prevention in the form of waste minimization and an integrated multi-media approach to hazardous waste management is essential to stem the tide of transboundary waste flows and to ensure environmental and human health protection. This work concludes with an examination of the necessity of a partial or global ban on transboundary waste movements and outlines new directions for sustainable development.
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Thiracharoenpanya, Thapana. "Why do corporations across industry incur cost to disclose ethical and environmental information and how does it matter? An exploratory study of four Swedish corporations across industry." Thesis, Kristianstad University College, School of Health and Society, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-4728.
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The recognition of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has increasingly become a key issue for today’s corporations. There is increasing public interest as a result of globalization in the world economy. Corporations adjust to rapid changes by extending beyond the traditional business model that is dominated by short-run profit maximization with the focus on economic aspects of company’s activities. It appears that corporations move beyond that extent to enhance both accountability and transparency in social and environmental commitment by internalizing such concerns into their operation. Not only are these designed to prevent potential criticism and pressure from media and public activists that play a crucial role shaping community awareness, but also to enhance their relations with key stakeholders. This research aims to gain a deeper understanding of corporate implementation of social and environmental responsibility and to become familiar with why organizations incur the cost to publish their operational activities that impact on social and environment. In order to achieve the purpose of this study, an exploratory study will be used as a key to examine through different characteristic of four Swedish corporations across industry. The research found that the benefits of having a CSR engagement are numerous and include strengthening profits, enhancing brand recognition and reputation as well as boosting employment relations. This study also examines the theoretical importance of stakeholder analysis and the motive behind the efforts to disclose information arising from different factors. This paper draws a conclusion to the extent to which communicating information voluntarily to public or disclosure about firms undertaking such activities can significantly affect stakeholders’ decision-making and contribute to the public’s perception.
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Delpiazzo, Rodríguez Carlos Enrique. "Public Procurement and Sustainability." Derecho & Sociedad, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118738.
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Currently, we can say that the environment is one of the most important topics, being that its incidence is increasingly valued by society.In that sense, in this article we study the figure of sustainable procurement. In this regard, the author believes that it would imply a due balance between wealth creation and social welfare. Therefore, the figure study goes beyond the change of words, but involves a change inperspective that should be analyzed in the light of the principles governing the law.Actualmente, podemos afirmar que el medio ambiente es uno de los temas más importantes a tratar, siendo que su incidencia es cada vez más valorada por la sociedad. En ese sentido, en el presente artículo se aborda el concepto y función que cumpliría en nuestra sociedad la figura de la contratación sostenible. Al respecto, el autor considera que la misma implicaría un debido balance entre la generación de riqueza y el bienestar social. Por lo tanto, la figura estudiada va más allá de la variación de palabras, sino que implica un cambio en la perspectiva que debe ser analizada a la luz de los principios que rigen el derecho.
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Murta, Raíssa de Oliveira. "Ethos camponês e espaço rural periférico: (des) encaixes frente à legislação florestal brasileira." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2014. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/4205.
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Previous issue date: 2014-05-23Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
The univocity of indolent and instrumental western reason in modernity mutes the knowledges and rationalities that are far from the self punctual model thematized by Charles Taylor (2011). This obscuration , in turn , is closely connected to the relationship of inequality and the peripheral and inferior status occupied by subjects (SOUZA , 2012). By conducting an empirical search with farmers living in two municipalities located in the state of Minas Gerais (Maravilhas and Porto Firme), we found that this sophisticated system of domination also includes rural areas, ranking these subjects, hindering them the dimension of recognition and citizenship and silencing his peasant ethos. From this finding, and believing that social position of subjects interferes in their relationship with the State and the laws, we analyzed the consequences that obscuration causes on daily interations between peripheral rural subjects and the laws - especially forestry legislation. In this sense, we seek to highlight the unfittings between Brazilian Forest Code and the reality of the subjects studied, which we are calling peasants or peripherals rural subjects. Through the perception that this law, despite of having been recently amended by the justification of small scale farmers inclusion, in fact, hás constributed too little to change the reality of these subjects, we will seek to problematize the place that Law occupies on modernity, questioning if a monistic and positivistic Law have effective possibility of inclusion of excluded subjects and peripherals. That's how we analyze if a pluralistic Law with close relationship with a decentralized democratic theory (WOLKMER, 2001) can be put as a tool to enable the Law to be a space of emancipation beyond the oppression that produces and thus contribute to the expansion of citizenship of peripheral subjects such as farmers, enabling them to have "right to have rights".
A univocidade da razão ocidental indolente e instrumental na modernidade silencia os saberes e as racionalidades que se distanciem do modelo do self pontual tematizado por Charles Taylor (2011). Este obscurecimento, por sua vez, encontra-se intimamente ligado à relação de desigualdade e ao status periférico e inferiorizado ocupado pelos sujeitos (SOUZA, 2012). Por meio da realização de uma pesquisa empírica junto a camponeses residentes em dois municípios brasileiros localizados no estado de Minas Gerais (Maravilhas e Porto Firme) foi possível identificar que este sofisticado sistema de dominação abarca também os espaços rurais, hierarquizando estes sujeitos, tolhendo-lhes a dimensão do reconhecimento e da cidadania e silenciando o seu ethos camponês. A partir desta constatação, e acreditando que o lugar social dos sujeitos interfere na sua relação com o Estado e com as leis, nos pusemos a analisar as consequências que o obscurecimento destes sujeitos rurais periféricos causa em sua relação cotidiana com as leis especialmente com a legislação florestal. Neste sentido, buscamos evidenciar os desencaixes entre o que dispõe o Código Florestal brasileiro e a realidade dos sujeitos pesquisados, a que temos denominado camponeses ou sujeitos rurais periféricos. Por meio da percepção de que esta lei, em que pese ter sido recentemente alterada sob o mote e justificativa de inclusão dos pequenos agricultores, tem, na prática, pouco contribuído para a alteração da realidade destes sujeitos, buscamos problematizar o lugar do Direito ocupado na modernidade, questionando em que medida um Direito calcado em bases monistas e positivistas tem possibilidade efetiva de inclusão de sujeitos excluídos e periféricos. É assim que analisamos em que medida uma proposta pluralista de Direito, com íntima relação com uma teoria democrática descentralizadora (WOLKMER, 2001), pode se colocar como um instrumento capaz de possibilitar ao Direito ser um espaço de emancipação, para além da opressão que produz, e assim contribuir para a ampliação da cidadania de sujeitos periféricos, como os camponeses, possibilitando-os ter direito a ter direitos .
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Petry, Diogo. "A sociedade de risco mundial e a responsabilidade penal das pessoas jurídicas : o papel das empresas e suas marcas como elementos indutores à conscientização ambiental." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2010. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/492.
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A sociedade de risco mundial caracteriza-se por sua dimensão negativa de igualdade, uma vez que os cidadãos não são mais iguais em razão dos direitos ou benefícios que compartilham, mas, sim, pelos riscos comuns que a se encontram expostos. O desenvolvimento tecnológico, bem como o conhecimento científico, remeteu o homem a um contexto de modernidade, prometendo cumprir na integralidade com inúmeros e incontáveis benefícios ao bem viver. Porém, junto aos ganhos qualitativos de vida, o que se viu foram acidentes nucleares, guerras atômicas, danos ambientais e outros efeitos decorrentes da radicalização do modelo produtivo empregado. Esses fatos imergiram a sociedade num mar de dúvidas e incertezas, resultando em uma redemocratização forçada, que colocou todos os indivíduos do globo terrestre em uma mesma condição: vítimas de uma possível aniquilação. Nesse viés, a ambivalência decorrente dos riscos permeia os mais diversos segmentos da realidade social, sendo que nenhum saber apresenta mais o mesmo significado que detinha há pouco tempo atrás. Os próprios conceitos, paradigmas e instituições da contemporaneidade precisam, agora, ser repensados. A magnitude dos riscos obriga, assim, a uma nova forma de engajamento político e social em âmbito mundial: participação ativa e cidadã dos indivíduos, adoção de políticas globais calcadas em bases educacionais preventivas aos danos ambientais, inserção de empresas como agentes morais, melhoria na produção, alternativas ao consumo, debate crítico às descobertas da ciência, inclusão e valorização do outro, entre outras. Esta dura realidade que nos atemoriza é, ao mesmo tempo, o combustível que nos motiva em busca de melhores soluções e alternativas para a reconstrução dos modelos até então empregados de produção, consumo e convivência. A crise ambiental pode se tornar uma oportunidade. Nesse sentido, o saber científico e o conhecimento tecnológico, por mais contraditórios que possam parecer, detêm caráter central para a continuidade da vida humana no planeta, pois servem como meios para o reconhecimento dos novos riscos, criticando e aprimorando tanto em campo ambiental quanto em campo empresarial o desenvolver das novas políticas de produção. No mesmo contexto, as pessoas jurídicas sejam pequenas empresas ou grandes corporações abandonam o antigo estigma de culpadas pela degradação das condições da vida no planeta e passam a ocupar a posição de protagonistas nas questões socioambientais. Trata-se da adoção de uma política de duplo ganho (win X win). As empresas ganham em imagem corporativa positiva, expandem sua clientela, abordam novos nichos de mercado, melhoram e reduzem custos de produção e, ainda, incrementam seu lucro. Por sua vez, a sociedade ganha com a melhoria da produção, uso racional dos recursos naturais, alternativas às formas de consumo, bem como uma importante aliada aos projetos humanitários, sociais e ambientais. Agir ético, participação ativa e cidadã dos indivíduos, inclusão do outro e conduta fraterna são apenas alguns dos fatores que comprovam que a vida humana em sociedade pode ainda ter futuro.Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-05-30T17:26:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Diogo Petry.pdf: 1242603 bytes, checksum: f70e91c632cedd21604d79cf37825dfd (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-30T17:26:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Diogo Petry.pdf: 1242603 bytes, checksum: f70e91c632cedd21604d79cf37825dfd (MD5)
The world risk society is characterized for its negative dimension of equality, since citizens are not equal anymore for their rights or benefits that they share, but in detriment, for the common risks which they are exposed. The technological development as well as the scientific knowledge addressed the man to a modernity context promising to integrally accomplish the many and uncountable benefits to the well living. However, and with the qualitative life winnings, what we have seen are nuclear accidents, atomic wars, environmental damages and other effects caused by the radicalization of the inserted pattern. This fact filled the society with doubts and uncertainness, resulting on a forced redemocratization, which put all the terrestrial globe individuals in the same condition: victims of a possible annihilation. In this idea, the ambivalence that comes from the risks infiltrates the various segments of the social reality, not any knowledge has the same meaning as it had a few years ago. Concepts, paradigms and contemporaneity institutions need to be now rethought. Thus, the magnitude of the risks requires a new way of social and political engagement in a worldwide ambit: active participation of the individuals as citizens, adoption of global policies modeled in educational bases preventing environmental damages, insertion of companies as moral agents, production improvement, alternatives instead of consumption, critical debate about the science discoveries, inclusion and valorization of the other individuals, among others. This hard reality that terrorizes us is, at the same time, the fuel that gives us motivation in search of better solutions and alternatives for the reconstruction of the production, consume and living patters applied so far. The environmental crises may become an opportunity. In this idea, the scientific knowhow and the technological knowledge, although sometimes seem to be contradictory, detain central character for the human life continuity in the planet because they are used as means for the recognition of the new risks, criticizing and improving either in the environmental field or in the entrepreneurial field , in the development of new production policies. In the same context small companies or big corporations abandon the old label as responsible for the planet life condition degradation and thus, taking the position of protagonist in the socio-environmental issues. It´s about the adoption of a double winning policy (win x win). Companies win positive corporative image, expand customers, approach new market niche, improve and reduce production costs and also increase profits. The society, wins with the production improvement, rational natural resources use, alternative instead of consumption ways as well as wins an important support to humanitarian social and environmental projects. Ethical action, active individual´s participation as citizens, inclusion of the others and fraternal conduct, are just some of the factors that prove human life in society may still be have a future.
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Sandalow, Maya H. "La Paradoja Hispana Epidemiológica: Investigando las preconcepciones y generalizaciones." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1191.
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En los Estados Unidos, los latinos suelen tener menos acceso a la educación, el trabajo, y el seguro médico en comparación con los blancos no-latinos, pero aun así el grupo parece superar ciertos obstáculos de la salud. Las estadísticas de la población latina muestran mayor longevidad y otras tasas favorables en comparación con los blancos no-latinos. Los expertos han titulado esta contradicción “La Paradoja Hispana Epidemiológica”.
Desafortunadamente, la investigación de la paradoja está llena de generalizaciones y presuposiciones erróneas sobre la población latina diversa. Esta tesis investiga los participantes que producen generalizaciones sobre la supuesta paradoja para mostrar que estas generalizaciones impiden un entendimiento claro. Antes de llegar a conclusiones e implicaciones, es necesario diseccionar la paradoja para poder entender esta diversidad y especificar los aspectos que realmente necesitan explicaciones. El análisis de la aparente paradoja tiene mucho que decirnos no sólo sobre la población latina, sino también sobre las maneras en que se estudia la salud y cómo se presenta información sobre la salud al público. Una examinación de las investigaciones de la paradoja puede dar luz a estos discursos generales.
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PRICE, Susanna. "The resettlement policy paradox: Prospects for reconciling rights, risks and sustainability for people displaced by development." Kyoto University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/259713.
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Stoops, Stefanie T. O. "Model for a social business in Guatemala:Worms and trash for the future(Las lombrices y la basura para el futuro)." Ashland University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=auhonors1399665009.
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Oldham, Jean Allen. "Dating Violence on Small Rural College Campuses: Are Administrator and Student Perceptions Similar?" UKnowledge, 2014. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/khp_etds/16.
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In recent years dating violence has become more and more prevalent on college campuses. Reports of the range of dating violence vary widely, with studies reporting from 20% to 85% of college women experiencing dating violence. However, almost all research has been conducted among urban and/or large colleges and universities, with virtually no attention to what is happening on small and/or rural college and university campuses.
When a possible 20% of college women have experienced dating violence on college campuses, there becomes a crucial need for administration at a college to have an accurate assessment of the college’s liability, and of the adequacy of the college’s programs and policies relative to dating violence. This study sought to determine whether administrators and female students on small rural college campuses have the same perceptions of the type and incidence of dating violence on their campus, and of the programs and policies the college has put into place to prevent and respond to dating violence. Two domains of perceptions were addressed, dating violence beliefs and experience, and dating violence policy knowledge. The same question was examined to determine if perceptions of resident and commuter students were the same, and if perceptions of under and upper class students were the same. The investigator surveyed 52 college administrators and 306 female students at a total of four small rural college campuses to determine whether administrator and female student perceptions of dating violence incidence/type and dating violence program/policy knowledge at the college were similar.
Results were that administrators tended to have similar perceptions to students as regards dating violence beliefs and experience, although not specific types of dating violence. Students did not exhibit a strong knowledge of dating violence policy. Resident and commuter students displayed similar perceptions to each other, as did under class and upper class students.
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Lin, Lang. "Parents, Patriarchy, and Decision-Making Power: A Study of Gender Relations as Reflected by Co-residence Patterns of Older Parents in the Immigrant Household." Amherst, Mass. : University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2009. http://scholarworks.umass.edu/open_access_dissertations/16/.
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Jia-ShengWen and 文嘉笙. "Discussion on Animal Protection Law in Taiwan on Ethics Implication from the Aspect of Environmental Ethics." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/u3kj4t.
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碩士國立成功大學
法律學系
106
The animal protection law has been in place for more than two decades. During this period, animal protection awareness is getting higher and higher. In fact, not as it was twenty years ago, the purpose of the Animal Protection Law was to adapt to the world trend. Through understanding the basic theory of environmental ethics to clarify the provisions of the Animal Protection Law of content. In addition to the traditional legal implications, the possibility of ethical implications should be included. This study incorporates animal protection through the expansion of the concept of environmental protection. On the one hand, it shows that animals are not purely legal objects, but on the other hand, as a subject of rights, there is still a gap with human beings. Explain the provisions of the Animal Protection Law that contain ethical implications, and in the future, when the legislators amend or review the law, when the court applies the animal protection laws, and when the civil servants perform the animal protection business, they can further understand the value behind animal protection. Obligations and behavioral restrictions imposed on the people due to animal protection. In addition to the legal provisions, the search for its constitutional basis has its inherent meaning. In particular, there are many restrictions on the basic rights of the people. The basis of these restrictions or interventions is that this article is based on environmental protection. Because animal protection limits the people's freedoms and rights, it is justified in the case of proportionality. And this article believes that the ultimate measure of interest in animal protection is still tilted toward humanity.
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Westra, Laura. "Ecoviolence and the law : (supranational normative foundations of ecocrime) /." 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/yorku/fullcit?pNQ99260.
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Tilakasiri, Korathotage Kamal. "Corporate social responsibility and company performance : evidence from Sri Lanka." Thesis, 2012. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/21488/.
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The concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) developed in the Western world since the 1950s, is novel to developing countries. Various CSR principles, standards, frameworks and indices have grown significantly as researchers to expand the concept in business and academic worlds. The practice of the concept and its behaviour is similar in both the developed and developing worlds. However, there are significant differences between the two worlds in implementing CSR activities. Researchers have identified these differences—of culture, management perspectives, and geographical and natural business systems—and concluded that existing CSR in the developed world cannot be employed in developing countries. Therefore, researchers are now turning their attention to investigating CSR from the point of view of developing countries.
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Shen, Chun-mu, and 沈春木. "The Thought of Lao Tzu's Environmental Ethics." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/13830485711373418218.
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Wang, Shu-hua, and 王淑樺. "Environmental pollution and its Solution : through Lao Tzu's Environmentalist ethical thought." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/01353929420837350382.
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碩士國立中央大學
哲學研究所在職專班
101
Since global warming and the greenhouse effect have become topics of widespread worry lately, “Energy Conservation and Carbon Reduction” officially becomes an environmental protection slogan for countries all over the world.Desertification threatening has covered 25 percent of the earth's land and everyday there are 20,000 people dead because of hunger. Tropical rainforests may disappear in one hundred years; the ignorant behaviors and activities which human beings had made to the environment in the past due to the pursuit of economic development, resulting in serious injuries to the life-sustaining eco-system of the Earth, which may ultimately lead to human extinction. The instances of Mother Nature’s fight-back are currently happening one after another in countries all around the world. The mankind has been aware of the severity of terrible natural disasters, that is, when facing the devastating disasters, it is not possible that “Man Can Conquer Nature”. Natural calamities coupled with the destructive power of man-made disasters sometimes make the situation even worse. For instance, the “Japan 311 Earthquake” came along with the “Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster”, which truly shows that if human beings do not treat the earth right, man-made destructive power will be more terrible than natural disasters. Eventually, the main cause for mankind extinction may be mankind itself. The environmental movement, such as “Anti-KuoKuang Petrochemical Plant Project”, has made the people of Taiwan be aware of the severity of environmental pollution. It also makes the government to consider the mankind sustainable coexistence issue when facing the choices between economic development and environmental protection. Take Bhutan for example, it’s the happiest poor country of the world. Although its national income is only one twentieth of Taiwan’s, 97% of the people in Bhutan think that they are happy. The leader of Bhutan abandons military development and makes the best use of the limited resources in people's livelihood, healthcare and education. The farmers in Bhutan adopt traditional farming methods without using the chemical fertilizers and the concept of “cherish natural assets and resources” is deeply rooted in their mind. This kind of concept perfectly matches with the ideas like “Tao”, “Being natural” and “Being inactive” of the Chinese philosopher “LaoTzu”. This proves that the happiness we pursuit is not totally relied on economic development; on the contrary, the highest quality of life relies on the rich spiritual life. The "Tao Te Ching" of Lao Tzu has over five thousand words and it is the world's best-selling Chinese book. The New York Times even listed “Lao Tzu” as the best of the ancient and modern world's top ten writers. His thinking affects the future generations of the world far and wide. This essay will adopt the philosophy of Lao Tzu and use the modern interpretation of the three basic virtues like “compassion”, “frugality” and “humility” of “Tao Te Ching” to solve the blind spot of the environmental pollution caused by the global pursuit of economic development. Then, use the soul purification methods like “putting away extravagance”, “putting away excessive effort” and “putting away easy indulgence” of “Taoism” to provide solutions to the environmental pollution and future prospect of returning to innocence for human beings.
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Schaeffer, Erin. "Comparative Analysis of Maori of Aotearoa and James Bay Cree of Eeyou Istechee Cultural Heritage Values and Political Histories of Land Tenure Systems." 2012. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/828.
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This thesis relies on an interdisciplinary framework to conduct an investigation of seminal national policies and planning processes in New Zealand and Quebec Province, Canada related to sovereignty, indigenous land rights, and customary land tenure systems. Theoretical frameworks for this research include a comparative analysis of European legislative systems and traditional planning frameworks in relation to indigenous governance systems and land tenure systems for the Maori (NZ) and James Bay Cree (QC). Through interviews and experiential knowledge I will document tools and techniques that these indigenous communities use to navigate complex cross-cultural policy and planning processes for their own advocacy of cultural heritage values. From the Maori perspective, cultural heritage values include the concept and principles of kaitikatanga. James Bay Cree cultural heritage values include the concept and guiding principles embedded in Eeyou Iyihtiwin. These cultural heritage values represent abstract concepts and guiding principles that are embedded in and gain meaning from local context, cultural knowledge and customary traditions. The Maori and James Bay Cree share a similar orientation to the meaning and importance of land. Together these indigenous communities view land as the foundation for collective and individual identity and cultural traditions. From this perspective and meaning of land, the Maori and James Bay Cree recognize that people are a part of a greater interconnected system that spans across physical and metaphysical spaces. In practice, native or customary land tenure systems are based on cultural heritage values that support a spirit of reciprocity with an underlying expectation that a balanced system will provide for all life. This analysis may provide a new cross-cultural framework for policy and planning processes to provide opportunities for fair negotiation of sustainable land tenure systems and natural resource management.
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Barros, Carlota Borges Castanho Pinheiro de. "A importância e os impactos da responsabilidade social das empresas: O caso do BNP Paribas." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/18783.
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A problematização em torno do tema da Responsabilidade Social das Empresas (RSE) tem vindo a crescer, nas últimas duas décadas, ao ritmo das mudanças impostas pela globalização, a qual veio trazer uma nova consciencialização não só às empresas como à sociedade em geral sobre a necessidade de garantir direitos individuais e coletivos, sem esquecer a sustentabilidade da vida na terra.
No atual momento histórico, está ultrapassada a conceção de que uma empresa de sucesso terá somente interesse na obtenção de lucro sem atender à responsabilidade social junto dos seus stakeholders. Além do mais, esta responsabilidade social será um veículo de valorização da empresa, sendo que confere aos clientes uma maior fidelidade e confiança nos produtos e serviços. No fundo, transmite uma boa imagem da empresa, também ela associada à qualidade.
Existem outras questões que se interligam com a dimensão social, em contexto empresarial, nomeadamente, as questões éticas, económicas, ambientais que inclusivamente podem ser consideradas basilares na concretização da política de responsabilidade social corporativa (RSC).
As conclusões a retirar do caso da Responsabilidade Social Corporativa do BNP Paribas são que a mesma aposta em 4 pilares de intervenção (Economia; Pessoal do Banco; Comunidade e Ambiente). Os projetos desenvolvidos em cada um dos pilares constituem linhas de força com repercussões a nível internacional de grande impacto em todas as áreas de negócio do BNP Paribas e junto de todas as partes interessadas (stakeholders) da instituição bancária. Do plano de atividades da RSC, destacam-se a questão da igualdade entre homens e mulheres, em contexto laboral, e o pacote de ações no âmbito da sustentabilidade ambiental. Podemos também aferir que as dinâmicas desenvolvidas pelo Banco têm-lhe valido distinções e prémios internacionais, concedidos por organismos de elevado prestígio em prol da qualidade de vida do ser humano e da sustentabilidade do próprio planeta Terra.In the last two decades, the discussion about the theme of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has been growing at the pace of changes imposed by globalization, which has brought new awareness not only to companies but also to society in general about the need to guarantee individual and collective rights, without including the sustainability of life on earth. Nowadays, the conception that a successful company is only interested in obtaining profit without attending to social responsibility to its stakeholders is outdated. In fact, this social responsibility will be a vehicle of appreciation of the company, giving customers greater loyalty and confidence in the products. In the background, it conveys a good image of the company, also associated with quality. There are other issues that are linked to corporate social responsibility, including ethical, economic and environmental issues that can be considered as fundamental in the implementation of the social responsibility policy. The results of our study on the case of BNP Paribas Corporate Social Responsibility show that the strategy is based on 4 pillars of intervention (Economy, Bank Staff, Community, Environment). The projects developed in each of the pillars constitute lines of force with international repercussions of great impact in all business areas of BNP Paribas and with all the stakeholders of the banking institution. From the actions outlined here, we will highlight the issue of equality between men and women within the workplace and the environmental sustainability action package. We can also verify that the dynamics developed by the Bank have earned him international awards and prizes, granted by the most prestigious organizations for the quality of life of the human being and the sustainability of the planet Earth itself.