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1
Nagy, Gyula. "Environmental Justice and its geographical aspects in Hungary." Tér és Társadalom 35, no. 4 (December 6, 2021): 76–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.17649/tet.35.4.3373.
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In recent decades, environmental justice has become a defining concept in socio-spatial inequality research, political debates, and activism. Environmental justice research, which is essentially based on theories of social and spatial justice and providesa normative framework for thinking, focuses on the unequal distribution of environmental harms and risks and their social consequences. Environmental justice research aims to explore the economic, social, health, and legal differences that individuals and groups face in their environment as a result of environmental processes, decision making, power relations, and law enforcement practices. This is largely related to the subjective perception of individuals and the perception of injustices by different actors. In the vast majority of environmental justice studies, spatiality provides a framework for interpreting and understanding environmentally unjust situations and processes. Environmental justice is therefore not only a natural, but also a socially dependent phenomenon, in which the key element is nevertheless the non-human factor (e.g. environmental events such as floods), which affects individuals and groups indifferent ways. As a result, an environmentally unjust state and situation may occur. The evolved injustices also interact with inherited spatial inequalities, existing socioeconomic systems, and the institutional structures that originally shape them. This paper summarizes the theoretical framework of environmental justice in geography and spatial sciences. The study adapts the theory of justice to post-socialist and Hungarian specificities and forms of environmental injustice, and examines decision-making processes and the perception of risks. In Hungary social problems and differences have been increasing in recent decades, and marginalisation and polarisation processes have added new spatial patterns to existing inequalities, directly and indirectly affecting environmental processes as well. Attempts at eliminating environmental injustices have resulted in new injustices, or deepened existing ones, due to the lack of a complex socio-environmental spatial approach of interventions. The solution to these injustices presupposes the effective and meaningful involvement of the affected people in policy-making and implementation processes, regardless of gender, age, origin, identity, or income. Otherwise, the unjust situation will persist and crisis areas affected by environmental injustices may develop.
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Kiss, Benedek, Jose Dinis Silvestre, Rita Andrade Santos, and Zsuzsa Szalay. "Environmental and Economic Optimisation of Buildings in Portugal and Hungary." Sustainability 13, no. 24 (December 7, 2021): 13531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132413531.
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Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a scientific method for evaluating the environmental impact of products. Standards provide a general framework for conducting an LCA study and calculation rules specifically for buildings. The challenge is to design energy-efficient buildings that have a low environmental impact, reasonable costs, and high thermal comfort as these are usually conflicting aspects. Efficient mathematical optimisation algorithms can be applied to such engineering problems. In this paper, a framework for automated optimisation is described, and it is applied to a multi-story residential building case study in two locations, Portugal and Hungary. The objectives are to minimise the life cycle environmental impacts and costs. The results indicate that optimum solutions are found at a higher cost but lower global warming potential for Portugal than for Hungary. Optimum solutions have walls with a thermal transmittance in the intervals of 0.29–0.39 and 0.06–0.19 W/m2K for Portugal and Hungary, respectively. Multi-objective optimisation algorithms can be successfully applied to find solutions with low environmental impact and an eco-efficient thermal envelope.
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Pál, Viktor, and Leonardo Valenzuela Perez. "Environmental Protection under Authoritarian Regimes in Cold War Chile and Hungary." Global Environment 14, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 310–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/ge.2021.140204.
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Authoritarian regimes are often seen to be hostile toward the environment, albeit there is a growing body of literature suggesting a more nuanced image when it comes to authoritarian governments and the environment. However, several aspects of human-nature relationship need further clarification in non-democratic systems, both on the political left and right. In this article we aim to address that challenge by analysing Cold War economic and environmental goals and responses of the right-wing military junta in Chile under Pinochet and the Hungarian state-socialist, USSR-satellite regime under Kádár. By analysing two radically different political and economic approaches to economic catchup, while mitigating environmental costs on the way, this study aims to understand better the ecological motivations in authoritarian regimes operating diverse political and economic agendas.
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Horbachenko, O. V. "CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF THE EXTERNAL FUNCTIONS OF UKRAINE AND HUNGARY UNDER A THEORETICAL AND LEGAL PRISM." Legal Bulletin 64, no. 3 (May 12, 2022): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31732/2708-339x-2022-03-29-36.
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The modern globalized world needs the creation of a new type of international relations. The state cannot exist by itself, for its successful development it is necessary to actively cooperate with the international community. These are permanent good-neighborly relations, cooperation with leading democratic countries, and participation and active activity in universal and regional international organizations. This is required from the state, the medium type, and the existence of external threats, such as armed aggression, information wars, economic blockades by other states. The latest type of international relations, considering such factors as globalization, the transformation of modern society from post- industrial to information society, brings significant changes to the interaction of various types of external state activity. In the theory of the state and law, the functions of the state are classified according to the following criteria: according to the quintessence and tasks, according to the direction of the functions, according to the methods and means of their implementation, according to the spheres of state activity, according to the social weight of the functions, according to their time frames, etc. Recognizing that each of these scientific classifications has the right to exist, we support the opinion of those scientists who refer to such a classification the division of state functions by spheres of activity of the latter into internal and external functions of the state. Take for example the defense function of the state, which directly depends on its integration into the collective security system. Functions of the state are formalized tasks of activity for a specific period, of a specific state in the sphere of regulation of social relations, in particular, of an external nature, using methods not prohibited by national and international law in order to achieve the most advantageous positions of influence. The following sub-functions of the syncretic external function of the modern state are distinguished: foreign policy (diplomatic); defense of the state against external military aggression; foreign economic; establishment of international humanitarian relations; environmental or ecological (participation in international environmental protection); countering international terrorism and international organized crime. Within the scope of this article, we consider Ukrainian foreign policy (diplomatic), foreign economic and establishment of international humanitarian ties.
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Soreg, Krisztina, and Guillermo Bermudez-Gonzalez. "Measuring the Socioeconomic Development of Selected Balkan Countries and Hungary: A Comparative Analysis for Sustainable Growth." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (January 14, 2021): 736. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020736.
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The present research aimed to provide an extensive comparative analysis regarding the socioeconomic development paths of three selected Balkan countries—Bulgaria, Croatia and Romania—as well as Hungary, which was originally classified as a member of the Visegrad Four group in Central and Eastern Europe. In our paper, the Balkan states were analyzed along with Hungary, as it might be observed that since the 2008–2009 economic crisis, the latter’s economy has been increasingly diverging from that of the Visegrad club in several aspects. After having undergone a protracted transition crisis escalated by the collapse of the Soviet Union, the micro-region has exhibited a truly contradictious development trajectory including periods of relatively faster economic-growth-based catching up and significant fallback stages driven by numerous endogenous or exogenous shocks. The study assumed that the region’s most crucial vulnerability is the relatively high dependence on Foreign Direct Investment that contributes to the fluctuating nature of economic growth, and also, it might be viewed as an obstacle to long-term sustainable development. In the frames of the research, the authors present an alternative comparative method for specifying the actual level of economic development of the defined country group from economic, political and social perspectives, relying on the most recent data published by international organizations, NGOs and thinktanks. As a result, an aggregate ranking was established for the four countries based on 21 individual indices, taking into consideration their dependent market economy attributes and, also, unique patterns of economic growth. Furthermore, the study also provides a dynamic evaluation of the trends concerning the narrow approach of using ten indices for a protracted period, investigating whether Hungary has been converging, diverging or stagnating with respect to the three Visegrad and Balkan economies. To what extent are Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary and Romania still affected by the historical burden of the former regime, and what perspectives might they have for realizing convergence in the near future to the more developed economies?
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Gyarmati, Ágnes. "Agri-environmental subsidies and the National Rural Development Plan." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 20 (May 23, 2006): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/20/3155.
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The financing of agri-environmental target programs which is a prominent area in the EU became possible during the implementation and successful operation of the National Agricultural Environment Protection Program (NAPP) launched in 2002. Through this program we gained experience in the field agri-environmental measures which are financed from the Guidance Section of European Agricultural and Guarantee Fund in the European Union. The agri-environmental measures which are included in the National Rural Development Plan (NRDP) were implemented in Hungary in the fall of 2004 when the farmers handed in their application after the publishing of the related law. The NAPP financing is still active, but not significant since most farmers have chosen NRDP measures.We are examining the experience of the above programs after studying some theoretical aspects of the agricultural economics and the EU laws. We try to analyse the most important experiences of NAPP including the legal background, news opportunities yielded by target programs, the financing, organisation, and institutional background. We will present the results taking into consideration the data of the winning applicants.
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Tóth, Géza, and Áron Kincses. "(In)Visible Tourism According to Online Cash Registers in Hungary, 2018–2020." Sustainability 14, no. 5 (March 4, 2022): 3038. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14053038.
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The aim of this paper is to share innovations and some key lessons learned in the use of non-traditional data sources to improve data quality and enable more accurate and efficient data use in the field of tourism. Research on visitor traffic is based on classical statistical measures, but it may be worth expanding it with alternative data sources, such as databases based on online cash register (OCR) data. These data can be particularly useful for analysing tourism-related consumption habits in a given area. The study introduces the “invisible”, tourism-related, non-accommodation spending characteristics of transit traffic in Hungary, the possibilities of its analysis and spatial aspects, using online cash register data (includes all retail sales in Hungary, except for motorcycle purchases), and additionally, we identify the most affected municipalities which are invisible for traditional data sources. The results show that invisible tourism, linked to transit traffic, has significant economic potential. The analysis of this new type of database will provide a more accurate and faster picture of consumption associated with hidden tourism, which can be an important input for economic and marketing development.
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Baranyai, Dávid, and Tibor Sipos. "Black-Spot Analysis in Hungary Based on Kernel Density Estimation." Sustainability 14, no. 14 (July 7, 2022): 8335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14148335.
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Between 2010 and 2020 in the European Union, 30% of road accidents resulted in the death of a pedestrian or a cyclist. Accidents of unprotected pedestrians and cyclists are the reason why it is essential to introduce road safety measures. In our paper, we identify and rank black spots using an innovative reactive approach based on statistics. We elaborate on the mathematical methodological considerations through the processing of real-life empirical data in a Matlab environment. The applied black-spot analysis is based on a Kernel density estimate method, and the importance of the kernel functions and bandwidth are elaborated. Besides, special attention is devoted to the distorting effect of annual average daily traffic. The result of our research is a new methodology by which the real locations of the examined black spots can be determined. Furthermore, the boundaries of the critical sections and the extent of the formation of black spots can be determined by the introduced mathematical methods. With our innovative model, the black spots can be ranked, and the locations having the highest potential for improvement can be identified. Accordingly, optimal measures can be determined considering social-economic and sustainability aspects.
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Nosratabadi, Saeed, Gergo Pinter, Amir Mosavi, and Sandor Semperger. "Sustainable Banking; Evaluation of the European Business Models." Sustainability 12, no. 6 (March 16, 2020): 2314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12062314.
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Sustainability has become one of the challenges of today’s banks. Since sustainable business models are responsible for the environment and society along with generating economic benefits, they are an attractive approach to sustainability. Sustainable business models also offer banks competitive advantages such as increasing brand reputation and cost reduction. However, no framework is presented to evaluate the sustainability of banking business models. To bridge this theoretical gap, the current study using A Delphi-Analytic Hierarchy Process method, firstly, developed a sustainable business model to evaluate the sustainability of the business model of banks. In the second step, the sustainability performance of sixteen banks from eight European countries including Norway, The UK, Poland, Hungary, Germany, France, Spain, and Italy, assessed. The proposed business model components of this study were ranked in terms of their impact on achieving sustainability goals. Consequently, the proposed model components of this study, based on their impact on sustainability, are respectively value proposition, core competencies, financial aspects, business processes, target customers, resources, technology, customer interface, and partner network. The results of the comparison of the banks studied by each country disclosed that the sustainability of the Norwegian and German banks’ business models is higher than in other counties. The studied banks of Hungary and Spain came in second, the banks of The UK, Poland, and France ranked third, and finally, the Italian banks ranked fourth in the sustainability of their business models.
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Németh, Károly, Ilmars Gravis, and Boglárka Németh. "Dilemma of Geoconservation of Monogenetic Volcanic Sites under Fast Urbanization and Infrastructure Developments with Special Relevance to the Auckland Volcanic Field, New Zealand." Sustainability 13, no. 12 (June 8, 2021): 6549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13126549.
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Geoheritage is an important aspect in developing workable strategies for natural hazard resilience. This is reflected in the UNESCO IGCP Project (# 692. Geoheritage for Geohazard Resilience) that continues to successfully develop global awareness of the multifaced aspects of geoheritage research. Geohazards form a great variety of natural phenomena that should be properly identified, and their importance communicated to all levels of society. This is especially the case in urban areas such as Auckland. The largest socio-economic urban center in New Zealand, Auckland faces potential volcanic hazards as it sits on an active Quaternary monogenetic volcanic field. Individual volcanic geosites of young eruptive products are considered to form the foundation of community outreach demonstrating causes and consequences of volcanism associated volcanism. However, in recent decades, rapid urban development has increased demand for raw materials and encroached on natural sites which would be ideal for such outreach. The dramatic loss of volcanic geoheritage of Auckland is alarming. Here we demonstrate that abandoned quarry sites (e.g., Wiri Mountain) could be used as key locations to serve these goals. We contrast the reality that Auckland sites are underutilized and fast diminishing, with positive examples known from similar but older volcanic regions, such as the Mio/Pliocene Bakony–Balaton UNESCO Global Geopark in Hungary.
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Kalisz, Barbara, Krystyna Żuk-Gołaszewska, Wioleta Radawiec, and Janusz Gołaszewski. "Land Use Indicators in the Context of Land Use Efficiency." Sustainability 15, no. 2 (January 6, 2023): 1106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15021106.
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In recent decades, the land use changes induced by various economic activities in agricultural ecosystems have affected many aspects of human life. This is the reason why land use change is considered as one of the agriculture-related environmental impacts in a sustainability assessment of food and bio-based products. At the same time, the methodology applied for the quantification of land use change effects is still under intensive research, stimulating scientific discussions. The overall objective of this paper is to fill the gap in knowledge of responsible and sustainable land use management. Specifically, the research provides a comprehensive set of land use change indicators in the context of land use change and land use efficiency. The indicators can be measured based on publicly available databases with the applicability to agricultural sustainability assessment of land use change on a local, regional and global scale. The high share of artificial land and dominant agricultural use of land with low land use intensity were noted in Belgium, Luxemburg, Netherlands, Slovenia, Cyprus, Croatia, Finland, Germany, and United Kingdom. However, land use efficiency was also low. In turn, heterogeneous land cover (but less artificial areas than in other EU countries) and heterogeneous land uses with diverse land use intensity were noted in Austria, Bulgaria, Denmark, Estonia, France, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Spain, and Sweden. The challenge in future research could be aggregation of different indicators in assessing the similarity of land use between countries.
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Esses, Diána, Mária Szalmáné Csete, and Bálint Németh. "Sustainability and Digital Transformation in the Visegrad Group of Central European Countries." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (May 22, 2021): 5833. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13115833.
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The evolution of the digital transformation presents new challenges and many new opportunities, and provides unique solutions to individual issues, both for sectors and regions. The challenges posed by the digital world have a significant impact on social and economic processes, as well as our environment. This paper aims to provide an indicator-based understanding of the main characteristics of digitalization promoting sustainable development in the member countries of the Visegrad Cooperation. The main goal of this research is to study the relationship between digitalization transformation and sustainability together. One of the basic indicators of the article is the Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI). We examined interconnections between the dimensions of the DESI index and the indicators of the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) targets together in the V4, presented the change, evaluated the selected countries based on these aspects, and set up their ranking. Competitiveness performance data shed light on the situation in Hungary within the V4 countries, pointing out the strengths and shortcomings. The results show the extent of digital performance in each country and the relationship between their digital performance and sustainability indicators.
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Krekó, Péter. "The Birth of an Illiberal Informational Autocracy in Europe: A Case Study on Hungary." Journal of Illiberalism Studies 2, no. 1 (2022): 55–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.53483/wcjw3538.
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While the institutional aspects of the illiberal shift in Hungary since 2010 have received notable scholarly attention, less analysis has dealt with the informational aspects of this de-democratization trend. In this article, I apply the concept of “informational autocracy” to Hungary to explain the way in which the Orbán government has been able to achieve the kind of hegemonic rule in that has also helped Orbán’s Fidesz party win their fourth straight election. The article briefly explains how the Hungarian media infrastructure (the “hardware”), was built up, and what are the dominant narratives—especially the conspiracy theories—that the regime is propagating (the “software”). The efficiency of Orbán’s informational autocracy in shaping public opinion is explained through specific cases in which the government could easily shore up its popularity by manipulating information, such as during the pandemic and after the start of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. The article argues that Hungarian informational autocracy combines strategies and techniques that are imported from Western liberal democracies—with plenty of inspiration coming from the recent example of the United States, and with narratives and conspiracy theories that are imported from Eastern autocracies.
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Lovas, Dóra. "Relevance of the Court Decision on the Hinkley Point Nuclear Power Plant in Relation to Paks II." Studia Iuridica Lublinensia 30, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2021.30.2.305-317.
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<p>The aim of the article is to present the ruling of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in the case of the Hinkley Point C nuclear power plant. This investment can also be related to the Paks II nuclear power plant investment, therefore the two investments are compared too. Both projects were examined by the European Commission, which take an important part when the national aid was awarded to Hinkley Point C and Paks II projects, and the decision of the CJEU also had influence on it. The author considers the European Commission’s aid conception positive, because the less developed countries are not forced to use only the renewables, but the environmental and security aspects of nuclear energy are also allowed (e.g. Hinkley Point C and Paks II nuclear power plants). The subsidy was allowed in both cases, but the reasons are different. In these cases, the limits of the EU energy politics can be seen, i.e. the right to select the package and the priority of the energy security and sustainable development. To mention an example for the difference, in Great Britain the energy sector was divided among the participants on the market but in Hungary the nuclear energy remained under state control. In the first option the state wanted to prove that it grants offset for the help to the general market services and in the second option the market investor principle was highlighted in order to show no other market participant act in other way. These points were not accepted, the state aid was provided both cases with permissible reasons because the projects condescend the goals of environmental policy and energy security. The decisions show that as a result of the efforts to protect the environment the dependency on energy increased and it cannot be solved only be encouraging the usage of the renewables. The permissive attitude of the European Commission can be found here and it is influenced by the increased state regulative roles. According to the author, it also appears in the environmentally friendly decisions which refers to the Paris Agreement’s fulfilment and the involvement of environmental requirements into politics. Moreover, the European Union tries to maintain its leader role in economics, which can be reached by the decrease of energy dependency and the exclusive usage of renewable energies is not the appropriate solution. The CJEU judgement is relevant in several respects. The article focuses primarily on the issue of environmental protection, state aid and the relation between the Euratom Treaty and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union.</p>
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Raszkowski, Andrzej, and Bartosz Bartniczak. "Sustainable Development in the Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs): Challenges and Opportunities." Sustainability 11, no. 4 (February 23, 2019): 1180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11041180.
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The purpose of the study was to analyze and present the position of the Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs) in terms of levels of sustainable development concept implementation in the years 2010–2016. The second purpose and the added value of the conducted research was to identify the selected opportunities and challenges related to sustainable development in the CEE countries. The research was based on 66 indicators that monitored the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) from the global perspective. Eurostat (database: sustainable development indicators) was the source of data in terms of their availability and integrity. Implementation of the concept of sustainable development was assessed using the synthetic measure of development (SMD). The past and current socioeconomic situation in the group of CEE countries is presented in the introduction. The theoretical aspects of sustainable development are discussed, taking into account social, economic, environmental, spatial, as well as institutional and political areas. The concept of integrated order is also considered. The core part of the study presents the research results showing the position of the CEE countries regarding the implementation levels of the sustainable development concept. The value of SMD in individual years is specified for each of the analyzed countries. It was concluded that the situation of all countries improved over the analyzed period of time. Nevertheless, the current situation is not favorable in any of the analyzed countries: However, the Czech Republic and Slovenia are very close to achieving such status. Apart from the aforementioned two countries, in 2016 a moderate situation was observed in Estonia, Hungary, Slovakia, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, and Croatia. Bulgaria and Romania still remain at a disadvantage, despite having made noticeable progress.
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Zhukova, Oksana, Larysa Platash, and Liudmyla Tymchuk. "Inclusive Education as a Tool For Implementing the Sustainable Development Goals on the Basis of Humanization of Society." Problemy Ekorozwoju 17, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 114–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/pe.2022.1.11.
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The technogenic civilization, despite significant scientific and technical achievements, unfortunately, continues to face problems that entail irreparable consequences. Human activity based on the principle of immeasurable consumption produces an increase in inequality, poverty, hunger, diseases, armed conflicts, and global environmental changes. Weapons of mass destruction pose a global socio-environmental threat. All these trends indicate the need to move to a new level of progress based on sustainability, which in turn requires the formation of a new personality focused on the system of environmental values, and not on the values of the consumer society. Only a society consisting of people with a new worldview will be able to develop sustainably. In this regard, the author’s vision of inclusive education is formed in the study, which is understood as a system with a high integration ability, the role of which is reduced to creating a sustainable society with rational moral foundations. A doctrinal model of the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals is proposed, the core of which is the humanization of society, contributing to moral, economic, social, cultural changes and influencing the life of society, while becoming the driving force of the economic, social and environmental aspects of sustainable development. The author’s approach allows us to expand the scientific vision of the essence and content of inclusive education, to determine the role of humanization in ensuring the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals. The conceptual provisions of the article can be used as the basic foundations of a sustainable development strategy.
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Adamczyk, Jadwiga, and Magdalena Adamczyk-Kowalczuk. "What Do They Feel, Do, and Expect? The Young Generation’s Perception of Environmental Problems and Sustainable Development Goals in the Context of Quality of Life." Sustainability 14, no. 23 (November 22, 2022): 15551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142315551.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has challenged the need to rethink, revision, and modify the sustainable development goals since changes have never been so unpredictable in terms of future events. While material welfare has long been identified and given attention, the pandemic has demonstrated the importance of health security and socio-psychological well-being. The aim of this article is to identify the young generation’s perception of environmental problems and sustainable development goals in the context of quality of life. In January 2022, we conducted an online survey (CAWI) among 120 young adults aged 21–28, who were asked, i.a., to assess current ecological threats, economic security, and social problems and to reevaluate the goals of sustainable development. One of the general conclusions is that global threats are more important for young people than local ones, and future threats are more important than the present ones. The results indicate a high awareness and sensitivity among the young generation to the important elements of the sustainable development goals, particularly regarding the elimination of hunger, the access to potable water, and providing education in the global dimension. The research results reflect the expectations of the young generation regarding the implementation of sustainable development goals, especially concerning environmental and social aspects.
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Nugroho, Hunggul Yudono Setio Hadi, Fitri Nurfatriani, Yonky Indrajaya, Tri Wira Yuwati, Sulistya Ekawati, Mimi Salminah, Hendra Gunawan, et al. "Mainstreaming Ecosystem Services from Indonesia’s Remaining Forests." Sustainability 14, no. 19 (September 25, 2022): 12124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141912124.
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With 120 million hectares of forest area, Indonesia has the third largest area of biodiversity-rich tropical forests in the world, and it is well-known as a mega-biodiversity country. However, in 2020, only 70 percent of this area remained forested. The government has consistently undertaken corrective actions to achieve Sustainable Development Goal targets, with a special focus on Goals #1 (no poverty), #2 (zero hunger), #3 (good health and well-being), #7 (affordable and clean energy), #8 (decent work and economic growth), #13 (climate action), and #15 (life on land). Good environmental governance is a core concept in Indonesia’s forest management and includes mainstreaming ecosystem services as a framework for sustainable forest management. This paper analyzes efforts to mainstream Indonesia’s remaining forest ecosystem services. We review the state of Indonesia’s forests in relation to deforestation dynamics, climate change, and ecosystem service potential and options and provide recommendations for mainstreaming strategies regarding aspects of policy, planning, and implementation, as well as the process of the articulation of ecosystem services and their alternative funding.
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Stoliarchuk, Nadiia, Olga Kozak, Nataliia Serhieieva, Myroslav Kozak, Andrii Bilochenko, and Vadym Semendiak. "Search for Reserves to Increase the Livestock Production Efficiency Based on the Sustainable Development Strategy." Environmental Research, Engineering and Management 77, no. 4 (December 9, 2021): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.erem.77.4.27703.
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The article aims to analyse livestock production factors and search for reserves to increase efficiency in achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The main tasks of Ukraine in the framework of achieving the SDGs and the role of livestock in this process are identified. The world experience of sustainable livestock development has proved its contribution to overcoming world hunger. The main trends in livestock production development in agricultural enterprises of Ukraine are identified. The influence of livestock intensification on the economic and social efficiency of livestock production is determined. Ways to increase the efficiency of livestock production through innovation are substantiated. The system of factors of production efficiency is expanded, taking into account its social aspects; in particular, it is shown that the development of livestock has a significant impact on the internal social efficiency of enterprises, affecting labour demand and wages. The strengthening of specialization and concentration in livestock in Ukraine is following the same global trends. The influence of livestock intensification on the formation of the ratio "costs - production results" is proved, which made it possible to identify the possibility of increasing profitability while rising production costs per head of livestock. Increasing the production intensity can lead to increased technological, economic, and social efficiency.
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Kerekes, Professor Sandor. "Economic development and environmental performance in Hungary." European Environment 3, no. 2 (July 6, 2007): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eet.3320030206.
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Hryhorian, Oleksandra. "Gradual Development of Concept of Term �Innovation�." Modern Economics 32, no. 1 (April 20, 2022): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31521/modecon.v32(2022)-04.
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Abstract. Innovation activity is a powerful catalyst for economic development, modernization of technology, production technology, improvement of management system that allow the enterprise to adapt its products, services to market demands, as well as reorganize the peacetime production economy into economy in special conditions, such as unpredictable military actions to preserve achievements of Ukraine, reduce costs, stabilize and improve financial and economic results and survive. Before the imposition of martial law, our country, together with the world, entered the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, where the technologies of IKT era were introduced. After the introduction, logistical problems were created, transport infrastructure was destroyed, and production processes were disrupted. An important part of the state social and economic policy is innovation policy. It is reflected in the various stages of the innovation revolution. This will solve the problems of the economic situation that arose after the war. Purpose. The aim of the article is consists of : - assessment of scientific approaches to the definition of the concept �innovation� - revealing the essence and interconnection of the concepts of novelty, newness, innovation; - consideration of the main stages of the innovation life cycle. Results. Today, the world is at the crossroads of systems, both social and political, and if half a century ago policy was directed at saving millions of people from hunger, begging and was supported by the state and global politics, today it works against humanity[17]. Theoretical and methodological foundations for the study of innovations were laid by such worldrenowned scientists � economists as P. Drucker [3] and leading domestic researchers Yu. M. Bazhal [1], Yu. A. Danilenko [2], M. I. Krupka [5], M. I. Tugan-Baranovsky [13], who did considerable payment not only for World economy but also for native economy. Conclusions. Analyzing various definitions of innovations, we can conclude that innovations are of paramount importance for economic and social development of the state; we can claim that foreign and domestic scientists pay much attention to research on various aspects of innovation sphere. Innovation is the end result of innovative activity, which is embodied in the form of a new or improved product launched on the market or an improved technological result used in the practice of the enterprise. Ukraine's economy has a budget deficit, declining national income, disrupted balance of payments and trade, relocation of business activity, which together determine the state's capabilities, both financial and legal, which needs to address many complex issues and implement both national and regional programs that require intellectual and material costs. The main aim of economic policy of our state is to increase the welfare of the population and increase national competitive goods. This requires the maintenance of stable relationships between education, science and business, which directs the direction of innovation. Ukraine�s economy is experiencing a decline in GDP, imbalances in the balance of payments. It determines the financial and legal capabilities of the state, helps to implement national and regional programs. Ukraine is a strong state that has the scientific, resource potential and desire to live.
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Faure, Michael. "Economic aspects of environmental liability: an introduction." European Review of Private Law 4, Issue 2 (June 1, 1996): 85–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/135247.
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The present article forms an introduction to those that follow. It sets the law relating to civil liability for environmental damage in the context of economic theory, and examines, inter alia, whether fault liability or strict liability is the better instrument for ensuring that environmental damage is minimised and whether the liability of individual industrial operators is best covered by insurance or whether specialist compensation funds are a more effective option.
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Farkas, Orsolya. "Economic versus Social Convergence in Hungary Preparing for EU Membership." International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 19, Issue 1 (March 1, 2003): 33–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ijcl2003003.
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Abstract: The present article aims to point to some contradictory aspects of the forthcoming Eastern Enlargement of the EU. These contradictions can be perceived both between the EU and the Candidate Countries, and Hungary. It will be highlighted that the formal transposition of the ‘social and labour law acquis’, does not automatically mean substantial alignment. There is an urgent need to attribute a prominent role to solidarity and social inclusion as fundamental values, since not everybody is capable of adapting to the drastic economic and social changes, Eastern Europeans had to go through during the last decade when economic transformation took precedence over social issues.
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Pickvance, Chris. "Local economic situation, local environmental mobilization and local government environmental policy in Hungary." Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning 4, no. 1 (March 2002): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jepp.100.
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Csereklye, Erzsébet Krisztina. "MONITORING OF LANDSCAPE COMBINATIONS AND CONCOURSES IN THE HUNGARIAN DANUBE‐BEND." JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT 18, no. 1 (March 31, 2010): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jeelm.2010.01.
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In Hungarian Danube‐bend the flora of the area is very diversified due to climatic factors. Numerous species of flora characteristic of the area are under protection. The Danube‐bend and vicinity is one of the most well‐known part of Hungary, rich in historical relics and in natural assets. The city of Vác occupies a central place in the Danube‐Bend Region. Among Vác's attributes, we can find rare and invaluable cultural and historical values. The most significant natural attribute is the Grove of Vác near the Danube bank. The example of the Grove of Vác is of country‐wide importance in many aspects – it is part of the Duna‐Ipoly National Park – though local protection is reasonable regarding the treatment and links because of the pollution of the environment. The natural advantages are affected by air pollution due to the increased industrial, commercial, and economic life of the city. Nowadays, the research of environmental pollution comes to the front because of the importance of heavy metals in the landscape classification. Even though the heavy metals are a natural component of the environment, we have to look them toxic materials. This paper focuses on the pollution analysis I carried out with various plant samples. It shows the main toxicology pollutants present in different landscape combinations and concourses. In tree specie, like Salix alba, near the band of No. 2 motorway I observed 5–8 times more values as compared with samples from the Duna‐Ipoly National Park and nearly all kinds of heavy metals was elevated in Plantago major. In the life of the ecosystem, the primary source of heavy metals is the No. 2 motorway and the secondary is the pollution of the Danube bank. Santrauka Vengrijoje Dunojaus vingyje augalija del klimatiniu veiksniu yra labai ivairi. Dauguma teritorijai būdingu augalijos rūšiu saugomos. Dunojaus vingis ir apylinkes ‐ viena iš geriausiai Vengrijoje žinomu vietu, turtingu istoriniu relikviju ir gamtos vertybiu. Vacas (Vác) ‐ miestas, išsidestes centrineje Dunojaus vingio regiono dalyje. Miestas turi retu ir neikainojamu kultūriniu ir istoriniu vertybiu. Reikšmingiausias natūralusis jo bruožas yra Vaco giraite šalia Dunojaus kranto. Ji kraštui svarbi daugeliu aspektu ‐ tai dalis Duna‐Ipoly nacionalinio parko. Čia taikoma vietine apsauga, pagrista tvarkymu stebint aplinkos tarša, kuri daugiausiai pasireškia oro tarša del pramones, komercines ir ekonomines veiklos mieste. Šiais laikais aplinkos taršos tyrimai tampa vis aktualesni del besikaupiančiu sunkiuju metalu. Net jei sunkiuju metalu šaltiniai gamtiniai, reikia stebeti, kad koncentracijos neviršytu leidžiamuju. Straipsnyje taršos analize pateikiama ivairiu augalu tyrimu pavyzdžiais. Tiriant medžius Salix alba, augančius šalia greitkelio Nr. 2 ruožo, buvo nustatytos 5–8 kartus didesnes teršalu koncentracijos, palyginti su nustatytomis Duna‐Ipoly nacionaliniame parke. Beveik visu sunkiuju metalu koncentracijos buvo didesnes Plantago major. Tiriant ekosistemas nustatyta, kad pirminis sunkiuju metalu šaltinis yra greitkelis Nr. 2, su tuo susijusi Dunojaus vingio tarša. Резюме Флора региона в изгибе Дуная в Венгрии весьма разнообразна в связи с климатическими факторами. Многие виды флоры, характерные для данной области, находятся под охраной. Этот регион является одним из наиболее известных в Венгрии. Он богат историческими реликвиями и природными достопримечательностями. Город Вац (Vác) занимает центральное место в регионе. Большое культурное и историческое значение присуще многим его достопримечательностям. Наиболее велико в природном отношении значение рощи в городе Вац на берегу Дуная. Роща города важна не только для края, но и для всей страны во многих отношениях. Это часть национального парка, значение которого неоценимо в связи с защитой окружающей среды от загрязнений, выделяемых промышленными, коммерческими и другими предприятиями. В настоящее время исследования загрязнения окружающей среды становятся все актуальнее в связи с необходимостью классифицировать тяжелые металлы по их воздействию на ландшафт. Даже тяжелые металлы, являющиеся естественным компонентом окружающей среды, могут расцениваться как токсичные элементы. В статье основное внимание уделяется анализу загрязнителей на примере их воздействия на разные растения. Проанализировано токсическое воздействие загрязнителей в разных их сочетаниях и в связи с особенностями ландшафта. В коре деревьев (Salix Alba), находящихся на участке вблизи скоростной автомагистрали № 2, было зафиксировано загрязнение металлами, в 5–8 раз превышающее подобные значения в национальном парке Дунай-Ипель. В жизни экосистемы первичным источником тяжелых металлов является автомагистраль № 2 и вторичным – загрязнения берегов Дуная.
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Lentner, Csaba, and Sándor J. Zsarnóczai. "Some Aspects of Fiscal and Monetary Tools of the Environmental Sustainability : Through the Case of Hungary." Public Governance, Administration and Finances Law Review 7, no. 1 (October 28, 2022): 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.53116/pgaflr.2022.1.5.
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On the one hand, economic sustainability depends on an environmentally friendly and energy-saving economy, though it rather means the continuous functioning of businesses and the national economy, which is expressed in the balance of accounting, foreign trade and budget balances. On the regulatory side, monetary policy, alongside fiscal policy, serves ensuring economic sustainability, as the main objective of central banks is to ensure price stability and maintain financial equilibrium to underpin continued economic activity. However, in our energy crisis-ridden world, there is an increasing emphasis on energy-efficient, environmentally friendly management. The focus of our study is on the environmental sustainability context of Hungarian fiscal and central bank tools, with a particular focus on the legislative and programmatic elements of the green economy development of the Magyar Nemzeti Bank (Hungarian National Bank, hereinafter: MNB).
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Dehtyarova, Iryna, Leonid Melnyk, Vladimir Melnyk, and Yuri Yevdokimov. "Socio-economic innovations in systems analysis: environmental and economic aspects." International Journal of Environmental Technology and Management 25, no. 1/2 (2022): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijetm.2022.10044806.
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Yevdokimov, Yuri, Vladimir Melnyk, Leonid Melnyk, and Iryna Dehtyarova. "Socio-economic innovations in systems analysis: environmental and economic aspects." International Journal of Environmental Technology and Management 25, no. 1/2 (2022): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijetm.2022.120713.
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Birnie, P. W. "An EC exclusive economic zone: Marine environmental aspects." Ocean Development & International Law 23, no. 2-3 (April 1992): 193–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00908329209545984.
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Aliu, Agni, Suzana Aliu, Merime Mustafi, and Zibide Kamberi. "Environmental pollution in the river Koselska, law, economic and social aspects." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 19 (2011): 462–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.05.155.
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Kapusy, Kata, and Emma Lógó. "The Extended Shopping Experience of Used Clothes in Hungary." Periodica Polytechnica Social and Management Sciences 28, no. 2 (June 10, 2020): 140–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppso.14221.
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Nowadays, the accepted economic theory is that consumer behaviour needs to be considered not only for its physical elements but also for its emotional aspects. The service economy has turned into an experience-based economy, and supply is based on a consumer's experience, specializing in gaining experience. Product experience has three aspects, namely, consumers' thoughts, values, and perceptions about the product. Shopping experience involves consumer processes and responses to the shopping environment, situation, and consumer characteristics. In this article, the concepts of product and shopping experience are examined for whether they are related and if so, how. The topic was examined through the purchase of second-hand clothes, because on the one hand, it is a very important environmental issue, and on the other hand purchase of the product recalls a very similar in-store shopping environment in Hungarian people. Qualitative processing of a questionnaire (n = 1060) gave the answer to what the connection between product and shopping experience is, and values derived from the extended shopping experience of used clothes are shown in the Fiore-Ogle model. The results highlight some relevant aspects of used clothes shopping in Hungary and deliver recommendations on how sustainable consumption and environmental consciousness could be strengthened.
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Bozsik, Norbert, and Róbert Magda. "Efficiency of agricultural production in Hungary." Contemporary Research on Organization Management and Administration 6, no. 1 (June 30, 2018): 23–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.33605/croma-012018-003.
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Purpose – The object of the article is to evaluate the efficiency of agricultural production in Hungary and in Hungarian regions. Furthermore, our purpose is to point out the effectiveness of Hungarian agriculture compared to the average of the EU. Based on results we evaluate the regional differences from the aspect of agricultural productivity and Hungary’s lag behind the average level of EU member states. Design/methodology/approach – The methodology of the paper is based on partial productivity methods. Comparing the main economic indicators of agricultural industry (output, gross value added and enterpreneurial income) to the annual working unit (AWU) and land unit (hectare) we analysed how efficiently labour and land is used in production. Conclusions are drawn from the results of the analysis. Findings – The paper shows the main charasteristics of Hungarian agriculture. Based on measuring efficiency of agricultural production, we highlight the extent to which the efficiency of Hungarian agricultural production remains below the EU average. The article also presents how effective the production factors (labour and land) are in the agricultural production of the regions of Hungary. Research limitations/implications – In the paper, we applied partial efficiency methods to evaluate the productivity of agricultural production. There are several directions of further investigations to measure the efficiency of agriculture (e.g. multi-factor productivity methods). Beside the methods, the research can be extended for any other direction (e.g. any other NUTS level etc.). Practical implications - Based on the results we outline recommendations for more effective use of production factors. The proposals are concerning how to increase the efficiency of the workforce in agriculture and to the find the optimal land utilization considering the environmental sustainability. Originality/Value – The paper provides comprehensive view on Hungarian agriculture situation with special emphasis on the regions. It presents original results of efficiency of the Hungarian agricultural production by regions and draws proper conclusions for practice. Keywords: agricultural production, efficiency, labour market, land market. Research type: research paper. JEL classification: J43 – Agricultural labour market Q10 – Agriculture general Q15 – Land Ownership and Tenure; Land Reform; Land Use; Irrigation; Agriculture and Environment
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Auerbach, Alan J. "American Economic Journal: Economic Policy." American Economic Review 99, no. 2 (April 1, 2009): 679–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.99.2.679.
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AEJ Policy will publish papers covering a range of topics, the common theme being the role of economic policy in economic outcomes. Subject areas will include public economics; urban and regional economics; public policy aspects of health, education, welfare, and political institutions; law and economics; economic regulation; and environmental and natural resource economics.
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Matolcsy, György. "The Appearance of Economic, Social, Financial and Environmental Sustainability Aspects in the Practices of the National Bank of Hungary." Pénzügyi Szemle = Public Finance Quarterly 67, no. 3 (2022): 315–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.35551/pfq_2022_3_1.
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Sustainability is at the heart of the challenges in the 21st century. Economic, social, financial and environmental sustainability also fundamentally determine the functioning of the economic system, which means that the convergence process, guided by new visions, can only be organised around the idea of sustainability. The revolution in thinking on sustainability has also reached the community of central banks, and the National Bank of Hungary was one of the first central banks to take meaningful steps to integrate environmental sustainability considerations into the regulatory framework of the banking system, reserve management, monetary policy, collateral management and data disclosure. In its strategy documents, the Bank has defined its mission to be an active participant in the transition to a low-carbon economy.
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Kosztin, Nikolett, and Ildikó Balatoni. "Examination of the sustainability of the sport facilities in the Northern Great Plain Region of Hungary." Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce 9, no. 1-2 (September 1, 2015): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2015/1-2/20.
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Developing sport into an industry has become a fundamental interest and a noticeable approach in Hungary in recent years. A socalled economic orientation can also be observed in the field of leisure time sports, which was made into law in Hungary in 2011 allowing the support of sport organisations and resulting in a number of infrastructural developments in Hungary. A wide range of development opportunities remain open in sports. This evaluation aims to introduce what significant sport-investment projects have been implemented in the Northern Great Plain region in recent decades and what effects these investments have had. Surveys have been used to reveal whether these facilities originating from years of sport developments are sustainable and to what extent these are exploited for organising sport events. Based on responses provided by a number of sport facilities – including ones built in the past and also ones opened recently – it can be concluded that sport in itself cannot solve the issue of operation and possible economic growth. Considering these aspects, it is important to incorporate, not only in operation but also during planning, the idea that current facilities must „serve” not solely sport events as these in themselves will not make them profitable but they must remain open for all sorts of social events as well.
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András Halász and Géza Nagy. "Some methodological aspects of animal behaviour during beef cattle grazing." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 48 (July 31, 2012): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/48/2449.
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Ethology, the research field of animal behaviour, during the past half century developed into an independent science and became more important in recent years as the farming industry has turned toward quality production. Farm animals respond for every environmental factor. Essential to know the answers to avoid unpleasant economic consequences. Based on the shepherds’ experience, this science has merged with modern technology, constantly expanding and searching new methods. According to the literature the article summarizes the observation methods in cattle grazing. This paper introduces the beginnings and shows the future trends. Finally we share personal experiences as the Hungarian Grey cattle grazing behaviour at conditions of Hortobágy, Hungary.
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El-Meouch, Nedim Márton, Róbert Tésits, and Levente Alpek B. "Measuring Spatial Distribution in the Banking System in Hungary." Modern Geográfia 17, no. 1 (January 12, 2022): 25–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15170/mg.2022.17.01.02.
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Over the past decade, due in part to the global economic crisis, a significant part of the bank branches have been closed in the European banking system, but in Hungary this proportion has been significantly higher than the European average. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to explore what aspects of commercial banks are taken into account when deciding where to be present within bank branches. This will also reveal the spatial dimension of public access to financial services. The present study seeks to answer the question of which socio-economic factors and in what form they affect the spatial structure of bank branches. The settlement-level examination can also provide additional indication of which settlements may be affected by further bank branch closures. Linear regression based on Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) parameter estimation was used to explore the factors influencing the location of bank branches. In addition, the possible clustering of bank branches was observed, i.e., whether spatial autocorrelation was present at certain stages of the analysis. Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) was also estimated in the present study. Based on the results of the research, the resident population, the proportion of enterprises per capita, the average income, the number of neighbouring bank branches and the type of settlement all proved to be significant factors that may encourage decision-makers to establish a bank branch.
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Grabovich, Tatiana. "INTERNATIONAL LEGAL ASPECTS OF ECONOMIC RESPONSIBILITIES OF STATES." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 7, no. 5 (December 27, 2021): 250–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2021-7-5-250-259.
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The subject of the article is international legal aspects of economic responsibility of states. The aim of the article is to find an answer to the problematic issues of economic responsibility of states and its international legal aspects. Different concepts of economic responsibility are analyzed due to the lack of a unified approach to it both in economics and in related branches of law. It is noted that the institution of economic responsibility is designed to stabilize the relations of socio-economic development, the interests of participants in social exchange and to achieve the goals of sustainable development. From the international legal point of view of understanding economic responsibility, the state bears two types of responsibility – material (economic) and non-material (political). And international legal responsibility of the state is considered as an institution of the law of international responsibility. It is from this point of view the economic responsibility of the state is considered by international lawyers and specialists in the field of international relations. The methodology of the article is based on the fact that there are three basic mechanisms of liability – derivative of property rights, contracts, and torts. Contract law deals with breaches of duty, tort law deals with accidental or intentional injury to persons or property, and property law deals with misappropriation or interference with property rights. It is concluded that the state is the same economic entity in terms of economics as all equal economic entities. However, the applicability of the means of economic responsibility in the international legal aspect is complicated by the immunity of the state with regard to its property. Therefore, there are signs of liability not for all property, but only for that which has certain signs of applicability – use for commercial purposes, connection with the subject matter of the claim. In the aspect of economic responsibility, there is a distinction between immunity from jurisdiction and immunity from enforcement. The problem of differentiation of commercial and state property is outlined, attention is focused on the existence of certain categories of state property, the public nature of which is not in doubt and which are not considered possible for economic (property) responsibility for the conduct of diplomatic and consular activities of their missions, consulates, special missions, etc., whose immunity is enshrined in the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations of 1961; military property, as well as property used for military purposes; property that is part of the cultural heritage of a foreign state or part of its archives, as well as property that is part of an exhibition of items of scientific, cultural or historical significance. It is also concluded that economic responsibility in international law is not always associated with the negative consequences of unlawful behavior, because it can also be applied as a result of lawful behavior, leading to the infliction of harm to other subjects. Thus, the economic responsibility of the state is on the verge of regulation of public and private law. This is its peculiarity and complexity of its application to the state.
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KOREČKO, Jaroslav, and Alžbeta SUHÁNYIOVÁ. "Analysis of Selected Forestry Indicators in Hungary and Slovakia from European Area." Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 7, no. 4 (February 27, 2017): 571. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v7.4(16).03.
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In this paper we would like to examine similarity respectively the diversity of selected economic and other aspects of Slovak and Hungarian forestry. We have analyzed the structure of ownership in forestry, species composition of forests, timber trade, employment in forestry sectors, international timber trade and other significant indicators. Than we have focused on several forestry indicators within the whole European Union. We have used them as the input data for cluster analysis to verify assumption of similarity in the examined group of states. We have used hierarchical and also non-hierarchical methods of clustering. Main objective of the paper is to explore several indicators of Hungarian and Slovak forestry, compare them, try to identify issues and formulate some proposals for forestry in the future.
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Csizmady, Adrienne, Zoltán Ferencz, Lea Kőszeghy, and Gergely Tóth. "Beyond the Energy Poor/Non Energy Poor Divide: Energy Vulnerability and Mindsets on Energy Generation Modes in Hungary." Energies 14, no. 20 (October 10, 2021): 6487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14206487.
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In the Hungarian as well as the international literature, debates regarding the methodology used for measuring energy poverty are ongoing. Our contribution sought to develop a methodology that would be relatively easy to measure via survey and have the potential to identify households’ energy vulnerability status beyond the energy poor/non energy poor divide. Based on a representative survey that was carried out in Hungary in 2018, we identified three groups of households: energy poor, non energy poor households, and a so-called transitional group, potentially at risk of energy poverty. In addition to socioeconomic differences, we analysed differences in the mindsets of respondents belonging to these three household groups concerning different aspects of heating energy generation (macrolevel aspects, such as environmental sustainability and energy supply system issues, and microlevel aspects, such as economic and technical issues). By this, the article aims to provide input for further research on factors, beyond the social and economic background, related to energy vulnerability.
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Howarth, D. A. "Arriving at the Economic Level of Leakage: Environmental Aspects." Water and Environment Journal 12, no. 3 (June 1998): 197–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1998.tb00173.x.
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Miklossy, K. "RESILIENCE AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT OF EUROPE DURING THE CRISIS: EVIDENCE FROM HUNGARY." Political Science (RU), no. 2 (2021): 53–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/poln/2022.02.03.
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The article reveals the strategies of the political elites in a number of East European countries, which allowed them during the pandemic crisis not only to maintain stability, but also to expand the use of authoritarian practices by easing foreign policy pressure from Brussels. Using the case of Hungary as a basis for empirical analysis, I show how the crisis has increased the opportunity for power elites to consolidate their dominance. The restrictive measures imposed by Western countries were used by the Hungarian authorities as an excuse to carry out another attack against political competition and civil liberties. However, the main outcome of the political development during the pandemic crisis in Hungary was not so much a clearly observed undermining of democracy and the rule of law, as another round of nationalization of a number of economic enterprises that fell under the control of the ruling elites. This strengthened the economic foundation of autocracy in contemporary Hungary, making the regime more autonomous from EU pressure. I argue that the autocratization of Hungary in the context of the pandemic is based on the successful application of the maneuvering strategy by the elites. Their choice, in turn, is shaped by the historical legacy of Hungary, which pioneered this strategy to resist Moscow's pressure during the Communist rule. I show that the two most important factors - temporality and spatiality -are key to the effectiveness of the political survival of the current political regime in Hungary. The first of them provided an arsenal of strategies that were effectively used in the Soviet period and reapplied by the Hungarian elite nowadays. The second factor ensures the exchange of ideas between the leaders of the East European countries - EU member states. Thus, the “learning” and successful application of strategies that reinforce authoritarian tendencies in contemporary Hungary has both historical (temporal) and spatial dimensions.
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Gomes, Chandima, and Zainal Kadir. "EFFICIENT LIGHTNING PROTECTION: OPTIMIZATION OF ECONOMIC, ENVIRONMENTAL AND SAFETY ASPECTS." Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 14, no. 8 (2015): 1975–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.30638/eemj.2015.212.
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Pop, Calin-Cornel, Vasile Septimiu Ormenisan, and Catalin Daniel Pop. "ENVIRONMENTAL AXES: MANAGEMENT AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. REGIONAL AND LOCAL ASPECTS." Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 15, no. 5 (2016): 1148–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.30638/eemj.2016.127.
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Husain, T., and A. H. Ahmed. "Environmental and Economic Aspects of Wastewater Reuse in Saudi Arabia." Water International 22, no. 2 (June 1997): 108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508069708686680.
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Mahardika, Ega Rijal, and Muhammad Azhary Bayu. "Legal Politics of Indonesian Environmental Management: Discourse between Maintaining Environmental Sustainability and Economic Interests." Indonesian Journal of Environmental Law and Sustainable Development 1, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/ijel.v1i1.56781.
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Environmental management in Indonesia has undergone various policy changes, in addition to overlapping interrelated legal regulations. Environmental management in addition to dealing with aspects of nature conservation, is also related to economic aspects, investment, and sustainable development. On the one hand there is an interest in preserving nature and protecting nature as it should be, but on the other hand there is a shift in interests, especially with regard to investment and economic interests. This study aims to analyze the political direction of environmental management law in Indonesia.
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Yastrebova, A. Yu, and E. E. Gulyaeva. "Right to Health in the International Legal System of Human Rights at the Universal and Regional Levels." Moscow Journal of International Law, no. 2 (July 9, 2021): 99–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/0869-0049-2021-2-99-121.
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INTRODUCTION. The individual's right to health is a set of natural and positive legal frameworks that govern a person’s life activity, individual and family wellbeing, enforcement of health guarantees by the statesparticipants of universal and regional treaties of the field under question. The formation of this right stems from biological characteristics of each person, socio-economic conditions, environment, access to health and sanitation services, national health-care system progress, existence of vulnerable groups of population. Goals of the UN Sustainable Development Agenda 2030 (UN General Assembly resolution 70/1) include such essential aspects of the right to health as ending poverty and hunger in all its forms everywhere; promote food security and healthy lifestyle; the well-being of all individuals at any age; ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all; protection and restoration of water-related ecosystems; enhancement of the States capacity to prevent and reduce national and global health risks. According to the position of the World Health Organization (WHO) the right to health imposes on the States a legal obligation to ensure timely access to adequate levels of high-quality health care, clean and safe drinking water, sanitation, adequate nutrition, shelter, health-related information and education, gender equality. As a result, the considerable amount of attention is paid to the analysis of the content of general and specific international instruments at the universal level and the international legal specificities of enshrining and maintaining an individual's right to health. The text also places the emphasis on its normative framing in the law of the Council of Europe and the European Union, reflecting the decisions and rulings of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR).MATERIALS AND METHODS. The legal framework of the study is based on universal international treaties of the UN system, regional regulations of the Council of Europe and the EU, legal position of the UN specialized agencies, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and the ECHR. The scientific works of domestic and foreign authors related to the study of the right to health are used as a theoretical foundation. The research uses general scientific and special cognitive techniques wherein legal analysis and synthesis, systemic, formal-legal, comparative-legal, historical-legal and dialectical methods are applied.RESEARCH RESULTS. The research indicates that the modern international legal concept of the right to health is being developed at the universal and regional level. Furthermore, specific international legal guarantees for the protection of this right are emerging for special groups such as women and children, refugees, stateless persons and migrant workers, protected persons, the wounded and the sick – all persons affected by international armed conflicts. There is a certain trend in Council of Europe and EU law towards an extended interpretation of the human right to health responding to new challenges to the realization that right, concerning bioethics, human genome editing, and the effects of nuclear testing and environmental pollution.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. Following a review of the content and implementation of the right to health in the universal and regional international legal systems for the human rights and freedoms protection, the authors suggest its incorporation in a group of personal rights, social benefits provided by the state, and simultaneously in a collective right to development pertaining to the population as a whole. The universal international legal institutions establishing special rights for vulnerable groups will continue to be applied by member states in the context of a situational response to the global needs of families, women and children, international migration, armed conflicts, environmental conditions, and bioethical issues. The authors encourage the complement of the European system of human rights protection with an additional protocol to the Council of Europe Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 1950, involving the right to health security.
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Charlier, Roger H., and Constance C. Charlier. "Environmental, Economic, and Social Aspects of Marine Aggregates' Exploitation." Environmental Conservation 19, no. 1 (1992): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900030228.
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The progressive depletion of land sources of construction materials poses increasingly acute supply problems to the building industry. Stricter rules than currently exist in relation to environmental concerns and their effective enforcement, while undoubtedly laudable, would exacerbate the situation and preclude opening, in many instances, new land-quarries. The search for alternative sources led naturally to exploitation of marine deposits. Beaches and near-shore areas have long been tapped for relatively small amounts of sand and gravel, but the new, greatly-increased demands for these materials poses a serious threat to many shores. Tourism and mining, unavoidably, have come into conflict. Beach protection, and, with increasing frequency, ‘renourishment’, is antipodal to granulates' mining. Offshore dredging has in some cases triggered accelerated beach erosion. The general rise of sea-level, and the consequences of exceptional-strength storms, have worsened erosion and greatly disturbed — occasionally irreversibly — the local sedimentary budget and transit. Technological progress, and more and more sophisticated equipment, permit greater efficiency in, and greater depth of, dredging operations.Besides their use for construction materials, the search for minerals in the marine domain also affects sands and gravels: placers and ores are available here, and mining in the coastal zone is no longer a marginal undertaking. Exploitation of ‘granulates’ ranks today as the second most important marine mining activity after oil extraction. Hence it is a top-priority topic for Quaternary economic geologists and environment specialists alike, while public awareness has henceforth to be reckoned with. Communication and information techniques must consequently be designed and vigorously propagated.
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József Káposzta. "Development alternatives of rural economy." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 49 (November 13, 2012): 187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/49/2522.
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Environmental, natural, social and economic processes undergoing both in Europe and in the world predict such a 21st century that is characterised by increasing resource-crisis from both economic and ecological aspects. Therefore, it is very important for Hungary to see what happens to its natural resources, epecially to its agricultural land, water reserves as well as the biodiversity of the local unique flora and fauna. One of the most significant issues of the rural areas of Hungary is whether we can preserve the natural habitats and the various biodiversity of the related species, the favourable biological background of agriculture. In addition, whether we are able to provide high quality food for the country as well as for the broader reagion, whether we are able to produce energy from the resources available as well as to provide sufficient opportunities for the population to live and work. These can be considered as the most significant issuesof the coming decades which determine the strategy of the Hungarian rural economies in long term.
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Réger, Ákos, and András M. Horváth. "Abuse of Dominance in the Case-law of the Hungarian Competition Authority – a Historical Overview." Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies 12, no. 21 (2020): 99–128. http://dx.doi.org/10.7172/1689-9024.yars.2020.13.21.4.
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This paper provides a historical overview of the case-law and practices applied by the Hungarian Competition Authority (HCA) in abuse of dominance cases. The paper is co-written by practitioners of complementing antitrust fields, which ensures that both legal and economic considerations are explored. The paper identifies the unique characteristics of Hungarian legislation and case-law and critically evaluates them in light of EU competition law and economics principles. We analyse (i) the reasons for the high number of exploitative cases before 2010, (ii) the general principles applied by the HCA in exclusionary cases, (iii) the cost allocation assessments in dominance cases, and (iv) the issue of significant market power of retailers. The general starting point is that, judging by the number of dominance investigations, there is less antitrust enforcement by the HCA in recent years. However, the article concludes that less enforcement does not mean weaker enforcement. In fact, the quality of dominance cases, considering both legal and economic aspects, has increased over time. This tendency has also led to higher legal certainty in Hungary, which is beneficial for market players. Stronger criticism is only formulated against the concept of significant market power of retailers.